639:
1312:
137:
433:
445:
667:
113:
689:
647:
236:
516:
Diagenetic modifications of the shells are complex. Radiating calcitic crystals are thin, or very large, with a shape indicative of a strong alteration. In other samples, the aragonite - calcite boundary is not dependent on growth lines. In a given fossil sites, some specimens are calcite, others are
520:
The guard, phragmocone and pro-ostracum were all internal to the living creature, forming a skeleton which was enclosed entirely by soft muscular tissue. The original living creature would have been larger than the fossilized shell, with a long streamlined body and prominent eyes. The guard would
423:
Belemnoids were effectively neutrally buoyant, and swam in near-shore to mid-shelf oceans. Their fins could be used to their advantage in all water speeds; in a gentle current they could be flapped for propulsion; in a stronger current they could be held erect to generate lift; and when swimming
379:
guard whose main role appears to have been to counterbalance the front (towards the head) of the organism; it positions the centre of mass below the centre of buoyancy, increasing the stability of the swimming organism. The guard would account for between a third and a fifth of the length of the
541:
Very exceptional belemnoid specimens have been found showing the preserved soft parts of the animal. Elsewhere in the fossil record, bullet-shaped belemnite guards are locally found in such profusion that such deposits are referred to semi-formally as "belemnite battlefields" (cf.
566:" or "thunderstone" has also been traditionally applied to the fossilised rostra of belemnoids. The origin of these bullet-shaped stones was not understood, and thus a mythological explanation of stones created where lightning struck has arisen.
472:) is found. The guard is usually elongated and bullet-shaped (though in some subgroups the rostrum may only exist as a thin layer coating the phragmocone). The hollow region at the front of the guard is termed the
1198:
Barskov I.S., Kiyashko S.I.; Dauphin Y., Denis A. (1997). "Microstructures des zones calcitiques et aragonitiques des rostres de
Goniocamax (Cephalopoda, Belemnitida) du Turonien de Sibérie du Nord".
1179:
Dauphin, Y. (1988). "Microstructure versus mineralogical and chemical data to estimate the state of preservation of fossil shells : a belemnitid example (Cephalopoda - Coleoidea)".
1160:
Dauphin, Y. (1984). "Etude de la variabilite microstructurale des rostres de belemnites a partir de specimens provenant d'un sondage D.S.D.P. (leg 36 site 330) de l'Atlantique sud".
1126:
Dauphin, Y. (1988). "Diagenèse aragonite-calcite chez les Céphalopodes
Coleoides : exemples des rostres d'Aulacoceras (Trias de Turquie) et Belopterina (Eocène de France)".
1269:
1822:
482:). The phragmocone is usually only found with the better preserved specimens. Projecting forwards from one side of the phragmocone is the thin
638:
521:
have been in place toward the rear of the creature, with the phragmocone behind the head and the pointed end of the guard facing backward.
1857:
1862:
1832:
1141:
Dauphin Y., Williams C.T. Barskov I.S. (2007). "Aragonitic rostra of the
Turonian belemnitid Goniocamax: arguments from diagenesis".
331:. The belemnoids become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period along with the ammonites. The belemnoids' origin lies within the
538:, can measure up to 46 centimetres (18 in) in length, giving the living animal an estimated length of 3 metres (10 ft).
1262:
1827:
1817:
509:, thus tending to preserve well. Broken guards show a structure of radiating calcite fibers and may also display concentric
1852:
1847:
1837:
1812:
1842:
1311:
1255:
136:
546:). It remains unclear whether these deposits represent post-mating mass death events, as are common among modern
1317:
1732:
1247:
757:
1779:
708:
1405:
913:
807:
783:
586:, southeast USA) has long been used as a global standard (Peedee Belemnite, "PDB") against which other
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Fuchs, Dirk; Iba, Yasuhiro; Tischlinger, Helmut; Keupp, Helmut; Klug, Christian (October 2016).
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655:
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432:
412:
340:
1770:
1083:
Monks, H. J. D.; Hardwick, J. D.; Gale, A. S. (1996). "The function of the belemnite guard".
1029:"The locomotion system of Mesozoic Coleoidea (Cephalopoda) and its phylogenetic significance"
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262:
122:
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Doyle, P.; Shakides, E. V. (2004). "The
Jurassic Belemnite Suborder Belemnotheutina".
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993:
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70:
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Like some modern squid, belemnoid arms carried a series of small hooks for grabbing
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rapidly by jet propulsion they could be tucked in to the body for streamlining.
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Normally with fossil belemnoids only the back part of the shell (called the
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period; well-formed belemnoid guards can be found in rocks dating from the
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400:
399:. In turn, belemnites appear to have formed part of the diet of marine
376:
258:
100:
75:
1052:
303:). Belemnoidea has been suggested to be paraphyletic by some authors.
531:
375:
and with negative buoyancy. To the rear of the creature was a heavy
320:
158:
1726:
662:. The central fold along the axis is characteristic of some genera.
460:) show that it spent considerable time on the seafloor after death.
454:
from the
Jurassic near Moneva Teruel, Spain. The barnacle borings (
687:
665:
659:
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637:
443:
431:
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234:
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and other marine animals with their arms and ate them with their
670:
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501:, belemnoid guards are evolutionarily novel and are composed of
392:
384:
1730:
1251:
1219:"The Cephalopoda: Squids, octopuses, nautilus, and ammonites"
1310:
269:. The name "belemnoid" comes from the Greek word βÎλεμνον,
1243:
TONMO.com
Cephalopod Fossils articles and discussion forums
371:
Belemnoids possessed a central rostrom/guard made of
273:
meaning "a dart or arrow" and the Greek word είδος,
1739:
1664:
1502:
1326:
1289:
327:marine rocks, often accompanying their cousins the
650:Belemnoid from the very top bedding plane of the
1015:Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary.
347:) onward through the Cretaceous. Other fossil
1263:
8:
578:composition of a belemnoid rostrum from the
261:, but, unlike the squid, they possessed ten
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253:, very similar in many ways to the modern
126:, showing arm hooks and outline of mantle
111:
31:
1543:First appearance of long-lasting lineages
960:The Ammonites: Their life and their world
436:A belemnoid fossil with preserved guard,
257:. Like them, the belemnoids possessed an
951:
698:, with belemnites in the stomach region
962:. London: Cambridge University Press.
7:
677:illumination, from Cairn Hill mine,
415:hooks from the arms of cephalopods.
311:Belemnoids were numerous during the
27:Extinct group of squid-like animals
380:complete organism, arms included.
25:
1128:Bull. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris
613:, particularly in the Cretaceous
489:While belemnoid phragmocones are
1516:Earliest unambiguous cephalopods
994:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00395.x
335:nautiloids, which date from the
265:of roughly equal length, and no
135:
590:samples are measured, for both
249:are an extinct group of marine
1612:the earliest cephalopod group
1298:The belemnite-cuttlefish-like
497:and are similarly composed of
1:
1823:Cephalopods by classification
1671:Probable misidentified genera
1642:Earliest coiled cephalopods:
1283:(listed by first occurrence)
1085:Paläontologische Zeitschrift
387:. Belemnoids were efficient
524:The guard of the belemnoid
1879:
1858:Devonian first appearances
1556:Probable coleoid ancestor
1130:. 4è série, 10 C: 107–135.
634:Note: all families extinct
299:), and diplobelids (order
295:), phragmoteuthids (order
120:Well preserved diplobelid
1863:Maastrichtian extinctions
1833:Carboniferous cephalopods
1605:
1511:
1442:
1422:
1362:
1335:
1308:
625:in which they are found.
601:Some belemnoids (such as
493:with the shells of other
212:
207:
132:Scientific classification
130:
119:
110:
34:
673:belemnite rostrum under
123:Clarkeiteuthis conocauda
440:remnants, and arm hooks
291:), aulacocerids (order
240:Artist's reconstruction
1828:Cretaceous cephalopods
1315:
1217:Vendetti, Jan (2006).
1181:Revue de Paléobiologie
1162:Revue de Paléobiologie
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685:
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1818:Paleozoic cephalopods
1780:Paleobiology Database
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284:(which belong to the
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1853:Triassic cephalopods
1848:Jurassic cephalopods
1838:Devonian cephalopods
1813:Mesozoic cephalopods
1143:Acta Palaeontol. Pol
758:Palaeobelemnopseidae
621:to date the age the
617:of Europe, enabling
588:isotope geochemistry
530:, which is found in
527:Megateuthis gigantea
1843:Permian cephalopods
1097:1996PalZ...70..425M
1045:2016Letha..49..433F
986:2004Palgy..47..983D
411:frequently contain
407:, whose fossilized
319:periods, and their
280:Belemnoids include
41:Devonian–Cretaceous
1316:
1105:10.1007/BF02988082
958:Lehmann, U. 1981.
940:List of belemnites
700:
686:
664:
644:
544:"orthocone orgies"
462:
451:Hibolites hastatus
442:
391:that caught small
244:
1795:
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1733:Taxon identifiers
1724:
1723:
1660:
1659:
1498:
1497:
1406:Paleocirroteuthis
1053:10.1111/let.12155
914:Rhiphaeoteuthidae
808:Salpingoteuthidae
784:Cylindroteuthidae
704:Clade Belemnoidea
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16:(Redirected from
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1372:Muensterelloidea
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1091:(3–4): 425–431.
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1005:
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908:Phragmoteuthidae
888:Chondroteuthidae
860:Belemnotheutidae
802:Passaloteuthidae
654:(Jurassic) near
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580:Peedee Formation
323:are abundant in
277:meaning "form".
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38:Temporal range:
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1614:Ellesmerocerida
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902:Phragmoteuthida
854:Belemnotheutina
822:Belemnitellidae
746:Dictyoconitidae
740:Aulacoceratidae
711:and unresolved
683:South Australia
652:Zohar Formation
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615:Chalk Formation
596:oxygen isotopes
592:carbon isotopes
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297:Phragmoteuthida
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1039:(4): 433–454.
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1017:2nd ed. 1979.
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761:
759:
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753:
749:
747:
743:
741:
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736:
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731:
727:
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719:
718:
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712:
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707:
706:
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701:
697:
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628:
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620:
616:
612:
611:index fossils
608:
604:
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589:
585:
581:
577:
569:
567:
565:
558:Thunderstones
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:
522:
518:
514:
512:
508:
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467:
459:
458:
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427:
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418:
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402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
378:
374:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:Carboniferous
342:
341:Mississippian
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
276:
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268:
264:
260:
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229:
228:
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216:
211:
206:
203:
197:
194:
193:
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167:
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160:
157:
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144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
125:
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118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
1740:
1713:
1708:Shelbyoceras
1706:
1701:Volborthella
1699:
1695:Kirengellida
1686:
1680:
1649:
1644:Tarphycerida
1632:Brevicones:
1628:Actinocerida
1618:Orthocones:
1592:Aulacocerids
1587:
1579:
1575:Gordoniconus
1573:
1567:
1535:Knightoconus
1533:
1532:-like form:
1523:
1515:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1458:
1447:
1413:Vampyronassa
1411:
1404:
1399:Palaeoctopus
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1318:Evolution of
1299:
1223:. Retrieved
1212:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1088:
1084:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1014:
1010:
977:
973:
967:
959:
954:
894:Diplobelidae
834:Dicoelitidae
796:Oxyteuthidae
734:Aulacocerida
723:
715:
703:
693:
632:
602:
600:
573:
561:
540:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:growth rings
488:
484:pro-ostracum
483:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
455:
449:
428:Preservation
422:
405:Ichthyosaurs
382:
370:
310:
293:Aulacocerida
279:
274:
270:
246:
245:
215:Aulacocerida
213:
201:
195:Superorder:
121:
29:
1808:Belemnoidea
1771:Belemnoidea
1765:Wikispecies
1741:Belemnoidea
1648:Spirulid?:
1624:Orthocerida
1609:Early forms
1480:Belemnopsis
1455:Diplobelids
1348:Nautilaceae
1320:cephalopods
1280:cephalopods
930:Nautiloidea
882:Diplobelida
778:Belemnitina
772:Belemnitida
752:Hematitidae
679:Coober Pedy
609:) serve as
607:Belemnitida
564:thunderbolt
554:creatures.
552:semelparous
548:cephalopods
517:aragonite.
495:cephalopods
479:phragmocone
349:cephalopods
301:Diplobelida
289:Belemnitida
227:Diplobelida
223:Belemnitida
202:Belemnoidea
179:Cephalopoda
1802:Categories
1688:Nectocotis
1682:Nectocaris
1651:Shimanskya
1638:Oncocerida
1634:Ascocerida
1620:Endocerida
1588:belemnoids
1558:Bactritida
1504:Palaeozoic
1473:Belemnites
1466:Belemnites
1460:Diplobelus
1448:belemnoids
1341:nautiloids
1301:Belosaepia
1225:2013-06-07
1206:: 669–680.
1168:: 191–203.
946:References
935:Ammonoidea
846:Duvaliidae
790:Hastitidae
692:Fossil of
619:geologists
603:Belemnites
584:Cretaceous
562:The name "
550:and other
491:homologous
413:phosphatic
389:carnivores
361:goniatites
357:nautiloids
343:(or Early
333:bactritoid
317:Cretaceous
307:Occurrence
282:belemnites
251:cephalopod
247:Belemnoids
185:Subclass:
35:Belemnoids
1756:Q14900832
1715:Pohlsepia
1586:Earliest
1569:Jeletzkya
1553:ammonoids
1547:Goniatite
1446:Advanced
1434:Nautilida
1429:ammonoids
1427:Ceratitid
1354:ammonites
1339:Advanced
1113:129722176
1061:0024-1164
1002:129794707
852:Suborder
814:Suborder
776:Suborder
717:Jeletzkya
656:Neve Atif
507:aragonite
499:aragonite
457:Rogerella
448:Guard of
373:aragonite
353:baculites
329:ammonites
267:tentacles
189:Coleoidea
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
18:Belemnoid
1750:Wikidata
1564:coleoids
1551:ceratite
1328:Mesozoic
1291:Cenozoic
1149:: 85–97.
924:See also
671:Opalized
474:alveolus
409:stomachs
403:such as
401:reptiles
351:include
337:Devonian
325:Mesozoic
313:Jurassic
271:belemnon
169:Mollusca
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
1392:Keuppia
1187:: 1–10.
1093:Bibcode
1041:Bibcode
1033:Lethaia
982:Bibcode
912:Family
906:Family
892:Family
886:Family
870:Family
864:Family
858:Family
844:Family
838:Family
832:Family
826:Family
820:Family
806:Family
800:Family
794:Family
788:Family
782:Family
762:Family
756:Family
750:Family
744:Family
738:Family
695:Hybodus
503:calcite
470:rostrum
419:Ecology
377:calcite
367:Anatomy
321:fossils
259:ink sac
208:Orders
175:Class:
1562:Early
1111:
1059:
1000:
900:Order
880:Order
770:Order
732:Order
722:Genus
714:Genus
658:, the
532:Europe
438:mantle
1785:95403
1432:late
1352:True
1109:S2CID
998:S2CID
709:Basal
660:Golan
623:rocks
466:guard
286:order
275:eidos
255:squid
1549:and
1057:ISSN
594:and
574:The
570:Uses
536:Asia
534:and
393:fish
385:prey
359:and
315:and
263:arms
46:Preęž’
1679:: (
1572:?,
1101:doi
1049:doi
990:doi
605:of
505:or
468:or
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1752::
1685:,
1636:,
1626:,
1622:,
1590::
1578:,
1566::
1528:,
1522::
1518::
1468::
1457::
1204:19
1202:.
1183:.
1164:.
1147:52
1145:.
1107:.
1099:.
1089:70
1087:.
1069:^
1055:.
1047:.
1037:49
1035:.
1031:.
996:.
988:.
978:47
976:.
681:,
675:UV
598:.
513:.
486:.
363:.
355:,
96:Pg
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1271:e
1264:t
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1103::
1095::
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1051::
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1004:.
992::
984::
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86:J
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66:D
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