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body for a few days, drink the water used to bathe the deceased and swear on his forehead. If the widow, unfortunately, dies in the process, then she will be considered guilty for the death of her husband. However, a widower who lost his wife was not required to perform this ritual. Instead, in some areas of Edo, the widower's family and friends would find another woman for him to sleep with until his wife was buried. In this way his wife's spirit would not disturb his sleep. In the 1980s, women in Africa began to give themselves a voice by writing articles, and many female writers and theorists centered on women emerged. Many outstanding writers and works have criticized patriarchal practices and supported women's political empowerment. West
African literature and popular art forms are often linked to local women-centered theories, which can further achieve broader emancipation.
481:, who would sing to demonstrate his mythical status. These deified honorific titles and ceremonies elevated the Oba to an idealized status. The mythic overtones of the Oba of Benin symbolize not only the sanctity of the royal power but also the religious and cultural symbols of Benin. Threatened by political turmoil and commercial adventures in the white world, the Benin Empire has been in a turbulent era for a long time. As a representative of the male spirit, the Oba maintains the social order of Benin in literature, which is organized around the power of God. Historical figures, as the common point of Nigerian literature, are further expanded from the oral sources of historical sources. Written and oral literature simultaneously, and through the study of drama, convey that the Oba in Benin plays a pivotal role in the rich cultural heritage of indigenous people.
537:(Discourse) program, a government document calling for the establishment of a National Linguistic Institute to promote the development of all Beninese languages. As a follow-up to this policy, the National Linguistic Commission was established in 1974, and "National Linguistic Training Seminars" were held from 1979 until the 1980s. The seminars showed an alphabet for the Beninese, officially recognized 19 Beninese people, and set up local sub-commissions for the development of orthography in various locations. In 1984, the National Linguistic Training Seminars were renamed the National Center for Applied Linguistics.
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528:, Benin uses French as the official language of government and education. However, the widespread use of French as an official language is partly due to the restricted use of the local languages. In social and cultural aspects, language influences the choice and acceptance of writing conventions. Most African languages are ethnic minority languages, characterized by limited areas of use and inadequate description. The lack of formalized grammar and vocabulary and standardized
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140:. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 mi (680 km) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of Benin’s northern border with Niger. The official capital is Porto-Novo, but Cotonou is Benin’s largest city, its chief port, and its de factoadministrative capital.
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In historical Benin literature, most of the male images are bold, independent of the main power, and occupy the dominant position in society. Women are often dominated by their roles, engaged in simple work, and bear family responsibilities. With the rise of women's consciousness, many works from the
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set up the
Division d'alphabétisation et la presse rurale, which works to enhance the literacy of Beninese. At the same time, the government also created a literacy department for adults. By the 1990s, changes in Benin's regime led to a concomitant change in language policy. At a national conference
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policy in the French colonial system, the use of the
Beninese languages is declining. Although the local Benin language has a formal income system, the oral literature of Benin has rarely been printed or transcribed. The colonial education system, urbanization, increasing economic difficulties, and
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The practice of widowhood is another patriarchal trait that persecutes
African women for their feudal superstitions. In Benin, if a man dies prematurely, his widow will be summoned and asked to prove her innocence. The widow of the deceased is required to shave her head, sleep on the floor with the
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Most
African civilizations and traditions have been transmitted through oral communication. Benin has a long and rich oral tradition that can be traced back centuries. Benin's oral literature is not limited to stories; it also includes riddles, pins, tongue-twisters, proverbs, recitations, chants,
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causes the language to be underdeveloped, which limits its use in society and literary works and promotes the widespread use of the French language. The French language is mostly taught in school. The low education rate of Benin leads to the frequency of the local Benin language in literary works
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In contemporary times, oral literature is gradually dying out. Although linguists and anthropologists in Benin have collected as many oral stories as possible through visits to local families and villages in Benin, they have not been able to prevent the disappearance of many stories. Due to the
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held in
February 1990, attendees unanimously agreed to adopt legislation in both French and Beninese. This conference officially selected Fon, Yoruba, Baatonum, Dendi, Aja and Ditammari for formal education and adult literacy. However, these six languages are still not truly national in Benin.
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was known as the Oba of Benin. In the oral tradition of Benin, the Oba (King) of Benin is a demigod personified, as a cultural symbol, a spiritual icon, and a political figure. During the period of the
Kingdom of Dahomey, the Oba entered any occasion with his
496:. Women are placed at a disadvantage. There are obvious discriminatory cultural customs in the social environment of Benin. In ancient times, an Oba (national leader/king of the country) ruled the kingdom of Benin. Beninese in Nigeria have a tradition of
508:. In the classical patriarchal Beninese society, male exploitation and oppression of women were ubiquitous. Even in modern Beninese society, which has recognized occurrences of female genital mutilation, the number of incidences has not decreased.
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Trudell, B., & Reeder, J. (2006, June). Discourses of authority and stakeholder perspective: Processes of language development in Benin. In
Conference on Languages and Education in Africa, University of Oslo (pp.
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Trudell, B., & Reeder, J. (2006, June). Discourses of authority and stakeholder perspective: Processes of language development in Benin. In
Conference on Languages and Education in Africa, University of Oslo
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Osezua, O. C., & Agholor, H. N. (2019). Patriarchy, Cultural
Prejudices and Spousal Violence in the Ancient City of Benin of Southern Nigeria. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20(7), COVX+.
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believes that storytelling, one of the most important art forms in Africa, is a cultural legacy that perpetuates tribal history and mythology through oral narration to the next generation.
504:, Beninese women have been in a lower social class since ancient times. The Oba of Benin had a wife and many concubines, and these women could be given as gifts or commodities to the loyal
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Aggarwal, K. (2015). Colonial ethnography as a strategy for self-writing: The case of Paul Hazoumé's Doguicimi (1938). International Journal Of Francophone Studies, 18(2), 171–190.
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perspective of women in the French-speaking Republic of Benin reflect the oppression of women's roles and great dissatisfaction with the unequal relationship between men and women.
604:. This was the first written literary work in the history of Beninese literature. Although the book is not widely known, it has symbolic significance in Benin's literary history.
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conveys the perspectives of the colonized people in the colonies through ethnography, and she believes the book is an effort by Africans to reflect on themselves.
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Newell, S. (Ed.). (2017). Writing African women : Gender, popular culture and literature in west Africa. Bloomsbury Academic & Professional.
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Devy, G.N., Davis, G.V., & Chakravarty, K.K. (Eds.). (2014). Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous (1st ed.). Routledge India.
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is the development from oral description to written record. Another milestone in the development of African literature is
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became the dominant language. The Beninese folk story is the expression of the Beninese people's experience of the world.
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Folk stories are an important cultural tradition in Benin. Literature in Benin had a strong oral tradition long before
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Corso, P. (2000). Why Goats Smell Bad and Other Stories from Benin. Journal of American Folklore, 113(447), 111–112.
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is active in modern times as a literary figure in theater and literature. Historically, the ruler of the Kingdom of
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Vignondé, J.-N. (1985). Autour de "L'esclave" de Felix Couchoro. Research in African Literatures, 16(4), 556–563.
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foreign TV programs have all led to the gradual extinction of local oral literature and folk stories in Benin.
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and songs. Storytellers interpret the folklore of past tribes in these ways as well. Professor Dan Ben-Amos of
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Mama, R. (1998). "The dance of poverty" and Beninese folktales. Journal of Popular Culture, 32(2), 5–10.
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OYEWOLE, C. O. (2018). PATRIARCHY AND OPPRESSION OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN SELECTED BENINESE female NOVELS
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OYEWOLE, C. O. (2018). PATRIARCHY AND OPPRESSION OF FEMALE CHARACTERS IN SELECTED BENINESE FEMALE NOVELS
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Mnenuka, A. (2017). Exploring Modernity in African Orature. Qucosa. Retrieved 14 May 2022, from
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Conrad, J. The Scramble for Africa | StJohns. Joh.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 May 2022, from
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being lower than in French works. In 1972, the government of Benin issued the
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Folk stories and feminist works hold high significance in Benin literature.
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exists in the contemporary social structure of Benin society in southern
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Ben-Amos, D. (1967). Story Telling in Benin. African Arts, 1(1), 54–59.
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Devy, G. N.; Davis, Geoffrey V.; Chakravarty, K. K., eds. (2014).
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Knowing Differently: The Challenge of the Indigenous
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468:) is not ruled by a king. The
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109:February 2024
101:
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80:
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73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
1921:Saint Helena
1863:Dependencies
1785:South Africa
1775:Sierra Leone
1580:Burkina Faso
1569:
1462:Prostitution
1424:Demographics
1321:Trade unions
1211:Human rights
1191:Constitution
1108:Kérékou coup
932:
928:
918:
885:
881:
871:
861:, retrieved
856:
850:
840:
831:
821:, retrieved
799:
789:
776:, retrieved
746:
736:
708:
701:
617:
614:Paul Hazoumé
609:
605:
597:
588:
578:assimilation
574:
566:
559:
540:
539:
534:
523:
514:
510:
488:
470:Oba of Benin
465:
463:
419:Coat of arms
277:Kérékou coup
192:Oba of Benin
190:
182:Oba of Benin
177:
142:
131:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1869:territories
1838:recognition
1790:South Sudan
1680:Ivory Coast
1407:Paralympics
1288:Agriculture
1221:LGBT rights
1160:Departments
935:(2): 5–10.
541:Le Discours
535:Le Discours
530:orthography
1903:(Portugal)
1852:Somaliland
1770:Seychelles
1735:Mozambique
1720:Mauritania
1705:Madagascar
1660:The Gambia
1595:Cape Verde
1377:Literature
1305:(currency)
1303:CFA franc
1206:Government
1098:Soglo coup
863:2007-09-30
823:2022-05-27
778:2022-05-27
693:References
670:José Pliva
635:Jean Pliya
490:Patriarchy
342:Literature
267:Soglo coup
79:newspapers
1725:Mauritius
1452:Languages
1437:Education
1326:Transport
1250:President
1238:Air Force
1196:Elections
1128:Geography
949:0022-3840
902:0021-8715
773:240181110
618:Doguicimi
610:Doguicimi
606:L'Esclave
598:L'Esclave
387:Monuments
314:Mythology
307:Languages
1948:Category
1927: /
1923: /
1916:(France)
1910: /
1888: /
1884: /
1880: /
1825:Zimbabwe
1800:Tanzania
1650:Ethiopia
1645:Eswatini
1625:Djibouti
1590:Cameroon
1575:Botswana
1502:Category
1467:Religion
1412:Football
1402:Olympics
1233:Military
1216:Abortion
1179:Politics
1155:Communes
1057:articles
676:See also
594:Beninese
328:Religion
203:a series
201:Part of
173:Fulfulde
1912:RĂ©union
1908:Mayotte
1899:Madeira
1894:(Spain)
1886:Melilla
1810:Tunisia
1780:Somalia
1765:Senegal
1750:Nigeria
1740:Namibia
1730:Morocco
1695:Liberia
1690:Lesotho
1640:Eritrea
1610:Comoros
1585:Burundi
1560:Algeria
1486:Outline
1362:Cuisine
1345:Culture
1316:Tourism
1311:Fishing
1276:Economy
1150:Climate
1140:Borders
1065:History
845:19-22).
596:novel,
576:strict
506:sheikhs
494:Nigeria
479:vassals
474:Dahomey
407:Symbols
321:Cuisine
232:History
165:Tammari
93:scholar
1931:
1914:
1901:
1892:
1867:other
1820:Zambia
1815:Uganda
1755:Rwanda
1710:Malawi
1670:Guinea
1565:Angola
1457:People
1447:Health
1357:Cinema
1298:Energy
1145:Cities
1055:
947:
910:541281
908:
900:
814:
771:
761:
724:
562:French
526:colony
367:Cinema
300:People
205:on the
169:Bariba
161:Kabiyé
153:Yoruba
138:Africa
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
1882:Ceuta
1795:Sudan
1745:Niger
1700:Libya
1685:Kenya
1665:Ghana
1655:Gabon
1630:Egypt
1570:Benin
1493:Index
1432:Crime
1397:Sport
1387:Music
1382:Media
1053:Benin
906:JSTOR
857:Benin
769:S2CID
600:, in
378:Sport
359:Media
349:Music
133:Benin
100:JSTOR
86:books
1805:Togo
1715:Mali
1605:Chad
1372:Flag
1255:list
1073:Ketu
945:ISSN
898:ISSN
812:ISBN
759:ISBN
722:ISBN
602:1929
414:Flag
242:Ketu
72:news
1865:and
937:doi
890:doi
886:113
804:doi
751:doi
714:doi
335:Art
157:Gen
149:Yom
145:Fon
55:by
1950::
943:.
933:32
931:.
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716::
453:e
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122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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