985:(Byzantine dictionary from the 10th century). Thus, what little of Berossus remains is very fragmentary and indirect. The most direct source of material on Berossus is Josephus, received from Alexander Polyhistor. Most of the names in his king-lists and most of the potential narrative content have been lost or completely mangled as a result. Only Eusebius and Josephus preserve narrative material, and both had agendas. Eusebius was looking to construct a consistent chronology across different cultures, while Josephus was attempting to refute the charges that there was a civilization older than that of the Jews. However, the ten ante-diluvian kings were preserved by Christian apologists interested in how the long lifespans of the kings were similar to the long lifespans of the ante-diluvian ancestors in the story of
153:
65:
34:
106:
621:, respectively) both record Berossus' use of "public records" and it is possible that Berossus catalogued his sources. This did not make him reliable, only that he was careful with the sources and his access to priestly and sacred records allowed him to do what other Babylonians could not. What we have of ancient
230:
628:
is somewhat comparable with
Berossus, though the exact integrity with which he transmitted his sources is unknown because much of the literature of Mesopotamia has not survived. What is clear is that the form of writing he used was dissimilar to actual Babylonian literature, writing as he did in
604:
observes: "Of course
Berossus may have written other works which are not quoted by Josephus and Eusebius because they lacked any Biblical interest". Lambert finds some statements in the Latin writers so clearly erroneous that it renders doubtful whether the writers had first-hand knowledge of
579:
have not survived, though contemporaneous Greek historians generally did give reasons for the publication of their own histories. It is suggested that it was commissioned by
Antiochus I, perhaps desiring a history of one of his newly acquired lands, or by the Great Temple priests, seeking
901:, both using Berossus as their primary sources. Josephus' records of Berossus include some of the only extant narrative material, but he is probably dependent on Alexander Polyhistor, even if he did give the impression that he had direct access to Berossus. The fragments of the
774:(1st century AD), the historical records contained in Berossus' third book of his Chaldaic History were still extant and were used by Josephus in citing the regnal years of six Babylonian kings. Josephus' record of regnal years for these kings is also corroborated by
525:
off the coast of Asia Minor and established a school of astronomy there by the patronage of the king of Egypt. However, scholars have questioned whether it would have been possible to work under the
Seleucids and then relocate to a region experiencing
749:, 556–539 BC) survives. Here we see his interpretation of history for the first time, moralising about the success and failure of kings based on their moral conduct. This is similar to another Babylonian history,
712:(probably Sammuramat, wife of Samshi-Adad V, 824–811 BC) was Assyrian. Perhaps it was in response to Greek writers mythologising her to the point where she was described as the founder of Babylon, daughter of the
728:
Book 3 relates the history of
Babylon from Nabonassar to Antiochus I (presumably). Again, it is likely that he used king-lists, though it is not known which ones he used. The Mesopotamian documents known as
878:(d. 65 AD). Seven later pagan writers probably transmitted Berossus via Poseidonius through an additional intermediary. They were Aetius (1st or 2nd century AD), Cleomedes (second half of 2nd century AD),
1610:
The World of
Berossos. Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on "The Ancient Near East between Classical and Ancient Oriental Traditions", Hatfield College, Durham 7th-9th July 2010
1047:
onwards, filling a historical gap following the
Biblical account of the Flood. Annius also introduced characters from classical sources into the biblical framework, publishing his account as
866:
of Apamea (135–50 BC), who cited
Berossos in his works. While Poseidonius's accounts have not survived, the writings of these tertiary sources do: Vitruvius Pollio (a contemporary of
673:(747–734 BC). Eusebius reports that Apollodorus reports that Berossus recounts 432,000 years from the first king Aloros (Alulim) to the tenth king Xisouthros and the Babylonian
693:, the main protagonist is Utnapishtim, while for Berossus, Xisouthros is probably a Greek transliteration of Ziusudra, the protagonist of the Sumerian version of the Flood.
964:
are derived from
Josephus, Tatianus, and another inconsequential source (the last cite contains only, "Berossus the Babylonian recorded Naboukhodonosoros in his history").
1024:, although this is typically dismissed as a later invention. Some historians have suggested that the tale originated to provide a story that creates continuity between
657:
after the
Creation, and so Verbrugghe and Wickersham (2000:17) have suggested that this is where the astrological fragments discussed above would fit, if at all.
1598:
506:, but there is no proof of this connection. However, a direct citation (name and title) is rare in antiquity, and it may have referred to Book 1 of his
127:
114:
1540:
1091:
1087:
1618:
1439:
1414:
1043:. However, they greatly influenced Renaissance ways of thinking about population and migration, because Annius provided a list of kings from
419:. The original name was either either Bēl-rē’ûšunu, meaning "the god Bel is their shepherd," or Bēl-uṣuršu, meaning "O Bel watch over him!"
1646:
737:(3 copies with one confidently dated to 500 BC) are usually suggested as the ones he used, due to the synchronicity between those and his
174:
1745:
1715:
1384:"Eusebius' Chronicle (or Chronography), Translated from Classical Armenian, Public Domain Work. Eusebius, Chronicle, Table of Contents"
1204:
1720:
704:
fragment from 8th century BC, and two Neo-Babylonian fragments), but these were not mentioned. Similarly, the great Babylonian king
392:, have been lost but fragmentarily survive in some quotations, especially in the writings of the fourth-century CE Christian writer
334:
214:
196:
92:
685:, who ruled both Assyria and Babylon). His account of the Flood (preserved in Syncellus) is extremely similar to versions of the
1705:
1735:
1730:
1695:
638:
475:
are also attributed to Berossus, but are of unknown provenance, or indeed are uncertain as to where they might fit into his
1627:
920:
Like Poseidonius', neither Alexander's nor Juba's works have survived. However, the material in Berossus was recorded by
323:
1675:
813:= reigned 4 years (Josephus, elsewhere, says that Neglissar reigned 40 years, which seems odd that it is a factor of 10).
1725:
1700:
1237:, viii.8.1; in ix.2.1 he notes Berossus teaching that the moon was a ball one half luminous, the rest of a blue color.
882:(c. 150 AD), Athenaeus (c. 200 AD), Censorinus (3rd century AD), and an anonymous Latin commentator on the Greek poem
517:'s reign over Babylon (330–323 BCE), with the earliest date suggested as 340 BCE. According to Vitruvius's work
167:
161:
997:
In later centuries, Berossus was remembered as a great astronomer, prophet, sage, and historiographer. For example,
1710:
897:(c. 50 BC–20 AD). Polyhistor's numerous works included a history of Assyria and Babylonia, while Juba wrote
119:
78:
47:
178:
364:
51:
700:(c. 2300 BC) would have been available during his time (e.g., a birth legend preserved at El-Amarna and in an
967:
Christian writers after Eusebius are probably reliant on him, but include Pseudo-Justinus (3rd–5th century),
807:) = reigned 2 years. (Josephus, elsewhere, contradicts Berossus, saying that Evil Merodach reigned 18 years).
1029:
968:
925:
846:
Berossus' work was not popular during the Hellenistic period. The usual account of Mesopotamian history was
784:, excepting for the fact that the king that reigned between Neglissar and Nabonnedus is omitted by Ptolemy.
637:
Book 1 fragments are preserved in Eusebius and Syncellus above, one of the main sources for knowledge about
472:
1349:
1321:
1006:
960:
879:
542:
388:
314:
1740:
914:
910:
905:
found in three Christian writers' works are probably dependent on Alexander or Juba (or both). They are
894:
775:
741:(though there are some differences). A large part of his history around the time of Naboukhodonosoros (
1557:
677:. From Berossus' genealogy, it is clear that he had access to king-lists in compiling this section of
1025:
934:
929:
890:
674:
556:
376:
751:
514:
354:
1663:
Berossos and Manetho Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt
1492:
1484:
1120:
875:
654:
601:
564:
428:
1681:
An Historical Treatise of the Travels of Noah Into Europe, Translated by Richard Lynche in 1601
1614:
1476:
1435:
1410:
1357:
1329:
1079:
1036:
943:
742:
686:
681:, particularly in the kings before the Flood, and from the 7th century BC with Senakheirimos (
572:
448:
653:) by Bel (Marduk). According to him, all knowledge was revealed to humans by the sea monster
1468:
1217:
976:
947:
854:, while most of the value of Berossus was considered to be his astrological writings. Most
452:
281:
242:
41:
1104:
The suggestion was made by Heinrich Zimmern; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, "Neue Studien zu Berossos"
1607:
Haubold, Johannes; Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Rollinger, Robert; Steele, John, eds. (2013).
998:
986:
928:(early 3rd century AD). Both their works are also lost, possibly considered too long, but
871:
867:
830:
697:
527:
460:
444:
412:
1592:
491:, perhaps attesting to his fame and scholarship as historian and astronomer-astrologer.
1680:
780:
720:, and married to Ninus (the legendary founder of Nineveh, according to Greek authors).
642:
411:
The name "Berossus" likely originates from a theophoric name whose first component was
1689:
1608:
1587:
1496:
1306:
646:
597:
84:
889:
Jewish and Christian references to Berossus probably had a different source, either
1039:
claimed to have discovered lost books of Berossus. These were in fact an elaborate
1010:
756:
708:(ca. 1750 BC) merits only passing mention. He did, however, mention that the queen
1639:
A Most Dangerous Book. Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich
1511:
A Most Dangerous Book. Tacitus's Germania from the Roman Empire to the Third Reich
567:, but which can be largely recovered by the Latin translation and continuation of
760:
682:
622:
380:
1366:, who put down only four regnal years for this king, and who is called by them
696:
Perhaps what Berossus omits to mention is also noteworthy. Much information on
399:
Berossus has recently been identified with Bēl-reʾû-šunu, a high priest of the
863:
764:
670:
593:
464:
1480:
1361:
1333:
1020:, it is claimed that Berossus founded a school of astronomy at the Island of
1017:
746:
709:
705:
625:
480:
456:
368:
958:'s Latin translation of Eusebius. Eusebius' other mentions of Berossus in
105:
1472:
1190:
and Seleucid Rule in Babylonia," in A. Kuhrt and S. Sherwin-White (eds.),
1301:
972:
921:
906:
855:
834:
771:
589:
468:
393:
1488:
1456:
1049:
Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium
17:
1407:
Clio's other sons: Berossus and Manetho: with an afterword on Demetrius
1040:
847:
717:
701:
552:
484:
440:
439:) in three books some time around 290–278 BCE, by the patronage of the
400:
1134:) as rendered by W. G. Lambert, "Berossus and Babylonian Eschatology"
649:
account and establishment of order, including the defeat of Thalatth (
347:
1647:"Enūma Eliš and the Transmission of Babylonian Cosmology to the West"
1457:"Complex Pseudonymity: Annius of Viterbo's Multiple Persona Disorder"
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1002:
955:
666:
650:
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568:
499:
488:
416:
372:
360:
1574:
The Pentateuch: An Introduction to the First Five Books of the Bible
613:
The Armenian translations of Eusebius and Syncellus' transmissions (
1383:
1001:
reports that a statue of Berossus was put up by the inhabitants of
596:. The excerpts quoted recount mythology and history that relate to
1060:
1056:
713:
229:
228:
1053:
Commentaries on the Works of Various Authors Discussing Antiquity
946:
translation (500–800 AD) of it, and portions are quoted in
981:
487:
hollowed out of a cubical block. A statue of him was erected in
1591:
1005:
due to the accuracy of his future-predictions. Another figure,
1432:
Beyond Alexandria: literature and empire in the Seleucid world
1021:
979:(8th century), an unknown geographer of unknown date, and the
522:
146:
99:
58:
547:
Versions at several removes of the remains of Berossos' lost
938:, preserved some of their accounts. The Greek text of the
328:
302:
296:
287:
263:
248:
1602:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
932:
Bishop of Caesaria (c. 260–340 AD), in his work the
665:
Book 2 describes the history of the Babylonian kings from
257:
1409:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. xii.
1130:, "Berossus, who expounded the doctrine of Bel/Marduk" (
954:(c. 800–810 AD). Nothing of Berossus survives in
427:
Using ancient Babylonian records and texts that are now
1434:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 110–112.
27:
3rd-century BC Babylonian writer, priest and astronomer
1661:
Verbrugghe, Gerald P. & Wickersham, John M. 2000.
305:
299:
266:
260:
1665:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press.
1055:). One consequence was sophisticated theories about
833:
king of Persia and Darius king of Media took Babel (
530:
control late in life. It is not known when he died.
498:, is attributed to him by the Latin commentaries on
483:
credits him with the invention of the semi-circular
293:
284:
254:
245:
1338:, who put down only two regnal years for this king.
1288:
1286:
363:is his shepherd') was an early-3rd-century BCE
290:
251:
1356:. Providence: Brown University Press. p. 29.
1328:. Providence: Brown University Press. p. 28.
451:(during the third year of his reign, according to
1378:
1376:
1205:"Digital Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum (DFHG)"
733:(one copy from the 6th or 5th centuries BC) and
1194:(Berkeley: Univ. of California Press) 1987:55f.
942:is also now lost to us but there is an ancient
415:, meaning "Lord," which was a common title for
1278:of Eusebius and Greek Chronographic Tradition,
886:by Aratus of Soloi (ca. 315–240/39 BC).
862:directly, and seem to have been dependent on
8:
1634:(FHG) 2. Paris: Didot, 1841‑1870, frr. 1‑25.
1259:, 2008:81, who gives his sources in note 49.
1526:. Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005. page 15.
1084:Bilinguals in Late Mesopotamian Scholarship
1009:, says that Berossus was the father of the
563:, the Greek manuscripts of which have been
521:, he relocated eventually to the island of
93:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1676:Fragments of Chaldæan History, by Berossus
1641:. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 98–104.
1257:Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer
1541:"Berossos, Antiochos und die Babyloniaka"
645:due to its description of the Babylonian
600:concerns. As historian and archaeologist
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
197:Learn how and when to remove this message
1174:
1128:Berosus, qui Belum interpretatus est..."
763:accounts of other Greek historians like
592:testifies to Berossus' reputation as an
584:in Seleucid lands. Pure history writing
160:This article includes a list of general
130:of all important aspects of the article.
1562:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History
1354:Babylonian Chronology, 626 B.C.–A.D. 75
1326:Babylonian Chronology, 626 B.C.–A.D. 75
1071:
52:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1092:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1088:Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus
575:. The reasons why Berossus wrote the
403:mentioned in a document from 258 BCE.
126:Please consider expanding the lead to
1150:
829:) = reigned 17 years, in which year,
689:that we have presently. However, in
7:
1162:
770:At the time of the Jewish historian
745:, 604–562 BC) and Nabonnedos (
1513:. New York: W. W. Norton, pp. 103f.
588:was not a Babylonian concern, and
504:Commentariorum in Aratum Reliquiae
386:His original works, including the
166:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1558:"Berossus and the Creation Story"
580:justification for the worship of
74:This article has multiple issues.
54: instead of cuneiform script.
1632:Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum
1352:; Dubberstein, Waldo H. (1956).
1324:; Dubberstein, Waldo H. (1956).
1141:.2 (Autumn 1976:171-173) p. 172.
913:Bishop of Antioch (180 AD), and
858:writers probably never read the
795:Nebuchadnezzar b. Nabuchodonosor
555:that were used by the Christian
280:
241:
151:
104:
63:
32:
1080:"Bel-reʾušunu [1] (PN)"
339:
118:may be too short to adequately
82:or discuss these issues on the
1583:. Malibu: Undena Publications.
639:ancient near eastern cosmology
128:provide an accessible overview
1:
1576:. New York: Anchor Doubleday.
1556:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2021).
1524:How the Celts Came to Britain
817:Laborosoarchod (Labosordacus)
551:are given by two later Greek
513:He was born during or before
348:
329:
1581:The Babyloniaca of Berossus
1268:The authority on Eusebius'
1063:priests in Western Europe.
1016:In an isolated report from
909:of Syria (2nd century AD),
1762:
1746:3rd-century BC astronomers
1716:Hellenistic-era historians
1613:. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
842:Transmission and reception
540:
338:
318:
1721:3rd-century BC historians
1455:Stephens, Walter (2011).
1430:Visscher, Marijn (2020).
431:, Berossus published the
1645:Talon, Philippe (2001).
811:Neglissar (Neriglissoor)
759:), and differs from the
371:writer, a priest of Bel
335:Late Babylonian Akkadian
333:; possibly derived from
1599:Encyclopædia Britannica
1545:Ancient West & East
1539:Bach, Johannes (2013).
969:Hesychius of Alexandria
926:Sextus Julius Africanus
473:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
181:more precise citations.
1706:Babylonian astronomers
1579:Burstein, S.M. 1978 .
1572:Blenkinsopp, J. 1992.
1405:Dillery, John (2015).
1186:A. Kuhrt, "Berossus's
961:Praeparatio Evangelica
837:) from the Chaldaeans.
752:Chronicle of Nabonidus
543:Babyloniaca (Berossus)
537:(History of Babylonia)
459:fragments recorded by
233:
40:This article contains
1736:3rd-century BC people
1731:3rd-century BC clergy
1696:3rd-century BC deaths
1473:10.1353/mln.2011.0077
1192:Hellenism in the East
952:Ecloga Chronographica
915:Titus Flavius Clemens
895:Juba II of Mauretania
776:Ptolemy of Alexandria
619:Ecloga Chronographica
232:
1272:is Alden Mosshammer
891:Alexander Polyhistor
573:Armenian translation
561:Chronological Canons
557:Eusebius of Caesarea
437:History of Babylonia
1726:Hellenistic writers
1701:Ancient astronomers
1637:Krebs, C. B. 2011.
1509:Krebs, C. B. 2011.
819:= reigned 9 months.
797:= reigned 43 years.
791:= reigned 21 years.
755:(as well as to the
609:Sources and content
515:Alexander the Great
1522:Morse, Michael A.
1246:Vitruvius, ix.6.2.
1165:, p. 157–162.
1153:, p. 270–274.
948:Georgius Syncellus
876:Seneca the Younger
234:
1711:Babylonian people
1620:978-3-447-06728-7
1441:978-0-19-005908-8
1416:978-0-472-07227-9
1292:Lambert 1976:171.
1037:Annius of Viterbo
743:Nebuchadnezzar II
687:Epic of Gilgamesh
494:A separate work,
449:Antiochus I Soter
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1196:
1179:
1177:, p. 155.
1167:
1155:
1143:
1113:
1097:
1070:
1068:
1065:
994:
991:
893:(c. 65 BC) or
843:
840:
839:
838:
820:
814:
808:
798:
792:
725:
722:
662:
659:
643:late antiquity
634:
631:
610:
607:
541:Main article:
538:
532:
424:
421:
408:
405:
401:Esagila Temple
340:𒁹𒀭𒂗𒉺𒇻𒋙𒉡
223:
222:
205:
204:
159:
157:
150:
143:
142:
122:the key points
112:
110:
103:
98:
72:
71:
69:
62:
50:, you may see
38:
31:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1758:
1747:
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1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
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1693:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
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1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
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1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
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1532:
1525:
1519:
1516:
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1503:
1498:
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1478:
1474:
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1462:
1458:
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1437:
1433:
1426:
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1418:
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1408:
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1398:
1385:
1379:
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1369:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:Against Apion
1303:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1252:
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1223:
1219:
1214:
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1206:
1200:
1197:
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1189:
1183:
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1176:
1175:Beaulieu 2021
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:interpretatus
1129:
1125:
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1117:
1114:
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1038:
1033:
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1027:
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1019:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
917:(c. 200 AD).
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:(also called
802:
801:Evil Merodach
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
786:
785:
783:
782:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
761:rationalistic
758:
754:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
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688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
632:
630:
627:
624:
620:
616:
608:
606:
603:
599:
598:Old Testament
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
536:
533:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
423:Life and work
422:
420:
418:
414:
406:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
356:
350:
349:Bēl-reʾû-šunu
336:
331:
325:
316:
315:Ancient Greek
310:
277:
271:
238:
231:
227:
219:
216:
201:
198:
190:
180:
176:
170:
169:
163:
158:
149:
148:
139:
129:
123:
121:
116:
111:
107:
102:
101:
96:
94:
87:
86:
81:
80:
75:
70:
61:
60:
53:
49:
45:
43:
19:
1741:Regnal lists
1662:
1654:
1650:
1638:
1631:
1609:
1597:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1533:Bibliography
1523:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1406:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1367:
1353:
1350:Parker, R.A.
1343:
1325:
1322:Parker, R.A.
1315:
1305:
1297:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1083:
1074:
1052:
1048:
1034:
1015:
1011:Hebrew Sibyl
996:
980:
966:
959:
951:
939:
933:
919:
902:
898:
888:
883:
859:
851:
850:of Cnidus's
845:
826:
822:
816:
810:
804:
800:
794:
789:Nabopolassar
788:
779:
769:
757:Hebrew Bible
750:
738:
734:
730:
727:
695:
690:
678:
664:
636:
623:Mesopotamian
618:
614:
612:
602:W.G. Lambert
585:
576:
560:
548:
546:
534:
518:
512:
507:
503:
495:
493:
476:
457:astrological
436:
435:(hereafter,
432:
426:
410:
398:
387:
385:
275:
236:
235:
226:
211:
193:
184:
165:
133:
117:
115:lead section
90:
83:
77:
76:Please help
73:
39:
1233:Vitruvius,
1188:Babyloniaca
1059:races with
975:(536–582),
903:Babylonaica
805:Amel-Marduk
735:Chronicle 1
731:King-List A
683:Sennacherib
549:Babyloniaca
535:Babyloniaca
455:). Certain
433:Babyloniaca
389:Babyloniaca
383:language.
381:Koine Greek
365:Hellenistic
179:introducing
1690:Categories
1657:: 265–278.
1551:: 157–180.
1390:18 October
1151:Talon 2001
1067:References
1026:Babylonian
911:Theophilus
884:Phaenomena
864:Posidonius
823:Nabonnedus
765:Thucydides
671:Nabonassar
594:astrologer
496:Procreatio
465:Censorinus
441:Macedonian
377:astronomer
369:Babylonian
162:references
79:improve it
1628:K. Müller
1497:161600034
1481:0026-7910
1362:460027103
1334:460027103
1276:Chronicle
1270:Chronicle
1163:Bach 2013
1126:III.29: "
1111:(1929:29)
1035:In 1498,
1018:Vitruvius
1007:Pausanias
940:Chronicon
935:Chronicon
880:Pausanias
835:Borsippus
747:Nabonidus
710:Semiramis
706:Hammurabi
691:Gilgamesh
615:Chronicon
528:Ptolemaic
481:Vitruvius
324:romanized
120:summarize
85:talk page
1489:41300837
1302:Josephus
973:Agathias
944:Armenian
930:Eusebius
922:Abydenus
907:Tatianus
827:Baltasar
772:Josephus
716:goddess
702:Assyrian
669:down to
647:creation
590:Josephus
559:for his
553:epitomes
445:Seleucid
394:Eusebius
330:Bērōssos
319:Βηρωσσος
237:Berossus
187:May 2020
136:May 2020
18:Berossos
1651:Melammu
1310:1:19–20
1224:3.42.1.
1222:Library
1041:forgery
987:Genesis
860:History
852:Persica
848:Ctesias
778:in his
739:History
718:Derketo
679:History
629:Greek.
577:History
508:History
485:sundial
477:History
357:
326::
276:Berosus
175:improve
1617:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1438:
1413:
1360:
1332:
1121:Seneca
1057:Celtic
1045:Japhet
1003:Athens
993:Memory
956:Jerome
724:Book 3
714:Syrian
698:Sargon
667:Alulim
661:Book 2
655:Oannes
651:Tiamat
633:Book 1
586:per se
582:Marduk
569:Jerome
500:Aratus
489:Athens
471:, and
417:Marduk
373:Marduk
164:, but
1493:S2CID
1485:JSTOR
1280:1979.
1136:Iraq,
1061:Druid
856:pagan
831:Cyrus
781:Canon
675:Flood
447:king
367:-era
359:'
274:) or
1615:ISBN
1477:ISSN
1436:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1392:2012
1358:OCLC
1347:See
1330:OCLC
1319:See
1274:The
1106:Klio
1028:and
982:Suda
626:myth
617:and
565:lost
429:lost
407:Name
375:and
355:lit.
1469:doi
1465:126
1461:MLN
1022:Kos
950:'s
870:),
641:in
523:Kos
413:Bel
361:Bel
313:;
1692::
1653:.
1649:.
1630:,
1596:.
1564:.
1560:.
1549:12
1547:.
1543:.
1491:.
1483:.
1475:.
1463:.
1459:.
1375:^
1304:,
1285:^
1220:,
1139:38
1109:22
1090:.
1086:.
1082:.
1032:.
1013:.
989:.
767:.
510:.
502:,
479:.
467:,
463:,
396:.
352:,
343:,
337::
321:,
317::
297:oʊ
88:.
1655:2
1623:.
1566:8
1499:.
1471::
1444:.
1419:.
1394:.
1370:.
1364:.
1336:.
1207:.
1094:.
1051:(
443:/
309:/
306:s
303:ə
300:s
294:r
291:ˈ
288:ə
285:b
282:/
278:(
270:/
267:s
264:ə
261:s
258:ɒ
255:r
252:ˈ
249:ə
246:b
243:/
239:(
218:)
212:(
200:)
194:(
189:)
185:(
171:.
138:)
134:(
124:.
95:)
91:(
44:.
20:)
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