118:. While Cárdenas spoke warmly of the Jesuits at first, praising them in a letter written in 1643, the Jesuits eventually backed Hinestrosa, an open admirer of the Jesuits, in the political struggle between the governor and the bishop. In turn, this caused Cárdenas to criticize the Jesuits; he claimed the Jesuits were teaching "heretical principles" to the Indians, and threatened to expel them from the province in September 1644. These stances gained Cárdenas the favor of many of the Paraguayan settlers, who disliked the Jesuit missions as economic competitors among other complaints. Governor Hinestrosa turned to the Jesuit armies of Indians to take control of the situation in Asunción; he compelled the local diocese to depose Cárdenas on the grounds his consecration had not been valid, and exiled him from Paraguay in November 1644.
163:, Hinestrosa's Lieutenant Governor, should become the interim Governor of Paraguay. León y Zárate, who had been at the Jesuit missions when hearing the news, returned to Asunción, but was denied entry. León y Zárate returned to the missions and rallied an army of mission Indians; Cárdenas rallied several hundred Paraguayan militia in reply. (Source differ on how many troops were involved; some say León y Zárate had around 700 mission Indians, others 3,000 of which 1,000 bore firearms. One old source also says that Cárdenas rallied around 400 allied Guaraní (
167:) to his cause as well.) The two sides met in a brief battle on October 5, 1649, in which the Paraguayans lost in a complete defeat. Twenty-two settlers died and many more were wounded. Cárdenas was imprisoned by León y Zárate, and the citizens of Asunción suffered what to them was the humiliating spectacle of an occupying army of Indians. Cárdenas was eventually exiled from Paraguay and sent to Charcas in Upper Peru.
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174:. Cárdenas was reprimanded for accepting the result of the election based on the old decree and for expelling the Jesuits without royal permission, but received no further punishment. He was restored to his post as Bishop of Asunción in 1660; after he claimed he was too old and ill to make the journey back to Paraguay, he was made Bishop of
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and the majority of the populace. Immediately upon the proclamation of the order, a mob broke into the Jesuit college of Asunción, sent the friars into the streets, and looted the building of its valuables. The reaction in the rest of the
Spanish Empire was almost uniformly against Cárdenas and his
101:
to be consecrated as bishop by the Bishop in residence. There was a minor dispute first, however; the Bishop of Córdoba was a Jesuit, and while the governmental approval of the appointment was complete, the papal bulls had not yet arrived, and the Jesuit order supported the idea that only the pope
145:
On
February 22, 1649, Governor Osorio died. A quirk of history was that a Royal Decree issued in 1537 theoretically gave Paraguay the right to elect its own governor if the current governor was dead or otherwise incapacitated. A crowd of approximately 250 Paraguayans in the main plaza elected
133:. The viceroy ordered Cárdenas to appear before the Audiencia of Charcas to answer the charges against him issued by the Jesuits and Hinestrosa. Cárdenas disobeyed the order, claiming illness and old age, and remained in Corrientes. In 1647, he met incoming Governor of Paraguay
146:
Bishop Cárdenas as
Governor on March 4 until the Crown should see fit to appoint a new governor; Cárdenas allegedly said "the voice of the people is the voice of God." Two days later, on the 6th, Cárdenas ordered the Jesuits expelled from the province with the approval of the
137:, and convinced him to allow his return to the province. Cárdenas and Osorio both left for Asunción, and Cárdenas was restored as bishop. The situation in Paraguay remained tense for two years, but stable.
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89:, and changed his given name to Bernardino upon joining the Franciscan order. Cárdenas served at the Convent of Chuquisaca in 1614–1620 and as a missionary among the
125:, where he continued to engage in a war of letters and propaganda against Hinestrosa with the support of his fellow Franciscans. However, the Jesuits won over the
114:. Both men were proud, and a feud for power developed between the two. The feud eventually expanded to include the Jesuit Fathers as well, who managed the nearby
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Luckily for Cárdenas, in the time he was held at
Charcas, the Jesuits' fortunes were on the decline in the royal courts of Madrid after the Jesuits had supported
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from the
Governorate of Paraguay, although this expulsion did not last; he was deposed as governor following a battle against the Jesuit armies.
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could ordain a bishop. Nevertheless, the Bishop of Córdoba consecrated Cárdenas, and Cárdenas departed for Asunción.
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Guaraníes, criollos y jesuitas. Luchas de poder en las revoluciones comuneras del
Paraguay, siglos XVII y XVIII
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Indians in 1621–1627, and traveled through both Upper and Lower Peru. Cárdenas impressed the
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from March 4, 1649 – October 1, 1649. He ordered the first expulsion of the
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The
Colonial History of Paraguay: The Revolt of the Comuneros, 1721-1735
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261:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 60–63.
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Cárdenas arrived in Asunción, the same year as the new governor,
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Colonial
Kinship: Guaraní, Spaniards, and Africans in Paraguay
85:. He studied theology at the Jesuit College of San Martin in
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Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús: AA-Costa Rica
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Other sources indicate a birth year of 1562, 1577, or 1578.
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Charles E. O'Neill; Joaquín María Domínguez, eds. (2001).
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391:"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra"
286:. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 179–181.
647:Roman Catholic bishops of Santa Cruz de la Sierra
343:"Metropolitan Archdiocese of Asunción (Paraguay)"
592:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Paraguay
221:. Universidad Pontifica Comillas. p. 653.
159:and restore the Jesuits; he also declared that
28: and the second or maternal family name is
587:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Bolivia
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597:17th-century Peruvian Roman Catholic priests
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178:instead, in Upper Peru. Cárdenas died in
298:. Austin is citing Avellaneda, Mercedes
366:"Archdiocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra"
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302:p. 86 and a primary source from 1652.
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282:Austin, Shawn Michael (2020).
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141:Governorship of Paraguay
440:Gabriel de Guilléstegui
176:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
55:Santa Cruz de la Sierra
371:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
323:Catholic-Hierarchy.org
112:Gregorio de Hinestrosa
632:Bolivian Friars Minor
627:Peruvian Friars Minor
602:Governors of Paraguay
423:Francisco de la Serna
182:on October 20, 1668.
75:Cristóbal de Cárdenas
59:Governor of Paraguay
49:order and Bishop of
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467:Juan de Esturizada
430:Bishop of Paraguay
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535:Catholicism
581:Categories
493:1649–1649
461:1666–1668
434:1640–1666
186:References
123:Corrientes
83:Upper Peru
69:Early life
53:and later
47:Franciscan
523:Biography
352:March 25,
329:March 25,
559:Paraguay
400:June 14,
377:June 14,
51:Asunción
26:Cárdenas
16:In this
571:Bolivia
509:Portals
157:Charcas
148:cabildo
99:Córdoba
91:Quechua
63:Jesuits
45:of the
22:surname
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79:La Paz
38:O.F.M.
180:Arani
43:friar
30:Ponce
547:Peru
402:2018
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288:ISBN
263:ISBN
223:ISBN
87:Lima
77:in
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