Belzec extermination camp - Knowledge (XXG)

1114:, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth lashes the Ukrainian assisting Hackenholt twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes—the stopwatch recorded it all—the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead ... Dentists hammered out gold teeth, bridges and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See for yourself the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day—dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself!" 56: 483: 1384: 1214:. Wirth's house and the neighbouring SS building, which had been the property of the Polish Railway before the war, were not demolished. After locals started digging for valuables in Bełżec, the Germans installed a permanent guard so that their mass murder would not come to light. SS personnel with work commandos turned the camp into a fake farm with one Ukrainian SS guard assigned to settle there permanently with his family. This model for guarding and disguising murder sites was also adopted at the 1143: 1402: 1362: 1348: 1171: 1157: 804: 747: 978: 1487:. The team identified the railway sidings and remains of a number of buildings. They also found 33 mass graves, the largest of which had an area of 480 m (5,200 sq ft) and was 4.8 m (16 ft) deep. The total volume of these mass graves was estimated at 21,000 m (0.74 million cu ft). Air photo analysis suggests that these 33 mass graves were not the only graves at Bełżec extermination camp. 67: 599:. The installation, resembling a railway transit point for the purpose of forced labour, was finished before Christmas. It featured insulated barracks for showering among several other structures. Some local men were released. The SS completed the work in February 1942 by fitting in the tank engine and the exhaust piping systems for gassing. The trial killings were performed in early March. 1423:

investigation in 1947, the site itself continued to be neglected and memory of the site was suppressed as very few of the camp's victims were Polish, and few of the camp's primarily Jewish victims survived. Beginning in the second half of the 1950s the pursuit by Germany itself of the German perpetrators revived interest in the site. The Soviet trials of Russian camp personnel, held in

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of Operation Reinhard. There were many technical difficulties with the early attempts at mass extermination. The gassing installation was imperfect and usually only one or two rooms were working, causing a backlog. In the first three months, 80,000 people were murdered and buried in pits covered with a shallow layer of earth. The victims were Jews deported from the

724:' postwar affidavit indicates that most probably it was a petrol engine with a system of pipes delivering exhaust fumes into the gas chambers. For very small transports of Jews and Gypsies over a short distance, a minimised version of the gas van technology was also used in Bełżec. The T-4 participant and first operator of the gas chambers, SS- 1227: 1470:. Her mother, Ethel Helfgott, was among the victims in Bełżec. Anita Ekstein has led many groups of students on educational trips to Poland where she shares her Holocaust story. She first visited Bełżec in 2005, a year after the new memorial opened, and discovered her mother's name inscribed on the memorial wall on Mother's Day. 1454:, an American Holocaust survivor whose own parents were murdered in Bełżec, raising approximately 5 million dollars with the help of the Polish government and the American Jewish Committee. Another prominent Holocaust survivor with a connection to Bełżec is philanthropist Anita Ekstein, former national chair of 867:

told him: "trains filled with Jews pass almost daily through the railway yards and leave immediately on the way to the camp. They return swept clean most often the same evening." The last transport of Jews arrived at Bełżec on 11 December 1942. The buried remains often swelled in the heat as a result

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accommodations with kitchen as well as sorting and packing yard for victims possessions. Dismantled barracks can still be seen surrounded by walking sand. The railway unloading platform, with two parallel ramps, marked with red arrow. A smaller arrow shows the holding pen for Jews still waiting to be

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In the 1960s, the grounds of the former Bełżec camp were fenced off. The first monuments were erected, although the area did not correspond to the actual size of the camp during its operation due to lack of proper evidence and modern forensic research. Some commercial development took place in areas

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Jewish Committee discussed the continuing plunder of the site. In 1945 Szmul Pelc, the chair of the committee of the Jewish Committee, was murdered by local graverobbers. Investigations of grave digging continued through the late 1950s. While Lublin District Commission published the results of their

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The wooden gas chambers—which were built with double walls that were insulated by earth packed between them—were disguised as the shower barracks, so that the victims would not realise the true purpose of the facility. The gassing itself, which took about 30 minutes, was conducted by Hackenholt with

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men that they had arrived at a transit camp. To ready themselves for the communal shower, women and children were separated from men. The disrobed new arrivals were forced to run along a fenced-off path to the gas chambers, leaving them no time to absorb where they were. The process was conducted as

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camp meant to circumvent the problems of supply, and instead, rely on a system of extermination based on ordinary and readily available killing agents. For economic and practical reasons, Wirth had almost the same carbon monoxide gas used in T-4, generated with the torque of a large engine. Although

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books of Jewish ghettos, which were not guaranteed to give the exact estimates of the numbers of deportees. He also relied on partial German railway documentation, from which the number of trains could be gleaned. Some assumptions had to be made about the number of persons per each Holocaust train.

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records were notoriously incomplete as revealed by postwar analysis by the Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes against the Polish Nation. The difference between the "low-end" figure and other estimates can be explained by the lack of exact and detailed sources on the deportations

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revealed details of the mass murder by examining preserved bodies. The Germans attempted to use the commission's results to drive a wedge between the Allies. All corpses buried at Bełżec were secretly exhumed and then gradually cremated on long open-air pyres, part of the country-wide plan known as

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The history of Bełżec can be divided into two (or three) periods of operation. The first phase, from 17 March to the end of June 1942, was marked by the existence of smaller gas chambers housed in barracks constructed of planks and insulated with sand and rubber. Bełżec was the first killing centre

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post-office vehicle with the help of a local craftsman into a small gas van. The killing process, using the lethal carbon monoxide, often failed to be completed quickly, inflicting horrific suffering on the victims as they suffocated to death. The guards jokingly referred to the killing site as the

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an official wartime report in which Lieutenant Westermann, a German police officer in the reserve, describes the deportation of 8,000 Jews from the Eastern Galician towns ... in a single (thirty-wagon train) ... on September 10, after more than three days on this journey without food or water ...

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All graves discovered by archaeologists contained large amounts of human cremation remains, and 10 graves also contained unburned human remains, which Prof. Kola described as follows: "Deposition of corpses in the water-bearing layers or in very damp structure of the ground just above that layer,

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Following the collapse of the Communist dictatorship in 1989, the situation began to change. As the number of visitors to Poland interested in Holocaust sites increased, more of them came to Bełżec. In the 1990s the camp appeared badly neglected, even though it was cleaned by students from Bełżec

811:(a common practice with murder factories after clean-up, making sure that it is safe to abandon). Known structures are gone except for the brick-and-mortar garage and auto-shop for the SS, whose foundations still exist today (lower left). Across the fence (left), separated from the main camp, the 1109:

comes up. I can see he is afraid because I am present at a disaster. Yes, I see it all and I wait. My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the diesel did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping "like in the synagogue", says Professor

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Polish-language sign. Reads: "Attention! All belongings must be handed in at the counter except for money, documents and other valuables, which you must keep with you. Shoes should be tied together in pairs and placed in the area marked for shoes. Afterward, one must go completely naked to the

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school. In the late 1990s extensive investigations were carried out on the camp grounds to determine precisely the camp's extent and provide greater understanding of its operation. Buildings constructed after the war on the camp grounds were removed. In 2004, Bełżec became a new branch of the

837:. The wooden gas chambers were dismantled. The new building was 24 meters long and 10 meters wide and had six gas chambers, insulated with cement walls. It could handle over 1,000 victims at a time. The design was soon replicated by the other two Operation Reinhard extermination camps: 585:

and the highway between Lublin-Stadt and Lemberg. The northern boundary of the planned killing centre consisted of an anti-tank trench constructed a year earlier. The ditch, excavated originally for military purposes was likely to serve as the first mass grave. Globocnik brought in

1663:. It is almost impossible to squeeze such a large crowd into such a small space. The total of 750 victims per gas chamber was provided by the camp's commandant Christian Wirth to a company of high-ranking SS officers who visited the camp in the middle of Aug. 1942 including 1418:. In 1945, the Lublin District Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes conducted an investigation into the crimes in Bełżec. The mass graves at the site were dug up by graverobbers seeking gold and valuables. In 1945 provincial authorities and the 816:"processed". Location of gas chambers marked with a cross. Undressing and hair-cropping area marked with rectangle, with fenced-out "Sluice" into the woods, obstructing the view of the surroundings. Cremation pyres and ash pits (yellow), upper half. 1273:

and Peter Witte, gave an estimate of 480,000 to 540,000. Michael Tregenza stated that it would have been possible to have buried up to one million victims on the site although the true number of people murdered is probably around half that number.

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work-details. The workshops for the Jewish prisoners and the barracks for the Ukrainian guards were separated from the "processing" zone behind an embankment of the old Otto Line with the barbed wire on top. Most Jews from the corpse-unit (the

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The second phase of extermination began in July 1942, when new gas chambers were built of brick and mortar on a lightweight foundation, thus enabling the facility to "process" Jews of the two largest agglomerations nearby including the

1636:(8.4.63: 208 AR-Z 251/59, vol. 9, pp. 1784 f.) in the Sobibór-Bolender trial about the installation of the gas chambers would indicate that the engine disassembled from a tank or a lorry might have been fueled by gasoline or diesel. 795:) were murdered periodically and replaced by new arrivals, so that they would neither organise a revolt nor survive to tell about the camp's purpose. The German SS and the administration were housed in two cottages outside the camp. 1097:

less than a hundred kilometres away, of whom 1,450 were already dead on arrival from suffocation and thirst. The remaining new arrivals were marched naked in batches to the gas chambers; beaten with whips to squeeze tighter inside.

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by three months. The first steps were taken between mid-September and mid-October 1941, and the construction began around 1 November. The site near Bełżec was chosen for several reasons: it was situated on the border between the

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became known, thanks to his official postwar testimony. The lack of viable witnesses able to testify about the camp's operation is the primary reason why Bełżec is little known, despite the victim number count. Israeli historian

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made from rail tracks, splashed with petrol and burned over wood. The bones were collected and crushed. The last period of camp's operation continued until June 1943 when the area was ploughed over, and disguised as a farm.

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headed the ominous German Society for Race Hygiene (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rassenhygiene) as Professor of Hygiene at the University of Marburg in Germany, leading to the development of T4 programme some time later.

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From late 1997 until early 1998, a thorough archaeological survey of the site was conducted by a team led by two Polish scientists including Andrzej Kola, director of the Underwater Archaeological Department at the

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were predetermined with the carrying capacity of each trainset set up at 50 boxcars, each loaded with 50 prisoners, which was routinely disregarded by the SS cramming trains up to 200% capacity for the same price.

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In the last phase of the camp operations, all prior mass graves were unearthed by a mechanical digger. It was the result of direct orders from the Nazi leadership (possibly from Himmler), soon after the Soviet

1297:. It was published in 2001 by Stephen Tyas and Peter Witte. The radio telegram indicated that 434,508 Jews were deported to Bełżec through 31 December 1942 based on numbers shared by the SS with the state-run 3252:

communiqués detailing the number of trains arriving at Operation Reinhard death camps augmented by the demographic information regarding the number of people deported from each ghetto, were published by the

498:, the city of Lublin became the hub of the early Nazi transfer of about 95,000 German, Austrian, and Polish Jews expelled from the West and the General Government area. The prisoners were put to work by the 4484: 852:

or Hackenholt Foundation named after the SS man who designed it. Until December 1942, at least 350,000 to 400,000 Jews were murdered in the new gas chambers. One Wehrmacht sergeant at the train station in

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since 1940 in common with almost all of their German staff thereafter. Wirth had the leading position as the supervisor of six extermination hospitals in the Reich; Hering was the non-medical chief of the

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suggesting their common origin. Other sources, like Westermann's report, contain the exact data about the number of deported persons, but only estimates of the numbers of those who died in transit.

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for gassing in late June 1943. They were told that they were being evacuated to Germany. Any equipment that could be reused was taken by the German and Ukrainian personnel to the concentration camp

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personnel in the process. Only two months later, on 17 March 1942, the daily gassing operations at Bełżec extermination camp began with the T4 leadership brought in from Germany under the guise of

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hotel while in the French custody, Gerstein described his visit to Belzec on 18 or 19 August 1942. He witnessed there the unloading of 45 cattle cars crowded with 6,700 Jews deported from the

5650: 1199:. Bone fragments were pulverised and mixed with the ashes to hide the evidence of mass murder. The site was planted with small firs and wild lupines and all camp structures were dismantled. 1044: 715:

became broadly available later on, Wirth decided against it. Zyklon B was produced by a private firm for both Birkenau, and Majdanek nearby, but their infrastructure differed. Bełżec was an

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branches: Camp 1, which included the victims' unloading area with two undressing barracks further up; as well as Camp 2, which contained the gas chambers and the mass graves dug by the

5680: 5675: 5660: 1257:, 1947) following an investigation by GKBZNwP which began in 1945, estimated the number of people murdered in Bełżec at 600,000. This number became widely accepted in the literature. 3373:

Kopciowski, A. "Anti-Jewish Incidents in the Lublin Region in the Early Years after World War II." Zaglada Zydów. Studia i Materialy (Holocaust. Studies and Materials) 3 (2007): 188"

5665: 5670: 5645: 5403: 4477: 3772:(2000). "The Origins of 'Operation Reinhard': The Decision-Making Process for the Mass Murder of the Jews in the Generalgouvernment". In David Cesarani; Sarah Kavanaugh (eds.). 5903: 5614: 1523: 2975: 782:

quickly as possible amid constant screaming by the Germans. At times, a handful of Jews were selected at the ramp to perform all the manual work involved with extermination.

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in late January 1942 by the leading proponents of gassing (who were unaware of Bełżec's existence), including Wilhelm Dolpheid, Ludwig Losacker, Helmut Tanzmann and Governor

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and the escape of gases. The surface layer of soil split. In October 1942, the exhumation and burning of all corpses was ordered to cover up the crime on direct orders from

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It is believed that some 50 Jews might have escaped from Bełżec and only seven were still alive at the war's end. An unknown number of prisoners jumped out from the moving

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around August 1943 and murdered on arrival. "In our view," wrote Pohl & Witte in 2001, "there is no evidence to justify a figure higher than that of 600,000 victims."

1301:. The camp had ceased to operate for mass-murder by then. The clean-up commando of up to 500 prisoners remained in the camp, disinterring the bodies and burning them. The 786:

the Ukrainian guards and a Jewish aide. Removing the bodies from the gas chambers, burying them, sorting and repairing the victims' clothing for shipping was performed by

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Chris Webb, Victor Smart & Carmelo Lisciotto (2009), The Bełżec Death Camp. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team (Internet Archive). Retrieved 10 May 2015.

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who was a civil engineer by profession and the camp construction expert in the SS. Work had commenced in early November 1941, using local builders overseen by a squad of

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Symbolic "death road" (portion of the memorial in Bełżec). Underground passage built in place of former "Sluice" into the gas chambers, evokes the feelings of no escape.

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Browning, Christopher R. (1994). "The Nazi Decision to Commit Mass Murder: Three Interpretations: The Euphoria of Victory and the Final Solution: Summer-Fall 1941".

3543: 2726: 1545:, published in 1946 by the Jewish Historical Committee in Kraków with Preface by Nella Rost, his editor and literary helper. The book was illustrated with a map by 1510:

There were only two Jewish escapees from the camp who shared their testimony with the Polish Main Commission for the Investigation of Nazi German Crimes. They were

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A Report on the 1959–63 West German Police Search for Lorenz Hackenholt, the Gas Chamber Expert of the Aktion Reinhard Extermination Camps. Mazel on-line library.

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accepted 600,000 as minimum, and the sum in his table of Bełżec deportations by the city exceeded 500,000. Józef Marszałek calculated 500,000. British historian

6166: 5624: 2596: 690:, because no delivery from outside the camp would be required as in the case of the T-4 method. However, Wirth decided that the comparable technology of mobile 3608: 6082: 5699: 3899: 5931: 1162:

Portion of the memorial in Bełżec. Cemented rails built in place of the original unloading ramp, lead in all directions from which the Jews were brought in.

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formed after Operation Barbarossa. It could "process" the Jews of both regions. The ease of transportation was secured by the railroad junction at nearby

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Between 430,000 and 500,000 Jews are believed to have been murdered by the SS at Bełżec. It was the third-deadliest extermination camp, exceeded only by

4138: 1484: 6161: 6087: 5655: 5396: 5896: 4290: 6021: 5318: 686:. It was his proposal to use the exhaust gas emitted by the internal-combustion engine of a motorcar as the killing agent instead of the bottled 6151: 5350: 5243: 5754: 6171: 5248: 3783: 3753: 3705: 3673: 966:, and later followed Wirth and Globocnik to Trieste. After the war ended, Hering served for a short time as the chief of Criminal Police of 386: 342: 5951: 5434: 5389: 4037: 1538:, to crush the anti-communist underground. Hirszman was murdered before he was able to give a full account of his experiences at the camp. 1531: 5889: 4449: 3388: 3341: 1760: 6146: 6072: 5429: 3523: 3318: 3092: 3042: 3015: 2791: 2751: 2480: 2368: 2340: 2307: 2176: 2064: 2039: 1965: 1904:. Critical Issues in World and International History (2nd ed.). Plymouth, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 185. 1535: 3857: 3726: 2944: 1909: 1249: 670:. Christian Wirth had been a killing expert from the beginning as participant of the first T-4 gassing of handicapped people at the 3581: 2979: 1435:

formerly belonging to it. Also, its remote location on the Polish–Soviet border meant that few people visited the site before the

4980: 3483: 3270: 3182: 1599: 1550: 913:, lived very close to the camp in a house which also served as a kitchen for the SS as well as an armoury. He later moved to the 374: 136: 3846:

Witte, Peter; and Tyas, Stephen (2001), "A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during 'Einsatz Reinhardt 1942'",

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Location of Bełżec (lower centre) on the map of German extermination camps marked with black and white skulls. Borders of the

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Fahlbusch, Jan H., "Im Zentrum des Massenmordes. Ernst Zierke im Vernichtungslager Bełżec", in: Wojciech Lenarczyk (Ed.),

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Wirth developed his method on the basis of experience he had gained in the fixed gas chambers of Aktion T4. Even though

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writes that Belzec "was perhaps the place most representative of the totality and finality of the Nazi plans for Jews".

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Report on the Archeological Investigation at the Site of the Former NAZI Extermination Camp in Belzec, Poland, 1997–98

1211: 1036: 942: 452: 5075: 4577: 4193: 771:, or "the Tube". All arriving Jews disembarked from the trains at a platform in the reception zone. They were met by 3616: 3568:

Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu w relacjach ocalonych i zeznaniach polskich świadków (Testimonies of survivors and witnesses).

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in Munich against eight former SS members of the extermination camp personnel. The accused were set free except for

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with translation by Margaret M. Rubel. In 1960, Reder's testimony became part of the German preparations for the

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Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungslager im Spiegel deutscher Strafprozesse. Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Chelmno

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Pohl, Dieter; Witte, Peter (2001). "The number of victims of belżec extermination camp: A faulty reassessment".

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with the difficulty of air penetration, because of the depth, caused the changes of the deposited bodies into

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of 22,000 Polish soldiers was discovered in Russia. At Katyn, the German-led exhumations by the international

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The field of crushed stone serves as grave marker; the entire perimeter contains human ashes mixed with sand.

6156: 5719: 5444: 5278: 3999: 3989: 3979: 3969: 3922: 2080: 874: 555: 174: 5500: 5050: 4965: 1928: 1480: 650: 428: 73: 2918:"Drzewa "żywe pomniki" w Muzeum – Miejscu Pamięci w Bełżcu [Trees as living monuments at Bełżec]" 1231: 31: 6039: 5459: 3551: 3259: 1444: 825:

and its vicinity. The original three gas chambers were found insufficient for completing their purpose.

767:. The two zones were completely screened from each other and connected only by a narrow corridor called 4313: 2193: 1793: 1013:, and sentenced to four years and six months in prison, of which he served half before being released. 641: 5516: 5354: 5227: 5192: 5112: 4748: 4673: 4617: 4213: 3828: 2685: 2641: 1709: 1646: 1419: 1111: 1032: 993:, Karl Gringers, (unknown), Reinhold Feiks, Karl Alfred Schluch, and Friedrich Tauscher (front left). 930: 914: 517: 4343: 3872:(2015), Resources about Bełżec. Text, maps and photographs at The Holocaust Resource Center website. 6054: 5926: 5576: 5566: 5526: 4975: 4798: 4368: 4337: 4303: 4238: 1455: 1436: 1323: 1298: 1142: 726: 578: 440: 4308: 3864: 3769: 1565:, who was sentenced to 4½ years of imprisonment, and released after serving half of his sentence. 1507:

on the way to the camp, at their own peril. The railway embankments used to be lined with bodies.

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Belzec extermination camp memorial. During the construction of the Mausoleum trees planted by the

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once gave an estimate of about 800,000 based on his investigations at the site. German historians

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Historia Niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady w Bełżcu [History of the Belzec extermination camp]

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Das Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager Majdanek: Funktionswandel im Kontext der "Endlösung"

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Hackenholt was making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. Captain

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World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis, Volume 1

2952: 2850: 2358: 1798:, Muzeum-Miejsce Pamięci w Bełżcu, Oddział Państwowego Muzeum na Majdanku, archived from 1672: 1659:

The bricks-and-mortar building with the new gas chambers had six cubicles, each about 25

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A detailed description of how the gas chambers at Belzec were managed came in 1945 from

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The "Final Solution": Operation Reinhard – The Camps of Belzec, Sobibor & Treblinka

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Fritz Jirmann (Irmann) standing at the podium with a loudspeaker, and were told by the

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KZ-Verbrechen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager

3278: 3142:"A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during 'Einsatz Reinhardt' 1942" 861:, recorded in his diary a conversation with a German policeman on 30 August 1942. The 6140: 6130: 5941: 5759: 5531: 5272: 5207: 5202: 5187: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5122: 5060: 5015: 4929: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4866: 4856: 4836: 4808: 4698: 4668: 4587: 4572: 4527: 4418: 4388: 4363: 4353: 4323: 4318: 4254: 3936: 3248: 3233: 3118: 2506: 1664: 1467: 1119: 1070: 1023: 822: 539: 500: 451:, Ukraine) with the largest Jewish populations in the region. Bełżec fell within the 362: 125: 1234:" with Treblinka, Bełżec and Sobibor extermination camps – part of official note of 925:

in 1943, he was transferred by Globocnik to serve along with him in his hometown of

66: 5849: 5561: 5368: 5308: 5217: 5182: 5177: 5045: 5030: 4871: 4803: 4773: 4743: 4693: 4663: 4658: 4512: 4413: 4378: 4265: 3714: 3657: 3501:

https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054338/http://www.holocaust-history.org/belzec/

2494:

Also in: Archeologists reveal new secrets of Holocaust, Reuters News, 21 July 1998.

1847: 1574: 1511: 1451: 1390: 1262: 1258: 1239: 1028: 1010: 990: 904: 869: 704:

in the East), had proven insufficient for the projected number of victims from the

691: 614: 596: 411: 247: 4703: 2408: 2258: 2003:(in Polish), National Bełżec Museum & Monument of Martyrology , archived from 1414:

Grave robbing at the site resumed after the German guard fled for the approaching

543: 487: 3773: 3743: 3308: 5844: 5581: 5117: 5107: 5040: 5020: 4950: 4909: 4846: 4831: 4753: 4713: 4602: 4592: 3395:. Obóz Zagłady w Bełżcu (Belzec extermination camp museum). 2005. Archived from 3348:. Obóz Zagłady w Bełżcu (Belzec extermination camp museum). 2005. Archived from 2783:

History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church

2323: 2321: 2319: 1633: 1541:

Rudolf Reder summarised his account of the Bełżec camp imprisonment in the book

1270: 756: 721: 561: 3778:. Yad Vashem Studies, No. 28. Translated by William Templer. Psychology Press. 3429: 1825: 5167: 5132: 4688: 4537: 3882: 3869: 3840: 3745:

The "Good Old Days" – The Holocaust as Seen by its Perpetrators and Bystanders

3739: 3225: 2700: 2558: 1577:

of eight former SS staff of Bełżec extermination camp in the mid-1960s, Munich

1546: 938: 854: 734: 582: 464: 3167: 2870: 2284:"Chapter 3. A new and better method of killing had to be found. The gas-vans" 2143: 1439:

and the return of democracy. It was largely forgotten and poorly maintained.

104: 91: 5424: 4861: 4434: 2004: 1850:. Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies : University of Minnesota 1492: 1428: 1277: 1148:

Bełżec mausoleum. Unloading ramp and cremation rails (historical artefacts).

1078: 967: 812: 808: 658: 618: 401: 5449: 3389:"Dawne upamiętnienie: pół wieku zapomnienia (Half-a-century of forgetting)" 3342:"Dawne upamiętnienie: pół wieku zapomnienia (Half-a-century of forgetting)" 3277:. Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association, London Branch. Archived from 3158: 3141: 2509:, "Report" dated 4 May 1945, excerpted, translated, and reprinted in Klee, 1587:

personnel, held in Poland and in Germany, decided almost twenty years apart

1515: 3804: 3588:. Imprint: Kraków, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna, 1946. p. 1 1514:

and Chaim Hirszman. While Reder submitted a deposition in January 1946 in

1495:. In some graves the layer of corpses reached the thickness of ca 2,00m." 546:, which entailed the removal of Jews from the areas of future settlement. 5864: 1447:. New official monuments commemorating the camp's victims were unveiled. 1415: 1293:

sent to Berlin on 11 January 1943 by Operation Reinhard's Chief of Staff

1090: 1074: 974:

survived the defeat of Germany, but disappeared in 1945 without a trace.

946: 712: 431:, the village of Bełżec was situated between the two major cities in the 755:

Bełżec "processing" zone consisted of two sections surrounded by a high

3886: 2859:: The End Product of 'The Rabka Four's' Activities in Distrikt Galicia" 2151: 1082: 926: 3799:. Complete Book and Research by Robin O'Neil hosted by JewishGen.org. 3119:

A Reassessment: Resettlement Transports to Belzec, March–December 1942

2893:, p. 102. Another translation of Gerstein's testimony can be found at 2642:

Sentence by the First Munich District Court (Belzec-Prozess – Urteil,

17: 5936: 2472:

Belzec. The Nazi Camp for Jews in the Light of Archaeological Sources

1518:, Hirszman was assassinated in March 1946 at his home, by so-called " 1318: 1002: 574: 436: 2135: 1226: 3733:

Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. Holocaust Denial and Operation Reinhard

2917: 1450:

One of the prime benefactors behind the new memorial at Bełżec was

1317:

statistics. Thus, Y. Arad writes, that he had to rely, in part, on

2863:

The Rabka Four: Instruments of Genocide and Grand Larceny (Poland)

2429:, Państwowe Muzeum Oświęcim – Brzezinka, ed. by Franciszek Piper. 2394: 1276: 1246:

The historian Eugeniusz Szrojt in his 1947 study published by the

1225: 1073:, Head of the Technical Disinfection Services who used to deliver 976: 802: 745: 481: 432: 1660: 1459: 1424: 1250:

Main Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland

891: 807:

Aerial photograph of Bełżec camp perimeter taken in 1944 by the

720:

Holocaust witnesses' testimonies differ as to the type of fuel,

463:

was brought into the area in April 1940 for the construction of

448: 390: 5885: 5385: 4466: 4026: 3895: 2453:"Chapter 4. The camp had clean sanitary facilities" pp. 238–244 2341:"The 'Disappearance' of SS-Hauptscharfuhrer Lorenz Hackenholt." 3664:

Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps

981:

Bełżec extermination camp SS staff, 1942. from right to left:

760: 314: 3843:. Eleven minute video that portrays accurately what happened. 1255:

Biuletyn Głównej Komisji Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce

970:

in the American zone, and died in autumn 1945 in a hospital.

4493:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

2086:

The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution

1799: 1039:

before they were posted as "Hiwis" (German abbreviation for

1031:(mostly Ukrainians) organised into four platoons. Following 945:

whilst travelling in an open-top car in what is now western

848:

There was a hand-painted sign on the new building that read

65: 3762: 3609:"A New Nazi War Crimes Trial – And This Time It's Personal" 2229:"Aktion Reinhard and the Emergence of 'The Final Solution'" 1206:

prisoners who performed the clean-up operation departed to

525: 346: 317: 305: 282: 270: 3775:

Holocaust: From the persecution of the Jews to mass murder

3721:, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition, 3061:, Yale University Press, 2003, revised hardcover edition, 2688:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 404:. Only seven Jews performing slave labour with the camp's 2528:"Belzec Death Camp: Eyewitness Report – Wilhelm Cornides" 2357:

Harran, Marilyn, ed. (2000). "1942: The Final Solution".

1763:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from 1289:

The crucial piece of evidence came from the declassified

6050:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

3455: 3326:

reached Belzec, 2,000 of the 8,000 deportees were dead .

3007:

Golden Harvest: Events at the Periphery of the Holocaust

2976:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre" 1285:, confirms 434,508 Jews were murdered at Bełżec in 1942. 2951:. Warsaw Uprising by Project InPosterum. Archived from 1935:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 2007 2546:

Martin Gilbert, Peter Longerich, Max Freiherr Du Prel.

1901:

War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust

6102: 3827:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Bełżec and

3586:

Stanford University Libraries' official online search

3426:

Powstanie Państwowego Muzeum (Creation of the Museum)

2999: 2997: 323: 285: 279: 30:"Belzec" redirects here. For the nearby village, see 3748:. Translated by Deborah Burnstone. Konecky Konecky. 2743:

The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945

2411:

made at the request of the Bełżec Mayor, circa 1971.

1957:

Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District

933:

there, killing up to 5,000 prisoners and sending 69

439:

76 kilometres (47 mi) northwest of Bełżec, and

320: 308: 302: 273: 267: 6063: 6020: 5990: 5969: 5960: 5917: 5832: 5812: 5773: 5707: 5698: 5633: 5602: 5595: 5509: 5468: 5417: 5317: 5261: 5236: 5100: 5093: 4994: 4938: 4880: 4822: 4651: 4505: 4498: 4427: 4289: 4247: 4186: 4119: 4067: 4058: 3004:Gross, Jan Tomasz; Gross, Irena Grudzinska (2012). 2302:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 46–47, 175. 2194:"The Construction of the Belzec Extermination Camp" 560:The decision to begin work on the first stationary 299: 264: 243: 235: 227: 219: 211: 203: 180: 170: 147: 131: 120: 81: 41: 3661: 3310:Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past 1534:, a secret police organisation created by the new 231:Polish, German, Czech, Ukrainian and Austrian Jews 3763:Museum-Memorial Site in Bełżec (official website) 3271:"The ZWZ-AK Bureau of Information and Propaganda" 2521: 2519: 1787: 1785: 941:in April 1944. The following month he was killed 5412:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 2943:International Katyn Commission (30 April 1943). 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2894: 2837: 2825: 2448: 2327: 2279: 1051:collaborators in all major killing sites of the 1035:, all of them underwent special training at the 949:. After the camp's closure, his successor there 3383: 3381: 3379: 3336: 3334: 3125:, Yizkor Book Project. Retrieved 9 August 2013. 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2023: 2021: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1530:. Following the war's end, Hirszman had joined 1100: 504:(SS) in the construction of anti-tank ditches ( 3582:"Bełżec. Author/Creator: Reder, Rudolf, 1881–" 3544:"Obóz zagłady w Bełżcu (Death camp in Bełżec)" 3428:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku. Archived from 2974:Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). 2770:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013. 2382: 2380: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1607:, the longest Nazi war crimes trial in history 629:Experience in the Aktion T4 euthanasia program 393:and bone crushing continued until March 1943. 349:for the purpose of implementing the secretive 5897: 5397: 4478: 4038: 3907: 3298: 3296: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2746:. Oxford University Press. pp. 356–357. 8: 6083:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3548:Jewish.org.pl Portal Społeczności Żydowskiej 3037:. University Press of America. p. 435. 2922:Współczesna Przeszłość, 125–140, Poznań 2009 1923: 1921: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1667:himself. The above figure was stated in his 633:The three commandants of the camp including 4053:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 3140:Witte, Peter; Tyas, Stephen (Winter 2001). 3010:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–26. 2725:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2502: 2500: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2444: 2442: 2363:. Publications International. p. 308. 2257:. Annefrank.dk. 26 May 1945. Archived from 1893: 1891: 708:arriving at the new railway approach ramp. 602:The "Final Solution" was formulated at the 311: 276: 5966: 5904: 5890: 5882: 5704: 5599: 5404: 5390: 5382: 5097: 4502: 4485: 4471: 4463: 4064: 4045: 4031: 4023: 4019: 3914: 3900: 3892: 3313:. Columbia University Press. p. 217. 3197:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2586:"Risiera di San Sabba. History and Museum" 2171:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 2059:. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 52. 1549:, a Holocaust survivor who studied at the 38: 3668:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3499:Alex Bay,'The Reconstruction of Belzec', 3157: 3085:Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 389:. The burning of exhumed corpses on five 27:Nazi German death camp in occupied Poland 3742:; Dressen, Willi; Riess, Volker (1991). 2421: 2419: 2417: 931:San Sabba concentration and transit camp 516:project was abandoned with the onset of 6109: 6008:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 3629:Ernst Klee, Willi Dreßen, Volker Rieß: 3263:newspaper (BI) on behalf of the exiled 2559:"Belzec – the house of Christian Wirth" 2409:sketch by Jan Krupa and Bronisław Ragan 1688: 1622: 960:temporarily until the massacres of the 467:of the German strategic plan codenamed 5991:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 5351:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 3190: 2865:. Spiderwize Publishing. p. 237. 2718: 2707:(in Polish). Trawniki official website 2168:The Extermination of the European Jews 2109: 2028:Robert Rozett; Shmuel Spector (2013). 1458:Canada. Anita Ekstein was born in the 1009:(leader of the SS guard platoon), was 3765:. Museum and Memorial Site in Bełżec. 2699:Mgr Stanisław Jabłoński (1927–2002). 2565:from the original on 17 November 2021 1371:were removed and only the oaks, that 1330:The Höfle's numbers were repeated in 890:in Berlin. The bodies were placed on 410:survived World War II; and only 332: 7: 6167:German extermination camps in Poland 3719:The Destruction of the European Jews 3633:S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt, 1988, 3059:The Destruction of the European Jews 2916:Jacek Małczyński (19 January 2009). 2890: 2813: 2671: 2629: 1848:"Belzec Death Camp Memorial, Poland" 1795:Decyzja o podjęciu akcji 'Reinhardt' 1695: 1671:at face value. —from "End Notes" by 5912:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 3923:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 3883:Concentration camps of Nazi Germany 3863:Yad Vashem – About the Holocaust – 2192:Kenneth McVay, Yad Vashem (2015) . 1021:Belzec camp guards included German 486:Deportation of Jews to Bełżec from 6177:World War II sites of Nazi Germany 6073:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 3797:Bełżec: Stepping Stone to Genocide 2949:Transcript, Smolensk 30 April 1943 2686:"Holocaust Encyclopedia: Trawniki" 1553:. It was reprinted in 1999 by the 1462:area and was hidden as a child by 1431:in the early 1960s soon followed. 494:In the territory of the so-called 471:against the Soviet advance beyond 25: 5755:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 3302:For the Westermann's Report, see 2253:Der Gerstein-Bericht im NS-Archiv 1824:. Aktion Reinhard. Archived from 997:Only seven former members of the 937:to Auschwitz. Wirth received the 698:before December 1941 (and by the 124:Annihilation of Europe's Jews in 6162:1943 disestablishments in Poland 6124: 6112: 5932:Population transfers (1944–1946) 4981:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 3814:, 2nd ed., dtv, München 1978, . 3735:. Holocaust Controversies, 2011. 3550:. Państwowe Muzeum na Majdanku ( 2786:. Lexington Books. p. 274. 1929:"Belzec Death Camp: Remember Me" 1871:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality" 1869:Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009). 1600:List of Nazi concentration camps 1407:Belzec extermination camp museum 1400: 1382: 1360: 1346: 1324:Deutsche Reichsbahn calculations 1169: 1155: 1141: 1001:were indicted 20 years later in 433:southeastern part of the country 295: 260: 215:17 March 1942 – end of June 1943 54: 6035:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 5947:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 3852:, Vol. 15, No. 3, Winter 2001, 3400:(Internet Archive 2009 capture) 3353:(Internet Archive 2009 capture) 3031:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 2895:Klee, Dressen & Riess (1991 2701:"Hitlerowski obóz w Trawnikach" 1555:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 1202:The last train with 300 Jewish 610:. Dolpheid negotiated with the 5363:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 5339:36th Estonian Police Battalion 3849:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3146:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2838:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 2826:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 2449:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 2328:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 2280:Klee, Dressen & Riess 1991 2089:. Cambridge University Press. 528:-and-Police Leader of Lublin, 1: 6152:1942 establishments in Poland 6030:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 5860:Human medical experimentation 3607:Alan Elsner (29 March 2010). 2330:, pp. 230–237, 241, 296. 2031:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 1281:This document, the so-called 909:The camp's first commandant, 742:Concealment of camp's purpose 672:Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre 617:in Berlin for the use of the 510:transitory Nazi-Soviet border 64:during deportation to Belzec 6172:World War II sites in Poland 3580:SearchWorks catalog (2015). 3512:Piotrowski, Tadeusz (2007). 3393:Camp history and photographs 3346:Camp history and photographs 3214:East European Jewish Affairs 2855:"Appendix 5: Rudolf Reder's 2532:HolocaustResearchProject.org 2390:Testimony of Bronisław Ragan 1759:The Holocaust Encyclopedia. 1375:the genocide, were retained. 958:Poniatowa concentration camp 666:in Saxony as well as at the 664:Sonnenstein gassing facility 459:against Poland. Originally, 207:1 November 1941 – March 1942 6065:Righteous Among the Nations 5952:Ministry of Public Security 5331:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 3941:Related articles by country 3265:Polish government in London 2165:Gerlach, Christian (2016). 1954:Silberklang, David (2013). 759:fence camouflaged with cut 657:, had been involved in the 465:military defence facilities 6193: 5977:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 5359:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 3518:. McFarland. p. 131. 3181:Tregenza, Michael (1998), 3087:. McFarland. p. 400. 3079:Joseph Poprzeczny (2004). 2880:– via JewishGen.org. 2593:With Selected Bibliography 2055:Schwindt, Barbara (2005). 1960:. Yad Vashem. p. 16. 1585:Chełmno extermination camp 1536:Stalinist regime in Poland 1307:Sobibor extermination camp 1261:gave a figure of 550,000. 1236:Polish government-in-exile 1208:Sobibor extermination camp 1062: 902: 696:Chełmno extermination camp 553: 443:to the southeast (German: 29: 6147:Belzec extermination camp 5881: 5750:Sobibor perpetrator album 5381: 5335:Estonian Auxiliary Police 4462: 4445:Human medical experiments 4022: 4018: 3929: 3810:Rückerl, Adalbert (ed.), 3226:10.1080/13501670108577932 3104:– via Google Books. 2339:Michael Tregenza (2000), 2034:. Routledge. p. 47. 1524:anti-communist resistance 1299:Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) 1218:and Sobibor death camps. 1133:Closure and dismantlement 1085:during the Holocaust. In 1037:Trawniki SS camp division 668:Hadamar Euthanasia Centre 659:forced euthanasia program 453:German zone of occupation 365:. The camp operated from 353:, the plan to murder all 53: 46: 5998:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 5343:Latvian Auxiliary Police 5076:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 4578:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 3255:Polish Underground State 2766:Holocaust Encyclopedia, 2200:. Jewish Virtual Library 2081:Browning, Christopher R. 1011:brought to trial in 1964 999:SS-Sonderkommando Bełżec 923:German takeover of Italy 921:till the end. After the 577:District and the German 143:(German-occupied Poland) 6088:Garden of the Righteous 5840:Identification in camps 5833:Technical and logistics 5279:Order Police battalions 3789:. Retrieved 9 May 2015ł 3269:Grzegorz Mazur (2013). 2360:The Holocaust Chronicle 1715:. Shoah Resource Center 1393:of the Belzec mausoleum 1045:"those willing to help" 1029:Soviet prisoners of war 741: 738:Hackenholt Foundation. 556:The Holocaust in Poland 477:Soviet invasion of 1939 455:in accordance with the 357:, a major part of the " 196:(Aug. 1942 – June 1943) 190:(Dec. 1941 – Aug. 1942) 48:Nazi extermination camp 5501:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4966:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 3795:O'Neil, Robin (2009), 3081:"Notes to Chapter VII" 2469:Andrzej Kola (2015) . 2251:"The Gerstein Report ( 2231:. Deathcamps.org. 2014 1898:Bergen, Doris (2009). 1820:ARC (26 August 2006). 1286: 1243: 1130: 1005:. Of these, just one, 994: 817: 752: 520:. On 13 October 1941, 491: 444: 429:Second Polish Republic 387:German-occupied Poland 345:. It was built by the 220:Number of gas chambers 74:Second Polish Republic 70: 6040:Majdanek State Museum 5173:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 4077:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 3552:Majdanek State Museum 3484:"March of the Living" 3452:"March of the Living" 3260:Biuletyn Informacyjny 2945:"Commission Findings" 2526:SJ H.E.A.R.T (2007). 2296:Jack Fischel (1998). 2124:German Studies Review 1822:"Belzec Camp History" 1645:Before World War II, 1593:by Chełmno prisoner, 1474:Archeological studies 1445:Majdanek State Museum 1280: 1229: 1027:and up to 120 former 980: 903:Further information: 806: 749: 485: 473:their common frontier 105:50.37167°N 23.45750°E 69: 5517:Mordechai Anielewicz 5228:Elisabeth Volkenrath 5113:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 4749:Arthur Liebehenschel 4674:Hermine Braunsteiner 4618:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3159:10.1093/hgs/15.3.468 2982:on 30 September 2012 2780:David Cymet (2012). 2768:"Belzec: Chronology" 2740:Yahil, Leni (1991). 2573:– via YouTube. 1933:Alphabetical Listing 1551:Academy of Fine Arts 1033:Operation Barbarossa 915:Lublin airfield camp 875:SS-Obergruppenführer 568:preceded the actual 518:Operation Barbarossa 461:Jewish forced labour 337:) was a Nazi German 334:[ˈbɛu̯ʐɛt͡s] 175:SS-Totenkopfverbände 6055:March of the Living 5927:Holocaust survivors 5791:Vrba–Wetzler report 5567:Alexander Pechersky 5527:Mordechai Tenenbaum 4976:Alexander Palfinger 4799:Johann Schwarzhuber 4359:Międzyrzec Podlaski 4338:Lviv pogroms (1941) 4239:Sonderaktion Krakau 3432:on 13 February 2011 3275:Essays and Articles 2674:, pp. 52, 177. 2632:, pp. 371–372. 2602:on 7 September 2012 2595:: 3. Archived from 2112:, pp. 192–194. 1875:The New York Review 1828:on 25 December 2005 1617:Informational notes 1481:University of Toruń 1456:March of the Living 1437:revolutions of 1989 1305:was transported to 956:was transferred to 951:SS-Hauptsturmführer 850:Stiftung Hackenholt 651:SS-Hauptsturmführer 579:District of Galicia 496:Nisko "reservation" 101: / 76:before World War II 5970:West German trials 5765:Wannsee Conference 5552:Itzhak Katzenelson 5304:General Government 4789:Franz Reichleitner 4719:Fritz Hartjenstein 4709:Maximilian Grabner 4628:Bruno Streckenbach 4440:Grossaktion Warsaw 4093:Operation Reinhard 3558:on 5 November 2014 3515:Poland's holocaust 3402:on 2 February 2009 3355:on 31 January 2009 3281:on 27 October 2012 2584:San Sabba (2009). 2261:on 3 February 2014 2007:on 29 October 2015 1768:(Internet Archive) 1591:Grojanowski Report 1287: 1244: 1242:, 10 December 1942 1087:his postwar report 995: 929:. They set up the 919:Operation Reinhard 818: 753: 717:Operation Reinhard 684:General Government 680:Operation Reinhard 676:extermination camp 642:SS-Sturmbannführer 604:Wannsee Conference 570:Wannsee Conference 566:General Government 538:an order to start 492: 457:German-Soviet Pact 383:General Government 351:Operation Reinhard 339:extermination camp 141:General Government 110:50.37167; 23.45750 71: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6016: 6015: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5828: 5827: 5820:Sonderaktion 1005 5694: 5693: 5377: 5376: 5355:Ypatingasis būrys 5257: 5256: 5198:Johanna Langefeld 5193:Hildegard Lächert 5089: 5088: 4925:Alfred Trzebinski 4890:Franz von Bodmann 4842:Lorenz Hackenholt 4684:Theodor van Eupen 4623:Jakob Sporrenberg 4458: 4457: 4182: 4181: 3785:978-0-415-27511-8 3755:978-1-56852-133-6 3706:978-3-938690-50-5 3675:978-0-253-34293-5 3554:). Archived from 2511:The Good Old Days 1802:on 20 August 2009 1770:on 7 January 2012 1710:"Aktion Reinhard" 1420:Tomaszów Lubelski 1196:Sonderaktion 1005 1081:from the company 987:Lorenz Hackenholt 985:, Artur Dachsel, 972:Lorenz Hackenholt 899:Command structure 864:Bahnschutzpolizei 765:crawler excavator 731:Lorenz Hackenholt 623:Organisation Todt 550:Camp construction 417:David Silberklang 253: 252: 161:Lorenz Hackenholt 16:(Redirected from 6184: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6108: 5982:Treblinka trials 5967: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5883: 5781:Graebe affidavit 5774:Witness accounts 5720:Frank memorandum 5705: 5600: 5587:Szmul Zygielbojm 5577:Frumka Płotnicka 5537:Leon Feldhendler 5522:Icchak Cukierman 5476:Ghetto uprisings 5406: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5327:Schutzmannschaft 5148:Feodor Fedorenko 5098: 5006:Wolfgang Birkner 4794:Heinrich Schwarz 4784:Josef Oberhauser 4759:Heinrich Matthes 4643:Dieter Wisliceny 4633:Richard Thomalla 4608:Heinz Reinefarth 4558:Heinrich Himmler 4503: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4428:Other atrocities 4065: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4024: 4020: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3893: 3817: 3792: 3790: 3759: 3711: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3667: 3644: 3643: 3626: 3624: 3615:. Archived from 3613:Internet Archive 3604: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3540:Dariusz Libionka 3536: 3530: 3529: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3458:on 11 June 2014. 3454:. Archived from 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3385: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3354: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3137: 3126: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3076: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3001: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2913: 2898: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2705:The camp history 2696: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2601: 2590: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2540: 2538: 2523: 2514: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2466: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2354: 2348: 2345:Internet Archive 2337: 2331: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2271: 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291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 272: 269: 266: 155:Richard Thomalla 116: 115: 113: 112: 111: 106: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 58: 39: 32:Bełżec (village) 21: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6103: 6101: 6092: 6059: 6012: 6003:Stutthof trials 5986: 5956: 5913: 5910: 5869: 5855:Holocaust train 5824: 5808: 5796:Witold's Report 5786:Gerstein Report 5769: 5735:Katzmann Report 5715:Auschwitz Album 5690: 5629: 5591: 5557:Michał Klepfisz 5505: 5464: 5413: 5410: 5373: 5313: 5283:Ordnungspolizei 5253: 5232: 5213:Erich Muhsfeldt 5143:Margot Dreschel 5128:Alexander Bülow 5085: 5081:Udo von Woyrsch 5071:Hermann Schaper 5066:Emanuel Schäfer 5051:Josef Meisinger 5011:Helmut Bischoff 4990: 4946:Heinz Auerswald 4934: 4876: 4824: 4818: 4814:Christian Wirth 4724:Gottlieb Hering 4647: 4613:Julian Scherner 4598:Georg Michalsen 4583:Franz Kutschera 4543:Odilo Globocnik 4494: 4491: 4454: 4423: 4285: 4243: 4224:Kielce cemetery 4178: 4115: 4054: 4051: 4014: 3925: 3920: 3879: 3820:Reder, Rudolf, 3815: 3788: 3786: 3768: 3756: 3738: 3709: 3700:, Berlin 2007. 3680: 3678: 3676: 3656: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3622: 3620: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3561: 3559: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3387: 3386: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3321: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3268: 3245: 3241: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3139: 3138: 3129: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3003: 3002: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2955:on 3 March 2016 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2914: 2901: 2897:, p. 242). 2889: 2885: 2875: 2873: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2505: 2498: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2468: 2467: 2458: 2447: 2440: 2425:Reder, Rudolf, 2424: 2415: 2400: 2398: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2338: 2334: 2326: 2317: 2310: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2227: 2226: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2136:10.2307/1431894 2121: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2097: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2027: 2026: 2019: 2010: 2008: 1997: 1996: 1975: 1968: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1927: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1879: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1818: 1807: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1669:Gerstein Report 1658: 1654: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1605:Majdanek trials 1571: 1520:cursed soldiers 1501: 1476: 1464:Righteous Poles 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1365: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1314:Holocaust train 1224: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1135: 1129: 1125:Gerstein Report 1118: 1089:written at the 1067: 1065:Gerstein Report 1061: 1019: 954:Gottlieb Hering 911:Christian Wirth 907: 901: 884:Reichsführer-SS 879:Odilo Globocnik 801: 744: 688:carbon monoxide 655:Gottlieb Hering 646:Christian Wirth 636:Kriminalpolizei 631: 597:Trawniki guards 589:Obersturmführer 558: 552: 536:Odilo Globočnik 425: 379:Lublin District 370: 366: 343:occupied Poland 298: 294: 263: 259: 244:Notable inmates 239:434,508–600,000 199: 194:Gottlieb Hering 188:Christian Wirth 166: 109: 107: 103: 100: 95: 92: 90: 88: 87: 77: 62:Lublin District 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:1942 in Poland 6154: 6149: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6121: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6045:Sobibór Museum 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5802:Sonderkommando 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Posen speeches 5742: 5740:Korherr Report 5737: 5732: 5730:Höfle telegram 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5572:Witold Pilecki 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5547:Henryk Iwański 5544: 5542:Paweł Frenkiel 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5347:Arajs Kommando 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5269:Einsatzgruppen 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5223:Alice Orlowski 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5138:John Demjanjuk 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5102: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5036:Gerhard Flesch 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5002: 5000: 4997:Einsatzgruppen 4992: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4942: 4940: 4939:Ghetto command 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Horst Schumann 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4779:Johann Niemann 4776: 4771: 4766: 4764:Hermann Michel 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4739:Karl-Otto Koch 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679:Irmfried Eberl 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4568:Fritz Katzmann 4565: 4560: 4555: 4553:Arthur Greiser 4550: 4548:Richard Glücks 4545: 4540: 4535: 4533:Ludwig Fischer 4530: 4525: 4523:Adolf Eichmann 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4187:Mass shootings 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4176: 4174:Danzig-Matzkau 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4139:Kraków-Płaszów 4136: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3878: 3877:External links 3875: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3844: 3837:Izhak Weinberg 3834: 3831: 3825: 3824:, Kraków, 1946 3818: 3808: 3793: 3784: 3770:Musiał, Bogdan 3766: 3760: 3754: 3736: 3730: 3712: 3690: 3674: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3631:Schöne Zeiten. 3599: 3572: 3531: 3525:978-0786429134 3524: 3504: 3492: 3475: 3461: 3443: 3413: 3375: 3366: 3330: 3320:978-0231109659 3319: 3305:Martin Gilbert 3292: 3239: 3204: 3173: 3152:(3): 468–486. 3127: 3107: 3094:978-0786481460 3093: 3071: 3057:Raul Hilberg, 3050: 3044:978-0761829638 3043: 3023: 3017:978-0199731671 3016: 2993: 2966: 2935: 2899: 2883: 2842: 2840:, p. 238. 2830: 2828:, p. 230. 2818: 2806: 2793:978-0739132951 2792: 2772: 2759: 2753:978-0195045239 2752: 2732: 2691: 2684:USHMM (2014). 2676: 2657: 2634: 2613: 2576: 2550: 2515: 2507:Gerstein, Kurt 2496: 2482:978-8390559063 2481: 2456: 2438: 2413: 2387:USHMM (2015). 2376: 2370:978-0785329633 2369: 2349: 2332: 2315: 2309:978-0313298790 2308: 2288: 2272: 2242: 2211: 2184: 2178:978-0521880787 2177: 2157: 2114: 2102: 2095: 2072: 2066:978-3826031236 2065: 2047: 2041:978-1135969509 2040: 2017: 1973: 1967:978-9653084643 1966: 1946: 1917: 1910: 1887: 1861: 1839: 1805: 1781: 1726: 1700: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1652: 1638: 1631:SS-Scharführer 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1597: 1588: 1581:Chełmno trials 1578: 1570: 1567: 1500: 1497: 1475: 1472: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1332:Korherr Report 1303:Sonderkommando 1291:Höfle Telegram 1283:Höfle Telegram 1223: 1220: 1204:Sonderkommando 1186:Katyn massacre 1175: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1116: 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1053:Final Solution 1018: 1015: 983:Heinrich Barbl 900: 897: 800: 799:Camp operation 797: 788:Sonderkommando 778:Sonderkommando 773:SS-Scharführer 743: 740: 701:Einsatzgruppen 630: 627: 554:Main article: 551: 548: 475:following the 469:Operation Otto 424: 421: 407:Sonderkommando 391:open-air grids 369:to the end of 359:Final Solution 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 221: 217: 216: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 198: 197: 191: 184: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 163:(gas chambers) 158: 151: 149: 145: 144: 133: 129: 128: 122: 118: 117: 85: 79: 78: 59: 51: 50: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6189: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6110: 6106: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Kielce pogrom 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5907: 5902: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Stroop Report 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Documentation 5697: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5532:Marek Edelman 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418:Organizations 5416: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5319:Collaboration 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262:Organizations 5260: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Eduard Lorenz 5206: 5204: 5203:Anton Lechner 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5188:Josef Kollmer 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5158:Kurt Gerstein 5156: 5154: 5153:Hans Hoffmann 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Juana Bormann 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5061:Erich Naumann 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5016:Lothar Beutel 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4986:Jürgen Stroop 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4956:Josef Blösche 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4930:Eduard Wirths 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4915:Josef Mengele 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905:Horst Fischer 4903: 4901: 4900:Karl Gebhardt 4898: 4896: 4895:Carl Clauberg 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867:Ludwig Plagge 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857:Herbert Lange 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Kurt Bolender 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4809:Gustav Wagner 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4734:Franz Hössler 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4699:Karl Fritzsch 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4669:Wilhelm Boger 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588:Erwin Lambert 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573:Wilhelm Koppe 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Hermann Höfle 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528:Theodor Eicke 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4229:Aktion Krakau 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4199:Bloody Sunday 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4121:Concentration 4118: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4069:Extermination 4066: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3937:The Holocaust 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858:0-19-922506-0 3855: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3841:A Polish Tune 3838: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3727:0-300-09557-0 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715:Hilberg, Raul 3713: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3659: 3658:Arad, Yitzhak 3655: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3619:on 8 May 2015 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3600: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3422:"Kalendarium" 3417: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3249:Armia Krajowa 3243: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2970: 2967: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2852: 2851:O'Neil, Robin 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2816:, p. 31. 2815: 2810: 2807: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2653:9 August 2013 2647: 2645: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2545: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2299:The Holocaust 2292: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2260: 2256: 2254: 2246: 2243: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2199: 2195: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2161: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1958: 1950: 1947: 1934: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911:9780742557161 1907: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1849: 1843: 1840: 1827: 1823: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1698:, p. 73. 1697: 1692: 1689: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629:Affidavit of 1626: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1526:organisation 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1468:the Holocaust 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1440: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1403: 1392: 1385: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1349: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:Hermann Höfle 1292: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1230:Page 7 from " 1228: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1172: 1158: 1144: 1132: 1127: 1126: 1121: 1120:Kurt Gerstein 1115: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1071:Kurt Gerstein 1066: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:Hilfswilligen 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1024:Volksdeutsche 1016: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 973: 969: 965: 964: 959: 955: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 917:, to oversee 916: 912: 906: 898: 896: 893: 889: 886: 885: 880: 877: 876: 871: 866: 865: 860: 856: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 826: 824: 823:Lublin Ghetto 814: 810: 805: 798: 796: 794: 789: 783: 780: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 748: 739: 736: 733:, rebuilt an 732: 729: 728: 723: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 702: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 660: 656: 653: 652: 647: 644: 643: 638: 637: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 613: 612:SS-Oberführer 609: 605: 600: 598: 594: 591: 590: 584: 580: 576: 571: 567: 563: 557: 549: 547: 545: 541: 537: 534: 533: 532:Brigadeführer 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502: 501:Schutzstaffel 497: 489: 484: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 422: 420: 418: 413: 409: 408: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 385:territory of 384: 380: 377:, in the new 376: 367:17 March 1942 364: 363:the Holocaust 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 328: 290: 257: 249: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 195: 192: 189: 186: 185: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 127: 126:the Holocaust 123: 119: 114: 86: 84: 80: 75: 68: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5801: 5725:Höcker Album 5708:Nazi sources 5596:Victim lists 5562:Miles Lerman 5369:Trawniki men 5309:Hotel Polski 5218:Detlef Nebbe 5183:Oswald Kaduk 5178:Karl Jeschke 5056:Bruno Müller 5046:Felix Landau 5031:Ernst Damzog 5026:Karl Brunner 4995: 4971:Franz Konrad 4872:Adolf Theuer 4825:executioners 4804:Franz Stangl 4774:Robert Mulka 4744:Josef Kramer 4694:Karl Frenzel 4664:Richard Baer 4659:Hans Aumeier 4652:Camp command 4638:Otto Wächter 4518:Josef Bühler 4513:Viktor Brack 4499:Perpetrators 4098: 4091: 3933:Main article 3847: 3821: 3811: 3796: 3774: 3744: 3718: 3693: 3686: 3679:. Retrieved 3663: 3651:Bibliography 3630: 3628: 3621:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3612: 3602: 3590:. Retrieved 3585: 3575: 3567: 3560:. Retrieved 3556:the original 3547: 3534: 3514: 3507: 3495: 3478: 3470:"Yad Vashem" 3464: 3456:the original 3446: 3434:. Retrieved 3430:the original 3425: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3397:the original 3392: 3369: 3357:. Retrieved 3350:the original 3345: 3324: 3309: 3283:. Retrieved 3279:the original 3274: 3258: 3257:through the 3247: 3242: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3183: 3176: 3149: 3145: 3122: 3115:Robin O'Neil 3110: 3098:. Retrieved 3084: 3074: 3058: 3053: 3033: 3026: 3006: 2984:. Retrieved 2980:the original 2969: 2957:. Retrieved 2953:the original 2948: 2938: 2926:. Retrieved 2921: 2886: 2874:. Retrieved 2862: 2856: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797:. Retrieved 2782: 2775: 2762: 2742: 2735: 2709:. Retrieved 2704: 2694: 2679: 2651:. Retrieved 2644:LG München I 2643: 2637: 2604:. Retrieved 2597:the original 2592: 2579: 2567:. Retrieved 2553: 2543: 2542: 2535:. Retrieved 2531: 2510: 2486:. Retrieved 2471: 2426: 2399:. Retrieved 2389: 2359: 2352: 2335: 2298: 2291: 2275: 2263:. Retrieved 2259:the original 2252: 2245: 2233:. Retrieved 2202:. Retrieved 2197: 2187: 2167: 2160: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2105: 2085: 2075: 2056: 2050: 2030: 2009:, retrieved 2005:the original 1999: 1956: 1949: 1937:. Retrieved 1932: 1900: 1878:. Retrieved 1874: 1864: 1852:. Retrieved 1842: 1830:. Retrieved 1826:the original 1800:the original 1794: 1772:. Retrieved 1765:the original 1717:. Retrieved 1708:Yad Vashem. 1703: 1691: 1673:Robin O'Neil 1655: 1647:Pfannenstiel 1641: 1630: 1625: 1575:Bełżec trial 1559:Bełżec trial 1542: 1540: 1522:", from the 1512:Rudolf Reder 1509: 1502: 1489: 1477: 1452:Miles Lerman 1449: 1441: 1433: 1413: 1372: 1368: 1329: 1311: 1302: 1288: 1267:Robin O'Neil 1263:Yitzhak Arad 1259:Raul Hilberg 1254: 1247: 1245: 1240:Anthony Eden 1203: 1201: 1194: 1182: 1123: 1112:Pfannenstiel 1102: 1101: 1068: 1059:Gas chambers 1048: 1040: 1022: 1020: 998: 996: 991:Ernst Zierke 961: 950: 943:by partisans 908: 905:Belzec trial 882: 873: 870:putrefaction 862: 849: 847: 835:Lwów Ghettos 827: 819: 813:Hiwi guards' 792: 787: 784: 776: 772: 769:der Schlauch 768: 754: 725: 710: 699: 649: 640: 634: 632: 615:Viktor Brack 611: 608:Otto Wächter 601: 587: 562:gas chambers 559: 529: 513: 508:) along the 505: 499: 493: 490:, April 1942 426: 412:Rudolf Reder 405: 395: 255: 254: 248:Rudolf Reder 36: 5845:Gas chamber 5813:Concealment 5804:photographs 5651:Gross-Rosen 5620:Lviv (Lwów) 5582:Roza Robota 5486:Częstochowa 5118:Herta Bothe 5108:Hans Anhalt 5101:Camp guards 5041:Ludwig Hahn 5021:Paul Blobel 4961:Franz Bürkl 4951:Hans Biebow 4910:Fritz Klein 4847:Josef Klehr 4832:Erich Bauer 4823:Gas chamber 4769:Karl Möckel 4754:Maria Mandl 4729:Rudolf Höss 4714:Otto Hantke 4603:Oswald Pohl 4593:Ernst Lerch 4404:Stanisławów 4314:Częstochowa 4204:Bronna Góra 4134:Gross-Rosen 4129:Auschwitz I 3816:(in German) 3740:Klee, Ernst 3710:(in German) 2959:15 November 2649:(in German) 2397:Collections 2110:Musiał 2000 1634:Erich Fuchs 1271:Dieter Pohl 1095:Lwów Ghetto 1017:Camp guards 757:barbed wire 722:Erich Fuchs 540:Germanizing 355:Polish Jews 223:3 (later 6) 212:Operational 204:First built 171:Operated by 108: / 83:Coordinates 6141:Categories 5168:Irma Grese 5163:Paul Götze 5133:Luise Danz 4882:Physicians 4689:Kurt Franz 4538:Hans Frank 4506:Organizers 4450:Heidelager 3870:Yad Vashem 3639:310039304X 3406:9 February 3359:9 February 3285:1 December 3067:0300095570 2513:, page 242 2435:8390771535 2407:See also: 2130:(3): 477. 2096:0521558786 1612:References 1563:Oberhauser 1049:Wachmänner 939:Iron Cross 793:Totenjuden 735:Opel Blitz 583:Rawa-Ruska 514:Burggraben 506:Burggraben 435:including 423:Background 331:, Polish: 258:(English: 181:Commandant 96:23°27′27″E 93:50°22′18″N 60:Jews from 6022:Memorials 5919:Aftermath 5686:Treblinka 5641:Auschwitz 5496:Treblinka 5481:Białystok 5469:Uprisings 5249:Treblinka 5094:Personnel 4862:Otto Moll 4852:Hans Koch 4704:Amon Göth 4435:Action T4 4399:Sosnowiec 4369:Nowy Sącz 4304:Białystok 4271:Szczuczyn 4219:Erntefest 4209:Bydgoszcz 4194:Białystok 4109:Treblinka 3985:Lithuania 3805:779194210 3660:(1999) . 3234:162068368 3220:: 15–22. 3168:1476-7937 3123:JewishGen 2986:26 August 2891:Arad 1999 2871:796270628 2814:Arad 1999 2672:Arad 1999 2630:Arad 1999 2144:0149-7952 1696:Arad 1999 1683:Citations 1547:Józef Bau 1499:Survivors 1493:adipocere 1429:Krasnodar 1373:witnessed 1216:Treblinka 1079:Auschwitz 968:Heilbronn 843:Treblinka 809:Luftwaffe 751:showers." 639:officers 619:Aktion T4 524:gave the 402:Auschwitz 398:Treblinka 371:June 1943 121:Known for 5865:Zyklon B 5681:Trawniki 5676:Stutthof 5661:Majdanek 4409:Tarnopol 4349:Lubartów 4261:Jedwabne 4164:Trawniki 4154:Stutthof 4144:Potulice 4087:Majdanek 4005:Slovakia 3829:Timeline 3698:Metropol 3542:(2015). 3307:(1999). 3193:citation 3187:, Lublin 3100:9 August 2928:8 August 2853:(2011). 2721:cite web 2711:30 April 2563:Archived 2544:Sources: 2401:29 April 2286:. p. 69. 2204:25 April 2083:(1995). 2011:14 March 1939:27 April 1832:27 April 1761:"Belzec" 1665:Gerstein 1569:See also 1416:Red Army 1338:Post-war 1212:Majdanek 1117:— 1091:Rottweil 1075:Zyklon B 947:Slovenia 713:Zyklon B 694:used at 692:gas vans 157:(layout) 148:Built by 132:Location 6119:Germany 6105:Portals 5850:Gas van 5666:Sobibór 5603:Ghettos 5510:Leaders 5491:Sobibor 5244:Sobibor 5237:By camp 4384:Siedlce 4291:Ghettos 4276:Tykocin 4248:Pogroms 4234:Palmiry 4159:Szebnie 4104:Sobibor 4082:Chełmno 4010:Ukraine 3995:Romania 3975:Germany 3965:Estonia 3960:Denmark 3955:Croatia 3950:Belgium 3945:Belarus 3887:YouTube 3687:Belzec. 3436:9 April 2924:: 39–46 2569:4 March 2265:4 March 2235:4 March 2152:1431894 1880:8 April 1792:MMPwB, 1583:of the 1466:during 1222:Victims 1083:Degesch 1043:, lit. 927:Trieste 855:Rzeszów 839:Sobibor 682:in the 564:in the 445:Lemberg 427:In the 381:of the 228:Inmates 6131:Poland 5962:Trials 5937:Bricha 5671:Soldau 5656:Izbica 5646:Bełżec 5625:Warsaw 5610:Kraków 5450:Żegota 4419:Warsaw 4394:Słonim 4389:Sambor 4364:Mizocz 4354:Lublin 4329:Kraków 4324:Kielce 4319:Grodno 4299:Będzin 4281:Wąsosz 4257:(1946) 4255:Kielce 4169:Warsaw 4149:Soldau 4099:Belzec 4000:Russia 3990:Norway 3980:Latvia 3970:France 3865:Bełżec 3856: 3822:Bełżec 3803: 3782: 3752: 3725: 3704: 3681:10 May 3672: 3637: 3623:12 May 3592:11 May 3562:11 May 3522: 3317: 3232: 3166: 3091: 3065: 3041: 3014: 2876:12 May 2869: 2857:Bełzec 2790: 2750: 2479: 2433: 2427:Belzec 2367: 2306: 2175: 2150: 2142: 2093: 2063: 2038: 1964: 1908: 1854:10 May 1774:10 May 1719:1 July 1543:Bełżec 1516:Kraków 1319:Yizkor 1003:Munich 831:Kraków 625:(OT). 575:Lublin 544:Zamość 512:. 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