History of the Jews in Belarus

3431:, Trakai and Lutsk rapidly grew in wealth and influence. Every community had at its head a Jewish elder. These elders represented the communities in all external relations, in securing new privileges, and in the regulation of taxes. Such officials are not, however, referred to by the title "elder" before the end of the 16th century. Up to that time the documents merely state, for instance, that the "Jews of Brest humbly apply," etc. On assuming office the elders declared under oath that they would discharge the duties of the position faithfully, and would relinquish the office at the expiration of the appointed term. The elder acted in conjunction with the rabbi, whose jurisdiction included all Jewish affairs with the exception of judicial cases assigned to the court of the deputy, and by the latter to the king. In religious affairs, however, an appeal from the decision of the rabbi and the elder was permitted only to a council consisting of the chief rabbis of the king's cities. The cantor, sexton, and 4379: 3424:), and his deputy. The Jewish judge decided all cases between Christians and Jews and all criminal suits in which Jews were concerned; in civil suits, however, he acted only on the application of the interested parties. Either party who failed to obey the judge's summons had to pay him a fine. To him also belonged all fines collected from Jews for minor offenses. His duties included the guardianship of the persons, property, and freedom of worship of the Jews. He had no right to summon any one to his court except upon the complaint of an interested party. In matters of religion the Jews were given extensive autonomy. 5832: 2663: 148: 3544:, and that by far the greater number settled in Poland, where, by permission of King John Albert, they established themselves in the towns situated near the boundary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This permission, given at first for a period of two years, was extended "because of the extreme poverty of the Jews on account of the great losses sustained by them." The extension, which applied to all the towns of the kingdom, accorded the enjoyment of all the liberties that had been granted to their Polish brethren ( 4577: 4588: 3688:. Members of the nobility attempted to compete with the Jews as leaseholders of customs revenues, but were never successful. Since the Jews lived in the towns and on the lands of the king, the nobility could not wield any authority over them nor derive profit from them. They had not even the right to settle Jews on their estates without the permission of the king; but, on the other hand, they were often annoyed by the erection on their estates of the tollhouses of the Jewish tax-collectors. 3566:, and cemeteries were returned to them, and permission was granted them to collect their old debts. The new charter of privileges permitted them to live throughout Lithuania as before. The return of the Jews and their attempt to regain their old possessions led to many difficulties and lawsuits. Alexander found it necessary to issue an additional decree (April, 1503), directing his vice-regent to enforce the law. In spite of this some of the property was not recovered by the Jews for years. 4135:§ 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. 4569: 5209: 5205: 4007: 5055:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow." 4701: 173: 3834: 3727: 3580: 3471: 3320: 3173: 3026: 35: 191: 3943: 4687: 3709:"The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians." 5820: 4125:(l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew. 3801:(1648–1668) sought to ameliorate their condition by granting various concessions to the Jewish communities of Lithuania. Attempts to return to the old order in the communal organization were not wanting, as is evident from contemporary documents. Thus in 1672, Jewish elders from various towns and villages in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania secured a charter from King 4161:, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head. 4143:§ 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three 3136:

While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and

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in Belarus was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Belarus, Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshivas. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the 16th

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other places, make known by this charter to the present and future generations, or to whomever it may concern to know or hear of it, that, after due deliberation with our nobles we have decided to grant to all the Jews living in our domains the rights and liberties mentioned in the following charter.

3389:

In the name of God, Amen. All deeds of men, when they are not made known by the testimony of witnesses or in writing, pass away and vanish and are forgotten. Therefore, we, Alexander, also called Vitautas, by the grace of God Grand Duke of Lithuania and ruler of Brest, Dorogicz, Lutsk, Vladimir, and

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The middle of the 16th century witnessed a growing antagonism between the lesser nobility and the Jews. Their relations became strained, and the enmity of the Christians began to disturb the life of the Litvak Jews. The anti-Jewish feeling, due at first to economic causes engendered by competition,

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in 1084. Under the charter, the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formed a class of freemen subject in all criminal cases directly to the jurisdiction of the grand duke and his official representatives, and in petty suits to the jurisdiction of local officials on an equal footing with the lesser

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The expulsion was evidently not accompanied by the usual cruelties; for there was no popular animosity toward the Jews, and the decree was regarded as an act of mere willfulness on the part of an absolute ruler. Some of the nobility, however, approved Alexander's decree, expecting to profit by the

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is cited as follows: "I emphatically protest against the custom of our communal leaders of purchasing the freedom of Jewish criminals. Such a policy encourages crime among our people. I am especially troubled by the fact that, thanks to the clergy, such criminals may escape punishment by adopting

3531:

Casimir was succeeded as king of Poland by his son John Albert, and on the Lithuanian throne by his younger son, Alexander Jagellon. The latter confirmed the charter of privileges granted to the Jews by his predecessors, and even gave them additional rights. His father's Jewish creditors received

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The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish. However, local Jewish organizations put the number at

3287:

The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such

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authorities in Poland and the GDL. In 1568 King Sigismund ordered that the suits between Isaac Borodavka and Mendel Isakovich, who were partners in the farming of certain customs taxes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, be carried for decision to Rabbi Solomon Luria and two auxiliary rabbis from

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part of the sums due to them, the rest being withheld under various pretexts. The attitude toward the Jews which had characterized the Lithuanian rulers for generations was unexpectedly and radically changed by a decree promulgated by Alexander in April, 1495. By this decree all Jews living in

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suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of

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per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to

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is written in divorce cases "Brest" and not "Brisk," "because the majority of the Lithuanian Jews use the Russian language." It is not so with Brisk, in the district of Kujawa, the name of that town being always spelled "Brisk." Katz (a German) at the conclusion of his

4613:. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see 4661:, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk. 3148:

The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no

3128:

The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the

2999:

in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated 800,000 of 900,000 — 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the

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Christianity. Mistaken piety impels our leaders to bribe the officials, in order to prevent such conversions. We should endeavor to deprive criminals of opportunities to escape justice." The same sentiment was expressed in the 16th century by

3241:. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke 3679:

also saw in the Jews dangerous competitors in commercial and financial undertakings. In their dealings with the agricultural classes the lords preferred the Jews as middlemen, thus creating a feeling of injury on the part of the

3305:

was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.

3927:(d. 1589), who speak of its activity. Of the yeshiva of Ostrog and Vladimir in Volhynia it is known that they were in a flourishing condition at the middle of the 16th century, and that their heads vied with one another in 5316: 3440:

The goodwill and tolerance of Vytautas endeared him to his Jewish subjects, and for a long time traditions concerning his generosity and nobility of character were current among them. His cousin, the king of Poland

3257:." This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new 3809:

and other Christians, which result in the enmity of the Christians toward the Jews, and because of the inability of the Jewish elders to punish such offenders, who are protected by the lords, the king permits the

2967:, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland. Prior to World War II, 3691:

Hence when the strategic moment arrived, the Lithuanian nobility endeavored to secure greater power over the Jews. At the Diet of Vilnius in 1551 the nobility urged the imposition of a special polltax of one

3540:

departure of their Jewish creditors, as is indicated by numerous lawsuits on the return of the exiles to Lithuania in 1503. It is known from the Hebrew sources that some of the exiles migrated to the

3268:(1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of 3562:

Soon after Alexander's accession to the throne of Poland he permitted the Jewish exiles to return to Lithuania. Beginning in March, 1503, as is shown by documents still extant, their houses, lands,

3559:

The causes of the unexpected expulsion were probably many, including religious reasons, the need to fill a depleted treasury by confiscating the Jews' money, personal animosity, and other causes.

5067: 4029:§ 127) to the effect that Jews may employ in their religious services the melodies used in Christian churches, "since music is neither Jewish nor Christian, and is governed by universal laws." 1301: 3427:

Under these equitable laws the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania reached a degree of prosperity unknown to their Polish and German co-religionists at that time. The communities of Brest, Grodno,

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In 1569 the Kingdom Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the

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Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.

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extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.

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Other restrictions of a similar nature are contained in the same paragraph. However, the king checked the desire of the nobility to modify essentially the old charters of the Jews.

1879: 3145:. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants. 4627:. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed. 3797:

destroyed the organization of the Jewish communities in Belarus. The survivors who returned to their old homes in the latter half of the 17th century were practically destitute.

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of 1566, when the nobles of Belarus and Lithuania were first allowed to take part in the national legislation. Paragraph Twelve of this statute contains the following articles:

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In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity. In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to

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in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the

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On this account it seems more than likely that influential Polish Jews cooperated with the leading Belarusian and Lithuanian communities in securing a special charter from

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from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.

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was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the

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The far-reaching authority of the leading rabbis of Poland and Lithuania, and their wide knowledge of practical life, are apparent from numerous decisions cited in the

6137: 6066: 2737: 1416: 3657:, which had spread from Germany, tended to weaken the allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church. Frequent instances occurred of the marriage of Catholic women to Jews, 4792: 4649:" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a 3855: 3748: 3601: 3492: 3341: 3190: 3043: 1664: 52: 6466: 4201: 2747: 4546:. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the 6396: 4197: 3816:

to summon the criminals before the Jewish courts for punishment and exclusion from the community when necessary." The efforts to resurrect the old power of the

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per head, and the Volhynian nobles demanded that the Jewish tax-collectors be forbidden to erect tollhouses or place guards at the taverns on their estates.

903: 866: 4003:, likewise shows that Jewish criminals invoked the aid of priests against the authority of Jewish courts by promising to become converts to Christianity. 3457:

in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy.

3284:, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization. 4818: 4615: 3264:

Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson

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was in question, decided that the word is correctly spelled with a "b," and not with a "p," since the origin of the name was the Russian verb

6012: 2934: 913: 99: 3093:

As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between

6658: 6488: 5959: 5954: 5851: 5349: 1351: 71: 6663: 6324: 4121:(end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." 1619: 1436: 1426: 666: 5434: 5231: 4399: 3684:. The exemption of the Jews from military service and the power and wealth of the Jewish tax-farmers intensified the resentment of the 6732: 6588: 5795: 4939: 2015: 1965: 1930: 1624: 1489: 1356: 78: 5292: 4665: 3301:(1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; 2971:

were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as

6558: 6518: 6498: 6478: 6381: 5840: 5648: 4775: 4512:(i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see 3881: 3774: 3627: 3518: 3367: 3212: 3065: 2756: 2742: 2615: 1707: 1669: 1644: 1564: 1549: 1396: 1336: 1291: 118: 3802: 3012:

origin. However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).

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The decisions of the Polish-Lithuanian rabbis are frequently marked by breadth of view also, as is instanced by a decision of

6608: 6598: 6548: 6508: 6461: 6456: 6446: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6406: 6391: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 5985: 5422:

Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Volume 1: Themes and Phenomena of the Jewish Diaspora

4177: 4102: 3974: 3859: 3752: 3605: 3496: 3345: 3194: 3047: 1991: 1977: 1945: 1925: 1893: 1837: 1812: 1787: 1767: 1757: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1702: 1697: 1674: 1589: 1574: 1494: 1453: 1406: 1401: 1321: 1266: 56: 5787: 5678: 4653:. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk." Members of the 67: 6706: 6648: 6593: 6583: 6563: 6553: 6538: 6533: 6513: 6483: 6451: 6436: 6411: 6347: 6076: 5092: 4796: 4724: 4509: 3673:(Dec., 1548) of the frequency of such mixed marriages and of the education of the offspring in their fathers' faiths. The 3400: 2732: 2412: 1950: 1935: 1898: 1860: 1832: 1822: 1817: 1802: 1797: 1777: 1762: 1747: 1722: 1688: 1659: 1559: 1544: 1468: 1458: 1376: 1346: 1271: 1257: 5271: 4754: 893: 6623: 6578: 6503: 6473: 6207: 5888: 5873: 4429:

By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the

3237:(1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the 3083: 2020: 1940: 1903: 1827: 1772: 1639: 1614: 1539: 1514: 1504: 1443: 1366: 1361: 1341: 1331: 1311: 1296: 1189: 657: 652: 5699: 4184:, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 4106:

shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors.

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Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of

2010: 2005: 1960: 1913: 1599: 1569: 1529: 1524: 1381: 687: 6711: 3844: 3737: 3590: 3481: 3330: 3137:

much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the

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expresses the hope that when Lithuania shall have become more enlightened, the people will speak one language only—

2898: 2841: 2828: 2775: 2646: 2484: 2329: 2037: 1431: 627: 617: 353: 6681: 5729: 3863: 3848: 3756: 3741: 3609: 3594: 3500: 3485: 3349: 3334: 3183: 3036: 974: 45: 5753: 4136: 3798: 2996: 2927: 2598: 2291: 2142: 2083: 6737: 6126: 6022: 6002: 5898: 5371: 4563: 4454: 4151: 4015: 3238: 3130: 3079: 2301: 2281: 1391: 871: 412: 147: 4514: 2959:. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population. Following the 6303: 6052: 6037: 5140: 5114: 4714: 2442: 2432: 2397: 2276: 2266: 2049: 1220: 1162: 996: 675: 632: 347: 92: 5005: 3936: 3261:. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas. 5644:"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics" 5639: 5547:

Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству

3654: 3005: 2561: 2296: 2210: 1276: 828: 447: 417: 5486: 2960: 823: 6106: 6091: 6032: 5903: 5691: 4975: 4862: 4576: 4568: 4407: 4368: 4362: 3912: 3805:(1669–1673), decreeing "that on account of the increasing number of Jews guilty of offenses against the 3549: 3396: 3298: 2722: 2684: 2452: 2447: 2392: 2180: 1095: 810: 705: 422: 5575:

National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно

4587: 5751:

Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus

5724: 5589:

National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск

4634: 4527: 4107: 3794: 3788: 3454: 3254: 3242: 2920: 2523: 2475: 2215: 2073: 886: 751: 740: 698: 5545: 5135: 4044:

and its philology. Jaffe, for instance, in a divorce case where the spelling of the woman's name as

3900: 3701:

The opposition to the Jews was finally crystallized and found definite expression in the repressive

4739: 4493: 4458: 3395:

The charter itself was modeled upon similar documents granted by Casimir the Great, and earlier by

3246: 2903: 2867: 2819: 2727: 2679: 2576: 949: 816: 719: 712: 642: 530: 405: 227: 6147: 5709: 3915:, rabbi of Ostrog and predecessor of Luria, died in 1559. Occasional references to the yeshiva of 6233: 4949: 4929: 4551: 4481: 4391: 4383: 3702: 3302: 2893: 2780: 2704: 2670: 2427: 2377: 2324: 2319: 2233: 2103: 1371: 1200: 959: 879: 733: 299: 6047: 5696:

Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry

5345: 5719: 5595:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5581:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5553:(in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–4. 4033: 3987: 6259: 4935: 4812: 4145: 3670: 3666: 3142: 2699: 2571: 2513: 2493: 2310: 1870: 1509: 969: 840: 770: 647: 560: 427: 5643: 4390:

Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called

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Israeli Ambassador: the closure of the embassy in Minsk was refused due to special relations

4658: 4638: 4581: 4501: 4041: 3983: 3946: 3533: 3151: 2872: 2689: 2541: 2422: 2382: 2346: 2044: 1594: 1105: 861: 765: 680: 570: 362: 215: 6238: 5773: 5757: 5404: 5299: 5071: 5040: 4961: 4779: 4749: 4729: 4497: 4395: 4082: 3416:, and other free citizens. The official representatives of the grand duke were the elder ( 3289: 3087: 2785: 2503: 2462: 2457: 2437: 2359: 2353: 2286: 2238: 2078: 2059: 1210: 939: 851: 834: 378: 279: 223: 211: 6182: 6177: 5558:

Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001).

4772: 5573: 4453:. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the 325: 6228: 6116: 6081: 5866: 5766: 5587: 5464: 5397: 5183: 5153: 4706: 4692: 4547: 4534: 4505: 4440: 4112: 4037: 3920: 3916: 3658: 3269: 3009: 2694: 2603: 2402: 2271: 2257: 2137: 2116: 2093: 2088: 2066: 2054: 1649: 1130: 1064: 1029: 1007: 944: 782: 760: 622: 601: 577: 343: 275: 259: 5572:

Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002).

5034: 6726: 6243: 6152: 6101: 4610: 4444: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4128: 4086: 4073: 3904: 3098: 2964: 2551: 2546: 1752: 1679: 1205: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1012: 964: 726: 565: 470: 432: 383: 263: 5586:

Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001).

5267: 4832: 6274: 6172: 5615: 5601: 5559: 5544:

Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002).

4642: 4489: 3953: 3106: 2581: 2407: 2248: 2243: 2201: 2154: 1248: 1115: 1100: 1059: 1024: 637: 479: 271: 267: 5704: 5629: 6316: 4870:

Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies

4743: 4539: 4173: 4169: 4122: 4022: 4006: 3992: 3833: 3726: 3579: 3470: 3319: 3172: 3138: 3078:

Throughout several centuries the lands of modern-day Belarus were a part of the

3025: 2858: 2713: 2654: 2566: 2508: 2173: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1039: 287: 283: 34: 5084: 3942: 17: 6212: 5949: 5600:

Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002).

5516: 4682: 3924: 3919:

are found in the writings of the contemporary rabbis Solomon Luria (d. 1585),

3650: 2800: 2770: 2224: 1238: 1167: 1125: 954: 934: 493: 400: 320: 5420:

Friedman, Alexander (2009). "Jews in Belarus." In: Mark Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.),

3956:, Solomon Luria was rabbi of Ostrog, and was regarded as one of the greatest 5861: 5782: 4928:

Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.).

4773:

Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus

4430: 4358: 3932: 3646: 3563: 3250: 3226: 3110: 3001: 2877: 2387: 2372: 1462: 1410: 1172: 1120: 1110: 791: 787: 777: 692: 452: 5819: 5631:

Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service

5121:. Ed. Isidor Singer. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 118-130; here: p. 119. 3545: 3008:, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of 1140: 3536:

and the adjacent territories were summarily ordered to leave the country.

5921: 4646: 3966: 3675: 3642: 3406: 3381: 3234: 3094: 2984: 2810: 2795: 2765: 2556: 2166: 2098: 929: 437: 388: 3911:

in the fourth decade of the 16th century. Another rabbinical authority,

3899:

century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshiva was

3641:

was fostered by the clergy, who were then engaged in a crusade against "

3445:, did not interfere with his administration during Vytautas's lifetime. 5926: 5623:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 5609:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–3. 5567:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. 1–2. 4592: 4485: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4181: 3895: 3442: 3433: 3197: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3114: 3050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2988: 2980: 2956: 2532: 2498: 2367: 2161: 1150: 1145: 1017: 908: 803: 799: 795: 544: 539: 516: 498: 373: 368: 358: 336: 311: 243: 239: 219: 178: 153: 5750: 3082:. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the 6162: 5971: 5878: 5679:Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі 4650: 4600: 4543: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4011: 3928: 3908: 3662: 3541: 3294: 3273: 3265: 3102: 2908: 2805: 2192: 2187: 2147: 2132: 1243: 1135: 555: 521: 507: 442: 196: 157: 5778: 5375: 5374:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 4675:

in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.

4591:

Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, "

4580:

Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers,

4624: 4586: 4575: 4449: 4377: 3962: 3812: 3694: 3553: 3428: 3412: 3281: 3277: 3156: 2992: 2976: 2972: 1155: 584: 488: 457: 4172:

show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the

3978:. They were always the champions of justice and morality. In the 3795:

1648–1657 Cossack rebellion in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5517:"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union" 4220: 4188:

the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.

3230: 3122: 3118: 2968: 2952: 307: 255: 6320: 5791: 5741:

Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches

5734: 5487:"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency" 201:

78,859 Belarusian immigrants to Israel (in the years 1989-2013)

3827: 3720: 3573: 3464: 3313: 3166: 3019: 28: 5740: 5614:

Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002).

5293:

YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I

3931:

scholarship. Mention is also made by Gans of the head of the

5424:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 946-953; here: p. 952. 4668:, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent. 4215: 3249:(Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of 5725:

A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959

5683:

Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus

5634:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. 4934:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 60–62. 4645:

comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of

4623:

50,000 in 2006. About half of the country's Jews live in

5435:"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews" 5396:

Census data cited in: Zeltser, Arkadi (July 15, 2010). "

3999:, § 138). Another instance, cited by Katz from the same 5714: 4457:

and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the

3903:

of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when

3163:

Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)

4657:

sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US,

4538:(task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local 2171: 2152: 575: 6672: 6634: 6354: 6298:

Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus

6252: 6221: 6196: 6136: 6125: 6065: 6011: 5995: 5984: 5942: 5914: 5850: 5839: 4899:"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org" 4720:

Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus

4572:

Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)

3437:were subject to the orders of the rabbi and elder. 3297:with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of 3086:and historically they could be seen as a subset of 249: 233: 205: 187: 169: 164: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3986:(known also as Abraham Schrenzel; d. 1650), Rabbi 3288:privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as 5561:National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno 5074:Alexey ALEXANDROV / 02/16/2017 / 16:24 / Politics 5302:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14. 4976:"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on" 3461:Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503 3384:. The preamble of the charter reads as follows: 5182:. Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. Archived from 4508:, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the 4469:Jewish political organizations, including the 4202:History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union 4040:show that the rabbis were acquainted with the 6332: 5803: 5603:Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews 4198:Jewish Polish history during the 19th century 4059: 4053: 2928: 2623: 8: 4931:Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus 4206: 136: 5710:Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe 5692:Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее 5461:"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus" 5409:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 5348:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 25 April 1991. 3862:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3755:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3717:Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Belarus 3608:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3499:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 867:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6339: 6325: 6317: 6133: 5992: 5847: 5810: 5796: 5788: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 4616:Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s 4205: 2955:lived in all parts of the lands of modern 2935: 2921: 2641: 2630: 2616: 2480: 2121: 1194: 1001: 606: 475: 294: 146: 135: 5737:- Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk. 5705:Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel 5156:. Yivoencyclopedia.org. 23 October 1943. 4606:Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s 3939:, of whom but little is known otherwise. 3882:Learn how and when to remove this message 3775:Learn how and when to remove this message 3628:Learn how and when to remove this message 3519:Learn how and when to remove this message 3368:Learn how and when to remove this message 3213:Learn how and when to remove this message 3066:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 5131: 5129: 5127: 4567: 4192:Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire 4180:Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from 4005: 3941: 4765: 4735:History of the Jews during World War II 4542:were encouraged to carry out their own 4207:Historical Belarusian Jewish population 2885: 2857: 2818: 2755: 2712: 2669: 2653: 2531: 2483: 2309: 2256: 2223: 2200: 2124: 1990: 1878: 1852: 1687: 1481: 1256: 1228: 1087: 921: 850: 750: 665: 609: 529: 506: 478: 306: 5826:History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus 5346:"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour" 5113:Quoted in: Rosenthal, Herman (1904). " 5095:from the original on 26 September 2023 4957: 4947: 4817:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4810: 4633:In October 2007, Belarusian president 4473:, participated in the creation of the 4361:(all per the 1959 Soviet census), and 5006:"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4982:. Associated Press. 21 October 2008. 3272:(July 1, 1388) and later to those of 7: 6275:Minsk Ghetto resistance organization 5352:from the original on 29 October 2005 5319:from the original on 16 January 2021 5274:from the original on 14 January 2016 5268:"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009" 5016:from the original on 28 January 2017 4666:Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021 4345:The Jewish population data includes 3860:adding citations to reliable sources 3753:adding citations to reliable sources 3606:adding citations to reliable sources 3497:adding citations to reliable sources 3346:adding citations to reliable sources 3195:adding citations to reliable sources 3048:adding citations to reliable sources 2963:(1919-1920), under the terms of the 2951:begins as early as the 8th century. 165:Regions with significant populations 57:adding citations to reliable sources 5746:Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus 5649:The Journal of Byelorussian Studies 2997:Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland 4909:from the original on 29 April 2016 3716: 25: 6222:Extermination sites and massacres 5497:from the original on 2 March 2022 5437:. 20 October 2007. Archived from 5212:from the original on 21 June 2012 4986:from the original on 3 April 2016 4879:from the original on 20 June 2016 4402:and included much of present-day 658:Historical population comparisons 5830: 5818: 5463:. 2 October 2018. Archived from 5160:from the original on 6 July 2010 4843:from the original on 6 July 2010 4699: 4685: 4558:Late 20th century to modern days 3832: 3789:Khmelnytsky Uprising § Jews 3725: 3578: 3469: 3420:), known as the "Jewish judge" ( 3318: 3171: 3024: 2848:Belarusian Greek Catholic Church 2661: 1302:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1216:Historical population by country 189: 171: 68:"History of the Jews in Belarus" 33: 5372:"The Jewish Community of Minsk" 4072:§ 1) explains that the name of 3548:, June 29, 1498). The expelled 3182:needs additional citations for 3035:needs additional citations for 44:needs additional citations for 6348:History of the Jews in Europe 5761:Lida Memorial Society Homepage 5521:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 4400:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3552:settled in the Polish town of 2949:history of the Jews in Belarus 1: 5720:Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry 5628:Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). 5180:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly" 4725:History of the Jews in Poland 4550:and the establishment of the 4510:Communist Party of Belorussia 4394:, a western border region of 3253:, or when being led into the 873:Christianity and Judaism 183:13,705 (2019) - 70,000 (2014) 6208:Davidovka concentration camp 5617:Grodno Oblast State Archives 5010:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4641:rule, was accused of making 4488:was an official language in 4475:Belarusian People's Republic 4465:After the October Revolution 4459:British Mandate of Palestine 3084:history of Jews in Lithuania 6270:Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt 4655:US House of Representatives 4010:Building of a synagogue in 3803:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki 3113:), and other cities on the 2172: 2153: 1880:Latin America and Caribbean 576: 6754: 6117:Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch 6028:Choral synagogue (Vitebsk) 5932:General Jewish Labour Bund 5051:Harshav, Benjamin (1999). 4561: 4525: 4480:During the first years of 4471:General Jewish Labour Bund 4195: 4066:Levush ha-Butz we-Argaman, 3786: 2842:Catholic Church in Belarus 2829:Belarusian Orthodox Church 2485:Jewish political movements 2182:Conversion to Judaism 6733:Jewish Belarusian history 6292: 5715:Belarusian Cemetery Index 4671:After Belarus joined the 4357:(or Central Asian Jews), 4325: 4233:— 4089:will be written "Brisk." 3824:Jewish culture in Belarus 888:Hinduism and Judaism 254: 238: 210: 145: 6023:Choral Synagogue (Brest) 6003:Great Synagogue (Grodno) 5206:"Powered by Google Docs" 5089:European Jewish Congress 4755:Belarus–Israel relations 4564:Belarus-Israel relations 4455:United States of America 4152:Hillel ben Naphtali Herz 3239:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3131:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3080:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 714:Temple in Jerusalem 407:Bar and bat mitzvah 6305:List of Belarusian Jews 6053:Zaniomanskaja Synagogue 6038:Cold Synagogue, Mogilev 5411:. Retrieved 2016-06-07. 5298:22 January 2021 at the 5270:. Pop-stat.mashke.org. 5141:The Jewish Encyclopedia 5119:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4715:List of Belarusian Jews 4482:Soviet power in Belarus 4422:, and parts of western 2757:Closely related peoples 676:Twelve Tribes of Israel 6397:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6265:Łachwa Ghetto uprising 5960:Jewish Communist Party 5241:. 2002. Archived from 5053:The Meaning of Yiddish 4782:By JTA | Sep. 13, 2014 4778:27 August 2015 at the 4596: 4584: 4573: 4387: 4060: 4054: 4018: 4016:Slonim Hasidic dynasty 3949: 3229:and his subjection of 3109:(Vineta or Wollin, in 3006:2019 Belarusian census 2859:Languages and dialects 6107:Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva 6033:Cold Synagogue, Minsk 5772:1 August 2017 at the 5756:26 April 2017 at the 5313:"2019 Belarus Census" 5154:"YIVO | Belarus" 5070:22 April 2018 at the 5039:July 6, 2011, at the 4609:), as well as to the 4590: 4579: 4571: 4515:Stalin's antisemitism 4433:due to conflicts and 4408:Republic of Lithuania 4381: 4330:Yivoencyclopedia.org 4058:= "to love," and not 4009: 3945: 3937:Isaac Cohen (d. 1573) 3820:were not successful. 3787:Further information: 3225:With the campaign of 3097:, Lithuania, and the 1422:São Tomé and Príncipe 1417:Republic of the Congo 811:Second Temple Judaism 682:Kingdom of Judah 653:Modern historiography 250:Related ethnic groups 5763:Stories and Pictures 5491:www.jewishagency.org 4837:yivoencyclopedia.org 4635:Alexander Lukashenko 4528:Holocaust in Belarus 4342:Pop-stat.mashke.org 4032:Decisions by Luria, 3894:The founding of the 3856:improve this section 3749:improve this section 3602:improve this section 3493:improve this section 3455:Chmielnicki Uprising 3342:improve this section 3255:Babylonian captivity 3243:Vladimir Vasilkovich 3191:improve this article 3044:improve this article 3004:. According to the 2524:World Agudath Israel 1665:United Arab Emirates 752:Second Temple period 742:Babylonian captivity 53:improve this article 6635:States with limited 6199:Concentration camps 5700:English Translation 5403:6 July 2010 at the 5239:www.ajcarchives.org 4799:on 19 December 2013 4746:in Belarusian lands 4740:Gavriil of Belostok 4673:Russo-Ukrainian war 4369:2019 Belarus Census 4336:Jewishdatabank.org 4208: 4068:§ 129). Meïr Katz ( 3952:At the time of the 3310:The Charter of 1388 2899:People from Belarus 817:Hellenistic Judaism 395:Land of Israel 354:Principles of faith 142: 6234:Dzyatlava massacre 6077:Baranovich Yeshiva 5681:(Andrew Schumann. 5441:on 20 October 2007 5186:on 12 October 2013 4597: 4585: 4574: 4552:Operation Reinhard 4392:Pale of Settlement 4388: 4384:Pale of Settlement 4131:gives an account ( 4019: 3982:(Ostrog, 1796) of 3950: 3913:Kalman Haberkaster 3703:Lithuanian statute 3397:Boleslaw of Kalisz 3101:, especially with 2378:Jewish Koine Greek 1920:Dominican Republic 1201:Judaism by country 880:Jews and Christmas 735:Assyrian captivity 6720: 6719: 6314: 6313: 6288: 6287: 6280:Zhetler Battalion 6260:Bielski partisans 6061: 6060: 5980: 5979: 5467:on 2 October 2018 4903:www.jewishgen.org 4376: 4375: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3667:Bishop of Vilnius 3638: 3637: 3630: 3529: 3528: 3521: 3378: 3377: 3370: 3223: 3222: 3215: 3076: 3075: 3068: 2961:Polish-Soviet War 2945: 2944: 2640: 2639: 2589: 2588: 2337: 2336: 2084:Reconstructionist 2028: 2027: 1180: 1179: 987: 986: 824:Jewish–Roman wars 772:Hasmonean dynasty 688:Kingdom of Israel 592: 591: 293: 292: 141:Беларускія габрэі 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 6745: 6673:Dependencies and 6614:Northern Ireland 6355:Sovereign states 6341: 6334: 6327: 6318: 6306: 6299: 6200: 6140: 6134: 6129: 6112:Volozhin Yeshiva 6097:Novardok Yeshiva 6087:Kaminetz Yeshiva 6069: 6043:Slonim Synagogue 6015: 5993: 5988: 5967:Hashomer Hatzair 5879:Chabad-Lubavitch 5854: 5848: 5843: 5834: 5827: 5822: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5690: 5677: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5635: 5624: 5622: 5610: 5608: 5596: 5594: 5582: 5580: 5568: 5566: 5554: 5552: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5378:on 26 March 2017 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5309: 5303: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5247: 5236: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5202: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5150: 5144: 5133: 5122: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5081: 5075: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4945: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4833:"YIVO | Belarus" 4829: 4823: 4822: 4816: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4795:. Archived from 4789: 4783: 4770: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4659:Mikhail Khvostov 4637:, known for his 4582:Volozhin yeshiva 4484:, in the 1920s, 4339:AJCarchives.org 4222: 4217: 4209: 4116: 4070:Geburat Anashim, 4063: 4057: 4042:Russian language 4014:, origin of the 3984:Abraham Rapoport 3980:Eitan ha-Ezrachi 3947:Volozhin yeshiva 3887: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3836: 3828: 3793:The fury of the 3780: 3773: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3729: 3721: 3671:Sigismund August 3653:, and Jews. The 3633: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3582: 3574: 3534:Lithuania proper 3524: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3473: 3465: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3322: 3314: 3218: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3175: 3167: 3152:Magdeburg Rights 3071: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3028: 3020: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2781:Lithuanian Poles 2776:Belarusian Poles 2665: 2642: 2632: 2625: 2618: 2481: 2362: 2183: 2177: 2158: 2122: 2069: 2016:New Zealand 1968: 1931:El Salvador 1921: 1853:Northern America 1845: 1439: 1195: 1106:Crimean Karaites 1002: 980: 978: 899: 897: 889: 883: 874: 862:Rabbinic Judaism 843: 837: 831: 819: 807: 773: 766:Maccabean Revolt 743: 736: 730: 722: 715: 709: 701: 683: 607: 581: 476: 408: 396: 295: 195: 193: 192: 177: 175: 174: 152:The location of 150: 143: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6738:Belarusian Jews 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6674: 6668: 6654:Northern Cyprus 6636: 6630: 6529:North Macedonia 6350: 6345: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6297: 6284: 6248: 6239:Maly Trostenets 6217: 6198: 6192: 6138: 6127: 6121: 6067: 6057: 6048:Wołpa Synagogue 6013: 6007: 5986: 5976: 5938: 5910: 5852: 5841: 5835: 5825: 5816: 5774:Wayback Machine 5758:Wayback Machine 5688: 5676:(in Belarusian) 5675: 5672: 5659: 5657: 5638: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5540: 5538:Further reading 5535: 5525: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5415: 5405:Wayback Machine 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5300:Wayback Machine 5291: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5248:on 13 June 2010 5245: 5234: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5134: 5125: 5112: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5072:Wayback Machine 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5041:Wayback Machine 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4989: 4987: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4946: 4942: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4865: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4793:"Archived copy" 4791: 4790: 4786: 4780:Wayback Machine 4771: 4767: 4763: 4750:Hasidic Judaism 4730:Lithuanian Jews 4705: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4566: 4560: 4530: 4524: 4467: 4447:of the Russian 4396:Imperial Russia 4327: 4204: 4194: 4141:She'erit Yosef, 4119:Mas'at Binyamin 4110: 4108:Benjamin Slonik 4098: 4093:Items from the 4085:—and that also 3923:(d. 1572), and 3888: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3853: 3837: 3826: 3791: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3746: 3730: 3719: 3645:," notably the 3634: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3599: 3583: 3572: 3570:The Act of 1566 3525: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3490: 3474: 3463: 3451: 3374: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3339: 3323: 3312: 3290:Abraham Harkavy 3245:in the city of 3219: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3188: 3176: 3165: 3159:at that time. 3088:Lithuanian Jews 3072: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3041: 3029: 3018: 2941: 2791:Belarusian Jews 2636: 2591: 2590: 2478: 2468: 2467: 2458:Judeo-Malayalam 2438:Judaeo-Georgian 2358: 2349: 2339: 2338: 2239:Yiddish theatre 2181: 2119: 2109: 2108: 2067: 2040: 2030: 2029: 1966: 1919: 1843: 1437: 1221:Genetic studies 1192: 1182: 1181: 999: 989: 988: 976: 975: 895: 894: 887: 877: 872: 854:and Middle Ages 852:Rabbinic period 839: 833: 826: 814: 785: 771: 741: 734: 725: 717: 713: 704: 699:in Judaism 696: 681: 604: 594: 593: 473: 463: 462: 406: 394: 339: 280:Lithuanian Jews 190: 188: 172: 170: 160: 140: 138: 137:Belarusian Jews 134: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 18:Belarusian Jews 15: 12: 11: 5: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6725: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6675:other entities 6670: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6640: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6604:United Kingdom 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417:Czech Republic 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6321: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6131: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Grodno Yeshiva 6079: 6073: 6071: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5867:Musar Movement 5858: 5856: 5845: 5837: 5836: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5776: 5767:Jewish Belarus 5764: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5686: 5671: 5670:External links 5668: 5667: 5666: 5636: 5625: 5611: 5597: 5583: 5569: 5555: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5508: 5478: 5452: 5426: 5413: 5389: 5363: 5330: 5304: 5285: 5259: 5223: 5197: 5171: 5145: 5123: 5106: 5091:. 3 May 2021. 5076: 5057: 5044: 5027: 4997: 4967: 4941:978-0803246478 4940: 4920: 4890: 4854: 4824: 4784: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4707:Belarus portal 4696: 4693:Judaism portal 4680: 4677: 4664:Following the 4559: 4556: 4548:Final Solution 4535:Einsatzgruppen 4526:Main article: 4523: 4520: 4506:Yakov Gamarnik 4466: 4463: 4441:Russian Empire 4439:engulfing the 4374: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4193: 4190: 4117:states in his 4097: 4091: 4038:Mordecai Jaffe 3993:Maharam Lublin 3921:Moses Isserles 3901:Isaac Bezaleel 3890: 3889: 3840: 3838: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3783: 3782: 3765:September 2022 3733: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3669:complained to 3636: 3635: 3586: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3527: 3526: 3477: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3450: 3449:Jagiellon rule 3447: 3422:judex Judæorum 3401:Jews in Poland 3393: 3392: 3376: 3375: 3326: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3303:Louis of Anjou 3221: 3220: 3179: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3074: 3073: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3014: 2965:Treaty of Riga 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2862: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2823: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2760: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2743:United Kingdom 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2620: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2519:Territorialism 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2403:Judaeo-Spanish 2400: 2398:Judaeo-Iranian 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2041: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844:United Kingdom 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1277:Bilad-el-Sudan 1274: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1230:Land of Israel 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1088:Related groups 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1000: 995: 994: 991: 990: 985: 984: 983: 982: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 945:Jewish atheism 942: 937: 932: 924: 923: 919: 918: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896:Islamic–Jewish 891: 884: 869: 864: 856: 855: 848: 847: 846: 845: 821: 808: 780: 775: 768: 763: 761:Yehud Medinata 755: 754: 748: 747: 746: 745: 738: 731: 723: 710: 702: 690: 685: 678: 670: 669: 667:Ancient Israel 663: 662: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 623:Land of Israel 620: 612: 611: 605: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 589: 588: 587: 582: 578:Shulchan Aruch 573: 568: 563: 558: 550: 549: 548: 547: 542: 534: 533: 527: 526: 525: 524: 519: 511: 510: 504: 503: 502: 501: 496: 491: 483: 482: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 403: 398: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 356: 351: 344:God in Judaism 340: 335: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 315: 314: 304: 303: 291: 290: 276:Ukrainian Jews 260:Ashkenazi Jews 252: 251: 247: 246: 236: 235: 231: 230: 208: 207: 203: 202: 199: 185: 184: 181: 167: 166: 162: 161: 151: 132: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6750: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6687:Faroe Islands 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6659:South Ossetia 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6633: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6489:Liechtenstein 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6337: 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6319: 6307: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6291: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6244:Slutsk affair 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6128:The Holocaust 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102:Radin Yeshiva 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6010: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5598: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4951: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4924: 4921: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4774: 4769: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4708: 4697: 4694: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4639:authoritarian 4636: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4611:United States 4608: 4607: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4578: 4570: 4565: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4445:anti-Semitism 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4380: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4355:Bukharan Jews 4352: 4351:Georgian Jews 4348: 4347:Mountain Jews 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4333:Demoscope.ru 4332: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129:Solomon Luria 4126: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4087:Brest-Litovsk 4084: 4080: 4075: 4074:Brest-Litovsk 4071: 4067: 4064:= "to beat" ( 4062: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4027:Bayis Hadash, 4024: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905:Solomon Luria 3902: 3897: 3886: 3883: 3875: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3841:This section 3839: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3779: 3776: 3768: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3734:This section 3732: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3632: 3629: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3587:This section 3585: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3523: 3520: 3512: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3478:This section 3476: 3472: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3372: 3369: 3361: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3327:This section 3325: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3217: 3214: 3206: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3180:This section 3178: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3070: 3067: 3059: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3033:This section 3031: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3016:Early history 3015: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835:Autocephalous 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2786:Latvian Poles 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2633: 2628: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2443:Judeo-Aramaic 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2433:Judeo-Italian 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2413:Ghardaïa Sign 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038:Denominations 2034: 2033: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1866:United States 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1352:Guinea-Bissau 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1206:Lists of Jews 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 998: 993: 992: 981: 973: 971: 968: 966: 965:The Holocaust 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 927: 926: 925: 920: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 892: 890: 885: 881: 875: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 853: 849: 842: 836: 830: 825: 822: 818: 812: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 757: 756: 753: 749: 744: 739: 737: 732: 728: 724: 721: 716: 711: 707: 703: 700: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 679: 677: 674: 673: 672: 671: 668: 664: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 614: 613: 608: 603: 598: 597: 586: 583: 580: 579: 574: 572: 569: 567: 566:Mishneh Torah 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 552: 551: 546: 543: 541: 538: 537: 536: 535: 532: 528: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 505: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 484: 481: 477: 472: 467: 466: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 404: 402: 399: 397: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 364: 360: 357: 355: 352: 349: 345: 342: 341: 338: 333: 332: 327: 326:Who is a Jew? 324: 322: 319: 318: 317: 316: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 264:Sephardi Jews 261: 257: 253: 248: 245: 241: 237: 232: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 204: 200: 198: 186: 182: 180: 168: 163: 159: 155: 149: 144: 131: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 19: 6664:Transnistria 6386: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5735:Brit Hadasha 5695: 5689:(in Russian) 5682: 5658:. Retrieved 5653: 5647: 5640:Wexler, Paul 5630: 5616: 5602: 5588: 5574: 5560: 5546: 5524:. Retrieved 5520: 5511: 5499:. Retrieved 5490: 5481: 5469:. Retrieved 5465:the original 5455: 5443:. Retrieved 5439:the original 5429: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5392: 5380:. Retrieved 5376:the original 5366: 5354:. Retrieved 5321:. Retrieved 5307: 5288: 5276:. Retrieved 5262: 5250:. Retrieved 5243:the original 5238: 5226: 5214:. Retrieved 5200: 5188:. Retrieved 5184:the original 5174: 5162:. Retrieved 5148: 5139: 5118: 5109: 5097:. Retrieved 5088: 5079: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5009: 5000: 4988:. Retrieved 4979: 4970: 4930: 4923: 4911:. Retrieved 4902: 4893: 4881:. Retrieved 4869: 4857: 4845:. Retrieved 4836: 4827: 4803:13 September 4801:. Retrieved 4797:the original 4787: 4768: 4670: 4663: 4632: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4604: 4598: 4540:anti-semites 4533: 4531: 4522:World War II 4513: 4490:East Belarus 4479: 4468: 4448: 4434: 4428: 4389: 4185: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4155: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4118: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4000: 3996: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3957: 3954:Lublin Union 3951: 3893: 3878: 3869: 3854:Please help 3842: 3817: 3811: 3806: 3799:John Casimir 3792: 3771: 3762: 3747:Please help 3735: 3712: 3700: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3639: 3624: 3615: 3600:Please help 3588: 3561: 3558: 3538: 3530: 3515: 3506: 3491:Please help 3479: 3452: 3439: 3432: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3379: 3364: 3355: 3340:Please help 3328: 3286: 3263: 3258: 3224: 3209: 3200: 3189:Please help 3184:verification 3181: 3150: 3147: 3135: 3127: 3092: 3077: 3062: 3053: 3042:Please help 3037:verification 3034: 2948: 2946: 2790: 2582:Post-Zionism 2453:Judeo-Berber 2448:Judeo-Arabic 2408:Judeo-Gascon 2155:Pidyon haben 2074:Conservative 1712: 1620:Saudi Arabia 1438:South Africa 1427:Sierra Leone 1249:Israeli Jews 1163:Mosaic Arabs 1116:Kaifeng Jews 977:Arab–Israeli 950:Emancipation 829:Great Revolt 638:Anti-Judaism 633:Antisemitism 628:Name "Judea" 423:Baal teshuva 272:Russian Jews 268:Mizrahi Jews 139:יהודי בלארוס 133:Ethnic group 130: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 6702:Isle of Man 6637:recognition 6589:Switzerland 6524:Netherlands 6229:Bronna Góra 6092:Mir Yeshiva 5779:Belarus SIG 5278:22 December 5232:"Year book" 5136:"Lithuania" 4958:|work= 4744:blood libel 4643:antisemitic 4492:along with 4170:Meir Lublin 4159:Yoreh De'ah 4156:Bet Hillel, 4137:Joseph Katz 4123:Joel Sirkis 4111: [ 4023:Joel Sirkes 3872:August 2023 3655:Reformation 3618:August 2023 3509:August 2023 3358:August 2023 3299:Casimir III 3203:August 2023 3139:German Jews 3056:August 2023 2904:Belarusians 2655:Belarusians 2577:Revisionist 2567:Neo-Zionism 2174:Zeved habat 1967:Puerto Rico 1793:Netherlands 1625:South Korea 1610:Philippines 1490:Afghanistan 1357:Ivory Coast 1131:Crypto-Jews 1096:Bnei Anusim 1075:Bene Israel 1040:Beta Israel 997:Communities 904:Middle Ages 643:Persecution 418:Bereavement 288:Belarusians 284:Polish Jews 156:(green) in 109:August 2023 6727:Categories 6559:San Marino 6519:Montenegro 6499:Luxembourg 6479:Kazakhstan 6382:Azerbaijan 6253:Resistance 6213:Koldichevo 5987:Synagogues 5955:Komverband 5950:Poale Zion 5889:Lechovitch 5730:Shtetlinks 5656:(1): 41–54 4761:References 4742:, case of 4562:See also: 4494:Belarusian 4386:, c. 1905. 4196:See also: 4139:mentions ( 3925:David Gans 3651:Calvinists 3564:synagogues 2868:Belarusian 2801:Ukrainians 2714:By regions 2685:Literature 2562:Maximalism 2514:Secularism 2494:Autonomism 2311:Literature 2104:Humanistic 1708:Azerbaijan 1670:Uzbekistan 1645:Tajikistan 1565:Kyrgyzstan 1550:Kazakhstan 1397:Mozambique 1372:Madagascar 1292:Cape Verde 1244:New Yishuv 1239:Old Yishuv 1190:Population 1168:Subbotniks 1126:Samaritans 1065:Romanyotim 1008:Ashkenazim 955:Old Yishuv 935:Sabbateans 922:Modern era 914:Golden Age 841:Bar Kokhba 561:Beit Yosef 428:Philosophy 228:Belarusian 79:newspapers 6692:Gibraltar 6494:Lithuania 6158:Dzyatlava 5862:Misnagdim 5783:JewishGen 5115:Lithuania 5085:"Belarus" 5020:17 August 4980:USA Today 4960:ignored ( 4950:cite book 4913:17 August 4883:17 August 4863:"Belarus" 4847:17 August 4477:in 1918. 4431:New World 4359:Krymchaks 4133:Responsa, 4079:responsum 4034:Meïr Katz 3988:Meïr Sack 3935:yeshiva, 3933:Kremenetz 3843:does not 3736:does not 3647:Lutherans 3589:does not 3480:does not 3399:, to the 3329:does not 3251:Jerusalem 3227:Gediminas 3155:or close 3143:Crusaders 3111:Pomerania 3010:Ashkenazi 3002:Holocaust 2878:Trasianka 2771:Padlašuki 2766:Paleszuki 2738:Australia 2572:Religious 2428:Zarphatic 2418:Bukharian 2388:Judeo-Tat 2373:Yeshivish 2347:Languages 2302:Sephardic 2292:Israelite 2282:Ethiopian 2272:Ashkenazi 2211:Religious 2001:Australia 1983:Venezuela 1889:Argentina 1871:Greenland 1783:Lithuania 1635:Sri Lanka 1630:Singapore 1555:Kurdistan 1520:Indonesia 1510:Hong Kong 1463:Abayudaya 1387:Mauritius 1121:Igbo Jews 1111:Krymchaks 1030:Sephardim 898:relations 792:Sadducees 788:Pharisees 778:Sanhedrin 693:Jerusalem 453:Synagogue 321:Etymology 206:Languages 6712:Svalbard 6697:Guernsey 6644:Abkhazia 6619:Scotland 6574:Slovenia 6569:Slovakia 6544:Portugal 6402:Bulgaria 6068:Yeshivas 5922:Haskalah 5894:Koidanov 5853:Orthodox 5770:Archived 5754:Archived 5642:(1973). 5526:2 August 5501:2 August 5495:Archived 5471:2 August 5445:2 August 5401:Archived 5356:16 April 5350:Archived 5323:23 April 5317:Archived 5296:Archived 5272:Archived 5216:14 April 5210:Archived 5190:14 April 5164:16 April 5158:Archived 5099:2 August 5093:Archived 5068:Archived 5037:Archived 5014:Archived 4990:21 March 4984:Archived 4907:Archived 4874:Archived 4841:Archived 4813:cite web 4776:Archived 4679:See also 4647:Babruysk 4443:and the 4326:Source: 4178:Austrian 4176:and the 4166:responsa 4103:responsa 4095:Responsa 4001:responsa 3997:Responsa 3975:responsa 3958:Talmudic 3929:Talmudic 3907:went to 3896:yeshivas 3807:Szlachta 3686:szlachta 3682:szlachta 3676:szlachta 3643:heretics 3550:Karaites 3418:starosta 3407:szlachta 3404:nobles ( 3382:Vytautas 3280:(1389), 3247:Vladimir 3235:Volhynia 3095:Ruthenia 2985:Babruysk 2820:Religion 2811:Cossacks 2796:Russians 2680:Language 2647:a series 2645:Part of 2599:Category 2557:Kahanism 2504:Feminism 2476:Politics 2360:Biblical 2330:American 2277:Bukharan 2267:American 2167:Shidduch 2143:Clothing 2099:Haymanot 2045:Orthodox 1973:Suriname 1956:Paraguay 1909:Colombia 1808:Portugal 1718:Bulgaria 1655:Thailand 1605:Pakistan 1585:Mongolia 1580:Malaysia 1500:Cambodia 1474:Zimbabwe 1449:Tanzania 1327:Eswatini 1317:Ethiopia 1307:Djibouti 1287:Cameroon 1282:Botswana 1211:Diaspora 1173:Noahides 1146:Marranos 1070:Cochinim 1055:Bukharim 1045:Gruzinim 1035:Teimanim 1025:Mizrahim 1013:Galician 979:conflict 940:Hasidism 930:Haskalah 835:Diaspora 706:timeline 618:Timeline 531:Rabbinic 438:Kabbalah 413:Marriage 389:Tzedakah 379:Holidays 337:Religion 300:a series 298:Part of 234:Religion 6609:England 6599:Ukraine 6549:Romania 6509:Moldova 6467:Ireland 6462:Iceland 6457:Hungary 6447:Germany 6442:Georgia 6432:Finland 6427:Estonia 6422:Denmark 6407:Croatia 6392:Belgium 6387:Belarus 6377:Austria 6372:Armenia 6367:Andorra 6362:Albania 6139:Ghettos 5996:Current 5943:Zionist 5927:Bundism 5915:Secular 5874:Hasidim 5398:Belarus 5252:29 July 4593:Judaism 4544:pogroms 4502:Russian 4486:Yiddish 4436:pogroms 4420:Ukraine 4416:Moldova 4404:Belarus 4285:112,031 4274:135,539 4263:148,027 4252:150,090 4241:375,092 4230:407,069 4186:gulden, 4182:Silesia 3864:removed 3849:sources 3757:removed 3742:sources 3610:removed 3595:sources 3501:removed 3486:sources 3443:Jogaila 3434:shochet 3350:removed 3335:sources 3141:by the 3115:Vistula 2989:Vitebsk 2981:Mogilev 2957:Belarus 2909:Litvins 2894:History 2873:Russian 2705:Cuisine 2671:Culture 2542:General 2533:Zionism 2509:Leftism 2499:Bundism 2423:Knaanic 2383:Yevanic 2368:Yiddish 2325:Yiddish 2320:Israeli 2297:Mizrahi 2287:Israeli 2258:Cuisine 2234:Ancient 2216:Secular 2162:Kashrut 2138:Wedding 2125:Customs 2117:Culture 2094:Science 2089:Renewal 2079:Karaite 2060:Hasidic 1992:Oceania 1978:Uruguay 1946:Jamaica 1926:Ecuador 1894:Bolivia 1838:Ukraine 1813:Romania 1788:Moldova 1768:Hungary 1758:Germany 1753:Georgia 1743:Finland 1738:Estonia 1733:Denmark 1728:Czechia 1713:Belarus 1703:Austria 1698:Armenia 1675:Vietnam 1590:Myanmar 1575:Lebanon 1495:Bahrain 1454:Tunisia 1432:Somalia 1407:Nigeria 1402:Namibia 1392:Morocco 1322:Eritrea 1267:Algeria 1151:Neofiti 1060:Italkim 1050:Juhurim 960:Zionism 909:Khazars 804:Sicarii 800:Zealots 796:Essenes 783:Schisms 648:Leaders 610:General 602:History 545:Tosefta 540:Midrash 517:Mishnah 499:Ketuvim 494:Nevi'im 443:Customs 374:Shabbat 369:Halakha 361: ( 359:Mitzvot 346: ( 312:Judaism 244:Atheism 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