430:
20:
468:
Jiang, J. D.; Davis, A. S.; Middleton, K.; Ling, Y. H.; Perez-Soler, R.; Holland, J. F.; Bekesi, J. G. (1998-12-01). "3-(Iodoacetamido)-benzoylurea: a novel cancericidal tubulin ligand that inhibits microtubule polymerization, phosphorylates bcl-2, and induces apoptosis in tumor cells".
75:
in 1975. Since then, many BPUs were commercialised by many companies. BPUs accounted for 3% of the $ 18.4 billion world insecticide market in 2018. Lufenuron, was the largest selling BPU in 2016, selling for $ 112 million.
121:
BPUs have a good mammalian tox profile. Diflubenzuron is considered to be of very low acute toxicity, and is approved by the WHO for treatment of drinking water as a mosquito larvicide.
79:
BPUs are active against many types of insect pests, (e.g. lepidoptera coleoptera, diptera) in agriculture, as well as being used against termites and animal health pests such as fleas.
216:
Douris, Vassilis; Steinbach, Denise; Panteleri, Rafaela; Livadaras, Ioannis; Pickett, John
Anthony; Van Leeuwen, Thomas; Nauen, Ralf; Vontas, John (2016).
83:
124:
BPUs have low acute toxicity against bees, low to moderate toxicity to fish, but high toxicity to aquatic invertebrates and crustaceans.
565:
506:
522:
Commission
Implementing Regulation (EU) No 942/2011 of 22 September 2011 concerning the non-approval of the active substance flufenoxuron
355:
311:
202:
911:
906:
381:"Benzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance"
109:
3-(Iodoacetamido)-benzoylurea (3-IAABU) is one of several benzoylurea compounds which have been investigated as potential
127:
BPUs have various rates of degradation in the environment. Some older BPUs have high persistance and are no longer sold.
521:
1059:
1553:
866:
558:
39:
302:
Jeschke, Peter; Witschel, Matthias; Krämer, Wolfgang; Schirmer, Ulrich (2019). "Chapter 30: Chitin
Biosynthesis".
1738:
986:
881:
697:
629:
1731:
1689:
742:
71:
The insecticidal activity of the BPUs was discovered serendipitiously at
Phillips-Duphar who commericalised
57:
429:
1710:
1670:
722:
35:
1765:
1724:
551:
196:
86:(IRAC) lists the following PBUs, which are classified in IRAC group 15. Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron,
871:
1703:
1433:
1029:
891:
886:
702:
687:
1696:
1682:
1578:
1379:
1109:
901:
896:
717:
679:
1514:
732:
644:
443:
1559:
1453:
1239:
1234:
1199:
1159:
707:
502:
478:
418:
400:
361:
351:
307:
284:
249:
184:
1438:
1169:
1039:
408:
392:
343:
276:
239:
229:
176:
56:. They do not directly kill the insect, but disrupt moulting and egg hatch, and thus act as
1717:
1636:
1019:
1004:
132:
61:
496:
1770:
1534:
1014:
853:
413:
380:
347:
244:
217:
1759:
1618:
1499:
1443:
1415:
1322:
1312:
1144:
1124:
790:
755:
331:
87:
72:
24:
1661:
1603:
1598:
1504:
1479:
1410:
1405:
1375:
1347:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1277:
1224:
1129:
1099:
1024:
999:
961:
843:
833:
818:
813:
803:
780:
760:
609:
574:
128:
110:
91:
1676:
1593:
1494:
1484:
1395:
1371:
1362:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1287:
1262:
1244:
1054:
838:
808:
798:
727:
634:
624:
578:
501:(4th ed.). Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2017. pp. 435–436.
103:
53:
396:
1628:
1608:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1489:
1469:
1400:
1390:
1357:
1352:
1332:
1317:
1307:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1254:
1204:
1174:
1114:
1094:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1049:
971:
946:
936:
828:
823:
775:
765:
692:
639:
619:
604:
543:
404:
365:
180:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1549:
1448:
1385:
1367:
1184:
1164:
1154:
1134:
1119:
1034:
1009:
976:
876:
770:
664:
654:
599:
586:
234:
99:
95:
422:
379:
Junquera, Pablo; Hosking, Barry; Gameiro, Marta; Macdonald, Alicia (2019).
288:
253:
188:
164:
19:
482:
1744:
1646:
1641:
1613:
1588:
1544:
1524:
1229:
1214:
1104:
1089:
1044:
994:
931:
712:
669:
649:
614:
594:
163:
Sun, Ranfeng; Liu, Chunjuan; Hao, Zhang; Wang, Qingmin (July 13, 2015).
1582:
1474:
1425:
1219:
1209:
1189:
1179:
1139:
1064:
956:
926:
306:(3rd ed.). Wiley (published 25 January 2019). pp. 1067–1102.
1194:
1084:
951:
941:
861:
659:
65:
280:
1149:
966:
268:
18:
1651:
921:
547:
916:
332:"An Overview of Insect Growth Disruptors; Applied Aspects"
269:"Insecticide mixtures—uses, benefits and considerations"
1660:
1627:
1462:
1424:
1253:
985:
852:
789:
741:
678:
585:
330:Pener, Meir Paul; Dhadialla, Tarlochan S. (2012).
444:"The IRAC Mode of Action Classification Online"
222:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
559:
8:
536:Lewis, W.H. and M.P.F. Elvin-Lewis. (2003).
566:
552:
544:
412:
243:
233:
165:"Benzoylurea Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors"
27:, a commonly used benzoylurea insecticide
106:. Many older BPUs are no longer in use.
448:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
144:
84:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
267:Sparks, Thomas C. (14 February 2024).
194:
498:Guidelines for Drinking‑water Quality
7:
325:
323:
158:
156:
154:
152:
150:
148:
117:Mammalian and environmental toxicity
348:10.1016/B978-0-12-391500-9.00001-2
135:and was banned in the EU in 2011.
14:
428:
304:Modern Crop Protection Compounds
102:, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron,
64:, preventing the formation of
1:
336:Advances in Insect Physiology
201:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1060:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
1787:
1739:Purpureocillium lilacinum
698:Chromated copper arsenate
630:m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
540:. Hoboken: Wiley. pg. 590
60:. They act by inhibiting
743:Insect growth regulators
397:10.1051/parasite/2019026
181:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02460
58:insect growth regulators
1732:Paenibacillus popilliae
273:Pest Management Science
235:10.1073/pnas.1618258113
1711:Metarhizium anisopliae
1690:Beauveria brongniartii
1671:Bacillus thuringiensis
723:Lead hydrogen arsenate
68:in the insect's body.
28:
23:Chemical structure of
1725:Lecanicillium lecanii
368:– via Elsevier.
22:
872:Carbon tetrachloride
52:, which are used as
34:(BPUs) are chemical
1704:Metarhizium acridum
1434:Chlorantraniliprole
1030:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
703:Copper(II) arsenate
688:Aluminium phosphide
680:Inorganic compounds
228:(51): 14692–14697.
169:J. Agric. Food Chem
1697:Isaria fumosorosea
1683:Beauveria bassiana
1579:Piperonyl butoxide
1380:chrysanthemic acid
718:Diatomaceous earth
291:– via Wiley.
29:
1753:
1752:
1554:+milbemycin oxime
1235:Tetrachlorvinphos
1200:Pirimiphos-methyl
1160:Oxydemeton-methyl
708:Copper(I) cyanide
508:978-92-4-154995-0
477:(23): 5389–5395.
175:(31): 6847–6865.
111:anticancer agents
90:, Flucycloxuron,
16:Chemical compound
1778:
1439:Cyantraniliprole
1170:Parathion-methyl
1040:Demeton-S-methyl
987:Organophosphorus
568:
561:
554:
545:
524:
519:
513:
512:
493:
487:
486:
465:
459:
458:
456:
454:
440:
434:
433:
432:
426:
416:
376:
370:
369:
327:
318:
317:
299:
293:
292:
264:
258:
257:
247:
237:
213:
207:
206:
200:
192:
160:
94:, Hexaflumuron,
48:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1718:Nomuraea rileyi
1656:
1623:
1463:Other chemicals
1458:
1420:
1249:
1020:Chlorfenvinphos
1005:Azinphos-methyl
981:
854:Organochlorides
848:
785:
737:
733:Scheele's Green
674:
581:
572:
533:
531:Further reading
528:
527:
520:
516:
509:
495:
494:
490:
471:Cancer Research
467:
466:
462:
452:
450:
442:
441:
437:
427:
378:
377:
373:
358:
329:
328:
321:
314:
301:
300:
296:
281:10.1002/ps.7980
266:
265:
261:
215:
214:
210:
193:
162:
161:
146:
141:
119:
62:chitin synthase
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Hydramethylnon
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1015:Chlorethoxyfos
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
991:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
793:
791:Neonicotinoids
787:
786:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
747:
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
684:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
591:
589:
583:
582:
573:
571:
570:
563:
556:
548:
542:
541:
538:Medical Botany
532:
529:
526:
525:
514:
507:
488:
460:
435:
371:
356:
319:
312:
294:
259:
208:
143:
142:
140:
137:
118:
115:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1783:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1662:Biopesticides
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1619:Metaflumizone
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1500:Chlordimeform
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Flubendiamide
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1416:Transfluthrin
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Fenpropathrin
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:Esfenvalerate
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Monocrotophos
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Methamidophos
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
794:
792:
788:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Diflubenzuron
754:
752:
749:
748:
746:
744:
740:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
683:
681:
677:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
564:
562:
557:
555:
550:
549:
546:
539:
535:
534:
530:
523:
518:
515:
510:
504:
500:
499:
492:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
461:
449:
445:
439:
436:
431:
424:
420:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
375:
372:
367:
363:
359:
357:9780123915009
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
326:
324:
320:
315:
313:9783527699261
309:
305:
298:
295:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
263:
260:
255:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
212:
209:
204:
198:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
159:
157:
155:
153:
151:
149:
145:
138:
136:
134:
133:bioaccumulate
131:was shown to
130:
125:
122:
116:
114:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:Diflubenzuron
85:
80:
77:
74:
73:diflubenzuron
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
49:
42:
37:
33:
26:
25:diflubenzuron
21:
1766:Insecticides
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1669:
1604:Tebufenpyrad
1599:Tebufenozide
1505:Chlorfenapyr
1480:Azadirachtin
1411:Tralomethrin
1406:Tetramethrin
1348:Metofluthrin
1303:Deltamethrin
1298:Cyphenothrin
1293:Cypermethrin
1278:Bioallethrin
1225:Tebupirimfos
1130:Methidathion
1100:Fenitrothion
1025:Chlorpyrifos
1000:Azamethiphos
962:Methoxychlor
844:Thiamethoxam
834:Paichongding
819:Imidaclothiz
814:Imidacloprid
804:Clothianidin
781:Pyriproxyfen
761:Flufenoxuron
751:Benzoylureas
750:
610:Butocarboxim
579:Insecticides
575:Pest control
537:
517:
497:
491:
474:
470:
463:
451:. Retrieved
447:
438:
388:
384:
374:
339:
335:
303:
297:
272:
262:
225:
221:
211:
197:cite journal
172:
168:
129:Flufenoxuron
126:
123:
120:
108:
92:Flufenoxuron
81:
78:
70:
54:insecticides
44:
40:
32:Benzoylureas
31:
30:
1677:Baculovirus
1629:Metabolites
1594:Sulfluramid
1396:Silafluofen
1363:Prallethrin
1343:Imiprothrin
1338:Fluvalinate
1328:Fenvalerate
1288:Cyhalothrin
1263:Acrinathrin
1255:Pyrethroids
1245:Trichlorfon
1110:Fosthiazate
1055:Dicrotophos
839:Thiacloprid
809:Dinotefuran
799:Acetamiprid
728:Paris Green
635:Ethienocarb
625:Carbosulfan
104:Triflumuron
50:-phenylurea
36:derivatives
1760:Categories
1609:Veracevine
1540:Indoxacarb
1530:Fluralaner
1520:Fenoxycarb
1515:Fenazaquin
1510:Cyromazine
1490:Buprofezin
1470:Afoxolaner
1401:Tefluthrin
1391:Resmethrin
1358:Phenothrin
1353:Permethrin
1333:Flumethrin
1318:Etofenprox
1308:Empenthrin
1283:Cyfluthrin
1273:Bifenthrin
1268:Allethrins
1205:Quinalphos
1175:Phenthoate
1115:Isoxathion
1095:Fenamiphos
1080:Disulfoton
1075:Dioxathion
1070:Dimethoate
1050:Dichlorvos
972:Tetradifon
947:Heptachlor
937:Endosulfan
882:Cyclodiene
829:Nithiazine
824:Nitenpyram
776:Methoprene
766:Hydroprene
693:Boric acid
645:Isoprocarb
640:Fenobucarb
620:Carbofuran
605:Bendiocarb
587:Carbamates
139:References
1575:Adjuvants
1570:Sarolaner
1565:Pyriprole
1560:Pyridaben
1550:Lotilaner
1485:Bensultap
1449:Ryanodine
1386:Pyrethrum
1368:Pyrethrin
1185:Phosalone
1165:Parathion
1155:Omethoate
1135:Mevinphos
1120:Malathion
1035:Coumaphos
1010:Bensulide
977:Toxaphene
877:Chlordane
771:Lufenuron
665:Promecarb
655:Metolcarb
600:Aminocarb
405:1776-1042
366:0065-2806
342:: 1–162.
100:Novaluron
96:Lufenuron
43:-benzoyl-
1745:Spinosad
1647:Paraoxon
1642:Malaoxon
1614:Xanthone
1589:Spinosad
1545:Limonene
1525:Fipronil
1454:Ryanodol
1426:Ryanoids
1240:Tribufos
1230:Terbufos
1215:Schradan
1105:Fenthion
1090:Ethoprop
1045:Diazinon
995:Acephate
932:Dieldrin
867:Beta-HCH
713:Cryolite
670:Propoxur
650:Methomyl
615:Carbaryl
595:Aldicarb
423:31041897
385:Parasite
289:38356314
254:27930336
189:26168369
1583:Sesamex
1475:Amitraz
1220:Temefos
1210:R-16661
1190:Phosmet
1180:Phorate
1140:Mipafox
1065:Dimefox
957:Lindane
927:Dicofol
902:1,2-DCE
897:1,1-DCE
892:1,4-DCB
887:1,2-DCB
483:9850070
414:6492539
245:5187681
1495:Cartap
1195:Phoxim
1085:Ethion
952:Kepone
942:Endrin
862:Aldrin
660:Oxamyl
505:
481:
453:5 June
421:
411:
403:
391:: 26.
364:
354:
310:
287:
252:
242:
218:"2016"
187:
66:chitin
1771:Ureas
1150:Naled
967:Mirex
1652:TCPy
1637:Oxon
922:DFDT
503:ISBN
479:PMID
455:2024
419:PMID
401:ISSN
362:ISSN
352:ISBN
308:ISBN
285:PMID
250:PMID
203:link
185:PMID
82:The
917:DDT
912:DDE
907:DDD
409:PMC
393:doi
344:doi
277:doi
240:PMC
230:doi
226:113
177:doi
38:of
1762::
1581:,
1378:;
1376:II
1374:,
577::
475:58
473:.
446:.
417:.
407:.
399:.
389:26
387:.
383:.
360:.
350:.
340:43
338:.
334:.
322:^
283:.
275:.
271:.
248:.
238:.
224:.
220:.
199:}}
195:{{
183:.
173:63
171:.
167:.
147:^
113:.
98:,
1585:)
1577:(
1556:)
1552:(
1382:)
1372:I
1370:(
567:e
560:t
553:v
511:.
485:.
457:.
425:.
395::
346::
316:.
279::
256:.
232::
205:)
191:.
179::
47:′
45:N
41:N
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
