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76:), stairs leading to the rooftop, and a well for water. Decorative elements, including those made from Mosul marble as arches, pillars, and door frames, were on the interior, while the exterior of the building is plain. The design of the basement and hallways kept the building cool in hot summers. The rooftop functioned as a space for sleeping in hot summers. The wood used for doorways would have originally been from the trees of the pomegranate or mulberry. The courtyard, according to Thanoon, was the "lung of the house" where most activities occurred. The focus of life in the courtyard (along with the fact that doors and windows of rooms opened into the courtyard) maintained the family's privacy.
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51:(CJTF) launched airstrikes in an attempt to liberate the city from ISIL control, and destroyed the house in the process. Following the Iraqi government’s reoccupation of Mosul in 2017, restorations began on Beit al-Tutunji, with the goal of turning it into a municipal museum and cultural center. In 2024, the Nineveh Governorate reopened the Tutunji house to the public.
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In 1981, ownership of the house passed to the Iraqi State Board of
Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH). By the early twenty-first century, Beit al-Tutunji had fallen into disrepair. The SBAH was restoring the building in 2014, with the goal of making it into a cultural center, when ISIL fighters arrived
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The
Tutunji house became just one among many sites in Mosul and its environs that became focal points for conservation efforts, some of them in projects led by UNESCO, and others funded by donors from particular countries, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, with a prime example being
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Following mine clearance in the area by the Iraqi Army, reconstruction and conservation efforts began in 2020. Additionally, in order to preserve the craft of Mosul stone carving, the project created a workshop on site to train local community members in this skill, and preserve the unique cultural
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At the end of the occupation in 2017, the CJTF targeted the
Tutunji house with airstrikes, damaging much of it in the process. In this sense, reasons for the destruction of Beit al-Tutunji differ from those of many other architecturally and historically significant buildings that experienced damage
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Construction of Beit al-Tutunji occurred in the early nineteenth century, likely between 1808 and 1817. Materials of construction included limestone, marble, granite, brick, and wood. The original occupant was the
Ottoman governor of Mosul, who had mercantile connections. The family had the name
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Beit al-Tutunji confirms the pattern of what Ahmad Abdul-Wahid
Thanoon has described as the "traditional house architecture" of Old City Mosul. It contained certain basic components including a large central courtyard, an Iwan with a pointed arch, chambers (with windows opening to the central
60:“Tutunji”, which is why the house became known as Beit al-Tutunji, which means “house of the tobacco merchant” in Arabic. Its construction consists of stone rubble set in lime, with carved marble and plaster decorations. Exterior wall decorations contain inscriptions from the
192:(d. 1294). The lines translate to read, "I ask for your protection. My heart which has sinned is like air; I hold on to the rope of your love like one smitten; God will keep me from harm when I take refuge in you; We resort to you in the most scorching of matters."
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into east Mosul. At the same time, ISIL targeted for destruction many historic sites, including places of worship, shrines, and cemeteries associated with both Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a) and minority communities, with the latter including various
Christians and
146:, the Swiss foundation known as the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), and the Gerda Henkel Foundation. The MHSP has used these funds to support restoration of the Tutunji house and other sites in Iraq, including
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Although the State Board of
Antiquities and Heritage had nearly succeeded in restoring the house when ISIL occupied it in 2014, the al-Tutunji house was almost entirely in rubble when the conflict ended in 2016. Soon after, scholars at the
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During their three-year occupation in Mosul beginning in 2014, ISIL used the
Tutunji house as an explosive factory and a military encampment because it provided its forces with an effective location from which to project shells across the
165:, the Aliph Foundation launched an additional emergency relief fund of $ 1 million (Dh3.6m). The goal of this funding was to support conservation projects including restoration of Beit al-Tutunji amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
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that represents an example of
Ottoman vernacular architecture. The house features a large courtyard and exterior walls decorated with inscribed bas-reliefs of local marble. During the occupation of Mosul by the
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courtyard, not to the exterior) arranged in wings of the house, a basement, corridors, and hallways. It also contained a kitchen, food storage area, grain storage area (called
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131:, established the Mosul Heritage Stabilization Program (MHSP) to restore the Tutunji house in collaboration with the Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program and scholars at the
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the historic Al-Nuri Mosque. Among sites selected for extensive conservation, Beit al-Tutunji stands out for being an example of secular, not religious, architecture.
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in Mosul. ISIL did not destroy the house, and did not have ideological reasons for doing so, in contrast to most significant structures ruined during their tenure.
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102:" of the city's "architectural heritage", while others have noted the lasting trauma that the destruction has had on a Mosul-centered collective identity.
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Popular
Architecture of the Old City of Mosul: The Architecture of the Traditional House, in Proceedings of the ICANAS 38 conference, September 2007
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Arabic inscription in marble on the Tutunji House showing the Hamziyya of al-Busiri in praise of the Prophet Muhammad, Mosul, Iraq
466:"UNESCO's project to 'Revive the Spirit of Mosul': Iraqi and Syrian opinion on heritage reconstruction after the Islamic State"
47:(ISIL) from 2014 to 2017, ISIL used the house as an artillery encampment. In 2017, U.S.-led international forces known as the
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Penn’s MHSP received funding for conservation work of Beit al-Tutunji from several major sources, including the
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art of the house by creating marble bas-reliefs inscribed with Arabesque designs and Arabic calligraphy.
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slowed the progress of restoration, MHSP had restored about 60% of the Tutunji house by October 2021.
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448:. Ankara: ICANAS (International Congress of Asian and North African Studies). pp. 1341–56.
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An inscription runs around the hall of the west wing of the house quoting hemistichs from the
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388:"Rehabilitation of Tutunji House | Aliph Foundation - Protecting heritage to build peace"
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SOAS Digital Collections, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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Beit al-Tutunji courtyard, Mosul, Iraq, during conservation and repair in 2021
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Nováček, Karel; Melčák, Miroslav; Beránek, Ondřej; Starková, Lenka (2021).
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International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas.
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310:"Protecting Iraq's cultural heritage from the coronavirus pandemic"
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Beit al-Tutunji and the revived art of carving Mosul marble, 2021
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Mosul: The Architectural Conservation in Mosul Old Town, Iraq
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Early nineteenth-century historic house in Mosul, Iraq
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Iraq Heritage Stabilization Program (13 July 2021).
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Beit al-Tutunji viewed from above with Mosul skyline
280:"Timelapse of work at Beit al-Tutunji, Mosul, Iraq"
520:Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict
38:is an early nineteenth-century historic house in
464:Isakhan, Benjamin; Meskell, Lynn (2019-11-02).
154:(which ISIL bulldozed in 2016). Although the
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55:Early history of the house and architecture
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213:"Bayt al-Tutunji, Mosul, Iraq"
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516:"Mosul after Islamic State"
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595:Hichens, Williams (1936).
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576:Penn Today
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420:Penn Today
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
