Bergen-Belsen concentration camp

1271:, and visited the site of a former concentration camp for the first time. In a speech at the Bergen-Belsen memorial, Adenauer assured the Jews still living in Germany that they would have the same respect and security as everyone else. Afterwards, the German public saw the Belsen memorial as primarily a Jewish place of remembrance. Nevertheless, the memorial was redesigned in 1960–61. In 1966, a document centre was opened which offered a permanent exhibition on the persecution of the Jews, with a focus on events in the nearby Netherlands – where Anne Frank and her family had been arrested in 1944. This was complemented by an overview of the history of the Bergen-Belsen camp. This was the first ever permanent exhibit anywhere in Germany on the topic of Nazi crimes. However, there was still no scientific personnel at the site, with only a caretaker as permanent staff. Memorial events were only organized by the survivors themselves. 1223: 56: 1352: 1344: 867: 859: 679: 902: 962:...Here over an acre of ground lay dead and dying people. You could not see which was which... The living lay with their heads against the corpses and around them moved the awful, ghostly procession of emaciated, aimless people, with nothing to do and with no hope of life, unable to move out of your way, unable to look at the terrible sights around them ... Babies had been born here, tiny wizened things that could not live ... A mother, driven mad, screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and thrust the tiny mite into his arms, then ran off, crying terribly. He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days. This day at Belsen was the most horrible of my life. 1591:

could discover who did it, it was the action of genius, sheer unadulterated brilliance. I believe nothing did more for those internees than the lipstick. Women lay in bed with no sheets and no nightie but with scarlet red lips, you saw them wandering about with nothing but a blanket over their shoulders, but with scarlet red lips. I saw a woman dead on the post mortem table and clutched in her hand was a piece of lipstick. At last someone had done something to make them individuals again, they were someone, no longer merely the number tattooed on the arm. At last they could take an interest in their appearance. That lipstick started to give them back their humanity.

710:("special camp"), Jews from Poland who held passports from Latin American countries. Since the governments of these nations mostly refused to honour the passports, these people had lost their value to the regime. Under the pretext of sending them to a fictitious "Lager Bergau", the SS had them transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were sent directly to the gas chambers and murdered. In February and May 1944 another 350 prisoners from the "special camp" were sent to Auschwitz. Thus, out of the total of 14,600 prisoners in the exchange camp, at least 3,550 died, more than 1,400 of them at Belsen, and around 2,150 at Auschwitz. 575:, who had been in post since the spring of 1943. In January 1945, the SS took over the POW hospital and increased the size of Bergen-Belsen. As eastern concentration camps were evacuated before the advance of the Red Army, at least 85,000 people were transported in cattle cars or marched to Bergen-Belsen. Before that the number of prisoners at Belsen had been much smaller. In July 1944 there were 7,300; by December 1944 the number had increased to 15,000; and by February 1945 it had risen to 22,000. Numbers then soared to around 60,000 by April 15, 1945. This overcrowding led to a vast increase in deaths from disease: particularly 891: 72: 1239:

at the former camp site. Ex-prisoners began to set up monuments. A first wooden memorial was built by Jewish DPs in September 1945, followed by one made in stone, dedicated on the first anniversary of the liberation in 1946. On November 2, 1945, a large wooden cross was dedicated as a memorial to the murdered Polish prisoners. Also by the end of 1945 the Soviets had built a memorial at the entrance to the POW cemetery. A memorial to the Italian POWs followed in 1950, but was removed when the bodies were reinterred in a Hamburg cemetery.

1215: 382: 1509:, who later became popular comedians, stumbled upon the camp in 1945 shortly after liberation; "Appalled, aghast, repelled – it is difficult to find words to express how we felt as we looked upon the degradation of some of the inmates not yet repatriated," Sykes later wrote. "They squatted in their thin, striped uniforms, unmoving bony structures who could have been anywhere between 30 and 60 years old, staring ahead with dead, hopeless eyes and incapable of feeling any relief at their deliverance." 933:. At around 1 a.m. on April 13, an agreement was signed, designating an area of 48 square kilometers (19 square miles) around the camp as a neutral zone. Most of the SS were allowed to leave. Only a small number of SS men and women, including the camp commandant Kramer, remained to "uphold order inside the camp". The outside was guarded by Hungarian and regular German troops who were returned to the German front lines by the British shortly afterwards. Due to heavy fighting near 1285: 1327: 1605:

and the last to leave, after a stay of five months. The author and two of his N.C.O.'s between them spoke five languages, so they had unrivalled opportunities for discovering what the inmates, men, women and children, experienced and felt. The evil which produced the concentration camps is fully exposed, and here too will be found a record of how the psychological and medical problems were tackled, as well as such complicated matters as supplies, welfare and rehabilitation.

1636: 1243: 883: 875: 687: 1123:. Over the period in which Bergen-Belsen operated as a concentration camp, at least 480 people had worked as guards or members of the commandant's staff, including around 45 women. From September 17 to November 17, 1945, 45 of those were tried by a military tribunal in Lüneburg. They included former commandant Josef Kramer, 16 other SS male members, 16 female SS guards and 12 former kapos (one of whom became ill during the trial). Among them were 1187:

prison but he was executed for another crime. Eighteen were sentenced to prison for periods of one to 15 years; however, most of these sentences were subsequently reduced significantly on appeals or pleas for clemency. By June 1955, the last of those sentenced in the Belsen trial had been released. Ten other members of the Belsen personnel were tried by later military tribunals in 1946 and 1948, with five of them being executed.

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commemorating the 60th anniversary of the liberation and many ex-prisoners and ex-liberating troops attended. In October 2007, the redesigned memorial site was opened, including a large new Documentation Centre and permanent exhibition on the edge of the newly redefined camp, whose structure and layout can now be traced. Since 2009, the memorial has been receiving funding from the Federal government on an ongoing basis.

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The confusion was unbelievable; this time it was disorder with German perfection. We were moved into clean barracks, equipped for human beings with excellent bathrooms and clean beds stacked three on top of each other. After all we had experienced in the preceding year, this was sheer luxury. There was no mention of the usual camp rituals, no roll calls and no work, but also no food.

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the camp from all over Germany and occupied Europe. In general the prisoners of this part of the camp were treated less harshly than some other classes of Bergen-Belsen prisoner until fairly late in the war, due to their perceived potential exchange value. However, only around 2,560 Jewish prisoners were ever actually released from Bergen-Belsen and allowed to leave Germany.

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less traumatized by the sights we had seen. I myself, although a 'senior officer', had turned 25 years of age only a few days before. Most of the men sent to deal with that human disaster were in their late teens or early twenties, even younger than I was. What we suddenly found ourselves faced with was beyond anyone's comprehension

1288: 1013:. These documents had a lasting impact on the international perception and memory of Nazi concentration camps to this day. According to Habbo Knoch, head of the institution that runs the memorial today: "Bergen-Belsen became a synonym world-wide for German crimes committed during the time of Nazi rule." 995:

Some of the bodies were so rotten that arms and legs tore away from the torso. Within two months, 17 staff members had died of typhus due to being forced to handle the bodies with no protection. Another committed suicide, and three others were shot and killed by British soldiers after trying to escape.

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The twentieth century has so far produced no more terrifying example of collective human wickedness than the Belsen Concentration Camp, a black spot which it fell to the lot of the British Army to occupy. This book is the personal story of the first British officer to enter the camp on its liberation

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Only one trial was ever held by a German court for crimes committed at Belsen, at Jena in 1949; the defendant was acquitted. More than 200 other SS members who were at Belsen have been known by name but never had to stand trial. No German soldier was ever put on trial for crimes committed against the

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courts were created by the Allies to try members of the SS and other Nazi organisations. Between 1947 and 1949 these courts initiated proceedings against at least 46 former SS staff at Belsen. Around half of these were discontinued, mostly because the defendants were considered to have been forced to

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Jews). Between the summer of 1943 and December 1944 at least 14,600 Jews, including 2,750 minors were transported to the Bergen-Belsen "holding" or exchange camp. Inmates were made to work, many of them in the "shoe commando" which salvaged usable pieces of leather from shoes collected and brought to

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s largest POW camps, holding up to 95,000 prisoners from various countries. In June 1940, Belgian and French POWs were housed in the former Bergen-Belsen construction workers' camp. This installation was significantly expanded from June 1941, once Germany prepared to invade the Soviet Union, becoming

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tells of the events leading up to the internment of his whole family at the camp and their incarceration there between February 1944 and April 1945, when he was aged 14–15. Following publication of the book, Oppenheimer personally talked to many groups and schools about the events he witnessed. This

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The site is open to the public and includes monuments to the dead, including a successor to the wooden cross of 1945, some individual memorial stones and a "House of Silence" for reflection. In addition to the Jewish, Polish and Dutch national memorials, a memorial to eight Turkish citizens who were

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The rate at which inmates died at Belsen accelerated notably after the mass transport of prisoners from other camps began in December 1944. From 1943 to the end of 1944 around 3,100 died. From January to mid-April 1945 this rose to around 35,000. Another 14,000 died after liberation between April 15

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But what should you do when faced with 60,000 dead, sick and dying people? We were in the army to fight a war and to beat the enemy. We were good at that, having been in combat for the last ten months, but none of us had any experience of dealing with the situation in Belsen and we were all more or

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After a day’s journey, we arrived at Bergen-Belsen. This concentration camp was hopelessly overcrowded and we were not accepted. The right hand no longer knew what the left hand was doing, so we were sent to an adjoining Wehrmacht compound. As the soldiers of the Wehrmacht marched out, we moved in.

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The British military authorities ordered the construction of a permanent memorial in September 1945 after having been lambasted by the press for the desolate state of the camp. In the summer of 1946, a commission presented the design plan, which included the obelisk and memorial walls. The memorial

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The area of the former Bergen-Belsen camp fell into neglect after the burning of the buildings and the closure of the nearby displaced persons' camp in the summer of 1950. The area reverted to heath; few traces of the camp remained. However, as early as May 1945, the British had erected large signs

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Eleven of the defendants were sentenced to death. They included Kramer, Volkenrath and Klein. The executions by hanging took place on December 13, 1945, in Hamelin. Fourteen defendants were acquitted (one was excluded from the trial due to illness). Of the remaining 19, one was sentenced to life in

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The British forced the former SS camp personnel to help bury the thousands of dead bodies in mass graves. The personnel were given starvation rations, not allowed to use gloves or other protective clothing, and were continuously shouted at and threatened to make sure that they did not stop working.

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Current estimates put the number of prisoners who passed through the concentration camp during its period of operation from 1943 to 1945 at around 120,000. Due to the destruction of the camp's files by the SS, not even half of them, around 55,000, are known by name. As mentioned above, treatment of

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In August 1944, a new section was created and this became the so-called "women's camp". By November 1944 this camp received around 9,000 women and young girls. Most of those who were able to work stayed only for a short while and were then sent on to other concentration camps or slave-labour camps.

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stipulated that the former type of facility must be open to inspection by international committees. This "holding camp" or "exchange camp" was for Jews who were intended to be exchanged for German civilians interned in other countries, or for hard currency. The SS divided this camp into subsections

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In the summer of 1943, Stalag XI-C (311) was dissolved and Bergen-Belsen became a branch camp of Stalag XI-B. It served as the hospital for all Soviet POWs in the region until January 1945. Other inmates/patients were Italian military internees from August 1944 and, following the suppression of the

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Initially lacking sufficient manpower, the British allowed the Hungarians to remain in charge and only commandant Kramer was arrested. Subsequently, SS and Hungarian guards shot and killed some of the starving prisoners who were trying to get their hands on food supplies from the store houses. The

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It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived, though it may have no connection, that a very large quantity of lipstick arrived. This was not at all what we men wanted, we were screaming for hundreds and thousands of other things and I don't know who asked for lipstick. I wish so much that I

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For a long time, however, remembering Bergen-Belsen was not a political priority. Periods of attention were followed by long phases of official neglect. For much of the 1950s, Belsen "was increasingly forgotten as a place of remembrance". Only after 1957 did large groups of young people visit the

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Only in 2000 did the Federal Government of Germany begin to financially support the memorial. Co-financed by the state of Lower Saxony, a complete redesign was planned which was intended to be more in line with contemporary thought on exhibition design. On April 15, 2005, there was a ceremony,

527:("recovery camp"), where prisoners too sick to work were brought from other concentration camps. They were in Belsen supposedly to recover and then return to their original camps and resume work, but many of them died in Belsen of disease, starvation, exhaustion and lack of medical attention. 1182:

were not subject of the trial. It was based on British military law and the charges were thus limited to war crimes. Substantial media coverage of the trial provided the German and international public with detailed information on the mass killings at Belsen as well as on the gas chambers of

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When British and Canadian troops finally entered they found over 13,000 unburied bodies and (including the satellite camps) around 60,000 inmates, most acutely sick and starving. The prisoners had been without food or water for days before the Allied arrival, partially due to Allied bombing.

459:(Stalag X-D (310)). By the end of March 1942, some 41,000 Soviet POWs had died in these three camps of starvation, exhaustion, and disease. By the end of the war, the total number of dead had increased to 50,000. When the POW camp in Bergen ceased operation in early 1945, as the 1194:

join the SS. Those who were sentenced received prison terms of between four and 36 months or were fined. As the judges decided to count the time the defendants had spent in Allied internment towards the sentence, the terms were considered to have already been fully served.

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British started to provide emergency medical care, clothing and food. Immediately following the liberation, revenge killings took place in the satellite camp the SS had created in the area of the army barracks that later became Hohne-Camp. Around 15,000 prisoners from

717:(the male section of the "recovery camp"), inmates suffered even more from lack of care, malnourishment, disease and mistreatment by the guards. Thousands of them died. In the summer of 1944, at least 200 men were murdered by orders of the SS by being injected with 612:

Bergen-Belsen concentration camp had three satellite camps. These were at regional armament works. Around 2,000 female concentration camp prisoners were forced to work there. Those who were too weak or sick to continue with their work were brought to Bergen-Belsen.

1319:. In the aftermath of these events, the parliament of Lower Saxony decided to expand the exhibition centre and to hire permanent scientific staff. In 1990, the permanent exhibition was replaced by a new version and a larger document building was opened. 706:

prisoners by the SS varied between individual sections of the camp, with the inmates of the exchange camp generally being better treated than other prisoners, at least initially. However, in October 1943 the SS selected 1,800 men and women from the

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documented the conditions in the camp and the measures of the British Army to ameliorate them. Many of the pictures they took and the films they made from April 15 to June 9, 1945, were published or shown abroad. Today, the originals are in the

1281:, herself a survivor of Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, came to the memorial for a speech which focused on the Nazi persecution of Roma and Sinti. This was the first time that an official event in Germany acknowledged this aspect of the Nazi era. 1369:

Millions of words have been written about these horror camps, many of them by inmates of those unbelievable places. I've tried, without success, to describe it from my own point of view, but the words won't come. To me Belsen was the ultimate

2483: 1655: 368:. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. A memorial with an exhibition hall currently stands at the site. 401:. This became the largest military training area in Germany of the time and was used for armoured vehicle training. The barracks were finished in 1937. The camp has been in continuous operation since then and is today known as 1287: 971:

had been relocated there in early April. These prisoners were in much better physical condition than most of the others. Some of these men turned on those who had been their overseers at Mittelbau. About 170 of these

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describes the deprivations he suffered at Bergen-Belsen, “…only then did I understand that we’d been playing for human lives, lives that in Bergen-Belsen were worth less than a pfennig, less than a handful of dried

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I saw my father beaten by the SS, and I lost most of my family there... A ransom deal that the Americans attempted saved 2,000 Jews and I was one. I actually went into the gas chamber, but was reprieved. God knows

1567:) by Lilian Berliner The book traces the life of Lillian Berliner, from her childhood in Hungary, to the concentration camps of Auschwitz and Bergen Belsen, to her eventual liberation and resettlement in New York. 5844: 945:

officer, Lieutenant John Randall, and his jeep driver, who were on a reconnaissance mission and discovered the camp by chance. American soldiers attached to the British forces also helped liberate the camp.

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NEW Online archive relating and dedicated to the men and women service personnel and the part they played at the Liberation and subsequent Humanitarian Effort of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp

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in a camp originally designed to hold about 10,000 inmates. At this point also, the special status of the exchange prisoners no longer applied. All inmates were subject to starvation and epidemics.

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was in use from September 3 to October 15, 1944. It was located at the facility of Eibia GmbH, a gunpowder works. Around 600 female Polish Jews were used for construction and production work.

1311:). Shortly before Reagan's visit on May 5, there had been a large memorial event on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the camp's liberation, which had been attended by German president 941:, the British were unable to reach Bergen-Belsen on April 14, as originally planned. The camp was liberated on the afternoon of April 15, 1945. The first two to reach the camp were a British 670:

Prisoners were guarded by SS staff and received no wages for their work. The companies instead reimbursed the SS for the labour supplied. Wage taxes were also levied by local authorities.

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and Bergen, the latter being the so-called Bergen-Belsen Army Construction Camp. Once the military complex was completed in 1938–39, the workers' camp fell into disuse. However, after the

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When the British and Canadians advanced on Bergen-Belsen in 1945, the German army negotiated a truce and exclusion zone around the camp to prevent the spread of typhus. On April 11, 1945

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inmates of the POW camps at Bergen-Belsen, albeit some were tried for participating in death marches headed towards Bergen-Belsen and in the region around it, despite the fact that the

4096: 1046:, the Senior Medical Officer. Despite their efforts, about another 9,000 died in April, and by the end of June 1945 another 4,000 had died. (After liberation 13,994 people died.) 5896: 5541: 4265: 1752:

This list contains some of the notable people who were imprisoned in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. With the exception of those marked as survivors, they all died there.

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Describing the concentration camp, Major Dick Williams, one of the first British soldiers to enter and liberate the camp, said: "It was an evil, filthy place; a hell on Earth."

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After the war, there were allegations that the camp (or possibly a section of it), was "of a privileged nature", compared to others. A lawsuit filed by the Jewish community in

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hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to hold Jews from other concentration camps.

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had a large test site. Up to 900 female Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Yugoslavian and Czech Jews had to clear forest, do construction work or work in munitions production.

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Immediately before and after liberation, prisoners were dying at around 500 per day, mostly from typhus. The scenes that greeted British troops were described by the

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at Bergen-Belsen, since the mass-murders took place in the camps further east. Nevertheless, current estimates put the number of deaths at Belsen at more than 50,000

649:. Around 400 prisoners, mostly female Polish or Hungarian Jews, were forced to prepare the facility and to help lay train tracks to it. This was done for the company 5257: 2572: 976:" were killed on April 15, 1945. On April 20, four German fighter planes attacked the camp, damaging the water supply and killing three British medical orderlies. 531:

The first women interned there were Poles, arrested after the failed Warsaw Uprising. Others were Jewish women from Poland or Hungary, transferred from Auschwitz.

55: 2298: 1713:: "Memory of the Camps" (May 7, 1985, Season 3, Episode 18), is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Bergen-Belsen and other Nazi concentration camps 102: 5876: 1778: 1100:

was attempted but abandoned. SS doctors had previously used injections to murder prisoners, so some panicked at the sight of the intravenous feeding equipment.

1043: 3133: 2721: 1088:, but it proved less suitable to Europeans than to Bengalis because of the differences in the food to which they were accustomed. Adding the common ingredient 515:

for individual groups (the "Hungarian camp", the "special camp" for Polish Jews, the "neutrals camp" for citizens of neutral countries and the "Star camp" for

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infestation. As the concentration camp ceased to exist at this point, the name Belsen after this time refers to events at the Bergen-Belsen DP camp.

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in 'List of national socialist camps and detention sites 1933 - 1945 Germany - A Memorial', www.deutschland-ein-denkmal.de, accessed 15 October 2023

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Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940–1945, Concentration Camp 1943–1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945–1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition

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from London teaching hospitals who were later credited with significantly reducing the death rate amongst prisoners. A research team led by

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place where Anne Frank had died. After anti-Semitic graffiti was scrawled on the Cologne synagogue over Christmas 1959, German chancellor

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Some of the 60 tables, each staffed by two German doctors and two German nurses, at which the sick were washed and deloused, May 1–4, 1945

3625: 2779: 2484:"Le tribunal militaire de Paris condamne à vingt ans de réclusion une collaboratrice de la Gestapo accusée d'avoir dénoncé le duc d'Ayen" 5968: 5801: 5446: 4909: 4649: 3519: 1939: 1401: 761: 3312: 1553:), published by Amsterdam Publishers, survivor Joseph Schupack (1922-1989) tells about his last camp, Bergen-Belsen (pp. 173–174): 4997: 4196: 3924: 3773: 2908: 2863: 2838: 2532: 2118: 4275: 3003: 1303:'s itinerary when he visited West Germany after a controversy about a visit to a cemetery where the interred included members of the 4778: 4523: 4331: 4055: 3936: 3878: 3737: 3678: 3420: 3261: 1564: 1550: 1054: 607: 4793: 4729: 4255: 3919: 3768: 3544: 1075:

from Army rations. Most of the prisoners' digestive systems were in too weak a state from long-term starvation to handle such food.

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were brought to Belsen and confronted with the crimes committed on their doorstep. Military photographers and cameramen of No. 5

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against 55 alleged collaborators claims that 53 of them were sent to Bergen-Belsen "as a special favor" granted by the Germans.

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is a 2014 documentary film that includes video footage shot by British armed forces upon their liberation of Bergen-Belsen

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and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of

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established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000

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One of several mass graves on the site of the former camp; the sign simply reads: '"Here lie 5,000 dead. April 1945"

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In April 1943, a part of the Bergen-Belsen camp was taken over by the SS Economic-Administration Main Office (

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The Jewish Memorial at the site of the former camp, decorated with wreaths on Liberation Day, April 15, 2012

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was finally inaugurated in a large ceremony in November 1952, with the participation of Germany's president

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photographed his time at the camp, including the burning of the huts. His photos were published in 2015.

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British and German officers finalize the arrangements for the ending of their temporary truce, April 1945

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Bengal Famine Mixture. This is a rice-and-sugar-based mixture which had achieved good results after the

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Many of the former SS staff who survived the typhus epidemic were tried by the British military at the

659:(Tannenberglager) east of Bergen was in use from late August 1944 to April 13, 1945. It was located at 3437: 1467: 1222: 1049:

Two specialist teams were dispatched from Britain to deal with the feeding problem. The first, led by

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Former guards are made to load the bodies of dead prisoners onto a truck for burial, April 17–18, 1945

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to enter the camp, two days after its liberation, and published his account in the collective book

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There were massive efforts to help the survivors with food and medical treatment, led by Brigadier

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recording from April 20, 1945 of Jewish survivors of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp singing

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A number of British artists depicted the aftermath of the liberation of the camp. These included

1175: 894: 558: 511: 492: 327:, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an "exchange camp", where 2218: 1897: 1816: 1299:

In 1985, international attention was focused on Bergen-Belsen. The camp was hastily included in

1136: 565: 173: 6051: 5926: 5786: 5617: 5531: 5498: 5412: 5229: 5195: 4170: 3464:"Chilling new pictures from Bergen Belsen mark 70th anniversary of Nazi death camp liberation" 3416: 2904: 2859: 2834: 2810: 2785: 2758: 2696: 2595: 2528: 2366: 2273: 2142: 2114: 1991: 1943: 1891: 1806: 1790: 1717: 1560: 1546: 1408: 1242: 1020: 882: 874: 757: 686: 3094: 1068:

The British troops and medical staff tried these diets to feed the prisoners, in this order:

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President Reagan's remarks at Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp in West Germany, May 5, 1985

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there in February or March 1945, shortly before the camp was liberated on April 15, 1945.

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gives his first-hand testimony of working at the displaced persons camp after liberation.

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Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp

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List of places: Concentration camps and outlying camps Concentration camp Bergen-Belsen

1996: 1960: 1822: 1614: 1491: 1393: 1364:, who took part in the liberation of the camp, wrote this on his encounter with Belsen: 1264: 1190: 1159: 1155: 968: 938: 926: 779: 769: 660: 3620: 979:

Over the next days the surviving prisoners were deloused and moved to a nearby German

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wrote about the immediate aftermath to the liberation of Bergen-Belsen in his diary.

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Liberated women inmates gaze at the naked body of a child who has died of starvation

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mine, now intended as an underground production site for Bremen plane manufacturer

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CMK Parsons, a British Army chaplain and great-grandfather of British artist

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The workers who constructed the original buildings were housed in camps near

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32 photographs taken after the liberation of Belsen concentration camp. 1945

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to the mixture made it more palatable to these people and recovery started.

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Frontline "Memory of the Camps" (includes footage of liberation of Belsen)

2504:"Pejsek a kočička mají ještě autorská práva chráněna, Mein Kampf je volný" 641:

was in use from August 23, 1944, to February 4, 1945. It was an abandoned

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Holocaust Memoirs of a Bergen-Belsen survivor and Classmate of Anne Frank

3357: 2651: 2508: 2488: 1666: 1255:, who called on the Germans never to forget what had happened at Belsen. 650: 4033: 1927:– a Polish-Jewish teenage girl who wrote a personal diary while in the 1906:– a French Jew born into one of France's most prominent Jewish families 1781: 1171: 1089: 620: 312: 3608:, was the only British survivor of Bergen Belsen. This link is to his 17: 5859: 3616:

BBC Journalist Richard Dimbleby's original radio report from April 15

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POWs and was one of three such camps in the area. The others were at

346: 3636:

Leonard Berney's Story - the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on Twitter

3626:

The Belsen Trial of Joseph Kramer and 44 Others (full trial report)

1936:– a French socialist politician and member of the French Resistance 1471:

work was continued by his brother Rudi, who shared the experiences.

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from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"

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Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was then burned to the ground by

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began to build a large military complex close to the village of

5741: 5562: 5193: 4683: 4353: 3674: 2647:""Richard Dimbleby Describes Belsen", BBC News, April 15, 1945" 506:("civilian internment camp"), in June 1943 it was redesignated 3631:"A Personal Account" by Leonard Berney, Lt-Col R.A. T.D. (Rtd) 3520:"'Night Will Fall' an eye-opener about documenting Nazi camps" 1661: 1448:, who was in the camp as an 8-year-old and later survived the 1096:

Some were too weak to even consume the Bengal Famine Mixture.

951: 729: 502:

but it was a special case. Having initially been designated a

3600:

Film footage of Belsen concentration camp and its destruction

3091:

The Holocaust, Viewed Not From Then but From the Here and Now

2549:

Needs Must; The History of the Inns Of Court Regiment 1940–45

1912:(survived) – an Israeli Olympic athlete and survivor of the 1434:

describes life in Belsen, its liberation and her stay at the

1081:. The result was a bit better, but still far from acceptable. 2805:

Fletcher, David (2007), "Churchill Crocodile Flamethrower",

1634: 467:, the cemetery contained over 19,500 dead Soviet prisoners. 1771:(survived) – a Dutch aid worker executed in Ba'athist Iraq 1202:

had found in 1946 that the treatment of Soviet POWs by the

464: 3358:"How Denis Norden stumbled upon concentration camp horror" 2415:"New research sheds new light on Anne Frank's last months" 1838:) – French city mayor, lawyer, scout leader and resistant 921:

representatives approached the British, D Squadron of the

3287:"Shaul Ladany Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at" 1611:

Liberating Belsen Concentration Camp - A Personal Account

772:(estimated to be in April 1945), who had coined the word 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 78: 3584:

The United States' Holocaust Memorial website on Belsen

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In March 1944, part of the camp was redesignated as an

479:

were imprisoned in a separate section of the POW camp.

220:

Jews, Poles, Soviets, Dutch, Czechs, Germans, Austrians

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Between Two Streams: A Diary from Bergen-Belsen Review

1065:

to test the effectiveness of various feeding regimes.

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After Daybreak: The Liberation of Bergen-Belsen, 1945

2425: 2423: 397:, a part of the town of Bergen, in what was then the 3048: 3046: 2994: 2992: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2922: 2920: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2384: 2382: 2270:

Bergen-Belsen Memorial 2007: Guide to the Exhibition

1876:– a Norwegian newspaper editor and resistance member 905:

A crowd watches the destruction of the last camp hut

431:

The camp of huts near Fallingbostel became known as

30:"Bergen-Belsen" redirects here. For other uses, see 5919: 5835: 5764: 5671: 5643: 5584: 5497: 5445: 5398: 5335: 5305: 5243: 5215: 5206: 5147: 5106: 5058: 5044: 5006: 4965: 4865: 4822: 4700: 4595: 4564: 4391: 4319: 4232: 4189: 4069: 4016: 3976: 3708: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2209: 2207: 2205: 1617:(former) Lt-Colonel Leonard Berney R.A. T.D. (2015) 262: 248: 240: 232: 224: 216: 208: 198: 159: 147: 133: 94: 41: 3313:"Tears as day of deliverance from Belsen recalled" 2562: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 1477:, British veteran from the liberation of the camp. 768:(on April 14, 1945), and Czech painter and writer 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 1335:killed at Belsen was dedicated in December 2012. 364:The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the 3641:Map of the camp, Georgia Institute of Technology 3230:"Stories & Rights: Belsen – still relevant?" 1813:(camp elder) of the Auschwitz concentration camp 5517:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 3176:(Anstey, England: Ulverscroft, 1993), page 281. 3093:", The New York Times, viewed January 22, 2009 2754:Holocaust: The Nazis' Wartime Jewish Atrocities 2470:Histoire et généalogie de la maison de Noailles 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2030:(survived) - a Polish-Israeli children's author 1421:Bergen-Belsen 1945: A Medical Student's Journal 960: 3651:Jewish Calendar and Prayers from Bergen-Belsen 3545:"New research sets Anne Frank's death earlier" 2856:Belsen: The Liberation of a Concentration Camp 2111:After daybreak: the liberation of Belsen, 1945 5877:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 4365: 3686: 2561:van Straubenzee, Alexander (April 10, 2005). 2132: 2130: 674:Treatment of prisoners and deaths in the camp 475:in October 1944, around 1,000 members of the 8: 3255:"Anita Lasker-Wallfisch – Inherit the Truth" 3190:. Caixadelata.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from 2621:"The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)" 2600:Baylor University Institute for Oral History 2166:"The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)" 1831:– a French lawyer, journalist and politician 1218:Memorial on the ramp where prisoners arrived 1200:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg 870:Women survivors in Bergen-Belsen, April 1945 561:, became the new camp commandant, replacing 447:(311). It was intended to hold up to 20,000 5576:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 2894: 2892: 2809:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 33 & 47, 2695:. Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten. 2693:Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial 2009:– a Belgian liberal politician and minister 1957:(survived) – a Hungarian doctor and author 1585:Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin DSO 1347:The liberation of Bergen-Belsen, April 1945 5761: 5738: 5581: 5559: 5212: 5203: 5190: 5055: 4697: 4680: 4388: 4372: 4358: 4350: 4236: 3989:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 3693: 3679: 3671: 3213:Reilly, Joanne; et al., eds. (1997). 3117:Horrors of Belsen flood back for survivors 797:Deaths at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 38: 2627:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 244:United Kingdom and Canada, April 15, 1945 3656:Bergen Belsen and Beyond Holocaust Diary 2527:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2047:Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany 1498:) during his internment in Bergen-Belsen 792: 489:SS Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt; WVHA 334:After 1945, the name was applied to the 86:Location of Bergen-Belsen within Germany 6021: 3646:Pictures of the liberation at Time-Life 3383:Jessica Talarico & Gemma Lawrence. 2170:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2068: 1951:– an Italian painter of Jewish ancestry 682:Bergen Belsen crematorium in April 1945 169: 3347:, 1999. Retrieved on 15 February 2015. 3289:. Sports-reference.com. Archived from 2160: 2158: 1689: 1274:In October 1979, the president of the 897:stands amongst corpses in Mass Grave 3 539:died there in February or March 1945. 3518:Goldstein, Gary (November 18, 2014). 3026:"The Prosecution of the Perpetrators" 2928:"The Prosecution of the Perpetrators" 2903:. Taylor & Francis. p. 143. 2833:. Taylor & Francis. p. 141. 2575:from the original on January 12, 2022 1543:In The Dead Years - Holocaust Memoirs 1452:at the 1972 Summer Olympics recalled: 291: 7: 5164:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 3610:testimony at the Bergen-Belsen trial 3385:"Artists' Response To The Holocaust" 2784:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 1978:(survived) – a Czech harpsichordist 1178:, and the Mittelbau-Dora subcamp at 985:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp 788:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp 5969:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 3228:Parker, Nicky (November 27, 2013). 3188:"Caixa-de-Lata: Banksy – Manifesto" 3075:Reagan at Bergen-Belsen and Bitburg 1940:Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles 998:Some civil servants from Celle and 762:Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles 385:Memorial to Soviet prisoners of war 189:(December 2, 1944 – April 15, 1945) 3543:Winter, Michael (March 31, 2015). 3462:Wheaton, Oliver (April 14, 2015). 3436:Marshall, Tom (October 28, 2015). 3345:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust 657:Außenlager Unterlüß-Altensothrieth 25: 6082:World War II memorials in Germany 4332:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 3105:Liberation of Belsen commemorated 786:and the end of June 1945, in the 608:List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen 60:View of the camp after liberation 6047:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 6024: 5532:Polish leaders and intellectuals 5022:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 3984:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 2858:. Psychology Press. p. 38. 2139:From Belsen to Buckingham Palace 2052:List of Nazi concentration camps 1690:Problems playing this file? See 1650: 1465:From Belsen to Buckingham Palace 800:December 1944 to April 15, 1945 77: 70: 54: 6077:World War II museums in Germany 3604:Harold Le Druillenec, from the 2492:(in French). November 18, 1952. 1844:– a German Jewish art collector 1834:Adrien d'Esclaibes d'Hust (see 1765:– a German Communist politician 1759:– a German Communist politician 1557:And The Month Was May: A Memoir 1006:Army Film and Photographic Unit 183:(April 1943 – December 2, 1944) 5460:Attack on the twentieth convoy 5273:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 2417:. AnneFrank.org, 31 March 2015 631:Außenlager Hambühren-Ovelgönne 491:). It thus became part of the 366:British 11th Armoured Division 323:. Originally established as a 32:Bergen-Belsen (disambiguation) 1: 3415:. Dublin: O'Brien Press Ltd. 2431:""Reception" and dying camps" 1984:– a Jewish resistance fighter 1803:and Belgian Resistance member 1055:96 medical student volunteers 778:, popularised by his brother 443:an independent camp known as 435:and was to become one of the 5797:Jewish war conspiracy theory 4988:Extermination through labour 4000:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe 3994:German Earth and Stone Works 3215:Belsen in History and Memory 3030:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de 2971:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de 2901:Belsen in History and Memory 2831:Belsen in History and Memory 2726:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de 2594:John Valls (March 2, 2012). 2512:(in Czech). January 8, 2016. 2268:Godeke, Monika, ed. (2007). 1971:Special Operations Executive 1963:– a German-born metal trader 1413:Belsen in History and Memory 983:army camp, which became the 510:("holding camp"), since the 5979:Righteous Among the Nations 4665:Righteous Among the Nations 4145:Disciplinary and Penal Code 3321:. Edinburgh. April 16, 2005 2141:. Nottingham: Quill Press. 1732:A protagonist in the novel 989:displaced persons (DP) camp 756:(Gypsies). Among them were 633:(Lager III, Waldeslust) at 617:Außenlager Bomlitz-Benefeld 315:, southwest of the town of 6098: 5716:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 5686:Lithuanian Security Police 5605:Reich Security Main Office 4572:Evidence and documentation 3107:. BBC News, April 15, 2005 2807:Volume 136 of New Vanguard 2691:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010). 2361:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010). 2137:Oppenheimer, Paul (1996). 1999:– a French journalist and 1535:In his 2011 autobiography 1112: 697:pushes dead bodies into a 605: 424:began using the huts as a 403:Bergen-Hohne Training Area 29: 5932:Books and other resources 5760: 5737: 5571: 5558: 5202: 5189: 4696: 4679: 4464:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 4387: 4239: 4097:Identification of inmates 3411:Reichental, Tomi (2011). 3077:(Texas A&M UP, 2007) 2390:"Men's and Women's Camps" 1599:by Derrick Sington (1946) 1263:followed a suggestion by 1234:at the Bergen-Belsen site 1206:constituted a war crime. 795: 790:under British authority. 701:at Belsen, April 19, 1945 418:German invasion of Poland 65: 53: 46: 5522:People with disabilities 5455:Aid and Rescue Committee 3702:Nazi concentration camps 3612:of his experience there. 3594:Bergen-Belsen Death Camp 3589:Bergen-Belsen on YouTube 2523:Celinscak, Mark (2015). 2468:Martin, Georges (1993). 1990:– a professor of law at 1921:– a German psychoanalyst 1063:Medical Research Council 958:, who accompanied them: 455:(Stalag XI-D (321)) and 293:[ˈbɛʁɡn̩ˌbɛlsn̩] 6072:Museums in Lower Saxony 5663:Order Police battalions 4307:Soviet prisoners of war 4039:SS construction brigade 2057:Alan Moore (war artist) 2024:– a Dutch mathematician 1988:Benjamin Marius Telders 420:in September 1939, the 302:Nazi concentration camp 48:Nazi concentration camp 27:Nazi concentration camp 5512:Soviet urban residents 4603:International response 4577:Contemporary knowledge 3574:Bergen-Belsen Memorial 3438:"A Chaplain at Belsen" 3054:"Place_of_Remembrance" 2899:Riley, Joanne (1997). 2854:Riley, Joanne (1998). 2829:Riley, Joanne (1997). 2778:Shephard, Ben (2007). 2751:Wynn, Stephen (2020). 2625:Holocaust Encyclopedia 2109:Shephard, Ben (2006). 2084:"Belsen Military Camp" 2042:Holocaust Memorial Day 1786:Judeo-Spanish language 1735:The Lüneburg Variation 1639: 1625: 1607: 1593: 1575: 1495: 1460: 1436:displaced persons camp 1432:Anita Lasker-Wallfisch 1376:Memories of Anne Frank 1372: 1356: 1348: 1331: 1313:Richard von Weizsäcker 1296: 1247: 1235: 1219: 1061:was dispatched by the 964: 923:Inns of Court Regiment 906: 898: 887: 879: 871: 863: 702: 683: 504:Zivilinterniertenlager 463:handed it over to the 386: 336:displaced persons camp 5959:Memorials and museums 5897:Reparations Agreement 5892:Holocaust restitution 5470:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 4993:Human experimentation 4832:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 4289:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft 4207:Schutzhaftlagerführer 3413:I Was a Boy in Belsen 1888:– a German politician 1638: 1620: 1602: 1588: 1570: 1537:I Was a Boy in Belsen 1455: 1438:in her autobiography 1402:British Army Chaplain 1367: 1360:The British comedian 1354: 1346: 1329: 1294: 1269:World Jewish Congress 1245: 1225: 1217: 1086:Bengal famine of 1943 1027:tanks because of the 904: 893: 885: 877: 869: 861: 689: 681: 665:Rheinmetall-Borsig AG 384: 6067:Bergen, Lower Saxony 5159:Jewish Ghetto Police 5028:Politische Abteilung 4923:Risiera di San Sabba 4784:Natzweiler-Struthof 4244:Prisoner functionary 4051:Politische Abteilung 4006:SS-Totenkopfverbände 3174:The Reluctant Jester 3000:"German proceedings" 2880:The Relief Of Belsen 2547:A F Taggart (1949), 2017:long-distance runner 2013:Gerardus van der Wel 2007:Arthur Vanderpoorten 2001:national syndicalist 1702:The Relief of Belsen 1385:Mervin Willett Gonin 1183:Auschwitz-Birkenau. 1129:Elisabeth Volkenrath 929:and were brought to 405:. It is used by the 377:Prisoner of war camp 325:prisoner of war camp 203:Prisoner-of-war camp 153:SS-Totenkopfverbände 118:52.75778°N 9.90778°E 5937:Days of remembrance 5850:Holocaust survivors 5845:Depopulated shtetls 5696:Rollkommando Hamann 5542:Jehovah's Witnesses 5360:Kamianets-Podilskyi 4422:Bohemia and Moravia 4327:Der Ort des Terrors 4276:Political prisoners 4266:Jehovah's Witnesses 3891:Natzweiler-Struthof 3390:Imperial War Museum 3134:"Memorial redesign" 3073:Richard J. Jensen, 3006:on October 16, 2013 2878:Television program 2569:The Daily Telegraph 2299:"The Exchange Camp" 2221:on October 16, 2013 2113:. London: Pimlico. 1982:Felice Schragenheim 1900:– a Polish sculptor 1854:, who both died of 1501:British servicemen 1488:Between Two Streams 1309:Bitburg controversy 1276:European Parliament 1267:, president of the 1098:Intravenous feeding 1025:Churchill Crocodile 1021:"Bren gun" carriers 1011:Imperial War Museum 943:Special Air Service 925:, at the bridge at 563:SS-Hauptsturmführer 495:system, run by the 399:Province of Hanover 114: / 5920:History and memory 5824:Forced euthanasia 5772:Nazi racial policy 5475:Danish underground 5322:Operation Reinhard 5317:Wannsee Conference 3507:. Duckworth. 1946. 3234:www.amnesty.org.uk 3217:. London: F. Cass. 2596:"Texas Liberators" 2564:"The gate of Hell" 1969:– an agent of the 1942:– a member of the 1892:Johnny & Jones 1680:Naftali Herz Imber 1640: 1357: 1349: 1332: 1297: 1248: 1236: 1220: 907: 899: 888: 880: 872: 864: 703: 684: 559:Auschwitz-Birkenau 512:Geneva Conventions 493:concentration camp 483:Concentration camp 387: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5855:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 5802:Jewish emigration 5792:Hitler's prophecy 5787:Haavara Agreement 5733: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5721:Ypatingasis būrys 5618:Sicherheitsdienst 5554: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5493: 5492: 5413:Bielski partisans 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5016:Totenkopfverbände 4675: 4674: 4347: 4346: 4315: 4314: 4171:Arbeit macht frei 3293:on April 18, 2020 3267:on April 20, 2014 3172:Michael Bentine, 2977:on March 29, 2013 2934:on April 21, 2013 2816:978-1-84603-083-3 2791:978-0-307-42463-1 2764:978-1-5267-2822-7 2757:. Pen and Sword. 2732:on April 26, 2012 2702:978-3-9811617-9-3 2437:on April 21, 2013 2396:on April 21, 2013 2372:978-3-8353-0794-0 2305:on April 21, 2013 2279:978-3-9811617-3-1 2148:978-0-9536280-3-2 2090:on March 29, 2013 1992:Leiden University 1944:French Resistance 1882:– a Dutch painter 1864:– a Dutch painter 1807:Bruno Brodniewicz 1656: 1440:Inherit the Truth 1339:Personal accounts 1292: 1109:Legal prosecution 844: 843: 758:French Resistance 602:(satellite camps) 547:In December 1944 304:in what is today 282: 281: 225:Number of inmates 123:52.75778; 9.90778 16:(Redirected from 6089: 6062:Celle (district) 6029: 6028: 6027: 6020: 5904:Holocaust denial 5882:Nuremberg trials 5872:Postwar violence 5827: 5762: 5739: 5701:Special Brigades 5691:Nederlandsche SS 5658:Police Regiments 5582: 5560: 5420:Ghetto uprisings 5408:Jewish partisans 5355:Harvest Festival 5327:Holocaust trains 5213: 5204: 5191: 5056: 4952: 4930: 4912: 4893: 4875: 4698: 4681: 4389: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4237: 4222:Luftwaffe guards 3695: 3688: 3681: 3672: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3504:Belsen Uncovered 3499: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3354: 3348: 3339:Eric Sterling, " 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3266: 3260:. Archived from 3259: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3194:on March 4, 2016 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3140:on June 19, 2015 3136:. Archived from 3130: 3124: 3123:, April 19, 2005 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3087: 3081: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002:. Archived from 2996: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2973:. Archived from 2963: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2930:. Archived from 2924: 2915: 2914: 2896: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2728:. Archived from 2718: 2707: 2706: 2688: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2655:. April 15, 2005 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2433:. Archived from 2427: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2392:. Archived from 2386: 2377: 2376: 2358: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2301:. Archived from 2295: 2284: 2283: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2217:. Archived from 2211: 2200: 2199: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2086:. Archived from 2080: 1976:Zuzana Růžičková 1934:Augustin Malroux 1862:Marianne Franken 1825:– a Czech artist 1797:Thierry de Briey 1784:in the field of 1763:Eduard Alexander 1658: 1657: 1637: 1597:Belsen Uncovered 1486:wrote the diary 1468:Paul Oppenheimer 1426:Michael Hargrave 1404:, was the first 1293: 1145: 1051:A. P. Meiklejohn 956:Richard Dimbleby 911:Heinrich Himmler 832:at least 18,168 793: 766:6th Duke of Ayen 574: 557:, previously at 551:Hauptsturmführer 508:Aufenthaltslager 477:Polish Home Army 441: 343:prisoners of war 295: 290: 278: 275: 273: 271: 269: 182: 142:Northern Germany 129: 128: 126: 125: 124: 119: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 81: 80: 74: 58: 39: 21: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6013: 6000: 5915: 5831: 5825: 5814:Madagascar Plan 5807:Kindertransport 5756: 5755: 5725: 5667: 5639: 5624:Ordnungspolizei 5580: 5567: 5546: 5489: 5441: 5394: 5365:Maly Trostenets 5336:Mass executions 5331: 5301: 5239: 5198: 5173: 5143: 5102: 5040: 5002: 4961: 4950: 4928: 4910: 4891: 4873: 4861: 4818: 4692: 4671: 4591: 4582:Hidden children 4560: 4418:Czechoslovakia 4383: 4378: 4348: 4343: 4311: 4297:"Race defilers" 4282:Nacht und Nebel 4228: 4185: 4178:Jedem das Seine 4065: 4012: 3972: 3704: 3699: 3606:Channel Islands 3570: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3364:. June 23, 2015 3356: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3141: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3088: 3084: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2890: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2720: 2719: 2710: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2360: 2359: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2287: 2280: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2248:"Bergen-Belsen" 2246: 2245: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2203: 2192:"Bergen-Belsen" 2190: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2136: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2037: 1967:Yvonne Rudellat 1914:Munich massacre 1898:Józef Klukowski 1886:Heinrich Jasper 1880:Mirjam Jacobson 1842:Ernst Flersheim 1817:Braulia Cánovas 1750: 1748:Notable inmates 1740:Paolo Maurensig 1726:Night Will Fall 1697: 1696: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1672:national anthem 1659: 1651: 1648: 1641: 1635: 1630: 1530:Edgar Ainsworth 1522:Doris Zinkeisen 1496:Tweestromenland 1450:Munich Massacre 1362:Michael Bentine 1341: 1315:and chancellor 1284: 1261:Konrad Adenauer 1212: 1148:Johanna Bormann 1139: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1029:typhus epidemic 1001:Landkreis Celle 915:Reichsführer SS 856: 799: 676: 610: 604: 568: 545: 485: 473:Warsaw Uprising 439: 426:prisoner of war 379: 374: 288: 266: 249:Notable inmates 194: 176: 168: 167: 122: 120: 116: 113: 108: 105: 103: 101: 100: 90: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 82: 61: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6057:Lüneburg Heath 6054: 6049: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5909:trivialization 5901: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5887:Eichmann trial 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:Nuremberg Laws 5779: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5765:Early elements 5758: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5746:Early elements 5743: 5742: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5681:Arajs Kommando 5677: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5652:Einsatzgruppen 5647: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5602: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5565:Responsibility 5563: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5344:Einsatzgruppen 5339: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5308:Final Solution 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5169:Ústredňa Židov 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5134:Theresienstadt 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5053: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Einsatzgruppen 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4779:Mittelbau-Dora 4776: 4767: 4762: 4760:Kraków-Płaszów 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4693: 4684: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4650:Rescue of Jews 4647: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4320:Historiography 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4302:Roma and Sinti 4299: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4240: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3879:Mittelbau-Dora 3876: 3875: 3874: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3839:Kraków-Płaszów 3836: 3835: 3834: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3730: 3729: 3728: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3602: 3597: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3568:External links 3566: 3564: 3563: 3535: 3510: 3494: 3480: 3454: 3428: 3421: 3403: 3375: 3349: 3332: 3304: 3278: 3246: 3220: 3205: 3178: 3165: 3151: 3125: 3109: 3097: 3082: 3066: 3042: 3017: 2988: 2967:"Belsen Trial" 2945: 2916: 2910:978-0714643236 2909: 2888: 2884:Channel 4 2871: 2865:978-0714643236 2864: 2846: 2840:978-0714643236 2839: 2821: 2815: 2797: 2790: 2770: 2763: 2743: 2708: 2701: 2666: 2638: 2612: 2586: 2553: 2540: 2534:978-1442615700 2533: 2515: 2495: 2475: 2460: 2448: 2419: 2407: 2378: 2371: 2316: 2285: 2278: 2260: 2232: 2201: 2183: 2154: 2147: 2126: 2120:978-1844135400 2119: 2101: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1997:Georges Valois 1994: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1964: 1961:Julius Philipp 1958: 1952: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1922: 1916: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1883: 1877: 1871: 1868:Hanneli Goslar 1865: 1859: 1845: 1839: 1836:French article 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1779:Bosnian Jewish 1772: 1766: 1760: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1730: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1687: 1660: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1619: 1618: 1615:Leonard Berney 1601: 1600: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1569: 1568: 1554: 1540: 1533: 1510: 1499: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1429: 1416: 1394:Leslie Hardman 1391: 1382: 1366: 1365: 1340: 1337: 1265:Nahum Goldmann 1211: 1208: 1191:Denazification 1156:Mittelbau-Dora 1113:Main article: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1076: 1044:James Johnston 969:Mittelbau-Dora 855: 852: 842: 841: 840:around 10,000 838: 834: 833: 830: 826: 825: 822: 821:February 1945 818: 817: 814: 810: 809: 806: 805:December 1944 802: 801: 724:There were no 675: 672: 606:Main article: 603: 597: 544: 543:More prisoners 541: 525:Erholungslager 484: 481: 409:armed forces. 378: 375: 373: 370: 280: 279: 264: 260: 259: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 236:70,000 or more 234: 230: 229: 226: 222: 221: 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 191: 190: 184: 165: 164: 163: 161: 157: 156: 149: 145: 144: 135: 131: 130: 98: 92: 91: 85: 76: 75: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6094: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6032: 6022: 6018: 5996: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5777:Nazi eugenics 5775: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Topf and Sons 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5673:Collaborators 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5611:Referat IV B4 5609: 5608: 5607: (RSHA) 5606: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5598:Schutzstaffel 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585:Organizations 5583: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5557: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527:Romani people 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:Working Group 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465:Kastner train 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5334: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5304: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5252:Kristallnacht 5249: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5035:Sanitätswesen 5032: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4998:Death marches 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4824:Extermination 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4799:Sachsenhausen 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Herzogenbusch 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Bergen-Belsen 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4702:Concentration 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4638:United States 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4478:and colonies 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4381:The Holocaust 4375: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4212:Female guards 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4156:Postenpflicht 4153: 4151: 4150:Death marches 4148: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4061:Strafkompanie 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4046:Camp brothels 4044: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:Sanitätswesen 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932:Sachsenhausen 3930: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3793:Herzogenbusch 3791: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3748: 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Wallstein. 2364: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2261: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2196:www.ushmm.org 2193: 2187: 2184: 2171: 2167: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2105: 2102: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1925:Rywka Lipszyc 1923: 1920: 1919:Karl Landauer 1917: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1874:Oscar Ihlebæk 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1829:Amédée Dunois 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1647: 1627: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1606: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1566: 1565:9781440140846 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551:9789492371164 1548: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Abel Herzberg 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1371: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301:Ronald Reagan 1282: 1280: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1253:Theodor Heuss 1244: 1240: 1233: 1229: 1226:Memorial for 1224: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1180:Gross Werther 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1133:Hertha Ehlert 1130: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1059:Janet Vaughan 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1018:flamethrowing 1014: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002: 996: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 970: 963: 959: 957: 953: 947: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 903: 896: 892: 884: 876: 868: 860: 853: 851: 849: 839: 836: 835: 831: 828: 827: 824:around 6,400 823: 820: 819: 816:around 1,200 815: 813:January 1945 812: 811: 808:at least 360 807: 804: 803: 798: 794: 791: 789: 783: 781: 777: 776: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 711: 709: 700: 696: 693: 688: 680: 673: 671: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 626: 625:Fallingbostel 622: 618: 614: 609: 601: 598: 596: 594: 590: 586: 585:typhoid fever 582: 579:, as well as 578: 572: 567: 564: 560: 556: 553: 552: 542: 540: 538: 534: 528: 526: 521: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500: 499:Schutzstaffel 494: 490: 482: 480: 478: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:Fallingbostel 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 389:In 1935, the 383: 376: 371: 369: 367: 362: 360: 356: 355:typhoid fever 352: 348: 344: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 286: 285:Bergen-Belsen 277: 268:bergen-belsen 265: 261: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 201: 197: 188: 185: 180: 175: 172: 171: 170: 162: 158: 155: 154: 150: 146: 143: 139: 136: 132: 127: 99: 97: 93: 73: 64: 57: 52: 49: 45: 42:Bergen-Belsen 40: 37: 33: 19: 5989:Yizkor books 5650: 5597: 5342: 5290:in Lithuania 5250: 5148: 5033: 5026: 5015: 4949: 4927: 4908: 4889: 4872: 4714: 4655:by Catholics 4524:Soviet Union 4392:By territory 4336: 4287: 4280: 4176: 4169: 4154: 4092:Forced labor 4082:Action 14f14 4077:Action 14f13 4017:Subdivisions 4004: 3732: 3554:. 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Retrieved 2088:the original 2022:Julius Wolff 1955:Gisella Perl 1910:Shaul Ladany 1904:Suzanne Kohn 1852:Margot Frank 1811:Lagerälteste 1809:– the first 1799:– a Belgian 1769:Alex Aronson 1757:Julius Adler 1751: 1733: 1724: 1716: 1708: 1700: 1670:, today the 1665: 1621: 1610: 1603: 1596: 1589: 1580:Tom Marshall 1571: 1556: 1542: 1536: 1526:Mary Kessell 1503:Denis Norden 1487: 1475:Leonard Webb 1464: 1463:In his book 1456: 1446:Shaul Ladany 1439: 1424:, volunteer 1419: 1412: 1375: 1368: 1333: 1321: 1304: 1298: 1273: 1257: 1249: 1237: 1203: 1196: 1189: 1185: 1170:subcamps at 1121:Belsen trial 1118: 1115:Belsen trial 1095: 1079:Skimmed milk 1067: 1048: 1037: 1015: 999: 997: 993: 978: 965: 961: 948: 918: 914: 908: 848:Thessaloniki 845: 796: 784: 773: 740:, anti-Nazi 726:gas chambers 723: 714: 712: 707: 704: 692:British Army 669: 663:, where the 656: 655: 630: 629: 616: 615: 611: 599: 593:malnutrition 581:tuberculosis 562: 555:Josef Kramer 548: 546: 529: 524: 522: 507: 503: 496: 488: 486: 469: 460: 436: 430: 428:(POW) camp. 421: 411: 388: 363: 351:tuberculosis 333: 306:Lower Saxony 297: 284: 283: 270:.stiftung-ng 257:Margot Frank 241:Liberated by 199:Original use 187:Josef Kramer 151: 138:Lower Saxony 36: 5995:Never again 5826:(Action T4) 5752:Remembrance 5537:Homosexuals 5507:Soviet POWs 5435:Częstochowa 4983:Gas chamber 4794:Ravensbrück 4735:Gross-Rosen 4730:Flossenbürg 4613:Philippines 4545:Yugoslavia 4504:Netherlands 4432:Sudetenland 4261:Homosexuals 4202:Lagerführer 4087:Early camps 4024:Appellplatz 3920:Ravensbrück 3915:Niederhagen 3781:Gross-Rosen 3769:Flossenbürg 3716:Arbeitsdorf 3442:PhotograFix 3035:October 12, 2605:February 7, 2215:"POW Camps" 1929:Łódź Ghetto 1823:Josef Čapek 1791:Hélène Berr 1775:Kalmi Baruh 1721:(1965 film) 1705:(2007 film) 1518:Leslie Cole 1514:Eric Taylor 1317:Helmut Kohl 1279:Simone Veil 1176:Langenleuba 1168:Gross Rosen 1160:Ravensbrück 1152:Fritz Klein 1140: [ 1053:, included 1040:Glyn Hughes 895:Fritz Klein 837:April 1945 829:March 1945 780:Karel Čapek 770:Josef Čapek 746:homosexuals 715:Männerlager 708:Sonderlager 569: [ 457:Wietzendorf 445:Stalag XI-C 433:Stalag XI-B 209:Operational 177: [ 148:Operated by 121: / 96:Coordinates 6041:Categories 5984:Yad Vashem 5964:Uniqueness 5819:Nisko Plan 5592:Nazi Party 5400:Resistance 5370:Ninth Fort 5235:Vel' d'Hiv 5007:Nazi units 4945:Westerbork 4935:Amersfoort 4789:Neuengamme 4770:Mauthausen 4750:Kaiserwald 4720:Buchenwald 4499:Luxembourg 4256:"Asocials" 4197:Commandant 3903:Neuengamme 3863:Mauthausen 3815:Kaiserwald 3745:Buchenwald 3709:Main camps 3186:Scarlata. 2551:, pp 83–85 2064:References 2015:– a Dutch 2003:politician 1949:Gino Parin 1801:equestrian 1718:Memorandum 1692:media help 1507:Eric Sykes 1380:Anne Frank 1370:blasphemy. 1232:Anne Frank 1164:Neuengamme 1137:Ilse Lothe 1125:Irma Grese 1073:Bully beef 931:VIII Corps 854:Liberation 742:Christians 699:mass grave 647:Focke-Wulf 600:Außenlager 566:Adolf Haas 537:Anne Frank 289:pronounced 174:Adolf Haas 160:Commandant 106:52°45′28″N 5942:Education 5837:Aftermath 5749:Aftermath 5711:Trawnikis 5635:Wehrmacht 5630:Waffen-SS 5430:Białystok 5258:Bucharest 5230:Marseille 5107:Elsewhere 5068:Białystok 4880:Breendonk 4857:Treblinka 4710:Auschwitz 4494:Lithuania 4233:Prisoners 4217:Wehrmacht 4190:Personnel 4162:Selection 4138:Muselmann 4009:(Camp SS) 3721:Auschwitz 3556:April 21, 3550:USA Today 3528:April 21, 3473:April 26, 3447:April 26, 3271:April 30, 2631:April 16, 2579:April 10, 2028:Uri Orlev 1710:Frontline 1305:Waffen SS 1204:Wehrmacht 1104:Aftermath 919:Wehrmacht 695:bulldozer 637:south of 635:Hambühren 589:dysentery 461:Wehrmacht 437:Wehrmacht 422:Wehrmacht 391:Wehrmacht 372:Operation 359:dysentery 212:1940–1945 109:9°54′28″E 6052:Heidmark 5927:Academia 5380:Piaśnica 5350:Babi Yar 5278:Jedwabne 5217:Roundups 5150:Judenrat 5114:Budapest 4885:Mechelen 4847:Majdanek 4804:Stutthof 4765:Majdanek 4660:by Poles 4618:Portugal 4596:Response 4587:Timeline 4565:Overview 4427:Slovakia 4414:Bulgaria 4166:Slogans 4133:Language 3977:Agencies 3961:subcamps 3949:subcamps 3944:Stutthof 3937:subcamps 3925:subcamps 3908:subcamps 3896:subcamps 3884:subcamps 3872:subcamps 3856:subcamps 3851:Majdanek 3844:subcamps 3832:subcamps 3820:subcamps 3808:subcamps 3797:subcamps 3786:subcamps 3774:subcamps 3762:subcamps 3750:subcamps 3738:subcamps 3726:subcamps 3362:BBC News 2736:April 3, 2652:BBC News 2573:Archived 2509:iDNES.cz 2489:Le Monde 2441:April 3, 2400:April 3, 2309:April 3, 2253:April 3, 2225:April 3, 2176:April 7, 2094:April 3, 2035:See also 1667:Hatikvah 1409:chaplain 1210:Memorial 661:Unterlüß 651:Hochtief 310:northern 300:, was a 134:Location 6031:Germany 5954:Lessons 5390:Rumbula 5263:Dorohoi 5244:Pogroms 5196:Victims 5046:Ghettos 4978:Gas van 4966:Methods 4940:Schoorl 4918:Bolzano 4866:Transit 4852:Sobibor 4842:Chełmno 4809:Vaivara 4745:Hinzert 4690:ghettos 4643:Vatican 4549:Croatia 4539:Ukraine 4529:Belarus 4519:Romania 4471:Hungary 4454:Germany 4444:Estonia 4439:Denmark 4409:Belgium 4404:Austria 4399:Albania 4034:Subcamp 3956:Vaivara 3803:Hinzert 3489:"Gonin" 1782:scholar 1743:beans.’ 1172:Neusalz 1090:paprika 760:member 713:In the 621:Bomlitz 313:Germany 263:Website 228:120,000 217:Inmates 6017:Portal 5860:Bricha 5626:(Orpo) 5499:Others 5485:Żegota 5447:Rescue 5425:Warsaw 5385:Ponary 5295:Kaunas 5098:Warsaw 5083:Lublin 5073:Kraków 5060:Poland 4904:Drancy 4837:Belzec 4814:Warsaw 4725:Dachau 4633:Turkey 4628:Sweden 4554:Serbia 4534:Russia 4514:Poland 4509:Norway 4489:Latvia 4459:Greece 4449:France 4126:Yellow 4121:Purple 4101:Badges 4070:Topics 4056:Revier 3996:(DEST) 3968:Warsaw 3757:Dachau 3419: 3198:May 3, 3079:online 2907: 2862: 2837: 2813: 2788: 2761: 2699: 2659:May 3, 2531: 2369: 2276: 2145: 2117: 1856:typhus 1676:Israel 1563: 1549: 1406:Jewish 1228:Margot 1166:, the 981:Panzer 935:Winsen 927:Winsen 764:, the 748:, and 734:Czechs 719:phenol 643:potash 639:Winsen 577:typhus 533:Margot 453:Oerbke 449:Soviet 395:Belsen 347:typhus 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