1324:
1300:(with changes to the preceding consonant); and the future stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by changing the tone from mid 3 to high 4 or from bottom 1 to top 5. Some have causative (formed by adding or , and changing mid tone to high) and passive (formed by adding , , or to the causative) forms. Verbal nouns are formed from the stem, sometimes with tone change or addition or .
1314:
There are four corresponding participles: past (formed from the past stem), present perfect (formed from the past stem with the suffix , , or ), imperfect (formed from the future stem with the stative suffix ), and negative (formed from the future stem with the negative suffix or or a person/number
1019:
The oblique form is basic, and serves as object, possessive, and adverbial. The subject form has three variants: normal (given above), emphatic - used when the subject is particularly prominent in the sentence, especially sentence-initially - and reduced, used as part of a verb phrase. The
1108:
include "here", "there (nearby)", "there (far away)", "down there", "up there". Alone, or with the determiner suffixes or added, these function as demonstrative pronouns "this person", "that person", etc. With the noun phrase marker , they become demonstrative adjectives. E.g.:
1303:
Verbs with polysyllabic roots have at least two forms, one with an intransitive or passive meaning and one with a transitive or causative meaning; the former ends in , the latter in . A passive may be formed by ending in . Verbal nouns are formed by taking the bare stem without or .
286:
used primarily by male speakers, which permits communication over greater distances than spoken Bench. The whistle can be created using the lips or made from a hollow created with both hands. Additionally, this form of the language may be communicated via the 5-stringed
1310:
The primary tenses are simple past (formed from the past stem), future (future stem plus ), present perfect (from present participle stem); negative (future stem plus .) E.g.: → "he went"; "he will go"; "he has gone".
267:. In a 2006 dissertation, Christian Rapold described three varieties of Bench (Benchnon, Shenon, and Mernon) as "...mutually intelligible...varieties of one and the same language". Bench is the ancestral language of the
1295:
Verbs with monosyllabic roots can have three different forms of their active stems: the singular imperative, which is just the root; the past stem, usually identical to the root but sometimes formed by adding
1488:
Note that this is the East Asian tone numbering convention, and the opposite of the literature for other
African languages, where 1 is high and 5 is low. The issue will be avoided here by using
1048:
The main determiners are "that, the" (masc. , fem. , pl. ) and "this" (masc. , fem. , pl. ). As suffixes on a verb or an ablative or locative phrase, they indicate a relative clause. E.g.:
752:
The syllable structure is (C)V(C)(C)(C) + tone or (C) N (C), where C represents any consonant, V any vowel, N any nasal, and brackets an optional element. CC clusters consist of a
252:
58:
1644:
801:
Plurals may optionally be formed by adding the suffix ; however, these are rarely used except with definite nouns. E.g.: "her relatives"; "all the people".
2232:
1591:
1585:
1637:
700:
1603:
1608:
571:
1346:. Tones were not indicated. Retroflex consonants were indicated by such techniques as using extra symbols from the syllabary (the "
1332:
610:
537:
1256:
20, 30, etc. are formed by adding "ten" (with tone change) to the unit. In compound numbers, is added to each 'figure, thus:
2553:
1489:
197:
2548:
2225:
1630:
1548:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a. "Why Bench’ (Ethiopia) has five level tones today." In Ursula Pieper and
Gerhard Stickel (eds.),
649:
617:
544:
1512:
Breeze, Mary J. 1988. "Phonological features of Gimira and Dizi." In
Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst and Fritz Serzisko (eds.),
1597:
1562:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1990. "Gimo-Jan or Ben-Yem-Om: Benč - Yemsa phonemes, tones, and words." In
Richard J. Hayward (ed.),
603:
578:
530:
169:
1514:
Cushitic - Omotic: papers from the
International Symposium on Cushitic and Omotic languages, Cologne, January 6–9, 1986
2563:
1706:
626:
564:
1797:
723:
707:
656:
419:
412:
2218:
1754:
642:
2558:
2443:
2412:
2277:
2199:
2000:
1990:
1965:
346:
207:
181:
1323:
734:. Labialized consonants are reported for and , but their phonemic status is unclear; they only occur after
187:
2453:
2055:
460:
453:
430:
2348:
2065:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
746:
742:
735:
731:
727:
496:
489:
323:
315:
304:
95:
1653:
1520:
1307:
Compound verbs are formed with "say" or "cause to say", a formation common among
Ethiopian languages.
692:
676:
383:
376:
85:
2083:
314:: five level tones (numbered 1 to 5 in the literature, with 1 being the lowest) and one rising tone 23
1586:
https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/research/research-output/humanities/towards-a-grammar-of-benchnon
1074:
471:
1604:
http://www.kwedekind.de///Eingang1///PdfFiles/1985_Thoughts_when_Drawing_a_Map_of_Tone_Languages.pdf
590:
517:
507:
405:
353:
275:
1405:"Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation"
264:
2138:
1832:
1784:
336:
311:
1759:
1541:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1983. "A six-tone language in
Ethiopia: Tonal analysis of Benč non (Gimira)."
2427:
2382:
2377:
2323:
2118:
2045:
2035:
1940:
1925:
1897:
1852:
1769:
1687:
1581:
1535:
1444:
1426:
1328:
973:
399:
363:
341:
283:
1287:
Adjectives are sometimes intensified by changing the tone to top; e.g. "big" → "very big".
2469:
2367:
2287:
2241:
2178:
1930:
1920:
1907:
1847:
1837:
1729:
1719:
1505:
Breeze, Mary J. 1986. "Personal pronouns in Gimira (Benchnon)." In Ursula
Wiesemann (ed.),
1434:
1416:
446:
244:
90:
1315:
marker.) The order of affixes is: root-(tense)-(negative)-(foc. pn.)-person/number-marker.
2392:
2359:
2249:
2183:
2113:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1807:
1744:
1734:
1682:
1268:
668:
358:
248:
77:
54:
1618:
Website maintained by the Bench community, on culture and language, in the Bench language
1343:
2529:
2502:
2474:
2448:
2407:
2328:
2305:
2295:
2272:
2267:
2148:
2128:
2123:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2040:
2010:
2005:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1867:
1857:
1842:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1764:
1749:
1677:
1519:
Breeze, Mary J. 1990. "A Sketch of the
Phonology and Grammar of Gimira (Benchnon)". In
1439:
1404:
1276:
1060:
161:
2542:
2422:
2417:
2372:
2338:
2333:
2315:
2300:
2262:
2257:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2098:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
1995:
1985:
1950:
1915:
1877:
1792:
1739:
1667:
1598:
http://www.kwedekind.de///Eingang1///PdfFiles/1985_WhyBenchHasFiveLevelTonesToday.pdf
1566:
p. 68-184. London: School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
1350:
s") and forming new symbols (the addition of an extra arm on the left side for "t").
1339:
1105:
279:
1403:
Giday, Mirutse; Asfaw, Zemede; Woldu, Zerihun; Teklehaymanot, Tilahun (2009-11-13).
247:
language of the "Gimojan" subgroup, spoken by about 174,000 people (in 1998) in the
2509:
2050:
1802:
1774:
437:
282:, one of only a handful of languages in the world that have this many. Bench has a
268:
260:
976:; it can mark any third person that refers to the subject of the sentence, e.g.:
174:
1612:
1374:
1369:
753:
370:
1527:, 1-67. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.
1430:
765:
761:
154:
138:
1448:
1421:
1342:
had been published in the Bench language using an orthography based on the
1555:
Wedekind, Klaus. 1985b. "Thoughts when drawing a map of tone languages."
274:
In unusual variance from most of the other languages in Africa, Bench has
145:
1724:
482:
256:
215:
203:
44:
1622:
1584:. (University webpage has a link to download a PDF of a Dutch summary.)
318:. The top tone is sometimes realized as a high rising 45 . On the vowel
1714:
1672:
1020:"locative" term means "to, at, or for one's own place or house", e.g.:
757:
211:
1012:
road.ABL go.self self.be.STAT.DET.when leopard-NPMk {big see.he.FIN}
2210:
1322:
300:
288:
2214:
1626:
1338:
A Latin-based orthography was adopted in 2008. Previously, the
1056:
730:, suggesting an alternate analysis of a sixth phonemic vowel
278:
phonemes. The language is also noteworthy in that it has six
1141:
1121:
1617:
1279:
are formed by suffixing to the cardinal, e.g.: "fourth".
214:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1145:
1117:
1068:
person.PL.NPMk these.OBJ what.ABL separate make.FUT.INTL
1028:
1015:"when he was going along the road, he saw a big leopard"
1004:
984:
768:; in CCC clusters, the first consonant must be one of
1271:
functions as an adjective, the suffix can be added
2487:
2462:
2436:
2400:
2391:
2358:
2347:
2314:
2286:
2248:
2192:
2171:
2064:
1906:
1783:
1705:
1696:
1660:
253:
Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region
180:
168:
152:
136:
131:
113:
74:
64:
50:
40:
33:
21:
745:the realizations of and are in free variation;
70:348,000 Bench Non, 8,000 Mer, 490 She (2007)
2226:
1638:
1550:Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica
1389:
1387:
8:
1613:http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_gim
2397:
2355:
2233:
2219:
2211:
1702:
1645:
1631:
1623:
1167:
813:
18:
1438:
1420:
1409:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
780:or a voiceless fricative, and the third
1516:, 473–487. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
330:
1359:
972:The word goes slightly beyond being a
749:has the allophone before back vowels.
208:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1365:
1363:
112:
7:
16:Northern Omotic language of Ethiopia
1609:World Atlas of Language Structures
1073:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1071:"how can I separate these people?"
14:
1153:boy.NPMk down.there.NPMk DET.SUBJ
1133:"when he came near to the man..."
1130:here man near reach.STAT.DET.when
706:
699:
675:
655:
648:
641:
625:
616:
609:
602:
577:
570:
563:
543:
536:
529:
506:
495:
488:
470:
459:
452:
436:
429:
418:
411:
382:
375:
1592:A Six-Tone Language in Ethiopia
1509:, 47–69. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.
1095:"the woman who is in the house"
1036:return.I to.my.house I go.I.FIN
1578:Towards a Grammar of Benchnon.
1557:Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere
1532:Towards a Grammar of Benchnon.
1:
992:he.SUBJ own sheep sell.he.FIN
1543:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
1470:Wedekind 1983, 1985a, 1985b.
705:
698:
674:
654:
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624:
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608:
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569:
562:
542:
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494:
487:
469:
458:
451:
435:
428:
417:
410:
381:
374:
1576:Rapold, Christian. 2006.
1530:Rapold, Christian. 2006.
2580:
1552:, 881-901. Berlin: Mouton.
1319:Orthography and literature
2523:
995:"he sold his (own) sheep"
691:
667:
589:
516:
398:
369:
333:
194:
26:
2200:Ethiopian sign languages
1602:Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a.
1596:Wedekind, Klaus. 1985a.
1590:Wedekind, Klaus. 1983.
1564:Omotic language studies
1525:Omotic Language Studies
1380:(subscription required)
1156:"these boys down there"
1092:woman house.LOC be.that
722:All of these can occur
310:There are six phonemic
2554:North Omotic languages
1422:10.1186/1746-4269-5-34
1335:
259:, around the towns of
196:This article contains
2549:Languages of Ethiopia
1654:Languages of Ethiopia
1327:Bench New Testament,
1326:
776:, the second either
1275:"three children").
328:The consonants are:
1344:Ethiopian syllabary
276:retroflex consonant
2564:Whistled languages
1661:Official languages
1521:Richard J. Hayward
1507:Pronominal systems
1336:
726:, but only before
239:, formerly called
119:Benc Non (Benesho)
2536:
2535:
2530:extinct languages
2519:
2518:
2483:
2482:
2208:
2207:
2172:Foreign languages
2167:
2166:
1582:Leiden University
1536:Leiden University
1378:(18th ed., 2015)
1254:
1253:
1165:The numbers are:
974:reflexive pronoun
970:
969:
810:Personal pronouns
720:
719:
636:
597:
558:
524:
485:
449:
408:
222:
221:
204:rendering support
200:phonetic symbols.
2571:
2398:
2356:
2242:Omotic languages
2235:
2228:
2221:
2212:
1755:Sebat Bet Gurage
1703:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1493:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1442:
1424:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1168:
1147:
1143:
1123:
1119:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1030:
1006:
986:
916:himself/herself
814:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
748:
744:
741:For the phoneme
737:
733:
729:
710:
703:
679:
659:
652:
645:
634:
629:
620:
613:
606:
595:
581:
574:
567:
556:
547:
540:
533:
522:
510:
499:
492:
481:
474:
463:
456:
445:
440:
433:
422:
415:
404:
386:
379:
331:
325:
317:
306:
243:) is a Northern
190:
164:
148:
141:
80:
19:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2559:Tonal languages
2539:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2515:
2479:
2458:
2444:Kachama-Ganjule
2432:
2413:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
2387:
2350:
2343:
2310:
2282:
2244:
2239:
2209:
2204:
2188:
2163:
2060:
1991:Kachama-Ganjule
1966:Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
1902:
1779:
1698:
1692:
1656:
1651:
1573:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1321:
1293:
1285:
1277:Ordinal numbers
1269:cardinal number
1163:
1158:
1149:
1135:
1126:
1102:
1097:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1017:
1008:
997:
988:
812:
807:
799:
794:
348:
297:
249:Bench Maji Zone
202:Without proper
186:
160:
144:
137:
109:
81:
78:Language family
76:
67:
66:Native speakers
55:Bench Maji Zone
17:
12:
11:
5:
2577:
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2561:
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2541:
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2506:
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2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2454:Zayse-Zergulla
2451:
2446:
2440:
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2434:
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2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
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2275:
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2265:
2260:
2254:
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2246:
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2240:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2193:Sign languages
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
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2161:
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2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
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2056:Zayse-Zergulla
2053:
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2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
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1580:Dissertation,
1572:
1571:External links
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1534:Dissertation,
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1162:
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1137:
1136:
1112:
1111:
1106:demonstratives
1101:
1100:Demonstratives
1098:
1082:
1081:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1023:
1022:
999:
998:
979:
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968:
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827:
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756:followed by a
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280:phonemic tones
255:, in southern
220:
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206:, you may see
192:
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184:
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132:Language codes
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84:
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52:
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41:Native to
38:
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24:
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15:
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10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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2110:
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2097:
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2094:Kacipo-Balesi
2092:
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2087:
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2072:
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2019:
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1479:Wedekind 1983
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1340:New Testament
1334:
1333:9966-40-063-X
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1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1039:"I went home"
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329:
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308:
303:of Bench are
302:
299:The phonemic
294:
292:
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285:
284:whistled form
281:
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39:
36:
34:Pronunciation
32:
29:
25:
20:
2525:
2508:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2066:Nilo-Saharan
1935:
1707:Ethiosemitic
1577:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1531:
1524:
1513:
1506:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1461:Breeze 1988.
1457:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1373:
1347:
1337:
1313:
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1103:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1002:
1000:
994:
991:
989:
982:
980:
971:
854:(m.), (f.)
800:
770:/r//j//m//p/
751:
740:
721:
327:
319:
309:
298:
273:
269:Bench people
265:Shewa Gimira
261:Mizan Teferi
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
195:
182:Linguasphere
153:
100:
86:Afro-Asiatic
27:
1981:Hamer-Banna
1545:16: 129–56.
1492:diacritics.
1393:Rapold 2006
1044:Determiners
1003:big see.he.
938:we (incl.)
927:we (excl.)
905:she (hon.)
859:you (hon.)
724:palatalized
693:Approximant
210:instead of
122:Mer (Mieru)
2543:Categories
1559:1: 105–24.
1500:References
1375:Ethnologue
1283:Adjectives
949:you (pl.)
882:he (hon.)
845:you (sg.)
754:continuant
125:She (Kaba)
2528:indicate
2139:Nyangatom
2084:Daatsʼiin
2036:Shekkacho
1833:Daasanach
1699:languages
1431:1746-4269
1415:(1): 34.
829:vocative
826:locative
766:affricate
762:fricative
596:Voiceless
591:Fricative
523:Voiceless
518:Affricate
406:Voiceless
354:Retroflex
322:they are
295:Phonology
155:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
2428:Wolaitta
2383:Shinasha
2378:Shakacho
2324:Bambassi
2046:Wolaitta
1926:Bambassi
1898:Xamtanga
1853:Kambaata
1785:Cushitic
1770:Tigrinya
1697:Regional
1688:Tigrinya
1449:19912633
983:sell.he.
823:subject
820:oblique
817:English
805:Pronouns
557:Ejective
483:Ejective
349:alveolar
337:Bilabial
324:/őóōòȍǒ/
257:Ethiopia
216:Help:IPA
188:16-BBA-a
162:benc1235
114:Dialects
45:Ethiopia
2526:Italics
2470:Basketo
2401:Central
2368:Anfillo
2179:English
2006:Koorete
1931:Basketo
1921:Anfillo
1848:Hadiyya
1838:Dirasha
1720:Argobba
1715:Amharic
1673:Amharic
1523:(ed.),
1440:2780996
1267:When a
1161:Numbers
1086:be.that
792:Grammar
758:plosive
400:Plosive
364:Glottal
347:Palato-
342:Coronal
305:/ieaou/
251:of the
229:Bencnon
212:Unicode
28:Bencnon
2488:Others
2463:Others
2351:Omotic
2288:Dizoid
2184:Arabic
2114:Majang
1908:Omotic
1893:Tsamai
1888:Somali
1883:Sidamo
1873:Qimant
1863:Libido
1808:Arbore
1760:Siltʼe
1745:Mesqan
1735:Harari
1730:Gurage
1683:Somali
1447:
1437:
1429:
1331:
1116:reach.
635:Voiced
447:Voiced
301:vowels
245:Omotic
241:Gimira
237:Mernon
233:Shenon
91:Omotic
51:Region
2503:Chara
2496:Bench
2475:Maale
2449:Koore
2408:Dorze
2393:Ometo
2360:Gonga
2349:North
2329:Ganza
2306:Sheko
2296:Dizin
2273:Hamer
2268:Gayil
2250:Aroid
2149:Shabo
2144:Opuuo
2129:Mursi
2124:Murle
2119:Meʼen
2109:Kwegu
2104:Kwama
2089:Gumuz
2079:Berta
2074:Anuak
2051:Yemsa
2041:Sheko
2011:Maale
1976:Gayil
1971:Ganza
1961:Dorze
1946:Chara
1936:Bench
1868:Oromo
1858:Konso
1843:Gedeo
1828:Burji
1823:Bussa
1818:Baiso
1813:Awngi
1798:Alaba
1765:Soddo
1750:Muher
1725:Geʽez
1678:Oromo
1370:Bench
1354:Notes
1348:nigus
1291:Verbs
1273:(e.g.
1248:1000
1124:.when
1055:make.
1027:go.I.
960:they
797:Nouns
764:, or
669:Trill
371:Nasal
359:Velar
312:tones
225:Bench
101:Bench
96:North
59:SNNPR
22:Bench
2437:East
2423:Oyda
2418:Melo
2373:Kafa
2339:Seze
2334:Hozo
2301:Nayi
2278:Karo
2263:Dime
2258:Aari
2159:Uduk
2154:Suri
2134:Nuer
2099:Komo
2031:Seze
2026:Oyda
2021:Nayi
2016:Melo
2001:Karo
1996:Kafa
1986:Hozo
1956:Dizi
1951:Dime
1941:Boro
1916:Aari
1878:Saho
1793:Afar
1740:Inor
1668:Afar
1445:PMID
1427:ISSN
1329:ISBN
1263:236
1241:100
1146:SUBJ
1118:STAT
1104:The
1075:help
1061:INTL
893:she
784:or
774:/pʼ/
772:or
732:/ja/
316:/˨˧/
289:krar
263:and
2510:Yem
2316:Mao
1803:Ale
1775:Zay
1490:IPA
1435:PMC
1417:doi
1372:at
1260:13
1234:10
1142:DET
1122:DET
1057:FUT
1029:FIN
1005:FIN
985:FIN
870:he
786:/k/
782:/t/
778:/n/
747:/j/
743:/p/
736:/i/
728:/a/
579:tʂʼ
572:tʃʼ
565:tsʼ
235:or
198:IPA
175:Shé
170:ELP
146:bcq
2545::
1443:.
1433:.
1425:.
1411:.
1407:.
1386:^
1362:^
1298:-k
1227:9
1220:8
1213:7
1206:6
1199:5
1192:4
1185:3
1178:2
1171:1
1077:);
900:_
877:_
834:I
788:.
760:,
738:.
545:tʂ
538:tʃ
531:ts
508:kʼ
497:tʼ
490:pʼ
320:o,
307:.
291:.
271:.
231:,
57:,
2234:e
2227:t
2220:v
1646:e
1639:t
1632:v
1538:.
1451:.
1419::
1413:5
1144:.
1120:.
1059:.
708:j
701:l
677:r
657:ʐ
650:ʒ
643:z
627:h
618:ʂ
611:ʃ
604:s
472:ɡ
461:d
454:b
438:ʔ
431:k
420:t
413:p
384:n
377:m
227:(
218:.
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