502:
40:
135:
179:
The range of percentages of tin content can vary from 20% to 26%, depending on the founder who has arrived empirically at their own alloy ratio. It has been found that increasing the tin content increases the decay time of the bell strike, thus making the bell more sonorous. Taking into consideration
200:
and "attractive sound." The crystal lattice formation of this alloy is able to absorb high-impact energies, such as from a bell clapper, without distortion, which is the case when the bell is struck. This results in a resonant sound and causes the bell to vibrate strongly in a complex nodal system.
937:
468:
After the Dutch victories, Javanese-smithed cannons of
Makassar, Ternate, and the surrounding islands were taken as reparations, considered by the Dutch as made of bronze superior to their own, and subsequently melted down and recast in Dutch standard calibres and bores.
342:
ensembles. In this case the tin:copper ratio is traditionally given as 3:10 by weight. Whereas bells are cast and then left to cool, the metal of
Indonesian gongs and metallophones is cast as rough blanks which are then hot-forged to their final shape with hammers.
459:
was captured by the
Spanish, they were astounded to find over 3,000 very finely cast bell metal cannons in the walled compound, although humorously to the Spaniards these were tied upright to veranda poles, used as
464:
household decorations rather than weapons. The
Spanish and Portuguese were equally astounded to find their European bronze cannon offerings to the Javanese rejected as inferior in quality, as they rightly were.
180:
overall properties, such as tensile strength, hardness, wear resistance, cast quality, sound, and cost, the optimum alloy can probably be obtained by having a type bronze composition as: ~20wt.% tin, < 2wt.%
98:
Tin and copper are relatively soft metals that will deform on striking (though tin to a lesser extent than copper), but alloying the two creates a metal (bell metal) which is harder and less
435:, Javanese skill in gunsmithing and cannon-founding affording military dominance over the surrounding area. Later, disaffected smiths and noble entourages emigrating from
898:
314:
There is no standard proportion to the metals used in this alloy, although it is often around 75% copper and 20% tin with low proportions of the other metals. A
102:
and also one with more elasticity than either of the two original metals. This metal combination produces a tough, long-wearing material that is resistant to
416:. Bell metal is particularly prized for its excellent sonorous qualities, also found in bell metal cannons which produce a distinct, loud ring when fired.
160:
Most commonly, as per its colloquial name, bell metal has been and is used for the casting of high-quality bells. The metal used is a high-tin
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on the surface of bells which coats and protects them against further oxidation. Specifically, it is the combination of low internal
1059:
1033:
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906:
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a dated misleading term which refers geographically to the region spanning from the
Thailand Peninsula through to the Philippines
563:
527:
196:, with balance of copper. Bell metal in this range of ratios has been used for more than 3,000 years and is known for its
82:(typically, 78% copper, 22% tin by mass). The higher tin content increases the rigidity of the metal, and increases the
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would be made in the backyard over a log fire and consumed in a trice, the richness of fruits, jaggery and ghee.
90:. Today, it also has industrial uses, being specified for valve bodies, piston rings, bearings, and bushings.
432:
176:(78% copper, 22% tin). This is a much higher tin component than that used, for example, in statuary bronze.
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123:
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added, to produce their unique sonority and resonance, mastered early in
Russian Christian history.
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228:
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Culturally, Javanese bronze cannons and their regional derivatives were traditionally part of a
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with a higher tin content than most other bronzes, usually in approximately a 4:1 ratio of
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The
Jingyun bell, cast in 711, weighing 6,500 kg, originally from the bell tower at the
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692:(jackfruit halva). In summer when jackfruits are available aplenty, huge quantities of
363:
122:
and low internal sound velocity that makes bell metal specially suitable for resonant
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when freshly harvested rice is offered to the sun god with turmeric and sugarcane.
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710:(also made from a kind of bell metal) is synonymous with a Tamil bride's first
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39:
938:"The Gilded Buddha The Traditional Art of The Newar Metal Casters In Nepal"
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and household goods for the wealthy. This material was also adopted by the
388:, bell metal mixtures including tin were also used for the manufacture of
134:
17:
659:
481:
448:
405:
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for weddings, and many celebrations are opened with a celebratory shot.
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in
Barpeta district of Assam holds a unique place in the production of
603:
476:, and offering a poor-quality cast bronze cannon was a supreme insult.
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are commonly cast with a unique mixture of copper and tin, often with
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The
Chinese war and the collapse of the Javanese state, 1725–1743
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alloy containing trace amounts of silver and gold (representing
185:
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322:) is also sometimes used. A similar alloy is employed for the
173:
169:
79:
223:), handbells and singing bells may be cast with a special
27:
This article is about the metal. For "bellmetal ore", see
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have many religious uses and the most unusual utensils,
646:
or to show respect to honored guests and dignitaries.
431:
Empire and spread into the surrounding islands of the
893:
Seraphim (1996). "Bells and
Russian Orthodox Peals".
1115:2008 paper - Analysis of high tin bronze for bells
227:alloy. Each of the metals represents one of the
793:Bell-ringing: The English Art of Change-Ringing
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851:. Great Britain: Phillimore. pp. 78–81.
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606:and is used for cooking and eating utensils.
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43:Cannon made of bell metal at Malik-e-Maidan,
8:
484:retain the tradition of a token cannon as a
172:with approximately a 4:1 ratio of copper to
711:
705:
530:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
86:. Historically, it was preferred for early
952:"7-Metal Singing Bowls - Fact or Fiction?"
550:Learn how and when to remove this message
233:
875:Analysis of bell materials: Tin bronzes
759:
740:a colloquial term, the correct term is
724:
439:brought these cannon-founding skill to
362:Bell metal was used to cast many early
106:and subject only to an initial surface
1096:
1086:
872:Audy, Jaromir; Audy, Katarina (2008).
423:was first cast in bell metal under an
823:"Blagovest Bells- How Bells Are Made"
7:
878:. Australia: Edith Cowan University.
528:adding citations to reliable sources
1081:Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells
970:Southeast Asian warfare, 1300–1900
796:. Great Britain: Viking. pp.
25:
923:"What is a Tibetan Singing Bowl?"
670:are well known for this craft in
642:, are used to give offerings and
66:and related instruments, such as
1024:Remmelink, Willem G. J. (1994).
998:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories
686:vessels) bring back memories of
618:utensils. In Assam, utensils of
500:
353:Cymbal alloys § Bell bronze
849:The Craft of the Bell - Founder
1:
1083:. Vol. 256. p. 94.
1054:. Cornell University Press.
996:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2004).
968:Charney, Michael W. (2004).
378:cannon known erroneously as
334:, and numerous other struck
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320:Absolute and Relative Truth
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704:are made from bell metal.
674:. In the state of Kerala,
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153:
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1120:December 2, 2017, at the
1000:. Yale University Press.
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1052:On the subject of "Java"
1050:Pemberton, John (1994).
847:Elphick, George (1988).
404:-influenced cultures of
899:Holy Trinity Monastery
790:Johnston, Ron (1986).
146:
124:percussion instruments
48:
1079:Shen, Sinyan (1987).
897:. Jordanville, N.Y.:
351:Further information:
154:Further information:
137:
42:
524:improve this section
374:, most notably the
114:forms a protective
1152:Artillery of India
338:of the Indonesian
269:All-Accomplishing
147:
70:. It is a form of
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825:. Blagovest Bells
774:. March 31, 2017.
562:In India, in the
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256:Discriminating
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291:Ratnasambhava
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889:Slobodskoy,
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827:. Retrieved
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768:"data sheet"
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540:October 2021
537:
522:Please help
510:
471:
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424:
418:
394:objets d'art
379:
370:and "Malay"
361:
315:
313:
308:Dharmadhatu
282:Mirror-Like
265:Amoghasiddhi
224:
215:In esoteric
214:
206:church bells
203:
188:, ~0.01wt.%
178:
159:
156:Bellfounding
140:Tang dynasty
97:
55:
51:
50:
36:
34:Bronze alloy
1097:|work=
1040:, 297 pages
668:Bhubaneswar
580:West Bengal
441:Philippines
231:/ Wisdoms:
204:In Russia,
56:bell bronze
1147:Tin alloys
1131:Categories
891:Archpriest
754:References
654:district,
648:Belaguntha
608:Sarthebari
398:sculptures
368:Portuguese
190:phosphorus
108:weathering
94:Metallurgy
52:Bell metal
18:Bell-metal
1099:ignored (
1089:cite book
972:. Brill.
829:April 24,
578:while in
511:does not
433:Nusantara
429:Majapahit
390:figurines
304:Vairocana
295:Equality
278:Akshobhya
229:5 Buddhas
221:Vajrayana
198:resonance
112:Verdigris
104:oxidation
84:resonance
1118:Archived
798:40–50–82
664:Balakati
660:Nayagarh
492:Utensils
482:Malaysia
449:Malaysia
406:Thailand
402:Javanese
252:Amitabha
217:Buddhism
194:antimony
144:Chang'an
142:capital
29:stannite
772:Concast
656:Kantilo
638:banbati
604:Kannada
532:removed
517:sources
457:Ternate
455:. When
453:Myanmar
421:lantaka
414:Myanmar
381:Rentaka
372:cannons
364:Spanish
358:Cannons
347:Cymbals
340:gamelan
316:7-Metal
248:Copper
243:Wisdom
240:Buddha
225:5-Metal
219:(e.g.,
120:damping
100:ductile
88:cannons
68:cymbals
1137:Bronze
1058:
1032:
1004:
976:
905:
855:
804:
746:durbus
742:meriam
713:pongal
701:Urulis
677:urulis
672:Odisha
662:, and
652:Ganjam
598:Kanchu
584:Odisha
478:Brunei
462:lingam
445:Brunei
332:demung
237:Metal
210:silver
182:nickel
166:copper
116:patina
76:copper
72:bronze
58:is an
720:Notes
666:near
590:kansa
568:Assam
564:state
486:dowry
474:dowry
410:Khmer
384:. In
376:Malay
328:saron
324:gongs
300:Lead
287:Iron
274:Zinc
162:alloy
150:Bells
130:Usage
64:bells
60:alloy
1101:help
1056:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1002:ISBN
974:ISBN
903:ISBN
853:ISBN
831:2010
802:ISBN
644:puja
634:and
630:bata
622:kanh
614:kanh
582:and
574:kanh
515:any
513:cite
480:and
451:and
437:Java
425:Empu
412:and
386:Java
261:Tin
186:lead
168:and
744:or
683:odu
658:in
650:in
602:in
566:of
526:by
174:tin
170:tin
164:of
80:tin
78:to
54:or
1133::
1093::
1091:}}
1087:{{
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