1096:
trial") found that long-term dietary intervention increased the waist circumference of both the intervention group and the control group, though the increase was smaller for the intervention group. The conclusion was that mean weight decreased significantly in the intervention group from baseline to year 1 by 2.2 kg (P<.001) and was 2.2 kg less than the control group change from baseline at year 1. This difference from baseline between control and intervention groups diminished over time, but a significant difference in weight was maintained through year 9, the end of the study.
1042:
mentioned above, abdominal fat is linked with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Specifically it is the deepest layer of belly fat (the fat that cannot be seen or grabbed) that poses health risks, as these "visceral" fat cells produce hormones that can affect health (e.g. increased insulin resistance and/or breast cancer risk). The risk increases considering the fact that they are located in the proximity or in between organs in the abdominal cavity. For example, fat next to the liver drains into it, causing a
687:
957:
720:
763:
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1113:(that is, exercising a specific muscle or location of the body) most effectively burns fat at the desired location, but this is not the case. Spot exercise is beneficial for building specific muscles, but it has little effect, if any, on fat in that area of the body, or on the body's distribution of body fat. The same logic applies to sit-ups and belly fat.
811:(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR), where a ratio of >=0.5 (i.e. a waist circumference at least half of the individual's height) is predictive of increased risk. Another diagnosis of obesity is the analysis of intra-abdominal fat having the most risk to one's personal health. The increased amount of fat in this region relates to the higher levels of
56:
398:. Alzheimer's disease and abdominal obesity has a strong correlation and with metabolic factors added in, the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease was even higher. Based on logistic regression analyses, it was found that obesity was associated with an almost 10-fold increase risk of Alzheimer's disease.
1168:
health care costs in women and men respectively. To put this in perspective, a woman with a waistline of 95 cm (approx 37.4 in) and without underlying health problems or co-morbidities can incur economic costs that are 22%, or US$ 397, higher per year than a woman with a normal waist circumference.
442:. Once dyslipidemia becomes a severe problem, an individual's abdominal cavity would generate elevated free fatty acid flux to the liver. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.
367:
levels, which in turn directly correlate to insulin resistance. Studies have also confirmed a direct correlation between resistin levels and T2DM. And it is waistline adipose tissue (central obesity) which seems to be the foremost type of fat deposits contributing to rising levels of serum resistin.
1041:
Self-motivation by understanding the risks associated with abdominal obesity is widely regarded as being far more important than worries about cosmetics. In addition, understanding the health issues linked with abdominal obesity can help in the self-motivation process of losing the abdominal fat. As
987:
A permanent routine of exercise, eating healthily, and, during periods of being overweight, consuming the same number or fewer calories than used will prevent and help fight obesity. A single pound of fat yields approximately 3500 calories of energy (32 000 kJ energy per kilogram of fat), and weight
393:
Based on studies, it is evident that obesity has a strong association with vascular and metabolic disease which could potentially be linked to
Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have also shown an association between mid-life obesity and dementia, but the relationship between later life obesity and
384:
due to a reduction in chest expansion that is caused both by the weight on the chest itself and the effect of abdominal obesity on flattening the diaphragm. It is commonly seen that people who are obese breathe quickly and often, while inhaling small volumes of air. People with obesity are also more
943:
risk in women and men. It has been hypothesized that the sex differences in fat distribution may explain the sex difference in coronary heart disease risk. Even with the differences, at any given level of central obesity measured as waist circumference or waist to hip ratio, coronary artery disease
612:
is directly associated with waist circumference and with a higher risk of abdominal obesity in men, but not in women. After controlling for energy under-reporting, which have slightly attenuated these associations, it was observed that increasing alcohol consumption significantly increased the risk
1167:
Researchers in
Copenhagen examined the relationship between waist circumferences and costs among 31,840 subjects aged 50â64 years of age with different waist circumferences. Their study showed that an increase in just an additional centimetre above normal waistline caused a 1.25% and 2.08% rise in
1146:
drinking. However, there is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to central obesity, despite its being known colloquially as "beer belly", "beer gut", or "beer pot". One of the few studies conducted on the subject did not find that beer drinkers are more prone to central
1095:
may not be an effective long-term intervention for obesity: as Bacon and
Aphramor wrote, "The majority of individuals regain virtually all of the weight that was lost during treatment." The Women's Health Initiative ("the largest and longest randomized, controlled dietary intervention clinical
770:
While central obesity can be obvious just by looking at the naked body (see the picture), the severity of central obesity is determined by taking waist and hip measurements. The absolute waist circumference 102 centimetres (40 in) in men and 88 centimetres (35 in) in women and the
552:
have a positive dose-dependent relationship with both abdominal obesity and general obesity in both men and women. Consuming a diet rich in unprocessed food and minimally processed food is linked with lower obesity risk, lower waist circumference and less chronic disease. These findings are
276:
connected with cardiovascular disease than was general obesity. In the late 1980s and early 1990s insightful and powerful imaging techniques were discovered that would further help advance the understanding of the health risks associated with body fat accumulation. Techniques such as
1033:
suggests that combining cardiovascular (aerobic) exercise with resistance training is more effective than cardiovascular training alone in getting rid of abdominal fat. An additional benefit to exercising is that it reduces stress and insulin levels, which reduce the presence of
321:
is associated with abdominal obesity, blood lipid disorders, inflammation, insulin resistance, full-blown diabetes, and increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. It is now generally believed that intra-abdominal fat is the depot that conveys the biggest health risk.
613:
of exceeding recommended energy intakes in male participants â but not in the small number of female participants (2.13%) with elevated alcohol consumption, even after establishing a lower number of drinks per day to characterize women as consuming a high quantity of alcohol.
453:
in obese patients. They found that it actually appears to be a factor linked with the presence of knee pain as well as osteoarthritis in obese study subjects. Ghroubi et al. (2007) concluded that a high abdominal circumference is associated with great functional repercussion.
1721:
Romero-Corral, A. Somers, V. Lopez-Jimenez, F. Korenfeld, Y. Palin, S. Boelaert, K. Boarin, S. Sierra-Johnson, J. Rahim, A. (2008) 3-D Body
Scanner, Body Volume Index: A Novel, Reproducible and Automated Anthropometric Tool Associated with Cardiometabolic Biomarkers
855:
defined central obesity based on these various race and gender specific cutoffs. The other limitation of waist circumference is that it the measurement procedure has not been standardized and in children there are no, or few, comparison standards or reference data.
508:
is present as children's fat cells mature, it makes more of these cells mature into fat cells in the abdominal region. It also caused both visceral fat and subcutaneous fat to be less sensitive to insulin. These effects were not attenuated when compared to similar
827:, which measures central obesity by measuring a person's body shape and their weight distribution. The effect of abdominal adiposity occurs not just in those who are obese, but also affects people who are non-obese and it also contributes to insulin sensitivity.
859:
Parikh et al. looked at the average heights of various races and suggested that by using ICO various race- and gender-specific cutoffs of waist circumference can be discarded. An ICO cutoff of 0.53 was suggested as a criterion to define central obesity. Parikh
624:
intake and general obesity or abdominal obesity at low or moderate intake levels (under ~500 mL/day). However, high beer intake (above ~4 L/wk) appeared to be associated with a higher degree of abdominal obesity specifically, particularly among men.
4900:
Misra A, Wasir JS, Vikram NK, Pandey RM, Kumar P (June 2010). "Cutoffs of abdominal adipose tissue compartments as measured by magnetic resonance imaging for detection of cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy adult Asian
Indians in North India".
901:
Males are more susceptible to upper-body fat accumulation, most likely in the belly, due to sex hormone differences. When comparing the body fat of men and women it is seen that men have close to twice the visceral fat as that of pre-menopausal women.
851:. Misra et al. suggested that these cutoffs are not applicable among Indians and the cutoffs be lowered to 90 cm (35 in) and 80 cm (31 in) for males and females. Various race specific cutoffs were suggested by different groups. The
1602:
Expert Panel On
Detection E (May 2001). "Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)".
1638:
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, Smith SC, Lenfant D, for the
Conference Participants. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to
633:
The prevalence of abdominal obesity is increasing in
Western populations, possibly due to a combination of low physical activity and high-calorie diets, and also in developing countries, where it is associated with the urbanization of populations.
5951:
Sit-ups will make your abdominal muscles stronger, sure. And, you may look thinner by building your abdominal muscles because you can hold in your belly fat better. But strengthening your stomach muscles alone will not specifically reduce belly
6269:
6257:
2244:
Fujinami A, Obayashi H, Ohta K, Ichimura T, Nishimura M, Matsui H, et al. (January 2004). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for circulating human resistin: resistin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes".
260:
is known as central obesity, the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as "apple shaped", as opposed to "pear shaped" in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks.
2460:
Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, et al. (April 2004). "Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines".
1836:
Duman BS, Turkoglu C, Gunay D, Cagatay P, Demiroglu C, Buyukdevrim AS (2003). "The interrelationship between insulin secretion and action in type 2 diabetes mellitus with different degrees of obesity: evidence supporting central obesity".
520:
from industrial oils has been associated with increased abdominal obesity in men and increased weight and waist circumference in women. These associations were not attenuated when fat intake and calorie intake was accounted for. Greater
394:
dementia is less clear. A study by
Debette et al. (2010) examining over 700 adults found evidence to suggest higher volumes of visceral fat, regardless of overall weight, were associated with smaller brain volumes and increased risk of
1141:
A large central adiposity deposit has been assigned many common use names, including "spare tire", "love handle", "paunch", and "potbelly". Several colloquial terms used to refer to central obesity, and to people who have it, refer to
1089:, and therefore may be prescribed for diabetics with central obesity. Thiazolidinedione has been associated with heart failure and increased cardiovascular risk; so it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe by EMA in 2010.
758:
standard). BMI will illustrate the best estimate of one's total body fatness, while waist measurement gives an estimate of visceral fat and risk of obesity-related disease. It is recommended to use both methods of measurements.
4686:
Smith SC, Haslam D (January 2007). "Abdominal obesity, waist circumference and cardio-metabolic risk: awareness among primary care physicians, the general population and patients at risk--the Shape of the
Nations survey".
1245:
Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, et al. (2004). "Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study".
461:(2023) found that high levels of visceral fat were related to poorer cognitive performance. The findings suggest that maintaining a healthy weight and metabolic health may be important for preserving cognitive function.
576:
threshold of approximately 10 g has been achieved is inversely related to the percentage of central abdominal fat. Quality protein uptake is defined as the ratio of essential amino acids to daily dietary protein.
1029:
2282:"Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes"
823:(1998) review. An increasing acceptance of the importance of central obesity within the medical profession as an indicator of health risk has led to new developments in obesity diagnosis such as the
5620:"Health Canada Endorsed Important Safety Information on MERIDIA (Sibutramine Hydrochloride Monohydrate): Subject: Voluntary withdrawal of Meridia (sibutramine) capsules from the Canadian market"
380:
Developing asthma due to abdominal obesity is also a main concern. As a result of breathing at low lung volume, the muscles are tighter and the airway is narrower. Obesity causes decreased
1902:"Changes in glycemia by leptin administration or high- fat feeding in rodent models of obesity/type 2 diabetes suggest a link between resistin expression and control of glucose homeostasis"
1982:
Lee JH, Bullen JW, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS (March 2005). "Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia".
537:) consumption has also been positively associated with greater weight gain, and specifically abdominal obesity, even when accounting for calories. Conversely, studies suggest that oily
353:, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, which is found in lower concentration in obese and diabetic individuals has shown to be beneficial and protective in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
847:
Adult Treatment Panel III suggested cutoff of 102 cm (40 in) and 88 cm (35 in) for males and females as a marker of central obesity. The same was used in defining
5154:
Elbers JM, Asscheman H, Seidell JC, Gooren LJ (February 1999). "Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals".
3101:"Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16 587 US men"
988:
loss is achieved by reducing energy intake, or increasing energy expenditure, thus achieving a negative balance. Adjunctive therapies which may be prescribed by a physician are
5230:
Carey DG, Campbell LV, Chisholm DJ (1996). "Is visceral fat (intra-abdominal and hepatic) a major determinant of gender differences in insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia?".
869:
792:
2861:
742:
BMI and waist measurements are well recognized ways to characterize obesity. However, waist measurements are not as accurate as BMI measurements. Waist measurement (
325:
Recent validation has concluded that total and regional body volume estimates correlate positively and significantly with biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and that
5826:
6564:
803:
and this difference was statistically significant. In other words, excessive waist circumference appears to be more of a risk factor for metabolic syndrome than
341:. Central obesity is known to predispose individuals for insulin resistance. Abdominal fat is especially active hormonally, secreting a group of hormones called
553:
consistent among American, Canadian, Latin American, Australian, British, French, Spaniard, Swedish, South Korean, Chinese and Sub-Saharan African populations.
4660:
4644:
4324:
5321:
617:
to determine whether a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity exists among women who consume higher amounts of alcohol.
3854:"Ultra-processed food intake in association with BMI change and risk of overweight and obesity: A prospective analysis of the French NutriNet-Santé cohort"
5299:
4186:
Ibrahim IA, Abd El-Aziz MF, Ahmed AF, Mohamed MA (2011). "Is the effect of high fat diet on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism related to inflammation?".
596:
created by the visceral fat cells will go into the liver and accumulate there. In the liver, most of it will be stored as fat. This concept is known as '
385:
likely to be hospitalized for asthma. A study has stated that 75% of patients treated for asthma in the emergency room were either overweight or obese.
1046:, which is a risk factor for insulin resistance, setting the stage for type 2 diabetes. However, visceral fat is more responsive to the circulation of
5697:"Increased dietary protein and combined high intensity aerobic and resistance exercise improves body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors"
4936:
4072:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Associated with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese AdultsâResults from China Health and Nutrition Survey 1997â2011"
541:
consumption is negatively associated with total body fat and abdominal fat distribution even when body mass remains constant. Similarly, increased
4615:
HSTAT: Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 3rd Edition: Recommendations and Systematic Evidence Reviews, Guide to Community Preventive Services
264:
Researchers first started to focus on abdominal obesity in the 1980s when they realized it had an important connection to cardiovascular disease,
3142:"Effect of trans fatty acid intake on abdominal and liver fat deposition and blood lipids: a randomized trial in overweight postmenopausal women"
6086:"Economic costs of abdominal obesity"; HĂžjgaard, Betina and Olsen, Kim Rose and SĂžgaard, Jes and SĂžrensen, Thorkild I A and Gyrd-Hansen, Dorte;
4613:
4864:
4732:"Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, and Other Measures of Adiposity in Predicting Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Peruvian Adults"
4535:
2321:
Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, et al. (January 2001). "The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes".
844:
5480:
4829:
Parikh RM, Joshi SR, Pandia K (December 2009). "Index of central obesity is better than waist circumference in defining metabolic syndrome".
4516:
3719:
2580:
Thomson CC, Clark S, Camargo CA (September 2003). "Body mass index and asthma severity among adults presenting to the emergency department".
1675:"Informativeness of indices of blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids in relation to ischaemic heart disease mortality: the HUNT-II study"
3903:
Sandoval-Insausti H, JimĂ©nez-Onsurbe M, Donat-Vargas C, Rey-GarcĂa J, Banegas JR, RodrĂguez-Artalejo F, Guallar-CastillĂłn P (August 2020).
2986:"Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response"
359:
is a major feature of diabetes mellitus type 2, and central obesity is correlated with both insulin resistance and T2DM itself. Increased
4868:
4539:
5005:
4121:
Reardon T, Tschirley D, Liverpool-Tasie LS, Awokuse T, Fanzo J, Minten B, Vos R, Dolislager M, Sauer C, Dhar R, Vargas C (1 March 2021).
996:, although the latter has been associated with increased cardiovascular events and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in the
5663:
6574:
5515:
5423:
Barrett-Connor E (January 1997). "Sex differences in coronary heart disease. Why are women so superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture".
4573:"Value of the sagittal abdominal diameter in coronary heart disease risk assessment: cohort study in a large, multiethnic population"
6323:
852:
415:
285:
made it possible to categorize mass of adipose tissue located at the abdominal level into intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat.
4870:
Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)
4541:
Third Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (ATP III Final Report)
545:
consumption is correlated with lower amounts of abdominal fat in postmenopausal women even when calorie consumption is controlled.
5568:
731:(BMI) under 35, intra-abdominal body fat is related to negative health outcomes independent of total body fat. Intra-abdominal or
6383:
6115:
Index of Central Obesity as a Parameter to Evaluate Metabolic Syndrome for White, Black, and Hispanic Adults in the United States
5938:
5827:
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/news_and_events/news/2010/09/news_detail_001119.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1
5347:
Li C, Ford ES, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH (2007). "Increasing trends in waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults".
5033:"Is waist to height ratio a better and more practical measure of obesity to assess cardiovascular or diabetes risk in indians?"
3528:"Effects of Soy on Body Composition: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial among Iranian Elderly Women with Metabolic Syndrome"
5251:"Body Image for Women: Conceptualization, Assessment, and a Test of its Importance to Sexual Dysfunction and Medical Illness"
317:(see below). With an increase in the waist to hip ratio and overall waist circumference the risk of death increases as well.
5458:
5541:
5746:"Combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis"
4874:
4545:
5108:
807:. Another measure of central obesity which has shown superiority to BMI in predicting cardiovascular disease risk is the
6538:
5619:
3371:"Some dietary factors can modulate the effect of the zinc transporters 8 polymorphism on the risk of metabolic syndrome"
6233:
3428:"Effects of supplemental fish oil on resting metabolic rate, body composition, and salivary cortisol in healthy adults"
6408:
1858:"Removal of visceral fat prevents insulin resistance and glucose intolerance of aging: an adipokine-mediated process?"
713:
132:
5593:
5032:
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3711:
Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: Sales, sources, nutrient profiles, and policy implications
1789:"Adiponectin as a Protective Factor Against the Progression Toward Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Postmenopausal Women"
6579:
5325:
3905:"Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with Abdominal Obesity: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults"
2720:
Bujalska IJ, Kumar S, Stewart PM (April 1997). "Does central obesity reflect "Cushing's disease of the omentum"?".
614:
346:
282:
5894:"Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial"
6368:
4392:"Is beer consumption related to measures of abdominal and general obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2691:
2164:"Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin levels in lean and obese subjects: correlations with insulin resistance"
431:
6440:
6284:
6119:
5307:
3479:"Effect of a daily supplement of soy protein on body composition and insulin secretion in postmenopausal women"
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620:
A systemic review and meta-analysis failed to find data pointing towards a dose-dependent relationship between
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5795:
Fonseca V (December 2003). "Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus".
6523:
6455:
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561:
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2765:"Abdominal obesity increases metabolic risk factors in non-obese adults: a Hungarian cross-sectional study"
698:
Absolute waist circumference (>102 cm (40 in) in men and >88 cm (35 in) in women)
6569:
6513:
5708:
940:
880:
776:
736:
707:
176:
172:
5109:"Body-mass index, waist-size, waistâhip ratio and cardiovascular risk factors in urban subejcts [
3795:"Ultra-processed food consumption and indicators of obesity in the United Kingdom population (2008-2016)"
835:
Index of Central Obesity (ICO) is the ratio of waist circumference and height first proposed by a Parikh
710:(waist circumference divided by their height, >0.5 for adults under 40 and >0.6 for adults over 50)
6428:
6398:
6316:
4468:"Abdominal obesity: the most prevalent cause of the metabolic syndrome and related cardiometabolic risk"
1194:
887:
638:
549:
273:
136:
2763:
LukĂĄcs A, HorvĂĄth E, MĂĄtĂ© Z, SzabĂł A, VirĂĄg K, Papp M, SĂĄndor J, ĂdĂĄny R, Paulik E (15 November 2019).
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1787:
Darabi H, Raeisi A, Kalantarhormozi MR, Ostovar A, Assadi M, Asadipooya K, et al. (August 2015).
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between the ages of 50 and 79 years now exceed the waist circumference threshold for central obesity.
704:(the circumference of the waist divided by that of the hips of >0.9 for men and >0.85 for women)
6468:
6463:
5695:
Arciero PJ, Gentile CL, Martin-Pressman R, Ormsbee MJ, Everett M, Zwicky L, Steele CA (August 2006).
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Machado PP, Steele EM, Levy RB, da Costa Louzada ML, Rangan A, Woods J, et al. (December 2020).
3382:
2899:
2330:
2079:
1560:
573:
5713:
5322:"Abdominal fat and what to do about it. Visceral fat more of a health concern than subcutaneous fat"
4340:
Schröder H, Morales-Molina JA, Bermejo S, Barral D, Måndoli ES, Grau M, et al. (October 2007).
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Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R, et al. (November 2003).
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President and fellows of Harvard College. (2006). Abnormal obesity and your health. Retrieved from
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McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Harte A, McTernan CL, et al. (December 2003).
1122:
788:
747:
609:
450:
435:
288:
Abdominal obesity is linked with higher cardiovascular events among South Asian ethnic population.
278:
194:
116:
6180:"Waist-to-height ratio, an optimal predictor for obesity and metabolic syndrome in Chinese adults"
3140:
Bendsen NT, Chabanova E, Thomsen HS, Larsen TM, Newman JW, Stender S, et al. (January 2011).
812:
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4021:"Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods Increases the Likelihood of Having Obesity in Korean Women"
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2401:
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2027:"Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity"
2007:
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Ghroubi et al. (2007) examined whether abdominal circumference is a more reliable indicator than
356:
318:
310:
180:
6095:
5892:
Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, Beresford SA, Frank G, Jones B, et al. (January 2006).
4341:
3569:"The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing"
2205:"A promoter genotype and oxidative stress potentially link resistin to human insulin resistance"
929:
declines, fat at their buttocks, hips, and thighs decreases while fat at their belly increases.
5191:"Sex differences in the relation of visceral adipose tissue accumulation to total body fatness"
4878:
4549:
1651:
1349:"Visceral and central abdominal fat and anthropometry in relation to diabetes in Asian Indians"
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Bendsen NT, Christensen R, Bartels EM, Kok FJ, Sierksma A, Raben A, Astrup A (February 2013).
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Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G (2006). "Obesity, abdominal obesity and Alzheimer disease".
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23/09/2010 European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim
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4730:
Knowles KM, Paiva LL, Sanchez SE, Revilla L, Lopez T, Yasuda MB, et al. (January 2011).
4123:"The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition"
3099:
Koh-Banerjee P, Chu NF, Spiegelman D, Rosner B, Colditz G, Willett W, Rimm E (October 2003).
2862:"New research indicates visceral fat has a profoundly negative effect on cognitive abilities"
2825:
Ghroubi S, Elleuch H, Guermazi M, Kaffel N, Feki H, Abid M, et al. (November 2007). "".
795:(NHANES III), waist circumference explained obesity-related health risk better than BMI when
6559:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6483:
6418:
6309:
6191:
6148:
6123:
6044:
5905:
5864:
5854:
5800:
5767:
5757:
5718:
5670:
5432:
5395:
5356:
5270:
5262:
5202:
5163:
5087:
4971:
4910:
4838:
4790:
4753:
4743:
4696:
4584:
4504:
4479:
4440:
4403:
4356:
4293:
4283:
4234:
4221:
Cuthbertson D, Smith K, Babraj J, Leese G, Waddell T, Atherton P, et al. (March 2005).
4195:
4158:
4142:
4093:
4083:
4042:
4032:
3983:
3967:
3956:"Trends in consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Sweden between 1960 and 2010"
3926:
3916:
3875:
3865:
3824:
3814:
3765:
3755:
3680:
3664:
3598:
3580:
3539:
3498:
3490:
3449:
3439:
3398:
3390:
3369:
Hosseini-Esfahani F, Mirmiran P, Koochakpoor G, Daneshpour MS, Guity K, Azizi F (May 2017).
3341:
3300:
3251:
3210:
3202:
3161:
3153:
3112:
3046:
2997:
2956:
2915:
2907:
2834:
2794:
2776:
2729:
2648:
2640:
2589:
2554:
2517:
2509:
2470:
2432:
2385:
2338:
2293:
2254:
2216:
2175:
2134:
2123:"Regulation of resistin expression and circulating levels in obesity, diabetes, and fasting"
2087:
2038:
2025:
Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gómez JM, Gutiérrez C, et al. (June 2004).
1991:
1954:
1913:
1869:
1808:
1800:
1759:
1749:
1694:
1686:
1612:
1568:
1523:
1484:
1441:
1402:
1360:
1313:
1263:
1255:
655:
557:
475:
411:
221:
184:
4962:
Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J (2005). "The metabolic syndrome--a new worldwide definition".
3651:
Nardocci M, Leclerc BS, Louzada ML, Monteiro CA, Batal M, Moubarac JC (20 September 2018).
3075:"Fructose sugar makes maturing human fat cells fatter, less insulin-sensitive, study finds"
2984:
Perez-Pozo SE, Schold J, Nakagawa T, SĂĄnchez-Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Lillo JL (March 2010).
2419:
McTernan PG, McTernan CL, Chetty R, Jenner K, Fisher FM, Lauer MN, et al. (May 2002).
2066:
Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, GörgĂŒn CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, et al. (November 2002).
6413:
5966:
5669:(Press release). Food and Drug Administration of Thailand. 20 October 2010. Archived from
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4328:
3526:
Bakhtiari A, Yassin Z, Hanachi P, Rahmat A, Ahmad Z, Sajadi P, Shojaei S (30 April 2012).
3289:"Meat consumption and prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study"
2373:
1900:
Asensio C, Cettour-Rose P, Theander-Carrillo C, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Muzzin P (May 2004).
804:
755:
728:
489:
446:
233:
198:
69:
5507:
3287:
Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Mouw T, May AM, Travier N, et al. (August 2010).
2121:
Rajala MW, Qi Y, Patel HR, Takahashi N, Banerjee R, Pajvani UB, et al. (July 2004).
1180:, the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity
775:(>0.9 for men and >0.85 for women) are both used as measures of central obesity. A
4138:
3988:
3955:
3810:
3603:
3568:
3386:
3240:"Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys"
2903:
2334:
2083:
1637:
1564:
1147:
obesity than nondrinkers or drinkers of wine or spirits. Chronic alcoholism can lead to
6137:"Which obesity indicators are better predictors of metabolic risk?: healthy twin study"
5869:
5842:
5772:
5745:
5275:
5250:
4758:
4731:
4298:
4271:
4163:
4122:
4098:
4071:
4047:
4020:
3931:
3904:
3880:
3853:
3829:
3794:
3770:
3743:
3685:
3652:
3544:
3527:
3503:
3478:
3454:
3427:
3403:
3370:
3215:
3190:
3166:
3141:
2920:
2887:
2799:
2764:
2653:
2628:
2522:
2497:
1813:
1788:
1764:
1737:
1699:
1674:
1130:
1110:
1047:
1005:
872:(NHANES) database and found the modified definition to be more specific and sensitive.
732:
526:
257:
249:
213:
6004:
4975:
4781:
MĂ©thot J, Houle J, Poirier P (May 2010). "Obesity: how to define central adiposity?".
2733:
2389:
1856:
Gabriely I, Ma XH, Yang XM, Atzmon G, Rajala MW, Berg AH, et al. (October 2002).
1528:
1511:
1488:
1259:
956:
6553:
6445:
6433:
6423:
5934:
5580:
5572:
4499:
Heindel J (2011). "The Obesogen Hypothesis of Obesity: Overview and Human Evidence".
4444:
4408:
4391:
4223:"Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle"
3852:
Beslay M, Srour B, MĂ©jean C, AllĂšs B, Fiolet T, Debras C, et al. (August 2020).
3494:
2911:
2558:
1406:
1086:
1066:
933:
820:
678:
resulting in central obesity, especially in the presence of elevated insulin levels.
667:
407:
302:
253:
237:
94:
82:
6278:
6213:
5985:
5167:
4991:
4810:
4716:
4256:
4207:
4005:
3477:
Sites CK, Cooper BC, Toth MJ, Gastaldelli A, Arabshahi A, Barnes S (December 2007).
3238:
Kavanagh K, Jones KL, Sawyer J, Kelley K, Carr JJ, Wagner JD, Rudel LL (July 2007).
3034:
2749:
2609:
2011:
1588:
1461:
1414:
1333:
1285:
719:
6170:
5384:"Sex differences and coronary heart disease. A case of comparing apples and pears?"
4376:
3273:
3019:
2624:
2405:
2358:
2107:
2067:
1551:
Després JP, Lemieux I (December 2006). "Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome".
1445:
1152:
1092:
1078:
1070:
816:
762:
597:
589:
565:
538:
439:
381:
306:
269:
156:
4270:
Loenneke JP, Wilson JM, Manninen AH, Wray ME, Barnes JT, Pujol TJ (January 2012).
3567:
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac JC, Levy RB, Louzada ML, Jaime PC (January 2018).
3191:"Trans fatty acids: effects on cardiometabolic health and implications for policy"
2629:"Visceral fat is associated with lower brain volume in healthy middle-aged adults"
2474:
2421:"Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue"
1347:
Anjana M, Sandeep S, Deepa R, Vimaleswaran KS, Farooq S, Mohan V (December 2004).
839:
in 2007 as a better substitute to the widely used waist circumference in defining
6289:
5804:
4642:
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml
4508:
4322:
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml
3870:
3819:
3744:"Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity in the Australian adult population"
2838:
1159:(abdominal fluid). These symptoms can suggest the appearance of central obesity.
329:
calculations correlate significantly with all biomarkers of cardiovascular risk.
6363:
6358:
6073:
5537:
4342:"Relationship of abdominal obesity with alcohol consumption at population scale"
3426:
Noreen EE, Sass MJ, Crowe ML, Pabon VA, Brandauer J, Averill LK (October 2010).
3206:
2676:
1874:
1857:
1804:
1183:
1043:
993:
675:
542:
505:
350:
4484:
4467:
3793:
Rauber F, Steele EM, Louzada ML, Millett C, Monteiro CA, Levy RB (1 May 2020).
3760:
3668:
3394:
2258:
2221:
2204:
2139:
2122:
1995:
1738:"Adiponectin: Probe of the molecular paradigm associating diabetes and obesity"
1428:
Misra A, Soares MJ, Mohan V, Anoop S, Abhishek V, Vaidya R, Pradeepa R (2018).
1365:
1348:
690:
Silhouettes and waist circumferences representing normal, overweight, and obese
6343:
6196:
6179:
6113:
5266:
5132:
5107:
Gupta R, Rastogi P, Sarna M, Gupta VP, Sharma SK, Kothari K (September 2007).
5092:
5075:
4360:
4199:
4146:
3971:
3585:
2781:
2627:, Hoffmann U, Decarli C, O'Donnell CJ, Massaro JM, et al. (August 2010).
2162:
Silha JV, Krsek M, Skrha JV, Sucharda P, Nyomba BL, Murphy LJ (October 2003).
1690:
1200:
1189:
1177:
642:
593:
458:
419:
301:
Abdominal obesity is typically associated with a statistically higher risk of
245:
241:
128:
120:
5400:
5383:
4700:
4154:
3979:
3709:
3676:
3594:
3355:
2790:
2513:
1616:
480:
The currently prevalent belief is that the immediate cause of obesity is net
6049:
6032:
5722:
5436:
5207:
5190:
5189:
Lemieux S, Prud'homme D, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Després JP (October 1993).
3346:
3329:
3305:
3288:
3117:
3100:
2961:
2944:
2593:
1206:
1148:
1058:
1017:
1009:
922:
649:
360:
342:
6205:
6162:
6058:
5919:
5878:
5859:
5812:
5781:
5730:
5664:"Thai FDA reveals voluntary withdrawal of sibutramine from the Thai market"
5368:
5284:
5128:
5048:
4983:
4922:
4850:
4802:
4767:
4708:
4598:
4417:
4368:
4307:
4248:
4172:
4107:
4056:
3997:
3940:
3889:
3838:
3779:
3694:
3612:
3553:
3512:
3463:
3444:
3412:
3314:
3265:
3224:
3175:
3126:
3060:
3051:
3011:
2970:
2929:
2846:
2808:
2662:
2601:
2566:
2531:
2482:
2446:
2397:
2350:
2307:
2298:
2281:
2266:
2230:
2189:
2148:
2099:
2052:
2003:
1968:
1959:
1942:
1927:
1883:
1822:
1773:
1708:
1624:
1580:
1537:
1512:"Expanding evidence for the multiple dangers of epidemic abdominal obesity"
1496:
1453:
1374:
1325:
1277:
167:
to such an extent that it is likely to harm its bearer's health. Abdominal
6228:
5910:
5893:
5762:
5597:
5444:
5409:
5216:
5175:
5052:
4914:
4842:
4748:
4452:
4288:
4239:
4222:
2741:
2180:
2163:
1754:
1475:
Westphal SA (2008). "Obesity, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance".
1393:
Poehlman ET (1998). "Abdominal Obesity: The Metabolic Multi-risk Factor".
17:
6153:
6136:
5360:
4589:
4572:
3256:
3239:
3002:
2985:
2437:
2420:
2203:
Smith SR, Bai F, Charbonneau C, JanderovĂĄ L, Argyropoulos G (July 2003).
2043:
2026:
1918:
1901:
1038:, a hormone that leads to more belly fat deposits and leptin resistance.
1035:
1021:
989:
910:
906:
784:
530:
501:
485:
395:
364:
265:
190:
106:
6249:
3157:
2091:
1572:
6332:
4088:
4037:
3921:
2888:"Fructose consumption: recent results and their potential implications"
1268:
1156:
1126:
926:
780:
671:
569:
534:
510:
168:
164:
160:
4937:"Abdominal Obesity Measurement Guidelines for Different Ethnic Groups"
4794:
2644:
1317:
6261:
6127:
5076:"Oxidative Stress in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians"
4571:
Iribarren C, Darbinian JA, Lo JC, Fireman BH, Go AS (December 2006).
2715:
2713:
2695:
2342:
1013:
914:
481:
102:
98:
2374:"An epidemic Burkholderia cepacia complex strain identified in soil"
750:
standard) is more prone to errors than measuring height and weight (
55:
5642:"De-registration of pharmaceutical products containing sibutramine"
3627:"Processed foods highly correlated with obesity epidemic in the US"
580:
Visceral fat cells will release their metabolic by-products in the
337:
There are numerous theories as to the exact cause and mechanism in
898:
There are sex-dependent differences in regional fat distribution.
761:
718:
585:
493:
217:
3328:
Vergnaud AC, Norat T, Romaguera D, Peeters PH (1 November 2010).
2943:
Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ (November 2002).
2247:
Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
886:
Central obesity in individuals with normal BMI is referred to as
694:
There are various ways of measuring abdominal obesity including:
5701:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
4272:"Quality protein intake is inversely related with abdominal fat"
1430:"Body fat, metabolic syndrome and hyperglycemia in South Asians"
1143:
1030:
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
918:
621:
522:
423:
225:
6305:
4612:
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses (2000).
492:. Some studies indicate that visceral adiposity, together with
5843:"Weight science: evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift"
4503:. Endocrine Updates. Vol. 4. Springer. pp. 355â365.
951:
1943:"Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans"
3653:"Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Canada"
2945:"Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome"
1984:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1197:, normal BMI with excessive fat, usually centrally localized
5594:"Sibutramine (brand name Reductil) Information - Australia"
1001:
997:
572:
intake during a 24-hour period and the number of times the
6301:
4640:
Abdominal obesity and your health. (2006). Retrieved from
2545:
Shore SA, Johnston RA (April 2006). "Obesity and asthma".
2496:
Mohanan S, Tapp H, McWilliams A, Dulin M (November 2014).
2068:"A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance"
868:
in which waist circumference was replaced with ICO in the
155:, is the human condition of an excessive concentration of
5565:
Sibutramin-Vertrieb in der EuropÀischen Union ausgesetzt
2372:
LiPuma JJ, Spilker T, Coenye T, Gonzalez CF (June 2002).
504:. Some evidence shows that in regards to juveniles, when
3432:
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
1652:"American Heart Association's description of Syndrome X"
5644:(Press release). info.gov in Hong Kong. 2 November 2010
4019:
Sung H, Park JM, Oh SU, Ha K, Joung H (February 2021).
3195:
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids
968:
723:
Overweight teenage boy holding his excess abdominal fat
1186:, the term describing the localized loss of fat tissue
372:
with decreased adiposity following medical treatment.
5117:
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
5037:
The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India
556:
Obesity plays an important role in the impairment of
368:
Conversely, serum resistin levels have been found to
6239:
6178:
Shao J, Yu L, Shen X, Li D, Wang K (November 2010).
2425:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2286:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
1947:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
6454:
6243:
5744:Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W (2012).
112:
88:
76:
42:
37:
5483:. Washington.edu. 26 November 2012. Archived from
1673:MĂžrkedal B, Romundstad PR, Vatten LJ (June 2011).
272:. Abdominal obesity was more closely related with
4188:Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
870:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
793:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
5508:"Abbott Pulls Diet Drug Meridia Off US Shelves"
4824:
4822:
4820:
2827:Annales de RĂ©adaptation et de MĂ©decine Physique
5538:"Top obesity drug sibutramine being suspended"
2820:
2818:
1895:
1893:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1129:, but they have little effect, if any, on the
939:Central obesity is positively associated with
548:Numerous large studies have demonstrated that
6317:
6031:Bobak M, Skodova Z, Marmot M (October 2003).
5324:. Harvard Health Publications. Archived from
3039:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
2692:"Bulging belly now could mean dementia later"
909:is believed to cause fat to be stored in the
875:This parameter has been used in the study of
779:includes distinguishing central obesity from
652:-disrupting chemicals may be important also.
500:, is related to the excessive consumption of
488:than it expends, wastes, or discards through
8:
6184:The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging
4530:
4528:
1736:Ghoshal K, Bhattacharyya M (February 2015).
484:imbalanceâthe organism consumes more usable
6033:"Beer and obesity: a cross-sectional study"
5596:. Abbott Laboratories. 2010. Archived from
5074:Veigas NM, Dharmalingam, Marcus SR (2011).
3189:Micha R, Mozaffarian D (1 September 2008).
1299:
1297:
1295:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
735:has a particularly strong correlation with
568:diets. It has also been shown that quality
434:(PCOS). Central obesity is associated with
46:Central obesity, truncal obesity; see also
6324:
6310:
6302:
6240:
5195:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3334:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3293:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3105:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2949:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2892:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1306:Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders
1085:may cause slight weight gain but decrease
54:
34:
6195:
6152:
6118:(Master's thesis). Public Health Theses,
6048:
5935:"Belly fat in men: What you need to know"
5909:
5868:
5858:
5836:
5834:
5771:
5761:
5712:
5399:
5274:
5206:
5091:
4757:
4747:
4588:
4483:
4407:
4297:
4287:
4238:
4162:
4097:
4087:
4046:
4036:
3987:
3930:
3920:
3879:
3869:
3828:
3818:
3769:
3759:
3684:
3602:
3584:
3543:
3502:
3453:
3443:
3402:
3345:
3304:
3255:
3214:
3165:
3116:
3050:
3001:
2960:
2919:
2798:
2780:
2652:
2521:
2436:
2297:
2220:
2179:
2138:
2042:
1958:
1917:
1873:
1812:
1763:
1753:
1698:
1527:
1434:Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
1364:
1267:
1087:"pathologic" abdominal fat (visceral fat)
204:Visceral fat, also known as organ fat or
27:Excess fat around the stomach and abdomen
5506:Rockoff JD, Dooren JC (8 October 2010).
4903:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
4831:Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders
1057:, the physician might instead prescribe
864:further tested a modified definition of
685:
584:, where the blood leads straight to the
6098:, 2008, Volume 1, Issue 3, pp. 146â154.
5459:"Even a Little Exercise Fights Obesity"
4783:Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
3954:Juul F, Hemmingsson E (December 2015).
1230:
6037:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4865:National Cholesterol Education Program
4536:National Cholesterol Education Program
4431:Carey DG (1998). "Abdominal Obesity".
944:rates are identical in men and women.
845:National Cholesterol Education Program
791:of 15,000 people participating in the
662:, also leads to central obesity. Many
236:. Visceral fat is composed of several
6565:Medical conditions related to obesity
6135:Lee K, Song YM, Sung J (April 2008).
4736:International Journal of Hypertension
1109:There is a common misconception that
637:Other environmental factors, such as
410:, a group of diseases that is either
7:
5841:Bacon L, Aphramor L (January 2011).
5544:from the original on 25 January 2010
5518:from the original on 11 October 2010
4689:Current Medical Research and Opinion
4663:. Health.harvard.edu. Archived from
2886:Stanhope KL, Havel PJ (March 2010).
1510:Cameron AJ, Zimmet PZ (April 2008).
430:and is also common in patients with
414:, or due to secondary causes (often
406:Central obesity can be a feature of
4661:"Abdominal obesity and your health"
3035:"The not-so-sweet side of fructose"
932:50% of men and 70% of women in the
426:). Central obesity is a symptom of
47:
6074:"Why the beer belly may be a myth"
5941:from the original on 23 March 2008
5156:The American Journal of Physiology
2677:"'Beer belly' link to Alzheimer's"
25:
3657:Canadian Journal of Public Health
2502:Experimental Biology and Medicine
2168:European Journal of Endocrinology
1529:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.775080
853:International Diabetes Federation
232:, which is found interspersed in
6384:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
6227:
6072:Staff writer (12 October 2003).
5797:The American Journal of Medicine
5583:2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-01-27
4577:American Journal of Epidemiology
4445:10.1097/00041433-199802000-00008
4409:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00548.x
3708:Organization PA (17 June 2019).
3532:Iranian Journal of Public Health
3495:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.061
2990:International Journal of Obesity
2912:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05266.x
2559:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.10.002
1679:European Journal of Epidemiology
1407:10.1097/00019501-199809080-00001
955:
224:, which is found underneath the
193:fat, central abdominal fat, and
5249:Andersen BL, Legrand J (1991).
5168:10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.2.E317
5080:Journal of Medical Biochemistry
4877:. p. IIâ27. Archived from
4548:. p. IIâ17. Archived from
2547:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
197:show a strong association with
5622:. Hc-sc.gc.ca. 14 October 2010
1641:Circulation. 2004;109:433-438.
1446:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.001
1027:A 2006 study published in the
1:
6112:Griesemer RL (25 July 2008).
5799:. 115 Suppl 8A (8): 42Sâ48S.
5540:. BBC News. 22 January 2010.
5298:Andrews M (1 December 2006).
5043:: 202â3, author reply 203â4.
5008:. Obesity Prevention Source.
4976:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8
4939:. Obesity Prevention Source.
4875:National Institutes of Health
4546:National Institutes of Health
4433:Current Opinion in Lipidology
4349:European Journal of Nutrition
2734:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8
2475:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.11.022
2390:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08836-0
1489:10.1016/S1098-3597(08)60025-3
1483:(1): 23â29, discussion 30â1.
1260:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
925:and the estrogen produced by
498:decreased insulin sensitivity
5933:Jensen M (19 January 2007).
5805:10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.09.005
5461:. Webmd.com. 6 November 2009
4509:10.1007/978-1-4419-7034-3_17
3871:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256
3820:10.1371/journal.pone.0232676
2839:10.1016/j.annrmp.2007.03.005
2690:Mitchell S (26 March 2008).
1151:, symptoms of which include
819:as per studies mentioned by
766:A man with abdominal obesity
171:has been strongly linked to
6409:Obesity and the environment
4070:Li M, Shi Z (August 2021).
3207:10.1016/j.plefa.2008.09.008
1875:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2951
1805:10.1097/md.0000000000001347
1125:are useful in building the
714:Sagittal Abdominal Diameter
133:Polycystic ovarian syndrome
6596:
4276:Nutrition & Metabolism
3761:10.1038/s41387-020-00141-0
3669:10.17269/s41997-018-0130-x
3395:10.1038/s41598-017-01762-9
2694:. NBC News. Archived from
2259:10.1016/j.cccn.2003.09.009
2222:10.2337/diabetes.52.7.1611
2140:10.2337/diabetes.53.7.1671
1996:10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2004
1724:Obesity A Research Journal
1366:10.2337/diacare.27.12.2948
615:Further research is needed
473:
283:magnetic resonance imaging
6575:Classification of obesity
6369:Classification of obesity
6339:
6197:10.1007/s12603-010-0106-x
5267:10.1080/00224499109551619
5093:10.2478/v10011-011-0006-6
4361:10.1007/s00394-007-0674-7
4200:10.1007/s12349-011-0056-9
4147:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466
3972:10.1017/S1368980015000506
3586:10.1017/S1368980017000234
3330:"Reply to A Astrup et al"
2782:10.1186/s12889-019-7839-1
1742:World Journal of Diabetes
1691:10.1007/s10654-011-9572-7
432:polycystic ovary syndrome
62:
53:
6120:Georgia State University
5401:10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1710
4701:10.1185/030079906X159489
4485:10.1093/eurheartj/sul002
3748:Nutrition & Diabetes
3146:Nutrition & Diabetes
2860:Dolan EW (4 June 2023).
2679:. BBC News. 20 May 2010.
2514:10.1177/1535370214525302
1617:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486
831:Index of central obesity
809:Index of Central Obesity
347:impair glucose tolerance
208:, is located inside the
67:Height: 185 cm/6 ft 1 in
63:An abdominous obese male
6394:Anti-obesity medication
6050:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601678
5723:10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.373
5512:The Wall Street Journal
5437:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252
5382:Wingard DL (May 1990).
5255:Journal of Sex Research
5031:Joshi PP (March 2008).
4478:(Supplements): B4âB12.
3960:Public Health Nutrition
3573:Public Health Nutrition
3483:Fertility and Sterility
3347:10.3945/ajcn.110.000786
3306:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28713
2594:10.1378/chest.124.3.795
1155:(enlarged breasts) and
608:A study has shown that
562:carbohydrate metabolism
388:
363:(obesity) raises serum
5860:10.1186/1475-2891-10-9
4472:European Heart Journal
3445:10.1186/1550-2783-7-31
3052:10.1681/asn.2009010104
3033:Choi ME (March 2009).
2299:10.1210/jc.2003-030898
1960:10.1210/jc.2002-021808
1395:Coronary Heart Disease
941:coronary heart disease
881:cardiovascular disease
777:differential diagnosis
767:
737:cardiovascular disease
724:
691:
588:. Thus, the excess of
457:Research published in
274:metabolic dysfunctions
173:cardiovascular disease
65:Weight: 182 kg/400 lbs
6429:Obesity and sexuality
6399:Management of obesity
5911:10.1001/jama.295.1.39
5208:10.1093/ajcn/58.4.463
4915:10.1089/met.2009.0046
4843:10.1089/met.2008.0102
4289:10.1186/1743-7075-9-5
4240:10.1096/fj.04-2640fje
3118:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.719
2962:10.1093/ajcn/76.5.911
2181:10.1530/eje.0.1490331
1755:10.4239/wjd.v6.i1.151
1195:Normal weight obesity
888:normal weight obesity
765:
722:
689:
550:ultra-processed foods
137:Prader-Willi syndrome
48:§ Colloquialisms
6236:at Wikimedia Commons
6154:10.1038/oby.2007.109
5361:10.1038/oby.2007.505
5328:on 28 September 2011
4501:Obesity Before Birth
4127:Global Food Security
3257:10.1038/oby.2007.200
3003:10.1038/ijo.2009.259
2438:10.1210/jc.87.5.2407
2044:10.1038/oby.2004.118
1919:10.1210/en.2003-1679
1477:Clinical Cornerstone
1219:adipose degeneration
574:essential amino acid
258:adipose visceral fat
212:, packed in between
6404:Obesity and walking
6374:Genetics of obesity
5763:10.1155/2012/985902
5577:Abbott Laboratories
5481:"Weight Management"
5310:on 24 October 2007.
5006:"Measuring Obesity"
4749:10.4061/2011/931402
4139:2021GlFS...2800466R
3811:2020PLoSO..1532676R
3387:2017NatSR...7.1649H
3158:10.1038/nutd.2010.4
2904:2010NYASA1190...15S
2633:Annals of Neurology
2335:2001Natur.409..307S
2092:10.1038/nature01137
2084:2002Natur.420..333H
1839:Diabetes Butr Metab
1654:. Americanheart.org
1573:10.1038/nature05488
1565:2006Natur.444..881D
1464:– via PubMed.
1203:, hanging belly fat
1123:abdominal exercises
1100:Society and culture
1053:In the presence of
921:. When women reach
708:Waist-stature ratio
610:alcohol consumption
604:Alcohol consumption
451:knee osteoarthritis
449:or the presence of
436:glucose intolerance
416:protease inhibitors
389:Alzheimer's disease
279:computed tomography
206:intra-abdominal fat
195:waist circumference
177:Alzheimer's disease
117:Sedentary lifestyle
6379:Obesity and cancer
5937:. Mayoclinic.com.
5750:Journal of Obesity
5600:on 14 October 2010
5487:on 9 February 2013
5135:on 12 October 2017
5055:on 11 October 2017
4647:2013-03-15 at the
4590:10.1093/aje/kwj341
4466:Després J (2006).
4327:2013-03-15 at the
4089:10.3390/nu13082796
4038:10.3390/nu13020698
3922:10.3390/nu12082368
3375:Scientific Reports
1215:fatty degeneration
1083:Thiazolidinediones
1075:antidiabetic drugs
1063:thiazolidinediones
967:. You can help by
877:metabolic syndrome
866:metabolic syndrome
849:metabolic syndrome
841:metabolic syndrome
797:metabolic syndrome
768:
725:
692:
664:prescription drugs
660:Cushing's syndrome
582:portal circulation
496:dysregulation and
428:Cushing's syndrome
402:Other health risks
357:Insulin resistance
345:that may possibly
319:Metabolic syndrome
311:insulin resistance
125:Cushing's syndrome
6580:Tissues (biology)
6547:
6546:
6389:Bariatric surgery
6354:Abdominal obesity
6349:Childhood obesity
6299:
6298:
6234:Abdominal obesity
6232:Media related to
5847:Nutrition Journal
5300:"A Matter of Fat"
5012:. 21 October 2012
4970:(9491): 1059â62.
4943:. 21 October 2012
4795:10.1586/erc.10.38
4518:978-1-4419-7033-6
4396:Nutrition Reviews
3966:(17): 3096â3107.
3721:978-92-75-12032-3
2769:BMC Public Health
2645:10.1002/ana.22062
1440:(11): 1068â1075.
1318:10.1159/000094586
1127:abdominal muscles
985:
984:
825:Body Volume Index
648:in the diet, and
230:intramuscular fat
210:peritoneal cavity
185:vascular diseases
145:Abdominal obesity
142:
141:
38:Abdominal obesity
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6587:
6419:Parental obesity
6326:
6319:
6312:
6303:
6241:
6231:
6217:
6199:
6174:
6156:
6131:
6128:10.57709/1062268
6099:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6052:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6000:
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5883:
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5379:
5373:
5372:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5306:. Archived from
5295:
5289:
5288:
5278:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5210:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5151:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5131:. Archived from
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5051:. Archived from
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5010:hsph.harvard.edu
5002:
4996:
4995:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4941:hsph.harvard.edu
4933:
4927:
4926:
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4890:
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4886:
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4855:
4854:
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4771:
4761:
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4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4667:on 15 March 2013
4657:
4651:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4618:. Archived from
4609:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4463:
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4456:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4411:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4291:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4242:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4091:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4040:
4016:
4010:
4009:
3991:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3588:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3457:
3447:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3340:(5): 1275â1276.
3325:
3319:
3318:
3308:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3259:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2964:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2822:
2813:
2812:
2802:
2784:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2728:(9060): 1210â3.
2717:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2698:on 18 March 2015
2687:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2525:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2384:(9322): 2002â3.
2369:
2363:
2362:
2343:10.1038/35053000
2329:(6818): 307â12.
2318:
2312:
2311:
2301:
2292:(12): 6098â106.
2277:
2271:
2270:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2031:Obesity Research
2022:
2016:
2015:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1733:
1727:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1648:
1642:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1507:
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1500:
1472:
1466:
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1425:
1419:
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1390:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1271:
1254:(9438): 937â52.
1242:
980:
977:
959:
952:
799:was taken as an
727:In those with a
674:, can also have
656:Hypercortisolism
639:maternal smoking
476:Diet and obesity
222:subcutaneous fat
220:, as opposed to
147:, also known as
58:
35:
21:
6595:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6514:Pacific islands
6450:
6414:Obesity paradox
6335:
6330:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6252:
6224:
6177:
6134:
6111:
6108:
6106:Further reading
6103:
6102:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6013:
6011:
6009:Merriam-Webster
6003:
5994:
5992:
5990:Merriam-Webster
5984:
5975:
5973:
5971:Merriam-Webster
5965:
5962:
5958:
5944:
5942:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5891:
5890:
5886:
5840:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5820:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5714:10.1.1.517.3533
5694:
5693:
5689:
5679:
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5673:
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5639:
5635:
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5557:
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5545:
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5380:
5376:
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5345:
5341:
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5329:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5136:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5073:
5072:
5068:
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5056:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
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5003:
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4961:
4960:
4956:
4946:
4944:
4935:
4934:
4930:
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4884:
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4828:
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4818:
4780:
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4775:
4729:
4728:
4724:
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4684:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4649:Wayback Machine
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4534:
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4493:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4430:
4429:
4425:
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4388:
4384:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4329:Wayback Machine
4319:
4315:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4120:
4119:
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4069:
4068:
4064:
4018:
4017:
4013:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3864:(8): e1003256.
3851:
3850:
3846:
3805:(5): e0232676.
3792:
3791:
3787:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3201:(3â5): 147â52.
3188:
3187:
3183:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3032:
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3027:
2983:
2982:
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2941:
2937:
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2880:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2701:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2508:(11): 1531â40.
2495:
2494:
2490:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2078:(6913): 333â6.
2065:
2064:
2060:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1716:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1611:(19): 2486â97.
1601:
1600:
1596:
1559:(7121): 881â7.
1550:
1549:
1545:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1359:(12): 2948â53.
1346:
1345:
1341:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1227:
1174:
1165:
1139:
1133:located there.
1107:
1102:
1055:type 2 diabetes
981:
975:
972:
965:needs expansion
950:
896:
894:Sex differences
833:
801:outcome measure
783:and intestinal
773:waistâhip ratio
729:body mass index
702:Waistâhip ratio
684:
631:
606:
478:
472:
467:
408:lipodystrophies
404:
391:
378:
339:type 2 diabetes
335:
315:type 2 diabetes
299:
294:
256:. An excess of
234:skeletal muscle
214:internal organs
199:type 2 diabetes
153:truncal obesity
149:central obesity
70:Body mass index
68:
66:
64:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6593:
6591:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6552:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6306:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6281:
6266:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:Classification
6238:
6237:
6223:
6222:External links
6220:
6219:
6218:
6175:
6132:
6107:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6079:
6064:
6043:(10): 1250â3.
6023:
6021:
6020:
6001:
5982:
5956:
5925:
5884:
5830:
5818:
5787:
5736:
5687:
5676:on 11 May 2011
5655:
5633:
5611:
5585:
5571:2012-07-19 at
5555:
5529:
5498:
5472:
5450:
5415:
5374:
5355:(1): 216â224.
5339:
5313:
5290:
5261:(3): 457â477.
5241:
5222:
5181:
5162:(2): E317-25.
5146:
5099:
5066:
5023:
4997:
4954:
4928:
4892:
4881:on 24 May 2005
4856:
4816:
4773:
4722:
4678:
4652:
4633:
4622:on 4 July 2009
4604:
4583:(12): 1150â9.
4563:
4552:on 24 May 2005
4524:
4517:
4491:
4458:
4423:
4382:
4332:
4313:
4262:
4213:
4194:(3): 203â209.
4178:
4113:
4062:
4011:
3946:
3895:
3844:
3785:
3734:
3720:
3700:
3643:
3618:
3559:
3518:
3489:(6): 1609â17.
3469:
3418:
3361:
3320:
3299:(2): 398â407.
3279:
3250:(7): 1675â84.
3230:
3181:
3132:
3091:
3066:
3025:
2976:
2935:
2878:
2852:
2814:
2755:
2709:
2682:
2668:
2615:
2588:(3): 795â802.
2572:
2537:
2488:
2452:
2411:
2364:
2313:
2272:
2253:(1â2): 57â63.
2236:
2195:
2154:
2113:
2058:
2017:
1990:(3): E625-32.
1974:
1953:(11): 5452â5.
1933:
1912:(5): 2206â13.
1889:
1868:(10): 2951â8.
1848:
1828:
1779:
1728:
1714:
1665:
1643:
1630:
1594:
1543:
1522:(13): 1624â6.
1502:
1467:
1420:
1401:(8): 469â471.
1380:
1339:
1291:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1209:, also called
1204:
1198:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1138:
1137:Colloquialisms
1135:
1131:adipose tissue
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1048:catecholamines
983:
982:
962:
960:
949:
946:
895:
892:
832:
829:
717:
716:
711:
705:
699:
683:
680:
630:
627:
605:
602:
564:shown in high-
527:processed meat
471:
468:
466:
463:
403:
400:
390:
387:
377:
374:
334:
331:
298:
295:
293:
290:
250:adipose tissue
238:adipose depots
140:
139:
114:
110:
109:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
60:
59:
51:
50:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6592:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Medical signs
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6540:
6539:United States
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6447:
6446:Overnutrition
6444:
6442:
6441:Social stigma
6439:
6435:
6434:Fat fetishism
6432:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:Infectobesity
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6315:
6313:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6147:(4): 834â40.
6146:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6088:Obesity facts
6083:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6065:
6060:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6027:
6024:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5822:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5707:(4): 373â92.
5706:
5702:
5698:
5691:
5688:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5643:
5637:
5634:
5621:
5615:
5612:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5582:
5581:Press release
5578:
5574:
5573:archive.today
5570:
5567:
5559:
5556:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5530:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5499:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5473:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5431:(1): 252â64.
5430:
5426:
5419:
5416:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5394:(5): 1710â2.
5393:
5389:
5385:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5340:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5304:Yahoo! Health
5301:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5147:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5100:
5094:
5089:
5086:(2): 115â20.
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5024:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4955:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4893:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4789:(5): 639â44.
4788:
4784:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4679:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4355:(7): 369â76.
4354:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:FASEB Journal
4224:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4015:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3858:PLOS Medicine
3855:
3848:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3111:(4): 719â27.
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2996:(3): 454â61.
2995:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2955:(5): 911â22.
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:(2): 136â44.
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:(1): 83â102.
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2215:(7): 1611â8.
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2133:(7): 1671â9.
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2037:(6): 962â71.
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:Endocrinology
1903:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1845:(4): 243â250.
1844:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:(33): e1347.
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1748:(1): 151â66.
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1685:(6): 457â61.
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
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1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1595:
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1574:
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1566:
1562:
1558:
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1539:
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1494:
1490:
1486:
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1478:
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1468:
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1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:Diabetes Care
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1298:
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1283:
1279:
1275:
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1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
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1239:
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1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:spot exercise
1104:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:Low-fat diets
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:derivatives.
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:rosiglitazone
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
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1023:
1019:
1015:
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1003:
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995:
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979:
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966:
963:This section
961:
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954:
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947:
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942:
937:
935:
934:United States
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
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891:
889:
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882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
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857:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
821:Eric Poehlman
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
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738:
734:
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721:
715:
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700:
697:
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681:
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673:
669:
668:dexamethasone
665:
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658:, such as in
657:
653:
651:
647:
644:
640:
635:
629:Other factors
628:
626:
623:
618:
616:
611:
603:
601:
599:
595:
591:
590:triglycerides
587:
583:
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567:
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559:
554:
551:
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544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
514:
513:consumption.
512:
507:
506:free fructose
503:
499:
495:
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483:
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464:
462:
460:
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452:
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443:
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437:
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418:, a group of
417:
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397:
386:
383:
382:tidal volumes
375:
373:
371:
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358:
354:
352:
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344:
340:
332:
330:
328:
323:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:heart disease
297:Heart disease
296:
291:
289:
286:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
262:
259:
255:
254:perirenal fat
251:
247:
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239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
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202:
200:
196:
192:
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182:
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150:
146:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:Heart disease
93:
91:
90:Complications
87:
84:
83:Endocrinology
81:
79:
75:
71:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
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30:
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6524:Saudi Arabia
6456:Epidemiology
6353:
6283:
6268:
6256:
6190:(9): 782â5.
6187:
6183:
6144:
6140:
6114:
6087:
6082:
6067:
6040:
6036:
6026:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:
5974:. Retrieved
5970:
5967:"spare tire"
5959:
5950:
5943:. Retrieved
5928:
5904:(1): 39â49.
5901:
5897:
5887:
5850:
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5821:
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5790:
5753:
5749:
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5690:
5678:. Retrieved
5671:the original
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5636:
5624:. Retrieved
5614:
5602:. Retrieved
5598:the original
5588:
5579:in Germany.
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5532:
5520:. Retrieved
5511:
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5485:the original
5475:
5463:. Retrieved
5453:
5428:
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5418:
5391:
5387:
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5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5326:the original
5316:
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5303:
5293:
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5133:the original
5120:
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5057:. Retrieved
5053:the original
5040:
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5009:
5000:
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4963:
4957:
4945:. Retrieved
4940:
4931:
4909:(3): 243â7.
4906:
4902:
4895:
4883:. Retrieved
4879:the original
4869:
4859:
4837:(6): 525â7.
4834:
4830:
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4695:(1): 29â47.
4692:
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4669:. Retrieved
4665:the original
4655:
4636:
4624:. Retrieved
4620:the original
4614:
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4580:
4576:
4566:
4554:. Retrieved
4550:the original
4540:
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4494:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4439:(1): 35â40.
4436:
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3725:. Retrieved
3710:
3703:
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3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3631:ScienceDaily
3630:
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3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3079:ScienceDaily
3078:
3069:
3045:(3): 457â9.
3042:
3038:
3028:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2898:(1): 15â24.
2895:
2891:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2855:
2833:(8): 661â6.
2830:
2826:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2725:
2721:
2700:. Retrieved
2696:the original
2685:
2671:
2636:
2632:
2618:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2469:(4): 430â4.
2466:
2462:
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2428:
2424:
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2381:
2377:
2367:
2326:
2322:
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2246:
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2174:(4): 331â5.
2171:
2167:
2157:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2020:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1909:
1905:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1831:
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1792:
1782:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1726:16 (1) 266-P
1723:
1717:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1633:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1480:
1476:
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1356:
1352:
1342:
1312:(2): 173â6.
1309:
1305:
1251:
1247:
1218:
1214:
1211:fatty change
1210:
1166:
1153:gynecomastia
1140:
1108:
1091:
1079:sulfonylurea
1077:rather than
1071:pioglitazone
1052:
1040:
1028:
1026:
986:
976:January 2019
973:
969:adding to it
964:
938:
931:
904:
900:
897:
885:
874:
861:
858:
836:
834:
817:lipoproteins
813:plasma lipid
769:
751:
743:
741:
733:visceral fat
726:
693:
676:side effects
654:
636:
632:
619:
607:
598:lipotoxicity
579:
566:carbohydrate
555:
547:
515:
479:
456:
444:
440:dyslipidemia
405:
392:
379:
369:
355:
336:
324:
307:hypertension
300:
292:Health risks
287:
270:dyslipidemia
263:
252:(EWAT), and
205:
203:
189:
179:, and other
157:visceral fat
152:
148:
144:
143:
29:
6364:Weight loss
6359:Weight gain
6076:. BBC News.
5680:22 December
5563:(in German)
5425:Circulation
5388:Circulation
4082:(8): 2796.
3915:(8): 2368.
3663:(1): 4â14.
3579:(1): 5â17.
3538:(4): 9â18.
3381:(1): 1649.
2775:(1): 1533.
2623:Debette S,
2431:(5): 2407.
1639:definition.
1516:Circulation
1269:10983/21615
1184:Lipoatrophy
1044:fatty liver
994:sibutramine
594:fatty acids
543:soy protein
490:elimination
420:medications
351:adiponectin
159:around the
43:Other names
6554:Categories
6344:Overweight
6005:"potbelly"
5756:: 985902.
5648:8 November
5548:22 January
4742:: 931402.
4133:: 100466.
4031:(2): 698.
2463:Metabolism
1225:References
1201:Panniculus
1190:Muffin top
1178:Bariatrics
1121:and other
948:Management
905:In women,
670:and other
666:, such as
643:estrogenic
516:Intake of
474:See also:
459:The Lancet
343:adipokines
246:epididymal
242:mesenteric
240:including
129:alcoholism
121:overeating
18:Beer belly
6469:Australia
6464:Argentina
6096:1662-4025
5709:CiteSeerX
5626:5 January
5604:8 October
5522:8 October
5491:5 January
5465:5 January
5332:5 January
5123:: 621â7.
4671:5 January
4626:29 August
4155:2211-9124
4076:Nutrients
4025:Nutrients
3980:1475-2727
3909:Nutrients
3754:(1): 39.
3677:0008-4263
3595:1368-9800
3356:0002-9165
3152:(1): e4.
2791:1471-2458
2702:5 January
1658:5 January
1207:Steatosis
1163:Economics
1149:cirrhosis
1059:metformin
1018:Hong Kong
1010:Australia
923:menopause
787:. In the
682:Diagnosis
650:endocrine
646:compounds
518:trans fat
412:inherited
361:adiposity
181:metabolic
78:Specialty
6529:Thailand
6519:Pakistan
6214:11187741
6206:21085910
6163:18239595
6059:14506485
6014:2 August
5995:2 August
5986:"paunch"
5976:2 August
5939:Archived
5920:16391215
5879:21261939
5853:(9): 9.
5813:14678865
5782:22523670
5731:17136940
5569:Archived
5542:Archived
5516:Archived
5369:17228050
5285:21451731
5232:Diabetes
5129:18051732
5049:18700281
5016:31 March
4992:30586927
4984:16182882
4947:31 March
4923:20156066
4867:(2002).
4851:19558273
4811:31913449
4803:20450297
4768:21331161
4717:11796524
4709:17261236
4645:Archived
4599:17041127
4538:(2002).
4418:23356635
4369:17885722
4325:Archived
4308:22284338
4282:(1): 5.
4257:22609751
4249:15596483
4208:83758966
4173:33868911
4108:34444957
4057:33671557
4006:22016427
3998:25804833
3989:10277202
3941:32784758
3890:32853224
3839:32357191
3799:PLOS ONE
3780:33279939
3727:15 March
3695:30238324
3613:28322183
3604:10261019
3554:23113160
3513:17412329
3464:20932294
3413:28490771
3315:20592131
3266:17636085
3225:18996687
3176:23154296
3127:14522729
3061:19244571
3012:20029377
2971:12399260
2930:20388133
2847:17445932
2809:31730482
2750:24643796
2663:20695006
2625:Beiser A
2610:13138899
2602:12970000
2567:16297979
2532:24719380
2483:15045687
2447:11994397
2398:12076559
2351:11201732
2308:14671216
2267:14687894
2231:12829623
2209:Diabetes
2190:14514348
2149:15220189
2127:Diabetes
2100:12447443
2053:15229336
2012:20609673
2004:15522996
1969:14602788
1928:14962997
1884:12351432
1862:Diabetes
1823:26287420
1793:Medicine
1774:25685286
1709:21461943
1625:11368702
1589:11944065
1581:17167477
1538:18378623
1497:19046737
1462:52020830
1454:30115487
1415:57778374
1375:15562212
1334:24351283
1326:16847377
1286:30811593
1278:15364185
1172:See also
1119:crunches
1036:cortisol
1022:Thailand
990:orlistat
911:buttocks
907:estrogen
785:bloating
672:steroids
531:red meat
502:fructose
486:calories
422:against
396:dementia
365:resistin
333:Diabetes
266:diabetes
191:Visceral
107:diabetes
6560:Abdomen
6534:Ukraine
6494:Germany
6474:Austria
6333:Obesity
6290:D056128
6171:1633972
6141:Obesity
5945:7 April
5870:3041737
5773:3317197
5445:8994444
5410:2331775
5349:Obesity
5276:3065017
5238:: 110A.
5217:8379501
5176:9950792
4759:3034939
4453:9502333
4377:7185367
4299:3284412
4164:8049356
4135:Bibcode
4099:8399660
4048:7926298
3932:7468731
3881:7451582
3830:7194406
3807:Bibcode
3771:7719194
3686:6964616
3636:8 March
3545:3481610
3504:2200634
3455:2958879
3404:5431973
3383:Bibcode
3274:4835948
3244:Obesity
3216:2639783
3167:3302130
3084:8 March
3020:4344197
2921:3075927
2900:Bibcode
2866:PsyPost
2800:6858760
2742:9130942
2654:2933649
2523:4230977
2406:8649208
2359:4358808
2331:Bibcode
2108:1659156
2080:Bibcode
1814:4616451
1765:4317307
1700:3115050
1561:Bibcode
1157:ascites
1115:Sit-ups
927:ovaries
781:ascites
570:protein
535:poultry
511:glucose
370:decline
169:obesity
165:abdomen
161:stomach
6489:France
6479:Canada
6212:
6204:
6169:
6161:
6094:
6057:
5918:
5877:
5867:
5811:
5780:
5770:
5729:
5711:
5443:
5408:
5367:
5283:
5273:
5215:
5174:
5139:4 June
5127:
5113:]"
5059:4 June
5047:
4990:
4982:
4964:Lancet
4921:
4885:14 May
4849:
4809:
4801:
4766:
4756:
4715:
4707:
4597:
4556:14 May
4515:
4451:
4416:
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4367:
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4247:
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3452:
3438:: 31.
3411:
3401:
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3223:
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3174:
3164:
3125:
3059:
3018:
3010:
2969:
2928:
2918:
2871:4 June
2845:
2807:
2797:
2789:
2748:
2740:
2722:Lancet
2661:
2651:
2608:
2600:
2565:
2530:
2520:
2481:
2445:
2404:
2396:
2378:Lancet
2357:
2349:
2323:Nature
2306:
2265:
2229:
2188:
2147:
2106:
2098:
2072:Nature
2051:
2010:
2002:
1967:
1926:
1882:
1821:
1811:
1772:
1762:
1707:
1697:
1623:
1587:
1579:
1553:Nature
1536:
1495:
1460:
1452:
1413:
1373:
1332:
1324:
1284:
1276:
1248:Lancet
1020:, and
1014:Canada
1004:, the
1000:, the
917:, and
915:thighs
862:et al.
843:. The
837:et al.
789:cohort
754:, for
746:, for
533:, and
482:energy
465:Causes
376:Asthma
349:. But
313:, and
268:, and
248:white
228:, and
113:Causes
103:stroke
99:asthma
6509:Malta
6504:Italy
6499:India
6484:China
6265:: E66
6210:S2CID
6167:S2CID
5674:(PDF)
5667:(PDF)
4988:S2CID
4807:S2CID
4713:S2CID
4373:S2CID
4345:(PDF)
4253:S2CID
4204:S2CID
4002:S2CID
3270:S2CID
3041:. 3.
3016:S2CID
2746:S2CID
2606:S2CID
2582:Chest
2402:S2CID
2355:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2008:S2CID
1585:S2CID
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