510:, and the , , (and other wild tribes round them)—had all their several natures, which they could not be made to alter. The tribes on the east were called . They had their hair unbound, and tattooed their bodies. Some of them ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the south were called Man. They tattooed their foreheads, and had their feet turned in towards each other. Some of them (also) ate their food without its being cooked. Those on the west were called . They had their hair unbound, and wore skins. Some of them did not eat grain-food. Those on the north were called . They wore skins of animals and birds, and dwelt in caves. Some of them also did not eat grain-food. The people of the Middle states, and of those , Man, , and , all had their dwellings, where they lived at ease; their flavours which they preferred; the clothes suitable for them; their proper implements for use; and their vessels which they prepared in abundance. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers)—in the east, called transmitters; in the south, representationists; in the west, ; and in the north, interpreters.
1428:
482:
36:
146:
473:. Paul R. Goldin, professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at University of Pennsylvania, proposes that 狄/翟 was a pejorative "pseudo-ethnonym" made by Chinese for the northern "barbarians" and it meant "feathered".
1126:
380:
to the west. These came to be used as generic chauvinistic pejoratives for different peoples long after the conquests of the original tribes and so are all usually translated as '
1119:
1112:
296:. Although initially described as nomadic, they seem to have practiced a mixed pastoral, agricultural, and hunting economy and were distinguished from the
674:). He ended Jin's expansionist invasions of foreign lands and instead bartered with their leaders, purchasing territory for valuable Chinese objects like
607:
fled to his mother's family among them for many years until assassins sent by his brother forced him to begin wandering through the
Chinese states.
953:
Mapping
Mongolia: Situating Mongolia in the World from Geologic Time to the Present. Penn Museum International Research Conferences, vol. 2
432:
1427:
514:
The Di were often associated with the Rong; both were considered more warlike and less civilized than the Yi or Man. According to the
1749:
1095:
1057:
119:
516:
420:
408:
57:
921:
100:
603:
The Di eventually also established treaties of marriage and trade with the various
Chinese states. The Jin prince
328:. Other groups of Di seem to have lived interspersed between the Chinese states before their eventual conquest or
72:
46:
1279:
904:
560:
79:
822:
325:
547:—expanded into Di territories, after which the Di were often their enemies. The "White Di" lived north of
317:
53:
19:
This article is about the ancient people groups. For the commandery during the Qin and Han dynasties, see
1754:
428:
86:
702:
387:
Beidi tribes, ethnic groups, or states were sometimes distinguished as belonging to the "Red Di" (赤狄,
1274:
667:
544:
1580:
679:
492:
Surviving accounts of the culture and history of China's early neighbors mostly date from the late
68:
710:
321:
1194:
1655:
1512:
1454:
1226:
1091:
1053:
818:
726:
687:
635:
442:
416:
923:
Baxter-Sagart Old
Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 - order: by Mandarin and Middle Chinese
734:
585:
662-659 BC: The state of Xing was nearly destroyed by the Red Di until it was rescued by the
572:
228:
195:
20:
304:
who lived to their north. Chinese historical accounts describe the Di inhabiting the upper
1039:
844:
827:
675:
663:
365:
301:
297:
158:
249:
1184:
1717:
1686:
1548:
1517:
936:
507:
446:
400:
1179:
1104:
1743:
1589:
1565:
1555:
1533:
1479:
1474:
1359:
831:
798:
767:
722:
619:
533:
498:
908:
1696:
1594:
1241:
1231:
849:
748:
647:
646:
BC. The "White Di" were especially numerous on the upper reaches of the
Xinding or
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593:
552:
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540:
525:
521:
493:
436:
357:
349:
329:
293:
235:
150:
93:
481:
1081:
1043:
951:
Goldin, Paul R. "Steppe Nomads as a
Philosophical Problem in Classical China" in
1660:
1543:
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1236:
1219:
1136:
1067:
955:. Ed. Paula L.W. Sabloff. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 2011. p. 235
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24:
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Ancient China and Its
Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
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941:
ChinaKnowledge.de - An
Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
16:
Ethnic group in ancient
Chinese texts; one of the "Four Barbarians" groups
1391:
1364:
1309:
875:
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813:
780:
759:
BC, most of the Di and Rong had been eliminated as independent polities.
1722:
1599:
1575:
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1214:
1209:
835:
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579:
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145:
466:
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454:
364:, discussed their neighbors according to the cardinal directions. The
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lived in lands near the Rong and Di for fourteen generations, until
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1284:
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614:
636 BC: The Di helped the Zhou king against the state of Cheng.
29:
733:
BC). By this time, the Di had walled towns like Fei, Gu, and
286:) were various ethnic groups who lived north of the Chinese (
670:
announced a new peaceful policy towards the barbarians (和戎,
682:. During this period, the "White Di" began to move east of
431:, Xianyu's founders dwelt among the Di yet shared the same
485:
Di lived along the northern edge of what later became the
611:
640 BC: The Di were allied with Qi and Xing against Wey.
654:
594 BC: Jin 'destroyed' the Red Di state of Lushi (潞氏).
1083:
Material
Culture, Power, and Identity in Ancient China
254:
240:
721:
From the Taiyuan Basin, Jin pushed east through the
622:
and "White Di" moved east from the areas around the
1705:
1679:
1648:
1641:
1526:
1495:
1442:
1435:
1335:
1267:
1167:
1151:
1144:
920:Baxter, W. H. & Sagart L. (20 September 2014).
744:
507 BC: Jin was severely defeated by the Xianyu Di.
717:
541 BC: Jin 'subjugated' the Red Di state of Lushi.
248:
234:
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134:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
998:
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977:
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599:660 to 507 BC: Jin fought many wars with the Di.
596:and killed its ruler, but were driven out by Qi.
563:; tribes began crossing the river into northern
423:kingdoms were founded by White Di. According to
701:policy and became violent again, attacking the
1120:
308:and gradually migrating eastward to northern
200:
8:
783:fought with Di who lived in the state of Qi.
763:377 BC: Zhongshan regained its independence.
469:, whose pronunciation was reconstructed as *
592:660 BC: The Red Di took the capital of the
532:valley where they built their capital near
1645:
1439:
1148:
1127:
1113:
1105:
316:, where they eventually created their own
219:
144:
575:conquered a number of Rong and Di groups.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
741:531 BC: Jin attacked the Xianyu and Fei.
725:(井陘) and attacked the "White Di" in the
895:
867:
766:295 BC: Zhongshan was conquered by the
747:406 BC: Zhongshan was conquered by the
1074:, vol. I, Oxford: Clarendon Press
131:
964:
909:Commentaries on "Discourses of Zheng"
578:662 BC: The Di drove the Rong out of
7:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1031:Cambridge History of Ancient China
1014:
1002:
981:
543:, the Chinese states—particularly
14:
506:The people of those five regions—
1426:
705:(無終) and the "Numerous Di" (群狄,
34:
45:needs additional citations for
1090:: Cambridge University Press,
1052:: Cambridge University Press,
559:through the first half of the
517:Records of the Grand Historian
368:were the Di to the north, the
255:
241:
201:
1:
773:
352:states flourished along the
340:The ancient Chinese, whose
1771:
18:
1424:
911:quote: "狄，北狄也。鮮虞，姬姓在狄者也。"
737:(仇由) and fought on foot.
528:led then away to the mid-
268:
218:
143:
139:
1750:Ancient peoples of China
935:Theobald, Ulrich (2012)
905:Discourses of the States
561:Spring and Autumn period
555:in what is now northern
843:, one people among the
520:, the ancestors of the
449:(2014) reconstruct the
391:), the "White Di" (白狄,
642:during the 6th century
512:
489:
819:Kingdoms of Zhongshan
567:in the second half.
504:
484:
395:), or "Tall Di" (長狄,
376:to the east, and the
23:. For the deity, see
1080:Wu Xiaolong (2017),
874:翟 means long-tailed
433:ancestral surname Ji
292:) realms during the
54:improve this article
967:, pp. 229–230.
697:BC, Jin ceased the
214:Northern barbarians
832:Eastern Barbarians
711:Taiyuan Prefecture
490:
372:to the south, the
157:surrounded by the
1737:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1637:
1636:
1422:
1421:
878:or their feathers
727:Taihang Mountains
709:) in what is now
688:Taihang Mountains
636:Taihang Mountains
508:the Middle states
453:pronunciation of
443:William H. Baxter
272:
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264:
263:
229:Standard Mandarin
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1139:peoples in China
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1062:
1040:Di Cosmo, Nicola
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1017:, pp. 28–9.
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573:Duke Xian of Jin
551:and west of the
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21:Beidi Commandery
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1135:Historical non-
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845:Five Barbarians
828:Five Barbarians
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643:
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465:was written as
366:Four Barbarians
338:
302:Eurasian steppe
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211:Literal meaning
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159:Four Barbarians
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1689:
1687:Khalkha Mongol
1683:
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834:(Donghu), and
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789:
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771:
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676:ritual bronzes
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638:of Shanxi and
630:and northwest
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447:Laurent Sagart
384:' in English.
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1566:Khamag Mongol
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1005:, p. 29.
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984:, p. 28.
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284:Northern Di
161:—Northern (
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25:Heidi (god)
1744:Categories
1503:Karakhanid
886:References
777: 283
487:Qin Empire
425:Eastern Wu
306:Ordos Loop
250:Wade–Giles
80:newspapers
1605:Xueyantuo
1513:Khotanese
1295:Tocharian
1088:Cambridge
1072:The Li Ki
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891:Citations
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779:-265 BC:
634:into the
626:in north
530:Wei River
417:Zhongshan
382:barbarian
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1680:Northern
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1527:Northern
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1336:Northern
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1195:Lạc Việt
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1042:(2002),
856:Dingling
814:Xionites
788:See also
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729:(530–520
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427:scholar
415:), Fei,
167:Southern
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1718:Dzungar
1706:Western
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1549:Jurchen
1539:Kumo Xi
1518:Tibetan
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1409:Xianyun
1382:Guifang
1375:Xianbei
1353:Xiongnu
1348:Chunwei
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1268:Western
1215:Yangyue
1210:Shanyue
1190:Dong'ou
1185:Âu Việt
1152:Eastern
1145:Ancient
836:Xiongnu
809:Xianbei
735:Qiu You
703:Wuzhong
699:he Rong
684:Taiyuan
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557:Shaanxi
502:notes:
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413:srʷ(r)a
399:). The
397:Changdi
300:of the
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1627:Shatuo
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1600:Uyghur
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1576:Naiman
1556:Shiwei
1534:Khitan
1508:Karluk
1480:Zhuang
1475:Bouyei
1397:Sushen
1370:Wuhuan
1360:Donghu
1327:Yuezhi
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1180:Âu Lạc
1175:Baiyue
1159:Dongyi
1094:
1056:
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937:"Di 狄"
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620:Xianyu
565:Shanxi
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298:nomads
289:Huaxia
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