1259:
1231:
468:
1114:
2530:
1275:) and trying to deduce what the underlying phonemes are and what the sound inventory of the language is. The presence or absence of minimal pairs, as mentioned above, is a frequently used criterion for deciding whether two sounds should be assigned to the same phoneme. However, other considerations often need to be taken into account as well.
1042:, an overall architecture for phonology according to which languages choose a pronunciation of a word that best satisfies a list of constraints ordered by importance; a lower-ranked constraint can be violated when the violation is necessary in order to obey a higher-ranked constraint. The approach was soon extended to morphology by
571:
have a phonological system equivalent to the system of sounds in spoken languages. The building blocks of signs are specifications for movement, location, and handshape. At first, a separate terminology was used for the study of sign phonology ("chereme" instead of "phoneme", etc.), but the concepts
969:
groups. Prosodic groups can be as small as a part of a syllable or as large as an entire utterance. Phonological processes are unordered with respect to each other and apply simultaneously, but the output of one process may be the input to another. The second most prominent natural phonologist is
1289:
The findings and insights of speech perception and articulation research complicate the traditional and somewhat intuitive idea of interchangeable allophones being perceived as the same phoneme. First, interchanged allophones of the same phoneme can result in unrecognizable words. Second, actual
705:). More recently, Lass (1998) writes that phonology refers broadly to the subdiscipline of linguistics concerned with the sounds of language, and in more narrow terms, "phonology proper is concerned with the function, behavior and organization of sounds as linguistic items." According to Clark
1293:
Different linguists therefore take different approaches to the problem of assigning sounds to phonemes. For example, they differ in the extent to which they require allophones to be phonetically similar. There are also differing ideas as to whether this grouping of sounds is purely a tool for
1019:. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, but parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include
652:, but establishing the phonological system of a language is necessarily an application of theoretical principles to analysis of phonetic evidence in some theories. The distinction was not always made, particularly before the development of the modern concept of the
863:
1724:
Bernards, Monique, "Ibn Jinnī", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis
Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. Consulted online on 27 May 2021 First published online: 2021 First print edition: 9789004435964, 20210701,
949:
is transformed into the actual pronunciation (the so-called surface form). An important consequence of the influence SPE had on phonological theory was the downplaying of the syllable and the emphasis on segments. Furthermore, the generativists folded
1050:
and has become a dominant trend in phonology. The appeal to phonetic grounding of constraints and representational elements (e.g. features) in various approaches has been criticized by proponents of "substance-free phonology", especially by
1226:
of words for which aspiration is the only contrasting feature (two words can have different meanings but with the only difference in pronunciation being that one has an aspirated sound where the other has an unaspirated one).
1262:
The vowels of modern (Standard) Arabic and (Israeli) Hebrew from the phonetic point of view. The two circles are totally separate—none of the vowel-sounds made by speakers of one language is made by speakers of the
1317:
In addition to the minimal units that can serve the purpose of differentiating meaning (the phonemes), phonology studies how sounds alternate, or replace one another in different forms of the same morpheme
847:. Baudouin de Courtenay's subsequent work, though often unacknowledged, is considered to be the starting point of modern phonology. He also worked on the theory of phonetic alternations (what is now called
1011:, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of
941:, and Morris Halle. The features describe aspects of articulation and perception, are from a universally fixed set and have the binary values + or −. There are at least two levels of representation:
683:(1939) defines phonology as "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language," as opposed to phonetics, which is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech" (the distinction between
1278:
The particular contrasts which are phonemic in a language can change over time. At one time, and , two sounds that have the same place and manner of articulation and differ in voicing only, were
886:), published posthumously in 1939, is among the most important works in the field from that period. Directly influenced by Baudouin de Courtenay, Trubetzkoy is considered the founder of
588:") can refer either to the field of study or to the phonological system of a given language. This is one of the fundamental systems that a language is considered to comprise, like its
1297:
Since the early 1960s, theoretical linguists have moved away from the traditional concept of a phoneme, preferring to consider basic units at a more abstract level, as a component of
644:
of the sounds or signs of language. Phonology describes the way they function within a given language or across languages to encode meaning. For many linguists, phonetics belongs to
957:
Natural phonology is a theory based on the publications of its proponent David Stampe in 1969 and, more explicitly, in 1979. In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal
970:
Patricia
Donegan, Stampe's wife; there are many natural phonologists in Europe and a few in the US, such as Geoffrey Nathan. The principles of natural phonology were extended to
1174:
An important part of traditional, pre-generative schools of phonology is studying which sounds can be grouped into distinctive units within a language; these units are known as
1512:. Department of Anthropology and Linguistics, University at Buffalo. Studies in linguistics, Occasional papers. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: Linstok Press.
749:, introduces what may be considered a list of the phonemes of Sanskrit, with a notational system for them that is used throughout the main text, which deals with matters of
1290:
speech, even at a word level, is highly co-articulated, so it is problematic to expect to be able to splice words into simple segments without affecting speech perception.
1388:
because they are designed to serve as general analytical tools, not language-specific ones. The same principles have been applied to the analysis of sign languages (see
961:
that interact with one another; those that are active and those that are suppressed is language-specific. Rather than acting on segments, phonological processes act on
2571:
1282:
of the same phoneme in
English, but later came to belong to separate phonemes. This is one of the main factors of historical change of languages as described in
1828:
Ferdinand de
Saussure: Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language. A contribution to the history and theory of linguistics
1210:.) In some other languages, however, these two sounds are perceived as different, and they are consequently assigned to different phonemes. For example, in
3222:
2833:
836:
2838:
2801:
2193:
2171:
2065:
1849:
1760:
1688:
1614:
1566:
495:
796:
385:
1001:, which became the standard theory of representation for theories of the organization of phonology as different as lexical phonology and
2564:
2267:
2086:
2047:
2039:
1481:
1254:
is made by both speakers, but Arabic lacks the mid articulation of short vowels, while Hebrew lacks the distinction of vowel length.
1161:
1062:
An integrated approach to phonological theory that combines synchronic and diachronic accounts to sound patterns was initiated with
1230:
3361:
2673:
3059:
3046:
2600:
1100:
1082:
656:
in the mid-20th century. Some subfields of modern phonology have a crossover with phonetics in descriptive disciplines such as
345:
1258:
123:
3257:
2625:
1711:
1637:
1589:
1139:
405:
350:
1659:
3217:
3182:
2823:
2615:
2557:
380:
71:
2813:
2766:
2610:
2307:
Kaisse, Ellen M.; and Shaw, Patricia A. (1985). On the theory of lexical phonology. In E. Colin and J. Anderson (Eds.),
1674:
1604:
921:
325:
191:
2055:
1268:
445:
151:
1124:
523:, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular
3195:
2741:
2696:
2630:
2605:
1558:
1135:
31:
2540:
1206:, native speakers of English would still hear the same words; that is, the two sounds are perceived as "the same"
1143:
1128:
2914:
2843:
2701:
2686:
2159:
2137:
1441:
1406:
1350:
982:
946:
942:
806:
805:
The study of phonology as it exists today is defined by the formative studies of the 19th-century Polish scholar
488:
435:
335:
161:
2180:
Gussenhoven, Carlos & Jacobs, Haike. "Understanding
Phonology", Hodder & Arnold, 1998. 2nd edition 2005.
1242:(right) from the phonemic point of view. Note the intersection of the two circles—the distinction between short
3227:
2919:
2853:
2818:
1431:
1378:
1339:
1043:
1020:
971:
750:
593:
340:
283:
98:
1461:
3071:
2964:
2934:
2899:
2691:
2635:
2620:
2141:
1865:
Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2000). "'Substance abuse' and 'dysfunctionalism': Current trends in phonology".
1401:
986:
832:
649:
645:
440:
278:
255:
3325:
3112:
2929:
2828:
1436:
1283:
1207:
1199:
1183:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1063:
665:
532:
390:
357:
310:
226:
206:
186:
88:
66:
61:
2247:. Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, memoirs II. Baltimore: Waverley Press.
890:, but the concept had also been recognized by de Courtenay. Trubetzkoy also developed the concept of the
2946:
2939:
2848:
2761:
2756:
2426:
2117:
Gilbers, Dicky; de Hoop, Helen (1998). "Conflicting constraints: An introduction to optimality theory".
1366:
966:
930:
908:
also contributed with a focus on linguistic structure independent of phonetic realization or semantics.
692:
549:
166:
2534:
1190:
is not aspirated (pronounced ). However, English speakers intuitively treat both sounds as variations (
810:
789:
781:
1202:. (Traditionally, it would be argued that if an aspirated were interchanged with the unaspirated in
3315:
3177:
3087:
3066:
2976:
2713:
1421:
1385:
1374:
1327:
1008:
975:
958:
926:
777:
669:
585:
481:
410:
320:
201:
146:
43:
1294:
linguistic analysis, or reflects an actual process in the way the human brain processes a language.
3305:
3212:
3190:
3147:
3132:
3097:
3041:
2986:
2981:
2860:
2746:
2723:
2668:
1738:
1349:(the phonological constraints on what sounds can appear in what positions in a given language) and
962:
934:
251:
181:
156:
128:
467:
3356:
3202:
3011:
2956:
2951:
2906:
2865:
2658:
2584:
2504:
2493:
2464:
2402:
2314:
2019:
1999:
1952:
1941:
1874:
1705:
1631:
1583:
1552:
1487:
1335:
875:
725:
Early evidence for a systematic study of the sounds in a language appears in the 4th century BCE
676:
560:
553:
471:
450:
420:
375:
330:
298:
288:
176:
171:
3102:
2549:
3330:
3295:
3280:
3264:
3252:
3237:
3207:
3167:
3137:
3117:
3107:
3051:
3031:
3021:
3006:
2991:
2886:
2881:
2808:
2778:
2773:
2751:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2708:
2344:
2332:
2263:
2189:
2167:
2082:
2061:
2043:
2035:
1845:
1766:
1756:
1684:
1610:
1562:
1505:
1477:
1416:
1354:
1219:
1039:
1002:
696:
661:
657:
516:
315:
293:
236:
1609:. Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia; Berlin, Germany: Blackwell Publishing.
1473:
993:
linear sequence of segments, called phonemes or feature combinations but rather as involving
3310:
3242:
3232:
3172:
3162:
3157:
3142:
3127:
3122:
3036:
3026:
2894:
2788:
2681:
2663:
2653:
2485:
2456:
2394:
2363:
2286:
2216:
2126:
2105:
2011:
1933:
1823:
1748:
1510:
Sign
Language Structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the American deaf
1469:
1331:
1215:
998:
856:
524:
415:
246:
241:
216:
211:
196:
3320:
3300:
3285:
3247:
3152:
3092:
3016:
3001:
2996:
2969:
2796:
2783:
1680:
1306:
1267:
Part of the phonological study of a language therefore involves looking at data (phonetic
1239:
951:
901:
887:
852:
573:
3335:
3290:
2444:
2297:
2256:
2109:
1807:
1523:
1370:
1362:
1272:
1035:
1024:
897:
714:
568:
260:
2130:
997:
of features that reside on multiple tiers. Autosegmental phonology later evolved into
736:
3350:
1980:. (1964). Current issues in linguistic theory. In J. A. Fodor and J. J. Katz (Eds.),
1426:
1358:
1211:
1195:
1056:
871:
605:
545:
520:
2023:
1491:
2382:
2290:
2221:
2204:
1988:
1977:
1346:
1223:
916:
912:
905:
892:
818:
814:
741:
303:
93:
2081:
Donegan, Patricia. (1985). On the
Natural Phonology of Vowels. New York: Garland.
862:
527:. At one time, the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of
2514:
Twaddell, William F. (1935). On defining the phoneme. Language monograph no. 16.
2093:
1791:
1113:
1047:
1031:
938:
727:
512:
455:
430:
51:
2302:
Preliminaries to speech analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates
2476:
Trager, George L.; Bloch, Bernard (1941). "The syllabic phonemes of
English".
2251:
2015:
1279:
641:
597:
425:
108:
1770:
1971:
1411:
1319:
1191:
1052:
1016:
1012:
848:
764:
758:
637:
400:
395:
231:
221:
113:
27:
20:
1752:
1392:), even though the sublexical units are not instantiated as speech sounds.
945:
and surface phonetic representation. Ordered phonological rules govern how
2529:
1747:(Second, revised and expanded ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press.
1323:
1298:
1088:
732:
541:
1384:
The principles of phonological analysis can be applied independently of
559:
all levels of language in which sound or signs are structured to convey
2349:Économie des changements phonétiques: Traité de phonologie diachronique
1959:. New York: H. Holt and Company. (Revised version of Bloomfield's 1914
1878:
1389:
1175:
823:
653:
528:
2497:
2468:
2406:
2277:
Jakobson, Roman (1949). "On the identification of phonemic entities".
1945:
855:) and may have had an influence on the work of Saussure, according to
2544:
1353:(how the pronunciation of a sound changes through the application of
1235:
831:
had been coined a few years earlier, in 1873, by the French linguist
772:
754:
589:
118:
1742:
1679:(3rd ed.). Massachusetts, US; Oxford, UK; Victoria, Australia:
937:. The features were an expansion of earlier work by Roman Jakobson,
771:, a pioneer in phonology, wrote prolifically in the 10th century on
640:, which concerns the physical production, acoustic transmission and
2489:
2460:
2398:
2034:. Linguistic inquiry monographs (No. 9). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
1937:
1257:
1229:
870:
An influential school of phonology in the interwar period was the
861:
768:
710:
619:
2553:
2414:
Sapir, Edward (1933). "La réalité psychologique des phonémes".
1982:
The structure of language: Readings in the philosophy language
1460:
Brentari, Diane; Fenlon, Jordan; Cormier, Kearsy (July 2018).
1107:
929:. In that view, phonological representations are sequences of
624:
608:
2166:. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Blackwell Publishers.
1198:) of the same phonological category, that is of the phoneme
989:. Phonological phenomena are no longer seen as operating on
2162:(1995). "Phonological Theory". In John A. Goldsmith (ed.).
900:, one of the most prominent linguists of the 20th century.
2148:(pp. 202–222). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
515:
that studies how languages systematically organize their
26:
For the study of language production and perception, see
2368:
Phonemics: A technique for reducing languages to writing
1015:
and vary according to their selection of certain binary
954:
into phonology, which both solved and created problems.
1984:(pp. 91–112). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1893:
Evolutionary phonology: The emergence of sound patterns
2153:
Autosegmental and metrical phonology: A new synthesis
1673:
Clark, John; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet (2007).
1087:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
896:. Another important figure in the Prague school was
3273:
3080:
2874:
2646:
2030:Clements, George N.; and Samuel J. Keyser. (1983).
1830:, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn , 1973.
2255:
2032:CV phonology: A generative theory of the syllable
2002:(1985). "The geometry of phonological features".
1794:). (1873) "Sur la nature des consonnes nasales".
1557:. Cambridge, UK; New York; Melbourne, Australia:
1030:In a course at the LSA summer institute in 1991,
843:to serve as a one-word equivalent for the German
717:, or the field of linguistics studying that use.
1606:English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction
1101:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2258:An introduction to natural generative phonology
1924:Bloch, Bernard (1941). "Phonemic overlapping".
827:in a series of lectures in 1876–1877. The word
572:are now considered to apply universally to all
531:in spoken languages, but may now relate to any
2416:Journal de Psychologie Normale et Pathologique
2374:Sandler, Wendy and Lillo-Martin, Diane. 2006.
1916:Anderson, John M.; and Ewen, Colin J. (1987).
1657:(published 1939), translated by C. Baltaxe as
2565:
2511:. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 7.
2328:(2nd ed.). London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
1305:, and analysis using this approach is called
489:
8:
2279:Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague
1968:A prosodic model of sign language phonology.
1814:, Volume 2, Walter de Gruyter, 1971, p. 396.
1554:Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts
1178:. For example, in English, the "p" sound in
675:Definitions of the field of phonology vary.
2300:; Fant, Gunnar; and Halle, Morris. (1952).
1796:Revue critique d'histoire et de littérature
1466:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1142:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
835:. In a paper read at 24 May meeting of the
2572:
2558:
2550:
2370:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1676:An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology
1546:
1544:
775:morphology and phonology in works such as
636:Phonology is typically distinguished from
633:, 'word, speech, subject of discussion').
496:
482:
38:
2220:
2146:Current approaches to phonological theory
1733:
1731:
1357:, sometimes in a given order that can be
1162:Learn how and when to remove this message
2098:Transactions of the Philological Society
1961:An introduction to the study of language
1920:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1023:, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud,
874:. One of its leading members was Prince
16:Study of sound organization in languages
2378:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
2376:Sign language and linguistic universals
2188:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1844:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1452:
1345:Phonology also includes topics such as
709:(2007), it means the systematic use of
540:at a level beneath the word (including
50:
2385:(1925). "Sound patterns in language".
1703:
1663:, University of California Press, 1969
1629:
1581:
1474:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.117
821:) shaped the modern usage of the term
664:, which result in specific areas like
1649:
1647:
7:
2359:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2240:. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
1812:Selected Writings: Word and Language
1140:adding citations to reliable sources
1091:. For the distinction between ,
839:, Dufriche-Desgenettes proposed for
386:Conservative and innovative language
2438:A dissertation on natural phonology
2184:Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008).
2164:The Handbook of Phonological Theory
2057:The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology
1840:Hale, Mark; Reiss, Charles (2008).
2447:(1934). "The phonemic principle".
2110:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1948.tb00556.x
1918:Principles of dependency phonology
1744:Phonology in the twentieth century
978:, who founded natural morphology.
809:, who (together with his students
14:
2337:Phonology as functional phonetics
2238:Methods in structural linguistics
617:, 'voice, sound', and the suffix
2528:
2096:(1948). "Sounds and prosodies".
1234:The vowels of modern (Standard)
1112:
837:Société de Linguistique de Paris
713:to encode meaning in any spoken
466:
2319:Phonology in generative grammar
1083:International Phonetic Alphabet
2431:Cours de linguistique générale
2291:10.1080/01050206.1949.10416304
2222:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659523
2060:. Cambridge University Press.
1700:Alternative ISBN 1-4051-3083-0
1194:, which cannot give origin to
1:
2131:10.1016/S0024-3841(97)00021-1
1995:. New York: Harper & Row.
1895:. Cambridge University Press.
584:The word "phonology" (as in "
2357:Linguistics: An Introduction
2262:. New York: Academic Press.
2243:Hockett, Charles F. (1955).
2231:The sound pattern of Russian
1993:The sound pattern of English
1626:Paperback ISBN 0-631-19776-1
1578:Paperback ISBN 0-521-28183-0
1322:), as well as, for example,
1301:; these units can be called
1186:(pronounced ) while that in
922:The Sound Pattern of English
326:Functional discourse grammar
192:Ethnography of communication
2802:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2304:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
2205:"The strategy of phonemics"
2186:The Phonological Enterprise
2151:Goldsmith, John A. (1989).
2054:de Lacy, Paul, ed. (2007).
1842:The Phonological Enterprise
745:, an auxiliary text to the
446:Second-language acquisition
3378:
2324:Ladefoged, Peter. (1982).
2321:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2155:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
2144:. In D. A. Dinnsen (Ed.),
1710:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1636:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1588:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1559:Cambridge University Press
1390:Phonemes in sign languages
625:
609:
124:Syntax–semantics interface
32:Phonology (disambiguation)
25:
18:
2591:
2355:Napoli, Donna Jo (1996).
2016:10.1017/S0952675700000440
1891:Blevins, Juliette. 2004.
1524:"Definition of PHONOLOGY"
1462:"Sign Language Phonology"
1442:Second language phonology
1407:Accent (sociolinguistics)
947:underlying representation
943:underlying representation
866:Nikolai Trubetzkoy, 1920s
807:Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
552:, articulatory features,
436:Philosophy of linguistics
336:Interactional linguistics
2509:Grundzüge der Phonologie
2351:. Berne: A. Francke S.A.
2236:Harris, Zellig. (1951).
1966:Brentari, Diane (1998).
1655:Grundzüge der Phonologie
1432:Phonological development
1351:phonological alternation
880:Grundzüge der Phonologie
681:Grundzüge der Phonologie
19:Not to be confused with
3362:Linguistics terminology
2834:Regional North American
2541:Phonetics and phonology
2436:Stampe, David. (1979).
2229:Halle, Morris. (1959).
2142:autosegmental phonology
1660:Principles of Phonology
1528:www.merriam-webster.com
1402:Absolute neutralisation
1079:phonetic transcriptions
995:some parallel sequences
987:autosegmental phonology
884:Principles of Phonology
833:A. Dufriche-Desgenettes
695:'s distinction between
650:theoretical linguistics
646:descriptive linguistics
3258:Dialects and varieties
2829:Received Pronunciation
2674:American Sign Language
2427:de Saussure, Ferdinand
2203:Halle, Morris (1954).
1753:10.5281/zenodo.5509618
1437:Phonological hierarchy
1284:historical linguistics
1264:
1255:
1076:This section contains
1064:Evolutionary Phonology
959:phonological processes
867:
666:articulatory phonology
273:Theoretical frameworks
227:Philosophy of language
207:History of linguistics
30:. For other uses, see
2326:A course in phonetics
2245:A manual of phonology
1603:Carr, Philip (2003).
1261:
1238:(left) and (Israeli)
1233:
925:(SPE), the basis for
865:
739:. In particular, the
693:Ferdinand de Saussure
623:(which is from Greek
550:articulatory gestures
167:Conversation analysis
2537:at Wikimedia Commons
2440:. New York: Garland.
2339:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2309:Phonology Yearbook 2
2233:. The Hague: Mouton.
2140:(1979). The aims of
1739:Anderson, Stephen R.
1681:Blackwell Publishing
1551:Lass, Roger (1998).
1422:List of phonologists
1136:improve this section
1070:Analysis of phonemes
1009:Government phonology
976:Wolfgang U. Dressler
963:distinctive features
935:distinctive features
927:generative phonology
735:grammar composed by
670:laboratory phonology
586:phonology of English
411:Internet linguistics
321:Construction grammar
3183:Proto-Indo-European
2839:White South African
2505:Trubetzkoy, Nikolai
2315:Kenstowicz, Michael
2000:Clements, George N.
1987:Chomsky, Noam; and
1953:Bloomfield, Leonard
1798:13, No. 23, p. 368.
1373:and topics such as
1027:, and John Harris.
533:linguistic analysis
346:Systemic functional
141:Applied linguistics
83:General linguistics
2160:Goldsmith, John A.
2138:Goldsmith, John A.
2004:Phonology Yearbook
1867:Linguistic Inquiry
1506:Stokoe, William C.
1355:phonological rules
1265:
1256:
876:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
868:
811:Mikołaj Kruszewski
677:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
561:linguistic meaning
451:Theory of language
421:Origin of language
376:Autonomy of syntax
331:Grammaticalization
177:Discourse analysis
172:Corpus linguistics
3344:
3343:
2844:Standard Canadian
2585:world's languages
2533:Media related to
2364:Pike, Kenneth Lee
2195:978-0-19-953397-8
2173:978-1-4051-5768-1
2067:978-0-521-84879-4
1904:Goldsmith 1995:1.
1851:978-0-19-953397-8
1762:978-3-96110-327-0
1690:978-1-4051-3083-7
1616:978-0-631-19775-1
1568:978-0-521-23728-4
1417:English phonology
1271:of the speech of
1172:
1171:
1164:
1066:in recent years.
1040:optimality theory
1003:optimality theory
790:Kitāb Al-Khaṣāʾiṣ
782:Kitāb Al-Muḥtasab
662:speech perception
658:psycholinguistics
648:and phonology to
511:is the branch of
506:
505:
294:Distributionalism
237:Psycholinguistics
3369:
3196:Kerkrade dialect
2819:General American
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2532:
2501:
2472:
2423:
2410:
2371:
2352:
2340:
2311:(pp. 1–30).
2294:
2273:
2261:
2226:
2224:
2215:(2–3): 197–209.
2199:
2177:
2134:
2113:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2027:
1949:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1837:
1831:
1824:E. F. K. Koerner
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1735:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1670:
1664:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1457:
1332:feature geometry
1209:
1201:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1116:
1108:
1098:
1094:
999:feature geometry
857:E. F. K. Koerner
800:
691:being basically
628:
627:
612:
611:
525:language variety
498:
491:
484:
470:
416:LGBT linguistics
406:Internationalism
381:Compositionality
242:Sociolinguistics
217:Neurolinguistics
212:Interlinguistics
197:Ethnomethodology
39:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3269:
3223:Scottish Gaelic
3076:
2930:Standard Modern
2870:
2682:Modern Standard
2642:
2587:
2578:
2525:
2475:
2445:Swadesh, Morris
2443:
2433:. Paris: Payot.
2413:
2381:
2362:
2345:Martinet, André
2343:
2333:Martinet, André
2331:
2298:Jakobson, Roman
2276:
2270:
2252:Hooper, Joan B.
2250:
2202:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2158:
2116:
2092:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2053:
1998:
1970:Cambridge, MA:
1926:American Speech
1923:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1790:Anon (probably
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1653:Trubetzkoy N.,
1652:
1645:
1628:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1484:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1398:
1371:suprasegmentals
1369:, the study of
1315:
1307:morphophonology
1273:native speakers
1168:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1133:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1072:
952:morphophonology
902:Louis Hjelmslev
888:morphophonology
853:morphophonology
794:
778:Kitāb Al-Munṣif
723:
582:
574:human languages
566:
502:
461:
460:
371:
363:
362:
274:
266:
265:
261:Writing systems
152:Anthropological
142:
134:
133:
84:
76:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3228:Serbo-Croatian
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2524:
2523:External links
2521:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2502:
2490:10.2307/409203
2484:(3): 223–246.
2473:
2461:10.2307/409603
2455:(2): 117–129.
2441:
2434:
2424:
2411:
2399:10.2307/409004
2379:
2372:
2360:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2295:
2274:
2268:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2200:
2194:
2181:
2178:
2172:
2156:
2149:
2135:
2114:
2104:(1): 127–152.
2090:
2079:
2066:
2051:
2028:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1964:
1950:
1938:10.2307/486567
1932:(4): 278–284.
1921:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1884:
1873:(1): 157–169.
1857:
1850:
1832:
1816:
1808:Roman Jakobson
1800:
1783:
1761:
1727:
1717:
1689:
1665:
1643:
1615:
1595:
1567:
1540:
1515:
1497:
1482:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1394:
1365:,) as well as
1314:
1311:
1303:morphophonemes
1269:transcriptions
1170:
1169:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1099:⟩, see
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1036:Paul Smolensky
1025:Monik Charette
983:John Goldsmith
898:Roman Jakobson
722:
719:
715:human language
581:
578:
569:Sign languages
565:
564:
557:
537:
521:sign languages
504:
503:
501:
500:
493:
486:
478:
475:
474:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
441:Prescriptivism
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
75:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:
54:
48:
47:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3374:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:Luxembourgish
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:Maastrichtian
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2601:Orthographies
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:Sapir, Edward
2380:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2269:9780123547507
2265:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2125:(1–2): 1–12.
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2087:0-8240-5424-5
2084:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:0-262-03098-5
2045:
2041:
2040:0-262-53047-3
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:Halle, Morris
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:Chomsky, Noam
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1570:
1564:
1561:. p. 1.
1560:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:9780199384655
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Neogrammarian
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:minimal pairs
1221:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1196:minimal pairs
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1121:This section
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:Charles Reiss
1054:
1049:
1045:
1044:John McCarthy
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1021:Jonathan Kaye
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
968:
964:
960:
955:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Prague school
864:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
798:
791:
788:
785:
783:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
738:
734:
730:
729:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
622:
621:
616:
607:
606:Ancient Greek
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
570:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
479:
477:
476:
473:
469:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Descriptivism
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
358:Structuralism
356:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
341:Prague circle
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
270:
269:
262:
259:
257:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Documentation
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
162:Computational
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
80:
79:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3326:West Frisian
3113:Massachusett
2626:Prepositions
2595:
2580:
2515:
2508:
2481:
2477:
2452:
2448:
2437:
2430:
2419:
2415:
2393:(2): 37–51.
2390:
2386:
2375:
2367:
2356:
2348:
2336:
2325:
2318:
2308:
2301:
2282:
2278:
2257:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2212:
2208:
2185:
2163:
2152:
2145:
2122:
2118:
2101:
2097:
2094:Firth, J. R.
2071:. Retrieved
2056:
2031:
2007:
2003:
1992:
1981:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1911:Bibliography
1900:
1892:
1887:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1841:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1743:
1720:
1694:. Retrieved
1675:
1668:
1658:
1654:
1620:. Retrieved
1605:
1598:
1572:. Retrieved
1553:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1465:
1455:
1383:
1347:phonotactics
1344:
1316:
1313:Other topics
1302:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1222:, there are
1203:
1187:
1179:
1173:
1158:
1149:
1134:Please help
1122:
1095:and ⟨
1077:
1061:
1029:
1007:
994:
990:
980:
956:
920:
917:Morris Halle
913:Noam Chomsky
910:
906:glossematics
893:archiphoneme
891:
883:
879:
869:
844:
840:
828:
822:
819:Kazan School
815:Lev Shcherba
804:
793:
787:
776:
763:
746:
742:Shiva Sutras
740:
726:
724:
706:
701:
697:
688:
684:
680:
674:
635:
630:
618:
614:
601:
583:
567:
544:, onset and
508:
507:
304:Glossematics
284:Constituency
256:interpreting
103:
94:Lexicography
36:
3056:Limburgish
2947:Greenlandic
2824:New Zealand
2757:Northern Wu
2616:Determiners
2596:Phonologies
2581:Phonologies
2285:: 205–213.
2010:: 225–252.
1792:Louis Havet
1776:28 December
1326:structure,
1048:Alan Prince
1032:Alan Prince
985:introduced
939:Gunnar Fant
933:made up of
795: [
747:Ashtadhyayi
728:Ashtadhyayi
604:comes from
600:. The word
580:Terminology
556:, etc.), or
513:linguistics
456:Terminology
431:Orthography
351:Usage-based
252:Translating
147:Acquisition
52:Linguistics
3351:Categories
3316:Vietnamese
3187:Ripuarian
3178:Portuguese
3088:Macedonian
3067:Lithuanian
2977:Hindustani
2814:Australian
2767:Historical
2714:Belarusian
2611:Adjectives
2507:. (1939).
2429:. (1916).
2422:: 247–265.
1991:. (1968).
1955:. (1933).
1379:intonation
1340:intonation
1320:allomorphs
1280:allophones
1192:allophones
1038:developed
1017:parameters
1013:principles
972:morphology
919:published
845:Sprachlaut
751:morphology
642:perception
594:morphology
426:Orismology
311:Functional
299:Generative
289:Dependency
109:Pragmatics
99:Morphology
89:Diachronic
3357:Phonology
3306:Ukrainian
3213:Sardinian
3191:Colognian
3148:Old Saxon
3133:Norwegian
3098:Maldivian
3042:Latgalian
2987:Icelandic
2982:Hungarian
2861:Esperanto
2747:Cantonese
2724:Bulgarian
2697:Levantine
2669:Afrikaans
2535:Phonology
2073:8 January
1972:MIT Press
1771:2629-172X
1706:cite book
1696:8 January
1632:cite book
1622:8 January
1584:cite book
1574:8 January
1533:3 January
1508:(1978) .
1412:Cherology
1299:morphemes
1184:aspirated
1123:does not
1053:Mark Hale
981:In 1976,
911:In 1968,
849:allophony
765:Ibn Jinni
759:semantics
638:phonetics
602:phonology
509:Phonology
401:Iconicity
396:Etymology
316:Cognitive
279:Formalist
232:Phonetics
222:Philology
114:Semantics
104:Phonology
28:Phonetics
21:Phenology
3203:Romanian
3012:Japanese
2970:Biblical
2957:Hawaiian
2952:Gujarati
2915:Standard
2907:Galician
2895:Parisian
2866:Estonian
2797:Standard
2742:Mandarin
2738:Chinese
2702:Tunisian
2687:Egyptian
2659:Acehnese
2631:Pronouns
2606:Grammars
2516:Language
2478:Language
2449:Language
2387:Language
2366:(1947).
2347:(1955).
2335:(1949).
2254:(1976).
2024:62237665
1957:Language
1741:(2021).
1492:60752232
1396:See also
1386:modality
1363:bleeding
1324:syllable
1176:phonemes
1152:May 2019
1093:/ /
1089:Help:IPA
967:prosodic
931:segments
878:, whose
733:Sanskrit
685:language
596:and its
542:syllable
535:either:
529:phonemes
519:or, for
202:Forensic
182:Distance
129:Typology
44:a series
42:Part of
3331:Yiddish
3296:Turkish
3281:Tagalog
3265:Swedish
3253:Spanish
3238:Slovene
3208:Russian
3168:Persian
3138:Occitan
3118:Medumba
3108:Marathi
3052:Latvian
3032:Kurdish
3022:Konkani
3007:Italian
2992:Ingrian
2961:Hebrew
2935:Ancient
2920:Bernese
2911:German
2891:French
2887:Finnish
2882:Faroese
2809:English
2779:Cornish
2774:Chukchi
2752:Hokkien
2734:Catalan
2729:Burmese
2719:Bengali
2709:Avestan
2678:Arabic
2583:of the
2042:(pbk);
1879:4179099
1367:prosody
1359:feeding
1220:Quechua
1216:Bengali
1144:removed
1129:sources
1081:in the
965:within
841:phoneme
829:phoneme
824:phoneme
817:in the
792:
721:History
654:phoneme
598:lexicon
157:Applied
67:History
62:Outline
3311:Uyghur
3243:Somali
3233:Slovak
3173:Polish
3163:Pashto
3158:Ottawa
3143:Ojibwe
3128:Nepali
3123:Navajo
3037:Kyrgyz
3027:Korean
2965:Modern
2926:Greek
2900:Quebec
2854:Middle
2793:Dutch
2789:Danish
2692:Hejazi
2664:Adyghe
2654:Abkhaz
2545:Curlie
2498:409203
2496:
2469:409603
2467:
2407:409004
2405:
2266:
2192:
2170:
2119:Lingua
2085:
2064:
2050:(hbk).
2046:
2038:
2022:
1946:486567
1944:
1877:
1848:
1769:
1759:
1725:2021-4
1687:
1613:
1565:
1490:
1480:
1375:stress
1338:, and
1328:stress
1263:other.
1240:Hebrew
1236:Arabic
1218:, and
1097:
773:Arabic
755:syntax
737:Pāṇini
707:et al.
702:parole
698:langue
689:speech
592:, its
590:syntax
517:phones
472:Portal
370:Topics
119:Syntax
3321:Welsh
3301:Ubykh
3286:Tamil
3248:Sotho
3218:Scots
3153:Oromo
3103:Māori
3093:Malay
3047:Latin
3017:Kiowa
3002:Irish
2997:Inuit
2940:Koine
2784:Czech
2636:Verbs
2621:Nouns
2494:JSTOR
2465:JSTOR
2403:JSTOR
2020:S2CID
1942:JSTOR
1875:JSTOR
1488:S2CID
1448:Notes
1085:(IPA)
799:]
769:Mosul
711:sound
631:lógos
626:λόγος
620:-logy
615:phōnḗ
72:Index
3336:Zuni
3291:Taos
2264:ISBN
2209:Word
2190:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2075:2011
2062:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1846:ISBN
1778:2021
1767:ISSN
1757:ISBN
1712:link
1698:2011
1685:ISBN
1638:link
1624:2011
1611:ISBN
1590:link
1576:2011
1563:ISBN
1535:2022
1478:ISBN
1377:and
1336:tone
1250:and
1212:Thai
1204:spot
1188:spot
1127:any
1125:cite
1055:and
1046:and
1034:and
915:and
851:and
813:and
786:and
757:and
731:, a
700:and
687:and
660:and
610:φωνή
554:mora
546:rime
254:and
247:Text
3274:T–Z
3081:M–S
2875:F–L
2849:Old
2762:Old
2647:A–E
2543:at
2486:doi
2457:doi
2395:doi
2287:doi
2217:doi
2127:doi
2123:104
2106:doi
2012:doi
1934:doi
1749:doi
1470:doi
1361:or
1208:/p/
1200:/p/
1182:is
1180:pot
1138:by
991:one
974:by
904:'s
767:of
679:in
668:or
3353::
2492:.
2482:17
2480:.
2463:.
2453:10
2451:.
2420:30
2418:.
2401:.
2389:.
2317:.
2281:.
2213:10
2211:.
2207:.
2121:.
2102:47
2100:.
2018:.
2006:.
1963:).
1940:.
1930:16
1928:.
1871:31
1869:.
1826:,
1810:,
1765:.
1755:.
1730:^
1708:}}
1704:{{
1683:.
1646:^
1634:}}
1630:{{
1586:}}
1582:{{
1543:^
1526:.
1486:.
1476:.
1468:.
1464:.
1381:.
1342:.
1334:,
1330:,
1309:.
1286:.
1246:,
1214:,
1059:.
1005:.
859:.
802:.
797:ar
780:,
761:.
753:,
672:.
629:,
613:,
576:.
548:,
46:on
2573:e
2566:t
2559:v
2518:.
2500:.
2488::
2471:.
2459::
2409:.
2397::
2391:1
2293:.
2289::
2283:5
2272:.
2225:.
2219::
2198:.
2176:.
2133:.
2129::
2112:.
2108::
2089:.
2077:.
2026:.
2014::
2008:2
1974:.
1948:.
1936::
1881:.
1854:.
1780:.
1751::
1714:)
1640:)
1592:)
1537:.
1494:.
1472::
1318:(
1252:u
1248:i
1244:a
1165:)
1159:(
1154:)
1150:(
1146:.
1132:.
1103:.
882:(
784:,
563:.
497:e
490:t
483:v
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.