36:
277:
299:, though he thinks Nawar, the place name from which the latter name was derived, had to be a different place from Nagar. Piotr Taracha assumes that these two goddesses were one and the same, and as a result counts her among deities who were received by Hurrians from preexisting Syrian pantheons, unlike other researchers, who ascribe
112:, the name of the deity was the same as that of the corresponding city. Despite her status as one of the head deities of ancient Syria, much about her character and functions remains uncertain. It is assumed that she owed her position in the pantheon to the political importance of her cult center. While in the
255:
travels of the statue of Belet Nagar. A letter to king Till-Abnu alludes to a festival during which the goddess was believed to leave her main temple to visit a nearby town, seemingly so that new boundary markers could be set up. A letter from Mari refers to this celebration too, identifying the
337:
Piotr
Steinkeller assumes that Belet Nagar was identical with Ninhursag, and assumes she was merely a name used to refer to the latter in Mari. However, Old Babylonian evidence from this city indicates that the logographic writing NIN.HUR.SAG.GA was used to refer to
127:. Another function fulfilled by Belet Nagar in Shekhna was that of a divine witness of commercial treaties. Beate Pongratz-Leisten proposes that her introduction in the areas under control of
123:
Triangle centered around
Shekhna, the former refers to Belet Nagar as the goddess to whose favor the latter owes his position as a king. Her role as a protector of kingship is also known from
119:
In the second millennium BCE in
Shekhna she was the tutelary goddess of the local dynasty. For example, in a letter from a certain Ea-Malik to Till-Abnu, ruler of a small kingdom in the
209:
In
Mesopotamia she appears for the first time in documents from the Ur III period, though it is unclear how large her role in Mesopotamian religion was. During the reign of
319:
assumed that Ḫabūrītum and Išḫara were one and the same and should be understood as the spouse of Dagan, but this theory finds no support in more recent scholarship.
353:
It has also been proposed that the deity worshiped in the so-called "eye temple," associated with figures known as "eye idols," which existed in Tell Brak in the
135:
state itself, and it is therefore impossible to connect the introduction of its goddess to the pantheon of the southern cities to military conquests.
1095:
Die
Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen
238:
1165:
1103:
1074:
1010:
854:
819:
1226:
999:"Comments on the Translatability of Divinity: Cultic and Theological Responses to the Presence of the Other in the Ancient near East"
1134:
921:
1246:
40:
A so-called "eye idol" from Tell Brak (ancient Nagar), possibly connected to a deity who was the forerunner of Belet Nagar.
244:
Many second millennium BCE texts from Mari and
Shekhna (later Shubat Enlil, modern Tell Leilan) refer to Belet Nagar. King
225:, one of Shulgi's wives, seemed to be a devotee of a number of foreign or minor deities, including Belet Nagar, Išḫara,
866:"Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources"
1256:
252:
198:, whose name might have served as a logographic representation of that belonging to a Hurrian deity, for example
1251:
334:, who remarks that with the exception of their gender these deities do not appear to be similar to each other.
331:
1029:
292:, a theophoric element known from personal names, should be understood as an alternate name of Belet Nagar.
311:
known from
Mesopotamian sources from the Ur III period. One document directly refers to this goddess as "
113:
1067:
Crossing boundaries and linking horizons: studies in honor of
Michael C. Astour on his 80th birthday
304:
322:
Daniel
Schwemer argues that Belet Nagar (and other goddesses whose name was formed out of the word
128:
35:
1206:"Texts, art and archeology: An archaic plaque from Mari and the Sumerian birth-goddess Ninhursag"
979:
316:
308:
120:
142:, though the sole piece of evidence for this theory is the fact that an Ur III period priest of
166:
administration, the oldest currently known attestation of Belet Nagar is an inscription of the
1222:
1171:
1161:
1140:
1130:
1109:
1099:
1080:
1070:
1049:
1016:
1006:
971:
927:
917:
850:
825:
815:
93:
303:
origin to her. It has also been proposed that
Nabarbi and Belet Nagar were both analogous to
1192:
1041:
842:
300:
163:
281:
179:
147:
131:
was tied to these two roles. She points out that Nagar was not under the control of the
256:
destination as Shehkhna/Shubat Enlil. Similar celebrations centered on deities such as
139:
326:
and a place name) was an Ishtar-like figure ("Ishtar-gestalt"), possibly analogous to
214:
116:
the political importance of Nagar declined, she remained a commonly worshiped deity.
1240:
1210:
De l’argile au numérique. Mélanges assyriologiques en l’honneur de Dominique Charpin
222:
92:. She was connected with kingship, but much about her role in the religions of the
940:
911:
893:
874:
354:
257:
248:
of Mari underwent a pilgrimage to her main sanctuary at one point in his reign.
124:
109:
89:
53:
1196:
276:
1175:
1062:
1053:
1030:"Assyrian royal discourse between local and imperial traditions at the Hābūr"
1020:
975:
829:
80:("Lady of Nagar") was the tutelary goddess of the ancient Syrian city Nagar (
1144:
1113:
1084:
931:
865:
245:
230:
171:
143:
81:
49:
203:
187:
1045:
846:
327:
265:
167:
158:
While the city of Nagar is already attested in pre-Sargonic sources from
85:
1158:
Ancient Near Eastern art in context: studies in honor of Irene J. Winter
983:
347:
339:
296:
295:
Alfonso Archi assumes that Belet Nagar was identified with the Hurrian
261:
226:
199:
183:
69:
959:
343:
312:
234:
210:
195:
191:
175:
1205:
1184:
1154:"Shulgi-simti and the Representation of Women in Historical Sources"
1153:
1122:
1093:
393:
391:
389:
387:
998:
807:
275:
105:
280:
Nabarbi (first from the right) next to Išḫara and Allani on the
218:
159:
104:
Belet Nagar means "Lady of Nagar," and much like in the case of
1185:"Local and Imported Religion at Ur Late in the Reign of Shulgi"
374:
372:
370:
150:
Nawar-šen, Nawar possibly being a variant spelling of Nagar.
408:
406:
315:Ḫabūrītum," though this might be an instance of syncretism.
132:
178:. In a curse formula of this ruler, she appears alongside
478:
476:
474:
1123:"Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court"
589:
587:
752:
640:
638:
449:
447:
445:
970:. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 201–207.
397:
342:, the wife of Dagan, associated with the cities of
64:
59:
45:
21:
213:, Belet Nagar received offerings in Ur alongside
873:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
554:
518:
506:
494:
424:
1034:Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
162:and Mari, and in administrative tablets of the
808:"The West Hurrian Pantheon and Its Background"
810:. In Collins, B. J.; Michalowski, P. (eds.).
617:
542:
330:. This view has been evaluated critically by
8:
1127:General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3
357:could be a forerunner of later Belet Nagar.
412:
378:
864:Asher-Greve, J M; Westenholz, J G (2013).
34:
1003:Les représentations des dieux des autres
958:Matthews, Donald; Eidem, Jesper (1993).
764:
740:
728:
704:
692:
578:
482:
251:There is a well documented tradition of
1219:Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia
812:Beyond Hatti: a tribute to Gary Beckman
668:
656:
629:
366:
206:, though this possibility is disputed.
1098:(in German). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
605:
465:
436:
18:
788:
776:
716:
644:
593:
566:
530:
453:
7:
1063:"The Vow of Mutiya, King of Shekhna"
680:
217:. They also had a joint temple in
14:
1189:Ur in the Twenty-First Century CE
913:The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria
753:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
272:Identification with other deities
268:are attested in the same region.
84:). She was also worshiped by the
1028:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2013).
997:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2012).
1191:. Penn State University Press.
398:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
239:Belet-Šuḫnir and Belet-Terraban
138:It has been proposed she was a
194:, as well as the Mesopotamian
1:
1001:. In Bonnet, Corinne (ed.).
945:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
916:. Leiden Boston, MA: Brill.
898:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
879:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1204:Steinkeller, Piotr (2019).
1183:Sharlach, Tonia M. (2021).
1129:. Bethesda, Md: CDL Press.
1005:. Caltanissetta: Sciascia.
814:. Atlanta: Lockwood Press.
1273:
288:It has been proposed that
1197:10.1515/9781646021512-031
1160:. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
1092:Schwemer, Daniel (2001).
618:Matthews & Eidem 1993
543:Matthews & Eidem 1993
33:
28:Tutelary goddess of Nagar
26:
16:Tutelary goddess of Nagar
1152:Sharlach, Tonia (2007).
1121:Sharlach, Tonia (2002).
1061:Sasson, Jack M. (1997).
346:and Bitin (located near
332:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
1217:Taracha, Piotr (2009).
1069:. Bethesda: CDL Press.
837:Archi, Alfonso (2015).
806:Archi, Alfonso (2013).
307:, goddess of the river
1247:Mesopotamian goddesses
939:Haas, Volkert (1998),
892:Eidem, Jesper (1998),
285:
1046:10.3917/assy.105.0109
1040:(1). CAIRN: 109–128.
960:"Tell Brak and Nagar"
910:Feliu, Lluís (2003).
847:10.1515/9781614517887
839:Ebla and Its Archives
555:Pongratz-Leisten 2013
519:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
507:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
495:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
425:Pongratz-Leisten 2012
279:
114:Old Babylonian period
767:, pp. 404–405.
731:, pp. 273–274.
707:, pp. 104–105.
468:, pp. 475–476.
129:Third Dynasty of Ur
96:remains uncertain.
317:Wilfred G. Lambert
286:
65:Hurrian equivalent
1167:978-90-474-2085-9
1105:978-3-447-04456-1
1076:978-1-883053-32-1
1012:978-88-8241-388-0
856:978-1-61451-716-0
821:978-1-937040-11-6
719:, pp. 54–55.
521:, pp. 86–87.
94:ancient Near East
75:
74:
46:Major cult center
1264:
1257:Tutelary deities
1232:
1221:. Harrassowitz.
1213:
1200:
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413:Steinkeller 2019
410:
401:
395:
382:
379:Steinkeller 2019
376:
38:
19:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
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1252:Hurrian deities
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1137:
1120:
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431:
423:
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411:
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396:
385:
381:, p. 1004.
377:
368:
363:
274:
180:Hurrian deities
156:
148:theophoric name
102:
41:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:978-3447058858
1227:
1214:
1201:
1180:
1166:
1149:
1135:
1118:
1104:
1089:
1075:
1058:
1025:
1011:
994:
955:
936:
922:
907:
889:
870:
861:
855:
841:. De Gruyter.
834:
820:
802:
800:
797:
794:
793:
791:, p. 636.
781:
779:, p. 634.
769:
757:
745:
743:, p. 445.
733:
721:
709:
697:
695:, p. 433.
685:
673:
671:, p. 119.
661:
659:, p. 121.
649:
634:
622:
620:, p. 204.
610:
608:, p. 488.
598:
596:, p. 123.
583:
581:, p. 365.
571:
559:
557:, p. 114.
547:
545:, p. 203.
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
485:, p. 101.
470:
458:
441:
439:, p. 476.
429:
417:
415:, p. 981.
402:
400:, p. 475.
383:
365:
364:
362:
359:
273:
270:
155:
152:
140:mother goddess
101:
98:
73:
72:
66:
62:
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57:
56:
47:
43:
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39:
31:
30:
27:
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2:
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1136:1-883053-68-4
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925:
923:90-04-13158-2
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804:
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798:
790:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
765:Schwemer 2001
761:
758:
755:, p. 71.
754:
749:
746:
742:
741:Schwemer 2001
737:
734:
730:
729:Schwemer 2001
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
705:Sharlach 2002
701:
698:
694:
693:Sharlach 2021
689:
686:
682:
677:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
653:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
632:, p. 95.
631:
626:
623:
619:
614:
611:
607:
602:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
579:Sharlach 2007
575:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
536:
533:, p. 75.
532:
527:
524:
520:
515:
512:
509:, p. 87.
508:
503:
500:
497:, p. 97.
496:
491:
488:
484:
483:Sharlach 2002
479:
477:
475:
471:
467:
462:
459:
456:, p. 76.
455:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
430:
427:, p. 89.
426:
421:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
390:
388:
384:
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375:
373:
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329:
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320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
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291:
283:
278:
271:
269:
267:
263:
260:and the pair
259:
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44:
37:
32:
25:
20:
1218:
1209:
1188:
1157:
1126:
1094:
1066:
1037:
1033:
1002:
987:. Retrieved
967:
963:
949:, retrieved
944:
912:
901:, retrieved
897:
883:, retrieved
878:
838:
811:
799:Bibliography
784:
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
688:
683:, p. 1.
676:
669:Taracha 2009
664:
657:Taracha 2009
652:
647:, p. 7.
630:Taracha 2009
625:
613:
601:
574:
569:, p. 8.
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
461:
432:
420:
352:
336:
323:
321:
294:
289:
287:
250:
243:
223:Shulgi-simti
221:. The queen
208:
157:
137:
118:
103:
77:
76:
947:(in German)
881:(in German)
875:"NIN-Nagar"
606:Sasson 1997
466:Sasson 1997
437:Sasson 1997
355:Uruk period
90:Mesopotamia
78:Belet Nagar
60:Equivalents
22:Belet Nagar
1241:Categories
989:2022-03-17
951:2022-03-17
903:2022-03-18
885:2022-03-18
789:Archi 2015
777:Archi 2015
717:Feliu 2003
645:Archi 2013
594:Feliu 2003
567:Archi 2013
531:Eidem 1998
454:Eidem 1998
361:References
282:Yazılıkaya
1176:648616171
1054:0373-6032
1021:850438175
976:0021-0889
941:"Nabarbi"
830:882106763
681:Haas 1998
305:Ḫabūrītum
246:Zimri-Lim
231:Annunitum
182:Lubadag (
172:Tish-Atal
146:bore the
144:Ninhursag
100:Character
82:Tell Brak
68:possibly
1145:48399212
1114:48145544
1085:37688280
932:52107444
328:Shaushka
290:Na-wa-ar
266:Ikshudum
164:Sargonic
86:Hurrians
984:4200376
894:"Nagar"
348:Alalakh
340:Shalash
301:Hurrian
297:Nabarbi
284:reliefs
262:Lagamal
227:Allatum
200:Kumarbi
184:Nupatik
168:Hurrian
154:Worship
110:its god
88:and in
70:Nabarbi
54:Shekhna
1225:
1174:
1164:
1143:
1133:
1112:
1102:
1083:
1073:
1052:
1019:
1009:
982:
974:
930:
920:
853:
828:
818:
344:Tuttul
313:Inanna
309:Khabur
253:cultic
235:Nanaya
215:Išḫara
211:Shulgi
204:Aštabi
196:Nergal
192:Teshub
188:Šimige
176:Urkesh
121:Khabur
980:JSTOR
324:Belet
258:Dagan
170:king
106:Ashur
50:Nagar
1223:ISBN
1172:OCLC
1162:ISBN
1141:OCLC
1131:ISBN
1110:OCLC
1100:ISBN
1081:OCLC
1071:ISBN
1050:ISSN
1017:OCLC
1007:ISBN
972:ISSN
964:Iraq
928:OCLC
918:ISBN
851:ISBN
826:OCLC
816:ISBN
264:and
219:Uruk
190:and
160:Ebla
125:Mari
108:and
1193:doi
1042:doi
1038:105
843:doi
350:).
202:or
186:),
174:of
1243::
1208:.
1187:.
1170:.
1156:.
1139:.
1125:.
1108:.
1079:.
1065:.
1048:.
1036:.
1032:.
1015:.
978:.
968:55
966:.
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