1077:
Among patients with ocular Behçet's disease funduscopic findings of optic atrophy, and optic disc paleness have been identified with a frequency of 17.9 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively. Other fundoscopic findings include vascular sheathing (23.7%), retinal hemorrhage (9%), macular edema (11.3%), branch retinal vein occlusion (5.8%), and retinal edema (6.6%). However, optic atrophy was the most significant cause of visual impairment identified in 54 percent of patients with ocular Behçet's disease and permanent visual impairment.
402:
710:
791:
some patients with acute optic neuropathy. However, a normal study does not rule out optic neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may demonstrate elevated protein level with or without pleocytosis. Imaging including angiography may be indicated to identify dural venous sinus thrombosis as a cause of intracranial hypertension and optic atrophy.
631:) seems to be important. The primary cause is not well known. In fact, no one knows yet why the immune system starts to behave this way in Behçet's disease. There does however seem to be a genetic component involved, as first degree relatives of the affected patients are often affected in more than the expected proportion for the general population.
6055:
68:
800:
786:
Behçet's disease is based on clinical findings including oral and genital ulcers, skin lesions such as erythema nodosum, acne, or folliculitis, ocular inflammatory findings and a pathergy reaction. Inflammatory markers such ESR, and CRP may be elevated. A complete ophthalmic examination may include a slit lamp examination,
488:. Some patients with BD experience abdominal tenderness, bloating, and general abdominal discomfort. When mild this can resemble irritable bowel syndrome; more severe cases bear similarities to inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's. Behçet's disease causes ulcers in the terminal ileum and
428:, and decreased visual acuity, while posterior uveitis presents with painless decreased visual acuity and visual field floaters. A rare form of ocular (eye) involvement in this syndrome is retinal vasculitis which presents with painless decrease of vision with the possibility of floaters or visual field defects.
1040:
particularly optic nerve involvement, is a poor prognostic indicator. Secondary optic nerve atrophy is frequently irreversible. Lumbar puncture or surgical treatment may be required to prevent optic atrophy in cases of intracranial hypertension refractory to treatment with immunomodulators and steroids.
492:. The ulcers may be aphthous or have a classic punched out appearance with undermining. Linear and fissuring ulcers up to 5cm may be present. Biopsies show vasculitis (phlebitis or venulitis) with a neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. Involvement of the oesophagus, stomach and large intestine is rare.
2668:
Matsuda T, Ohno S, Hirohata S, Miyanaga Y, Ujihara H, Inaba G, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Kogure M, Mizushima Y (2003). "Efficacy of rebamipide as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers in patients with Behcet's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study".
1072:
The syndrome is rare in the United States, Africa and South
America, but is common in Asia, suggesting a possible cause endemic to those areas. A theory suggested that past exposure to lethal infectious agents might have fixed the genetic susceptibility factors to Behçet's disease in those area. An
1055:
Surgical treatment of arterial manifestations of BD bears many pitfalls since the obliterative endarteritis of vasa vasorum causes thickening of the medial layer and splitting of elastin fibers. Therefore, anastomotic pseudoaneurysms are likely to form, as well as pseudoaneurysms at the site of the
790:
to detect nerve loss, visual field examinations, fundoscopic examination to assess optic disc atrophy and retinal disease, fundoscopic angiography, and visual evoked potentials, which may demonstrate increased latency. Optic nerve enhancement may be identified on
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in
785:
Visual acuity, or color vision loss with concurrent mucocutaneous lesions or systemic Behçet's disease symptoms should raise suspicion of optic nerve involvement in Behçet's disease and prompt a work-up for Behçet's disease if not previously diagnosed in addition to an ocular work-up. Diagnosis of
758:
resulting in occlusion of the vessels supplying the optic nerve may be the cause of acute optic neuropathy and progressive optic atrophy in Behçet's disease. Histological evaluation in a reported case of acute optic neuropathy demonstrated substitution of the axonal portion of the optic nerve with
1039:
such as interferon-alpha and tumour necrosis factor antagonists may improve though not completely reverse symptoms of ocular Behçet's disease, which may progress over time despite treatment. When symptoms are limited to the anterior chamber of the eye prognosis is improved. Posterior involvement,
1914:
Lee YJ, Horie Y, Wallace GR, Choi YS, Park JA, Choi JY, Song R, Kang YM, Kang SW, Baek HJ, Kitaichi N, Meguro A, Mizuki N, Namba K, Ishida S, Kim J, Niemczyk E, Lee EY, Song YW, Ohno S, Lee EB (1 September 2013). "Genome-wide association study identifies GIMAP as a novel susceptibility locus for
1076:
In an epidemiologic study, 56 percent of patients with Behçet's disease developed ocular involvement at a mean age of 30. Ocular involvement was the first manifestation of Behçet's disease in 8.6 percent of patients. Ocular Behçet's disease with involvement of the optic nerve is rarely reported.
1093:
does not have an adverse effect on the course of Behçet's disease and may possibly ameliorate its course. Still, there is a substantial variability in clinical course between patients and even for different pregnancies in the same patient. Also, the other way around, Behçet's disease confers an
872:
Despite the inclusive criteria set forth by the
International Study Group, there are cases where not all the criteria can be met and therefore a diagnosis cannot readily be made. There is, however, a set of clinical findings that a physician can rely upon in making a tentative diagnosis of the
1063:
Endovascular treatment can be an effective and safe alternative to open surgery, with less postoperative complications, faster recovery time, and reduced need for intensive care, while offering patency rates and procedural success rates comparable with those of surgery. This notwithstanding,
1059:
For these reasons, invasive treatment should not be performed in the acute and active phases of the disease when inflammation is at its peak. The evaluation of disease's activity is usually based on relapsing symptoms, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), and serum levels of CRP (C-reactive
623:
The cause is not well-defined, but it is primarily characterized by auto-inflammation of the blood vessels. Although sometimes erroneously referred to as a diagnosis of exclusion, the diagnosis can sometimes be reached by pathologic examination of the affected areas.
614:
Blood vessel problems are observed in 7–29% of people with arterial lesions representing 15% of vascular lesions. Arterial lesions pose a greater risk. Most common arterial lesions are occlusions or stenosis and aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms.
3673:
3658:
462:, or retrobulbar pain. When these symptoms occur with concurrent mucocutaneous ulcerations, they raise suspicion of acute optic neuropathy in Behçet's Disease. Progressive optic atrophy may result in decreased visual acuity or color vision.
508:, cough, or fever, and in severe cases can be life-threatening if the outlet pulmonary artery develops an aneurysm which ruptures causing severe vascular collapse and death from bleeding in the lungs. Pulmonary artery thrombosis may occur.
2624:
Hamuryudan V, Mat C, Saip S, Ozyazgan Y, Siva A, Yurdakul S, Zwingenberger K, Yazici H (1998). "Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of the Behcet syndrome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".
767:
There is no specific pathological testing or technique available for the diagnosis of the disease, although the
International Study Group criteria for the disease are highly sensitive and specific, involving clinical criteria and a
740:. HLA-B51 is more frequently found from the Middle East to South Eastern Siberia, but the incidence of B51 in some studies was 3 fold higher than the normal population. However, B51 tends not to be found in disease when a certain
439:) have also been reported to occur. Optic nerve atrophy has been identified as the most common cause of visual impairment. Behçet's disease may result in primary or secondary optic nerve involvement. Papilledema as a result of
873:
disease; essentially, Behçet's disease does not always follow the
International Study Group guidelines and so a high degree of suspicion for a patient who presents having any number of the following findings is necessary:
593:
manifesting with confusion, seizures, and memory loss. Sudden hearing loss (sensorineural) is often associated with it. They often appear late in the progression of the disease but are associated with a poor prognosis.
971:
Current treatment is aimed at easing the symptoms, reducing inflammation, and controlling the immune system. The quality of the evidence for treating the oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease, however, is poor.
573:
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement most often occurs as a chronic meningoencephalitis. Lesions tend to occur in the brainstem, the basal ganglia and deep hemispheric white matter and may resemble those of
1073:
estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Americans have been diagnosed with this disease. In the UK, it is estimated to have about 1 case for every 100,000 people. Globally, males are affected more frequently than females.
759:
fibrous astrocytes without retinal changes. CNS involvement in Behçet's disease may lead to intracranial hypertension most commonly due to dural venous sinus thrombosis and subsequent secondary optic atrophy.
559:(blockages). Serious kidney problems are more common in men typically with a history of large vessel involvement in other parts of the body. Bladder and urethral involvement is rare in Behçet's disease.
847:(papule >2 mm dia. 24–48 hrs or more after needle-prick). The pathergy test has a specificity of 95 percent to 100 percent, but the results are often negative in American and European patients
3804:
606:(heart attack) with angiographically identified acute coronary artery thrombosis has been reported, including one case with a pathologically demonstrable lesion due to arteritis found at autopsy.
1201:
involvement in Behçet's disease, considered one of the most devastating manifestations of the disease. The mechanism can be immune-mediated or thrombotic. The term dates back to at least 1990.
299:
which affects multiple parts of the body. The most common symptoms include painful sores on the mucous membranes of the mouth and other parts of the body, inflammation of parts of the eye, and
3620:
385:
and can be relapsing. Painful genital ulcerations usually develop around the anus, vulva, or scrotum and cause scarring in 75 percent of the patients. Additionally, patients may present with
2349:
Melikoglu M, Fresko I, Mat C, Ozyazgan Y, Gogus F, Yurdakul S, Hamuryudan V, Yazici H (2005). "Short-term trial of etanercept in Behcet's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study".
1035:, periocular triamcinolone, and IV methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone has been reported although relapses leading to irreversible visual loss may occur even with treatment.
3051:
Krause L, Köhler AK, Altenburg A, Papoutsis N, Zouboulis CC, Pleyer U, Stroux A, Foerster MH (May 2009). "Ocular involvement in
Adamantiades-Behçet's disease in Berlin, Germany".
627:
The primary mechanism of the damage is autoimmune, which by definition is an overactive immune system that targets the patient's own body. The involvement of a subset of T cells (
2847:
Shutty B, Garg KJ, Swender D, Chernin L, Tcheurekdjian H, Hostoffer R (July 2012). "Optimal use of ivig in a patient with Behçet syndrome and common variable immunodeficiency".
5214:
1031:
Given its rarity, the optimal treatment for acute optic neuropathy in Behçet's disease has not been established. Early identification and treatment are essential. Response to
326:. Diagnosis is based on at least three episodes of mouth sores in a year, together with at least two of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, skin sores, a positive
6100:
2991:
5396:
3797:
3564:
Yamauchi Y, Cruz JM, Kaplan HJ, Goto H, Sakai J, Usui M (2005). "Suspected simultaneous bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with Behçet's disease".
2491:
Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Fresko Y, Mat C, Yurdakul S, Yazici H (2002). "Interferon alpha combined with azathioprine for the uveitis of Behcet's disease: an open study".
3371:
2114:"Role of IL-12B promoter polymorphism in Adamantiades-Behcet's disease susceptibility: An involvement of Th1 immunoreactivity against Streptococcus Sanguinis antigen"
412:
Inflammatory eye disease can develop early in the disease course and lead to permanent vision loss in 20 percent of cases. Ocular involvement can be in the form of
4443:
2257:
Sfikakis PP, Theodossiadis PG, Katsiari CG, Kaklamanis P, Markomichelakis NN (2001). "Effect of infliximab on sight-threatening panuveitis in Behcet's disease".
6110:
5401:
3790:
638:(HSPs) are present in some bacteria and serve as a "danger signal" to the immune system. However, some HSPs share a similarity in bacteria and humans. The anti-
360:, for example, about 2 per 1,000 are affected. Onset is usually in a person's twenties or forties. The disease was initially described by Turkish dermatologist
1868:
Tanaka, T.; Yamakawa, N.; Koike, N.; Suzuki, J.; Mizuno, F.; Usui, M. (June 1999). "Behçet's disease and antibody titers to various heat-shock protein 60s".
6085:
3097:
Uzun S, Alpsoy E, Durdu M, Akman A (2003). "The clinical course of Behçet's disease in pregnancy: A retrospective analysis and review of the literature".
1255:
3625:
516:
Arthritis is seen in up to half of people, and is usually a non-erosive poly or oligoarthritis primarily of the large joints of the lower extremities.
484:
Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations include abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea with or without blood, and they often involve the terminal ileum and
6115:
1154:
and scientist who first recognized the three main symptoms of the syndrome in one of his patients in 1924 and reported his research on the disease in
736:. However, this disease is not restricted to people from these regions. A large number of serological studies show a linkage between the disease and
4055:
3754:
6028:
5226:
5177:
1139:
2036:
Hou S, Yang P, Du L, Zhou H, Lin X, Liu X, Kijlstra A (October 2008). "SUMO4 gene polymorphisms in
Chinese Han patients with Behcet's disease".
4020:
3194:
748:
is present. At the current time, a similar infectious origin has not yet been confirmed that leads to Behçet's disease, but certain strains of
811:) ulcers (any shape, size, or number at least three times in any twelve-month period) along with two of the following four hallmark symptoms:
1665:
1588:
1399:
998:
Interferon alpha-2a may also be an effective alternative treatment, particularly for the genital and oral ulcers as well as ocular lesions.
664:
can also target human HSPs, leading to immune responses linked to uveitis and various symptoms shown in parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease.
2955:
Piga, M; Mathieu, A (2014). "The origin of Behçet's disease geoepidemiology: possible role of a dual microbial-driven genetic selection".
2442:
Kötter I, Zierhut M, Eckstein AK, Vonthein R, Ness T, Günaydin I, Grimbacher B, Blaschke S, Meyer-Riemann W, Peter HH, Stübiger N (2003).
1353:
6080:
5711:
5554:
3688:
807:
According to the
International Study Group guidelines, for a patient to be diagnosed with Behçet's disease, the patient must have oral (
4828:
4312:
2933:
1958:
Ohno S, Ohguchi M, Hirose S, Matsuda H, Wakisaka A, Aizawa M (September 1982). "Close association of HLA-Bw51 with Behçet's disease".
1314:
451:
436:
5955:
4000:
3455:
Su SL, Way LJ, Lin RT, Peng MJ, Wu SC (March 1990). "Neuro-Behçet's disease: report of three cases with a review of the literature".
4588:
1775:
1347:
1086:
443:
and atrophy resulting from retinal disease, have been characterized as secondary causes of optic nerve atrophy in Behçet's disease.
778:
labialis, and therefore clinical suspicion should be maintained until all the common causes of oral lesions are ruled out from the
2712:
Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Abu-Raghif AR (2002). "Dapsone in Behcet's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study".
5930:
5867:
5862:
5744:
5172:
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2983:
303:. The sores can last from a few days, up to a week or more. Less commonly there may be inflammation of the brain or spinal cord,
3248:
5776:
5413:
4867:
3937:
3235:
Behçet H (1937). "Über rezidivierende, aphtöse, durch ein Virus verursachte Geschwüre am Mund, am Auge und an den
Genitalien".
2536:
2519:
5761:
5596:
3913:
680:
3842:
2444:"Human recombinant interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of Behçet's disease with sight-threatening posterior or panuveitis"
2376:
377:
Nearly all people with Behçet's disease present with some form of painful ulcerations inside the mouth. They are a form of
5601:
6045:
242:
6075:
5125:
4734:
4438:
4423:
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4307:
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4048:
3829:
3398:
787:
334:
258:
3412:
Al-Araji A, Kidd DP (February 2009). "Neuro-Behçet's disease: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management".
2755:
Voros GM, Sandhu SS, Pandit R (2006). "Acute optic neuropathy in patients with Behçet's disease. Report of two cases".
1194:
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450:
include painless loss of vision which may affect either one or both eyes, reduced visual acuity, reduced color vision,
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5616:
5346:
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1011:
547:
Drug side effects, such as NSAID's (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine and tacrolimus.
4005:
2199:
Taylor J, Glenny AM, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, Riley P, Gorodkin R, Pemberton MN (25 September 2014). Taylor J (ed.).
1796:
Hatemi G, Seyahi E, Fresko I, Hamuryudan V (2012). "Behçet's syndrome: a critical digest of the recent literature".
5663:
5611:
5418:
5351:
5120:
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4615:
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1612:
1583:. Yazıcı, Yusuf., Hatemi, Gulen., Seyahi, Emire., Yazici, Hasan. (2nd ed.). Cham: Springer. 2020. p. 77.
660:
382:
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1182:
463:
2567:
Saenz, Antonio; Ausejo, Monica; Shea, Beverley; Wells, George A; Welch, Vivian; Tugwell, Peter (27 April 1998).
5975:
5754:
5739:
5435:
5391:
5336:
5209:
5167:
4935:
4781:
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3699:
2403:"Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behcet disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study"
1247:
5808:
5140:
3331:
1507:
Ozdal PC, Ortaç S, Taşkintuna I, Firat E (2002). "Posterior segment involvement in ocular Behçet's disease".
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test. Behçet's disease has a high degree of resemblance to diseases that cause mucocutaneous lesions such as
634:
Research suggests that previous infections may provoke the autoimmune responses present in Behçet's disease.
5872:
5673:
5638:
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5135:
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4632:
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4534:
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4498:
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1177:
Some sources use the term "Adamantiades's syndrome" or "Adamantiades–Behçet syndrome", for the work done by
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648:
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654:
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586:
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233:
4642:
2156:
International Study Group for Behçet's
Disease (May 1990). "Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease".
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puncture in case of angiography or endovascular treatment; furthermore, early graft occlusion may occur.
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5729:
5341:
5219:
5199:
5081:
5040:
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4891:
4840:
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3857:
3770:
3365:
1417:"Access : A case of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with Behçet's disease : Eye"
603:
296:
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5925:
5564:
5549:
5115:
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4654:
4386:
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390:
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5559:
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5369:
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4317:
4292:
4150:
3964:
3870:
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3013:
Escudier M, Bagan J, Scully C (March 2006). "Number VII Behçet's disease (Adamantiades syndrome)".
1113:, either as a result of the condition itself or of a side effect of concomitant medication such as
932:
551:
Small vessel vascular disease results in renal vasculitis, whereas large vessel involvement causes
4257:
6105:
6023:
5877:
5681:
5497:
5445:
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5103:
5019:
4950:
4659:
4483:
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4416:
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4115:
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2018:
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323:
238:
155:
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5945:
5606:
1682:
3634:
1553:
Kansu T, Kirkali P, Kansu E, Zileli T (December 1989). "Optic neuropathy in Behçet's disease".
987:
has shown promise in treating the uveitis associated with the disease. Another Anti-TNF agent,
602:
Chronic aortic regurgitation due to aortic root disease may also be seen. Although infrequent,
5721:
5310:
5275:
5108:
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4786:
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2424:
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2010:
1975:
1932:
1893:
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Magnetic resonance venogram demonstrating occlusion of the left sigmoid and transverse sinuses
223:
168:
139:
1660:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 266.
524:
Behçet's disease can rarely result in renal involvement. This can manifest in the following:
5691:
5326:
5316:
5280:
5189:
4940:
4879:
4813:
4803:
4751:
4649:
4544:
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3353:
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2721:
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2002:
1967:
1924:
1877:
1840:
1822:
1743:
1733:
1694:
1516:
1467:
Fujikado T, Imagawa K (1994). "Dural sinus thrombosis in Behçet's disease – a case report".
1436:
1428:
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1007:
957:
861:
691:
685:
447:
417:
386:
361:
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127:
96:
80:
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Yurdakul S, Mat C, Tüzün Y, Ozyazgan Y, Hamuryudan V, Uysal O, Senocak M, Yazici H (2001).
1306:
668:
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may occur, which causes eye redness and mild pain, without a significant impact on vision.
6059:
5847:
5633:
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5157:
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485:
338:
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1971:
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have been shown, in small studies, to have beneficial results for mucocutaneous lesions.
431:
Optic nerve involvement in Behçet's disease is rare, typically presenting as progressive
3223:
1683:"Acute myocardial infarction and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias in Behcet's syndrome"
6013:
5965:
5935:
5803:
5734:
5701:
5423:
5162:
4896:
4776:
4571:
4356:
4169:
3918:
3782:
3547:
3523:"Papilloedema in Behçet's disease: value of MRI in diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis"
3522:
3308:
3283:
3110:
2824:
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246:
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5093:
4960:
4920:
4717:
4478:
4453:
4428:
4406:
4190:
4180:
4145:
3610:
3488:"Digital angiography for the diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis in Behçet's disease"
3268:
3161:
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327:
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4130:
4033:
3884:
2216:
1190:
999:
908:
857:
838:
729:
676:
473:
160:
144:
3739:
1993:
Durrani K, Papaliodis GN (2008). "The genetics of Adamantiades–Behcet's disease".
890:
3704:
2089:
2072:
5960:
5950:
5940:
5857:
5852:
5783:
4857:
4818:
4637:
4513:
4473:
4341:
4262:
4242:
3900:
3637: – US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
3264:
2882:
Beales IL (December 1998). "Gastrointestinal involvement in Behçet's syndrome".
2317:
1627:
1167:
1118:
1099:
1032:
1017:
725:
534:
467:
353:
304:
188:
3218:
2860:
2419:
2402:
2049:
1520:
17:
5920:
5706:
5532:
5300:
5130:
5071:
5009:
4999:
4992:
4987:
4925:
4908:
4852:
4823:
4744:
4605:
4583:
4468:
4448:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3715:
3667:
3577:
3064:
2584:
2401:
Alpsoy E, Durusoy C, Yilmaz E, Ozgurel Y, Ermis O, Yazar S, Basaran E (2002).
2006:
1598:
1114:
1064:
long-term results of endovascular treatment in BD are still to be determined.
1025:
1003:
992:
988:
984:
903:
881:
755:
556:
501:
406:
346:
253:
148:
3386:
2592:
1889:
1881:
1836:
381:
or non-scarring oral lesions. The oral lesions are similar to those found in
5788:
5771:
5507:
5285:
5088:
4712:
4595:
4215:
4110:
4088:
4010:
3734:
2112:
Yanagihori H, Oyama N, Nakamura K, Mizuki N, Oguma K, Kaneko F (July 2006).
1681:
Schiff, Steven; Moffatt, Roy; Mandel, William J.; Rubin, Stanley A. (1982).
1656:
Adam C. Ring (23 August 2012). Steven S. Agabegi; Elizabeth Agabegi (eds.).
1198:
1090:
1002:, when used in combination with interferon alpha-2b also shows promise, and
894:
877:
815:
721:
709:
505:
401:
342:
312:
300:
269:
184:
180:
164:
3585:
3504:
3487:
3433:
3317:
3170:
3118:
3072:
3034:
2968:
2868:
2833:
2815:
2776:
2733:
2690:
2610:
2545:
2504:
2477:
2428:
2362:
2335:
2278:
2247:
CMDT (Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment) 2007, Chapter 20, page 872
2234:
2139:
2130:
2113:
2098:
2057:
2014:
1936:
1897:
1854:
1757:
1635:
1528:
1450:
720:
Behçet's disease is considered more prevalent in the areas surrounding the
3556:
3538:
3513:
3468:
3299:
2903:
2800:"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for resistant ocular Behçet's disease"
2646:
2302:"Behçet's disease: a new target for anti-tumour necrosis factor treatment"
2177:
1979:
1827:
1811:"Innate and Adaptive Responses to Heat Shock Proteins in Behcet's Disease"
1738:
1706:
1566:
1480:
5798:
5749:
5517:
5270:
5251:
5231:
5052:
4930:
4874:
4120:
3865:
3765:
2459:
1432:
834:
808:
769:
552:
425:
308:
192:
76:
995:
may also be used to treat oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease.
675:
of the immunity-associated protein") family of genes on the long arm of
435:
and visual loss. However, cases of acute optic neuropathy (specifically
5884:
5842:
5527:
5487:
5381:
5255:
5044:
4411:
1166:
in September 1947. Symptoms of this disease may have been described by
1162:) was formally adopted at the International Congress of Dermatology in
1021:
946:
823:
745:
737:
713:
455:
413:
3650:
2768:
2537:
10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2686::AID-ART448>3.0.CO;2-H
5626:
5098:
4686:
4281:
3662:
3629:
2201:"Interventions for the management of oral ulcers in Behçet's disease"
1186:
1163:
962:
any other members of the family with a diagnosis of Behçet's disease.
853:
819:
697:
672:
357:
352:
While rare in the United States and Europe, it is more common in the
2073:"Human leukocyte antigen B27 and B51 double-positive Behçet uveitis"
424:. Anterior uveitis presents with painful eyes, conjuctival redness,
67:
3143:
Jadaon J, Shushan A, Ezra Y, Sela HY, Ozcan C, Rojansky N (2005).
1129:
The first modern formal description of the symptoms was made by H.
950:
929:
924:
920:
799:
798:
741:
708:
639:
400:
991:, may be useful in people with mainly skin and mucosal symptoms.
3693:
3282:
Verity DH, Wallace GR, Vaughan RW, Stanford MR (29 April 2003).
1392:
MKSAP 15 Medical Knowledge Self-assessment Program: Rheumatology
1336:
Ball, Gene V.; Fessler, Barri J.; Bridges, S. Louis Jr. (2014).
900:
865:
850:
830:
744:
gene variant is involved, and symptoms appear to be milder when
628:
6002:
5901:
5825:
5583:
5462:
5248:
5038:
4676:
4339:
4279:
4167:
4075:
4037:
3786:
4077:
1047:(IVIg) could be a treatment for severe or complicated cases.
108:
3486:
Brissaud P, Laroche L, de Gramont A, Krulik M (March 1985).
3330:
B. Adamandiades. Sur un cas d'iritis à hypopyon récidivant.
3284:"Behçet's disease: from Hippocrates to the third millennium"
111:
102:
1626:
Schonberg, Stacy; Stokkermans, Thomas J. (7 August 2023).
2520:"A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behcet's syndrome"
979:
therapy is often used for severe disease manifestations.
2798:
Seider N, Beiran I, Scharf J, Miller B (November 2001).
389:, cutaneous pustular vasculitis, and lesions similar to
1020:
has also been used due to its immune-modifying effect.
642:
and anti-HSP65 antibodies that target HSPs produced by
6043:
3640:
114:
99:
3973:
3950:
3899:
3856:
3828:
3821:
3725:
3644:
833:ulcers and spots in the genital region and swollen
278:
268:
252:
232:
222:
214:
206:
198:
174:
154:
138:
105:
87:
42:
37:
5477:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
1772:"Behcet Disease: Overview – eMedicine Dermatology"
886:cardio-vascular problems of an inflammatory origin
752:has been found to have a homologous antigenicity.
578:(MS). Brainstem atrophy is seen in chronic cases.
318:The cause is unknown. It is believed to be partly
1722:"Aneurysmal coronary artery disease: An overview"
1394:. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians.
1006:can be useful for treating some genital ulcers,
5832:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
2377:"Search Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals"
1909:
1907:
1311:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
4444:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
2151:
2149:
679:(7q36.1) has been reported. Gene locations of
282:Rare (US, EU), more common (Middle East, Asia)
5402:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
4049:
3798:
3370:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
3213:
3211:
3149:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
3138:
3136:
3046:
3044:
500:Lung involvement is typically in the form of
8:
3635:Questions and answers about Behçet's disease
826:, retinal vasculitis, cells in the vitreous)
716:is strongly associated with Behçet's disease
3521:el-Ramahi KM, al-Kawi MZ (September 1991).
3092:
3090:
2205:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
868:in post-adolescents not on corticosteroids)
405:Funduscopic photo left eye centered on the
6101:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions
5999:
5898:
5822:
5580:
5459:
5245:
5035:
4673:
4336:
4276:
4164:
4072:
4056:
4042:
4034:
3825:
3805:
3791:
3783:
3641:
1462:
1460:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
683:associated with Behçet's disease included
163:, genital sores, inflammation of the eye,
66:
34:
3546:
3503:
3307:
3160:
2823:
2600:
2535:
2467:
2418:
2325:
2224:
2129:
2088:
1844:
1826:
1747:
1737:
1720:ElGuindy MS, ElGuindy AM (October 2017).
1440:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1189:standard is "Behçet's disease". In 1991,
333:There is no cure. Treatments may include
3619:) is being considered for deletion. See
1137:Remenovsky and published in 1922 in the
6050:
6029:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
5178:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
3247:Viggor SF, Willis AM, Jawad AS (2011).
2639:10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004
2573:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2569:"Pharmacotherapy for Behcet's syndrome"
1732:(3). Glob Cardiol Sci Pract.: e201726.
1548:
1546:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1356:from the original on 10 September 2017.
1342:(3 ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 491.
1209:
1014:may also reduce new arthritic attacks.
349:may decrease the frequency of attacks.
5215:As a manifestation of systemic disease
4021:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly
3363:
3344:Malhotra Ravi (2004). "Saudi Arabia".
3237:Dermatologische Wochenschrift, Hamburg
2957:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
1726:Global Cardiology Science and Practice
1604:
1778:from the original on 16 February 2009
1385:
1383:
1317:from the original on 11 February 2017
1156:Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases
581:Neurological involvements range from
126:
7:
6111:Systemic connective tissue disorders
5061:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
3205:. Page last reviewed: 22 August 2012
1972:10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040433013
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1140:Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis
5712:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
5555:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
3401:from the original on 16 March 2008.
3053:Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol
1248:"Fast Facts About Behçet's Disease"
315:. Often, the symptoms come and go.
6086:Conditions of the mucous membranes
4829:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
4313:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
3111:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00423.x
2726:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00263.x
1870:Ocular Immunology and Inflammation
1143:. Behçet's disease is named after
452:relative afferent pupillary defect
437:anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
345:mouthwash may help with the pain.
25:
3623:to help reach a consensus. ›
3358:10.1111/j.1474-7766.2004.03-225.x
2994:from the original on 3 March 2016
1087:pre-existing disease in pregnancy
732:. Thus, it is sometimes known as
83:in a person with Behçet's disease
6116:Diseases named after discoverers
6053:
5931:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
5868:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
5863:Central hypoventilation syndrome
5745:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
5173:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
5153:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
4065:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
3527:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry
3162:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00761.x
3145:"Behcet's disease and pregnancy"
3027:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01144.x
2984:"Behçet's disease – NHS Choices"
2936:from the original on 4 July 2016
2926:"Behcet's Syndrome: MedlinePlus"
2896:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.02633.x
2683:10.2165/00126839-200304010-00002
2071:Ahn JK, Park YG (October 2007).
1917:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1258:from the original on 13 May 2017
943:problems with hearing or balance
95:
5777:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
5414:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
4868:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
3938:Mixed connective tissue disease
1929:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200288
1815:Genetics Research International
681:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
585:to vascular thrombosis such as
5762:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
5597:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
3914:Progressive systemic sclerosis
2217:10.1002/14651858.CD011018.pub2
1246:Fleming, Ray (November 2014).
1193:medical researchers described
1170:in the 5th century BC, in his
1:
5956:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
5905:Soft tissues around the mouth
5602:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
4001:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
3457:Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi
3426:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70015-8
3387:"Neuro-Behçet's Disease: NBD"
2271:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05497-6
1339:Oxford Textbook of Vasculitis
5126:Gingival cyst of the newborn
4735:Failure of eruption of teeth
4439:Hand, foot and mouth disease
4424:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
4362:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
4308:Palatal cysts of the newborn
4231:Transient lingual papillitis
3830:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3334:, Paris, 1931, 168: 271–278.
3192:Behçet's disease – Treatment
2170:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92643-V
2090:10.1001/archopht.125.10.1375
1699:10.1016/0002-8703(82)90289-7
788:optical coherence tomography
446:Signs and symptoms of acute
335:immunosuppressive medication
259:Immunosuppressive medication
5654:Salivary gland diverticulum
5617:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
4628:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
4540:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3815:connective tissue disorders
3265:10.1102/1470-5206.2011.L001
2849:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol
2318:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_2.ii51
1085:With Behçet's disease as a
6132:
6081:Autoinflammatory syndromes
5664:Salivary gland hyperplasia
5612:HIV salivary gland disease
5121:Gingival cyst of the adult
4567:Oral florid papillomatosis
3099:The Journal of Dermatology
2861:10.1016/j.anai.2012.05.014
2714:The Journal of Dermatology
2420:10.1001/archderm.138.4.467
2050:10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.006
1521:10.1177/112067210201200514
1427:(3). Nature.com: 395–396.
1117:, which is known to lower
829:genital ulcers (including
661:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
566:
383:inflammatory bowel disease
6009:
5998:
5911:
5903:Orofacial soft tissues –
5897:
5838:
5821:
5669:Salivary gland hypoplasia
5592:
5579:
5483:
5458:
5397:Bisphosphonate-associated
5291:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
5266:
5244:
5067:
5034:
4762:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
4698:
4672:
4352:
4335:
4288:
4275:
4226:Median rhomboid glossitis
4176:
4163:
4084:
4071:
3929:
3843:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
3578:10.1080/09273940590950945
3065:10.1007/s00417-008-0983-4
2585:10.1002/14651858.cd001084
2007:10.1080/08820530701745264
1630:. StatPearls Publishing.
1183:World Health Organization
919:inflammatory problems in
464:Intracranial hypertension
74:
65:
5976:Orofacial granulomatosis
5755:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
5740:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
5674:Salivary gland neoplasms
5465:Temporomandibular joints
5436:Periapical periodontitis
5168:Linear gingival erythema
4936:Regional odontodysplasia
4782:Enamel hypocalcification
3880:Juvenile dermatomyositis
3621:templates for discussion
3360:(inactive 8 March 2024).
1882:10.1076/ocii.7.2.69.4018
1809:Direskeneli, H. (2013).
667:An association with the
274:Often improves with time
243:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
5873:Obstructive sleep apnea
5639:Salivary duct stricture
5419:Paget's disease of bone
4916:Pulp canal obliteration
4757:Dentin hypersensitivity
4703:Amelogenesis imperfecta
4555:Squamous cell carcinoma
4535:Adenosquamous carcinoma
4522:Squamous cell papilloma
4499:Melanocytic oral lesion
3889:Inclusion body myositis
3203:National Health Service
1181:. However, the current
1179:Benediktos Adamantiades
1096:pregnancy complications
722:old silk trading routes
341:and lifestyle changes.
6019:Hemifacial hypertrophy
5986:Pyostomatitis vegetans
5659:Salivary gland fistula
5649:Salivary gland atresia
5644:Salivary gland aplasia
5498:Mandibular dislocation
5469:muscles of mastication
5347:Calcifying odontogenic
4976:Vertical root fracture
4971:Cracked tooth syndrome
4946:Shovel-shaped incisors
4841:Wisdom tooth impaction
4723:Early childhood caries
4589:Benign mucous membrane
4550:Spindle cell carcinoma
4459:Intraoral dental sinus
4377:Burning mouth syndrome
4006:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
3996:Eosinophilic fasciitis
3991:Polymyalgia rheumatica
3566:Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm
3505:10.1002/art.1780280323
2963:(4 Suppl 84): S123–9.
2816:10.1136/bjo.85.11.1287
2381:www.accessdata.fda.gov
2131:10.1038/sj.jid.5700203
1687:American Heart Journal
1611:: CS1 maint: others (
1555:J Clin Neuroophthalmol
1415:Eye (7 January 2011).
1195:neuro-Behçet's disease
1045:immunoglobulin therapy
804:
780:differential diagnosis
717:
591:organic brain syndrome
587:dural sinus thrombosis
569:Neuro-Behçet's disease
458:, swollen optic disc,
441:dural sinus thrombosis
409:
234:Differential diagnosis
5828:Stomatognathic system
5730:Acinic cell carcinoma
5352:Glandular odontogenic
4504:Molluscum contagiosum
3858:Inflammatory myopathy
3539:10.1136/jnnp.54.9.826
3332:Annales d'oculistique
3300:10.1136/bjo.87.9.1175
1739:10.21542/gcsp.2017.26
1012:Benzathine-penicillin
913:extreme exhaustion –
802:
795:Diagnostic guidelines
712:
604:myocardial infarction
404:
297:inflammatory disorder
79:which can be seen in
27:Inflammatory disorder
5971:Oral Crohn's disease
5926:Basal cell carcinoma
5565:Condylar hyperplasia
5550:Maxillary hypoplasia
5116:Gingival enlargement
5049:periodontal ligament
4655:Verruciform xanthoma
4387:Condyloma acuminatum
3981:IgG4-related disease
3909:Systemic scleroderma
3626:Behçet's disease
3197:5 April 2014 at the
2884:Am. J. Gastroenterol
2499:(11 Suppl): 928–30.
2460:10.1136/bjo.87.4.423
2300:Sfikakis PP (2002).
1433:10.1038/eye.2010.208
391:pyoderma gangrenosum
6076:Autoimmune diseases
5981:Perioral dermatitis
5717:Pleomorphic adenoma
5697:Monomorphic adenoma
5687:Canalicular adenoma
5560:Condylar hypoplasia
5493:Condylar resorption
5337:Lateral periodontal
5296:Mandibular fracture
5195:Periodontal abscess
4792:Turner's hypoplasia
4560:Verrucous carcinoma
4509:Morsicatio buccarum
4489:Lupus erythematosus
4402:Erythema multiforme
4318:Stomatitis nicotina
3871:Dermatopolymyositis
3346:Practical Neurology
3271:on 27 January 2012.
2312:(Suppl 2): ii51–3.
2118:J. Invest. Dermatol
1915:Behcet's disease".
1828:10.1155/2013/249157
1658:Step-up to medicine
1390:Bolster MB (2009).
1307:"Behçet's Syndrome"
1158:in 1936. The name (
1109:Behçet's can cause
636:Heat shock proteins
6024:Facial hemiatrophy
5878:Periodic breathing
5809:Sjögren's syndrome
5682:Basal cell adenoma
5446:Torus mandibularis
5424:Periapical abscess
5407:Osteoradionecrosis
5332:Buccal bifurcation
5311:Intraosseous cysts
5200:Periodontal trauma
5104:Pyogenic granuloma
4951:Supernumerary root
4904:Pulp calcification
4892:Premature eruption
4863:Odontogenic tumors
4660:White sponge nevus
4633:Submucous fibrosis
4577:Smoker's melanosis
4464:Irritation fibroma
4303:High-arched palate
4211:Foliate papillitis
4201:Cunnilingus tongue
4186:Black hairy tongue
4116:Congenital lip pit
3726:External resources
3249:"Behçet's disease"
2982:Choices, N. H. S.
1798:Clin Exp Rheumatol
1469:Jpn. J. Ophthalmol
1174:(book 3, case 7).
1094:increased risk of
1037:Immunosuppressants
856:(papulo-pustules,
805:
718:
583:aseptic meningitis
576:multiple sclerosis
529:Glomerulonephritis
422:retinal vasculitis
410:
368:Signs and symptoms
322:. Behçet's is not
239:Reactive arthritis
185:joint inflammation
128:[behˈtʃet]
6041:
6040:
6037:
6036:
5994:
5993:
5893:
5892:
5817:
5816:
5722:Sebaceous adenoma
5575:
5574:
5454:
5453:
5365:Median mandibular
5360:Nasopalatine duct
5276:Alveolar osteitis
5240:
5239:
5227:Perio-endo lesion
5109:Congenital epulis
5030:
5029:
4787:Enamel hypoplasia
4668:
4667:
4643:Riga–Fede disease
4494:Melanocytic nevus
4434:Hairy leukoplakia
4397:Epulis fissuratum
4331:
4330:
4271:
4270:
4221:Geographic tongue
4159:
4158:
4031:
4030:
3946:
3945:
3780:
3779:
3385:Saleem S (2005).
2769:10.1159/000095869
2164:(8697): 1078–80.
1667:978-1-60913-360-3
1590:978-3-030-24131-5
1401:978-1-934465-30-1
1252:www.niams.nih.gov
1147:(1889–1948), the
1089:or acquired, the
1010:, and arthritis.
845:pathergy reaction
734:Silk Road disease
414:posterior uveitis
286:
285:
228:Based on symptoms
224:Diagnostic method
58:Silk Road disease
52:Behçet's syndrome
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
6123:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6000:
5899:
5823:
5692:Ductal papilloma
5581:
5460:
5357:Non-odontogenic:
5342:Globulomaxillary
5281:Buccal exostosis
5246:
5190:Peri-implantitis
5036:
4752:Dentin dysplasia
4674:
4650:Verruca vulgaris
4545:Mucosal melanoma
4392:Darier's disease
4367:Behçet's disease
4337:
4293:Bednar's aphthae
4277:
4165:
4151:Trumpeter's wart
4073:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4035:
3986:Behçet's disease
3965:Sjögren syndrome
3953:hypersensitivity
3934:Overlap syndrome
3838:Drug-induced SLE
3826:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3760:behcets-syndrome
3642:
3597:
3560:
3550:
3517:
3507:
3473:
3472:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3267:. Archived from
3244:
3243:(36): 1152–1163.
3232:
3226:
3215:
3206:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3164:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2671:Drugs in R&D
2665:
2659:
2658:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2539:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2077:Arch. Ophthalmol
2068:
2062:
2061:
2033:
2027:
2026:
1995:Semin Ophthalmol
1990:
1984:
1983:
1960:Arch. Ophthalmol
1955:
1949:
1948:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1509:Eur J Ophthalmol
1504:
1485:
1484:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1387:
1358:
1357:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1303:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1243:
1136:
1132:
1111:male infertility
1104:Cesarean section
1008:erythema nodosum
983:therapy such as
958:thrombophlebitis
862:erythema nodosum
544:Vascular disease
470:may be present.
448:optic neuropathy
418:anterior uveitis
387:erythema nodosum
289:Behçet's disease
130:
125:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
81:anterior uveitis
70:
38:Behçet's disease
35:
21:
6131:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6042:
6033:
6005:
5990:
5946:Ludwig's angina
5907:
5889:
5848:Mouth breathing
5834:
5813:
5634:Pneumoparotitis
5607:Frey's syndrome
5588:
5586:Salivary glands
5571:
5479:
5450:
5429:Phoenix abscess
5262:
5258:hard tissues –
5236:
5158:Hypercementosis
5077:Cementoblastoma
5063:
5026:
4740:Dens evaginatus
4694:
4664:
4616:Denture-related
4601:Plasmoacanthoma
4527:Keratoacanthoma
4348:
4346:Lining of mouth
4327:
4323:Torus palatinus
4284:
4267:
4248:Lingual thyroid
4206:Fissured tongue
4196:Crenated tongue
4172:
4155:
4141:Nasolabial cyst
4126:Herpes labialis
4080:
4067:
4062:
4032:
4027:
4016:Marfan syndrome
3969:
3942:
3925:
3895:
3876:Dermatomyositis
3852:
3848:Lupus nephritis
3817:
3811:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3721:
3720:
3653:
3624:
3605:
3600:
3563:
3520:
3492:Arthritis Rheum
3485:
3481:
3479:Further reading
3476:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3362:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3325:
3288:Br J Ophthalmol
3281:
3280:
3276:
3246:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3216:
3209:
3199:Wayback Machine
3190:
3186:
3155:(10): 939–944.
3142:
3141:
3134:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2804:Br J Ophthalmol
2797:
2796:
2792:
2757:Ophthalmologica
2754:
2753:
2749:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2579:(2): CD001084.
2566:
2565:
2561:
2530:(11): 2686–92.
2524:Arthritis Rheum
2517:
2516:
2512:
2493:Isr Med Assoc J
2490:
2489:
2485:
2448:Br J Ophthalmol
2441:
2440:
2436:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2265:(9278): 295–6.
2256:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2211:(9): CD011018.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2083:(10): 1375–80.
2070:
2069:
2065:
2035:
2034:
2030:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1603:
1591:
1581:Behçet syndrome
1579:
1578:
1574:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1506:
1505:
1488:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1389:
1388:
1361:
1350:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1305:
1304:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1211:
1207:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1083:
1070:
1053:
969:
915:chronic fatigue
797:
765:
707:
705:Pathophysiology
621:
612:
600:
571:
565:
540:IgA nephropathy
522:
514:
498:
490:ileocecal valve
486:ileocecal valve
482:
399:
379:aphthous ulcers
375:
373:Skin and mucosa
370:
339:corticosteroids
328:skin prick test
295:) is a type of
263:corticosteroids
169:chronic fatigue
134:
123:
98:
94:
61:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Behcet syndrome
15:
12:
11:
5:
6129:
6127:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6062:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6014:Eagle syndrome
6010:
6007:
6006:
6003:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5936:Cystic hygroma
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5902:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5826:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5804:Sialolithiasis
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5764:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5735:Adenocarcinoma
5732:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5702:Myoepithelioma
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5552:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5463:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5375:Traumatic bone
5372:
5370:Median palatal
5367:
5362:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5249:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5165:
5163:Hypocementosis
5160:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5039:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:Neonatal teeth
4889:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4777:Ectopic enamel
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4572:Oral melanosis
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4372:Bohn's nodules
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:Amalgam tattoo
4353:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3919:CREST syndrome
3916:
3905:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3762:
3751:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3685:
3670:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:Classification
3639:
3638:
3632:
3608:
3604:
3603:External links
3601:
3599:
3598:
3561:
3518:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3447:
3420:(2): 192–204.
3404:
3377:
3352:(3): 184–185.
3336:
3323:
3294:(9): 1175–83.
3274:
3245:Reproduced in
3227:
3207:
3184:
3132:
3105:(7): 499–502.
3086:
3040:
3005:
2974:
2947:
2917:
2874:
2839:
2810:(11): 1287–8.
2790:
2747:
2720:(5): 267–279.
2704:
2660:
2633:(6): 443–450.
2627:Ann Intern Med
2616:
2559:
2510:
2483:
2434:
2393:
2368:
2341:
2292:
2249:
2240:
2191:
2145:
2124:(7): 1534–40.
2104:
2063:
2028:
1985:
1950:
1903:
1860:
1801:
1789:
1763:
1712:
1693:(3): 438–440.
1673:
1666:
1648:
1628:"Episcleritis"
1618:
1589:
1572:
1542:
1486:
1456:
1407:
1400:
1359:
1348:
1328:
1269:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1133:Planner and F.
1126:
1123:
1082:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1052:
1049:
977:corticosteroid
968:
965:
964:
963:
960:
954:
944:
941:
938:nervous system
935:
927:
917:
911:
906:
897:
887:
884:
870:
869:
848:
842:
827:
818:inflammation (
796:
793:
775:Herpes simplex
764:
761:
706:
703:
620:
617:
611:
608:
599:
596:
567:Main article:
564:
561:
555:(bulging) and
549:
548:
545:
542:
537:
531:
521:
518:
513:
510:
497:
494:
481:
478:
398:
395:
374:
371:
369:
366:
284:
283:
280:
276:
275:
272:
266:
265:
256:
250:
249:
247:Sweet syndrome
236:
230:
229:
226:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
178:
172:
171:
158:
152:
151:
142:
136:
135:
133:
132:
91:
89:
85:
84:
75:A person with
72:
71:
63:
62:
60:
59:
56:
53:
50:
49:Behçet disease
46:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6128:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:Rare diseases
6094:
6092:
6091:Inflammations
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6061:
6051:
6047:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6001:
5997:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Actinomycosis
5914:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5794:Sialodochitis
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5473:malocclusions
5470:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:Stafne defect
5439:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5392:Osteonecrosis
5390:
5388:
5387:Osteomyelitis
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5260:Bones of jaws
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5205:Periodontitis
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Pericoronitis
5183:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Granulomatous
5139:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5094:Eruption cyst
5092:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4921:Pulp necrosis
4919:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:Dens in dente
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Discoloration
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Lichen planus
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Herpes zoster
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Fordyce spots
4427:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Erythroplakia
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4191:Caviar tongue
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:Ankyloglossia
4179:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Sun poisoning
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3785:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3572:(4): 317–25.
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3533:(9): 826–29.
3532:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3498:(3): 359–60.
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3463:(3): 155–62.
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Lancet Neurol
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3391:Neurographics
3388:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:Who Named It?
3221:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:(6): 400–05.
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:(4): 423–31.
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2413:(4): 467–71.
2412:
2408:
2407:Arch Dermatol
2404:
2397:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2357:(1): 98–105.
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2306:Ann Rheum Dis
2303:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Clin. Immunol
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:(9): 1455–8.
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:(9): 1510–6.
1922:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1561:(4): 277–80.
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:(5): 424–31.
1514:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1475:(4): 411–16.
1474:
1470:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1349:9780191667022
1345:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1329:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Saudi Arabian
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Morbus Behçet
1157:
1153:
1152:dermatologist
1150:
1146:
1145:Hulusi Behçet
1142:
1141:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
966:
961:
959:
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
898:
896:
892:
888:
885:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
810:
801:
794:
792:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:
771:
762:
760:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
711:
704:
702:
700:
699:
694:
693:
688:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
662:
657:
656:
651:
650:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
625:
618:
616:
610:Blood vessels
609:
607:
605:
597:
595:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
525:
519:
517:
511:
509:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:macular edema
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
433:optic atrophy
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
408:
403:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
367:
365:
363:
362:Hulusi Behçet
359:
356:and Asia. In
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
281:
277:
273:
271:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
235:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
177:
176:Complications
173:
170:
166:
162:
159:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
141:
137:
129:
119:
93:
92:
90:
88:Pronunciation
86:
82:
78:
73:
69:
64:
57:
55:Morbus Behçet
54:
51:
48:
47:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5904:
5831:
5767:Sialadenitis
5726:
5678:
5543:Scissor bite
5538:Retrognathia
5523:Overeruption
5503:Malocclusion
5476:
5356:
5315:
5306:Micrognathia
5259:
5250:Periapical,
5136:Desquamative
5060:
5041:Periodontium
5015:Acid erosion
4956:Taurodontism
4887:Open contact
4799:Enamel pearl
4767:Dilaceration
4730:Concrescence
4531:
4518:
4366:
4345:
4298:Cleft palate
4258:Microglossia
4253:Macroglossia
4238:Glossoptosis
4136:Microcheilia
4131:Macrocheilia
3985:
3885:Polymyositis
3764:
3753:
3733:
3709:
3698:
3687:
3672:
3657:
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3530:
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3380:
3366:cite journal
3349:
3345:
3339:
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3291:
3287:
3277:
3269:the original
3256:
3253:Grand Rounds
3252:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3217:
3187:
3152:
3148:
3102:
3098:
3059:(5): 661–6.
3056:
3052:
3021:(2): 78–84.
3018:
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3008:
2998:19 September
2996:. Retrieved
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2950:
2940:19 September
2938:. Retrieved
2929:
2920:
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2883:
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2670:
2663:
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2380:
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2350:
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2208:
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2117:
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2076:
2066:
2044:(1): 170–5.
2041:
2037:
2031:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1920:
1916:
1876:(2): 69–74.
1873:
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1766:
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1251:
1199:neurological
1176:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1138:
1128:
1108:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1068:Epidemiology
1062:
1058:
1054:
1043:Intravenous
1042:
1030:
1016:
1000:Azathioprine
997:
974:
970:
956:superficial
953:inflammation
909:epididymitis
871:
858:folliculitis
839:epididymitis
806:
784:
773:
766:
754:
750:S. sanguinis
749:
733:
730:Central Asia
719:
696:
690:
684:
677:chromosome 7
666:
659:
653:
649:S. sanguinis
647:
644:Streptococci
643:
633:
626:
622:
613:
601:
580:
572:
550:
523:
515:
499:
483:
474:Episcleritis
472:
445:
430:
411:
376:
351:
332:
317:
292:
288:
287:
145:Rheumatology
29:
5961:Microstomia
5951:Macrostomia
5941:Gnathophyma
5858:Catathrenia
5853:Sleep apnea
5784:Sialectasis
5327:Dentigerous
5317:Odontogenic
5146:Plasma cell
5082:Gigantiform
4858:Microdontia
4848:Macrodontia
4819:Hyperdontia
4514:Oral cancer
4474:Leukoplakia
4382:Candidiasis
4342:Oral mucosa
4263:Rhabdomyoma
4243:Hypoglossia
4104:Plasma cell
3901:Scleroderma
3609:‹ The
2386:19 November
2351:J Rheumatol
2001:(1): 73–9.
1168:Hippocrates
1119:sperm count
1100:miscarriage
1033:ciclosporin
1018:Thalidomide
891:personality
889:changes of
726:Middle East
655:S. pyogenes
646:(including
535:amyloidosis
468:papilledema
354:Middle East
305:blood clots
199:Usual onset
189:blood clots
161:Mouth sores
43:Other names
6070:Categories
5921:Angioedema
5727:Malignant:
5707:Oncocytoma
5533:Prognathia
5322:periapical
5301:Microgenia
5252:mandibular
5210:Aggressive
5131:Gingivitis
5072:Cementicle
5010:Abfraction
5000:Tooth wear
4993:Edentulism
4988:Tooth loss
4941:Resorption
4926:Pulp polyp
4909:Pulp stone
4853:Meth mouth
4824:Hypodontia
4814:Gemination
4745:Talon cusp
4638:Ulceration
4606:Stomatitis
4584:Pemphigoid
4532:Malignant:
4484:Linea alba
4469:Leukoedema
4449:Herpangina
4417:Giant-cell
3957:autoimmune
3711:DiseasesDB
2988:www.nhs.uk
1821:: 249157.
1599:1127393738
1205:References
1115:colchicine
1060:protein).
1026:rebamipide
1004:colchicine
993:Apremilast
989:etanercept
985:infliximab
975:High-dose
904:thrombosis
882:arthralgia
756:Vasculitis
557:thrombosis
502:hemoptysis
454:, central
407:optic disc
347:Colchicine
324:contagious
254:Medication
202:20s to 40s
149:Immunology
6106:Syndromes
5789:Sialocele
5772:Parotitis
5513:Open bite
5508:Crossbite
5286:Cherubism
5256:maxillary
5089:Cementoma
5020:Attrition
4836:Impaction
4804:Fluorosis
4713:Anodontia
4708:Ankylosis
4596:Pemphigus
4216:Glossitis
4111:Cleft lip
4089:Cheilitis
4011:fibrillin
3813:Systemic
3735:eMedicine
3259:: L1–L2.
3219:synd/1863
2855:(1): 84.
2593:1465-1858
1945:206848143
1890:0927-3948
1837:2090-3154
1607:cite book
1172:Epidemion
1091:pregnancy
1081:Pregnancy
967:Treatment
895:psychoses
878:arthritis
835:testicles
763:Diagnosis
553:aneurysms
506:pleuritis
364:in 1937.
343:Lidocaine
313:blindness
309:aneurysms
301:arthritis
279:Frequency
270:Prognosis
210:Long term
181:Blindness
165:arthritis
140:Specialty
6060:Medicine
5799:Sialosis
5750:Lymphoma
5622:Mucocele
5518:Overbite
5271:Agnathia
5232:Teething
5057:alveolus
5053:cementum
5005:Abrasion
4981:Occlusal
4966:Avulsion
4931:Pulpitis
4875:Odontoma
4621:Herpetic
4611:Aphthous
4121:Eclabium
3866:Myositis
3766:Orphanet
3611:template
3594:24830133
3586:16159724
3442:16483117
3434:19161910
3399:Archived
3397:(2): 1.
3318:12928293
3195:Archived
3179:22363654
3171:16167908
3127:12860697
3119:12928538
3081:23191896
3073:18982344
3035:16476027
3015:Oral Dis
2992:Archived
2969:24447390
2934:Archived
2912:26407172
2869:22727170
2834:11673289
2785:45084854
2777:17095888
2742:23356719
2734:12081158
2699:23711352
2691:12568631
2655:12089634
2611:10796413
2554:19523919
2546:11710724
2505:12455182
2478:12642304
2429:11939808
2363:15630733
2336:12379622
2287:23347314
2279:11498218
2235:25254615
2186:53261546
2140:16514412
2099:17923546
2058:18657476
2023:11695492
2015:18214795
1937:23041938
1898:10420201
1855:24490075
1782:28 March
1776:Archived
1758:29564347
1636:30521217
1537:13428859
1529:12474927
1451:21212799
1354:Archived
1315:Archived
1313:. 2015.
1256:Archived
981:Anti-TNF
940:symptoms
809:aphthous
770:pathergy
426:hypopyon
337:such as
261:such as
207:Duration
193:aneurysm
156:Symptoms
124:Turkish:
77:hypopyon
5885:Snoring
5843:Bruxism
5679:Benign:
5528:Overjet
5488:Bruxism
5382:Osteoma
5220:Chronic
5045:gingiva
4519:Benign:
4412:Fibroma
4099:Angular
4094:Actinic
3822:General
3749:oph/425
3746:derm/49
3743:ped/219
3740:med/218
3705:D001528
3613:below (
3557:1955903
3548:1014525
3514:3884020
3469:2188002
3309:1771837
2930:nih.gov
2904:9860455
2825:1723778
2647:9499327
2602:7032645
2469:1771623
2327:1766720
2226:6872426
2178:1970380
1980:6956266
1846:3893747
1749:5856968
1707:7064781
1567:2531168
1481:7723211
1442:3178306
1149:Turkish
1125:History
1051:Surgery
1022:Dapsone
947:stomach
854:lesions
841:in men)
824:uveitis
746:HLA-B27
738:HLA-B51
728:and in
724:in the
714:HLA-B51
520:Kidneys
456:scotoma
320:genetic
218:Unknown
6046:Portal
5627:Ranula
5099:Epulis
4961:Trauma
4809:Fusion
4718:Caries
4691:enamel
4687:dentin
4282:Palate
4170:Tongue
3951:Other
3694:109650
3630:Curlie
3616:Curlie
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3584:
3555:
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1943:
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1321:29 May
1262:29 May
1187:ICD-10
1164:Geneva
1135:
1131:
933:ulcers
820:iritis
698:GIMAP4
692:GIMAP2
686:GIMAP1
673:GTPase
658:) and
533:Renal
512:Joints
480:Bowels
358:Turkey
215:Causes
131:
6004:Other
4679:Teeth
3974:Other
3683:136.1
3668:M35.2
3590:S2CID
3438:S2CID
3201:from
3175:S2CID
3123:S2CID
3077:S2CID
2908:S2CID
2781:S2CID
2738:S2CID
2695:S2CID
2651:S2CID
2550:S2CID
2283:S2CID
2182:S2CID
2019:S2CID
1941:S2CID
1533:S2CID
951:bowel
930:mouth
925:lungs
921:chest
899:deep
742:SUMO4
669:GIMAP
640:HSP60
619:Cause
598:Heart
563:Brain
496:Lungs
466:with
420:, or
311:, or
5966:Noma
5471:and
5254:and
5059:) –
4683:pulp
4078:Lips
3755:NORD
3716:1285
3700:MeSH
3689:OMIM
3678:9-CM
3582:PMID
3553:PMID
3510:PMID
3465:PMID
3430:PMID
3372:link
3314:PMID
3167:PMID
3115:PMID
3069:PMID
3031:PMID
3000:2016
2965:PMID
2942:2016
2900:PMID
2865:PMID
2830:PMID
2773:PMID
2730:PMID
2687:PMID
2643:PMID
2607:PMID
2589:ISSN
2577:1998
2542:PMID
2501:PMID
2474:PMID
2425:PMID
2388:2019
2359:PMID
2332:PMID
2275:PMID
2231:PMID
2174:PMID
2136:PMID
2095:PMID
2054:PMID
2011:PMID
1976:PMID
1933:PMID
1894:PMID
1886:ISSN
1851:PMID
1833:ISSN
1819:2013
1784:2009
1754:PMID
1730:2017
1703:PMID
1662:ISBN
1643:2024
1632:PMID
1613:link
1595:OCLC
1585:ISBN
1563:PMID
1525:PMID
1477:PMID
1447:PMID
1396:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1323:2017
1264:2017
1197:, a
1102:and
1024:and
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866:acne
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