1271:, and visited the site of a former concentration camp for the first time. In a speech at the Bergen-Belsen memorial, Adenauer assured the Jews still living in Germany that they would have the same respect and security as everyone else. Afterwards, the German public saw the Belsen memorial as primarily a Jewish place of remembrance. Nevertheless, the memorial was redesigned in 1960–61. In 1966, a document centre was opened which offered a permanent exhibition on the persecution of the Jews, with a focus on events in the nearby Netherlands – where Anne Frank and her family had been arrested in 1944. This was complemented by an overview of the history of the Bergen-Belsen camp. This was the first ever permanent exhibit anywhere in Germany on the topic of Nazi crimes. However, there was still no scientific personnel at the site, with only a caretaker as permanent staff. Memorial events were only organized by the survivors themselves.
1223:
56:
1352:
1344:
867:
859:
679:
902:
962:...Here over an acre of ground lay dead and dying people. You could not see which was which... The living lay with their heads against the corpses and around them moved the awful, ghostly procession of emaciated, aimless people, with nothing to do and with no hope of life, unable to move out of your way, unable to look at the terrible sights around them ... Babies had been born here, tiny wizened things that could not live ... A mother, driven mad, screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and thrust the tiny mite into his arms, then ran off, crying terribly. He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days. This day at Belsen was the most horrible of my life.
1591:
could discover who did it, it was the action of genius, sheer unadulterated brilliance. I believe nothing did more for those internees than the lipstick. Women lay in bed with no sheets and no nightie but with scarlet red lips, you saw them wandering about with nothing but a blanket over their shoulders, but with scarlet red lips. I saw a woman dead on the post mortem table and clutched in her hand was a piece of lipstick. At last someone had done something to make them individuals again, they were someone, no longer merely the number tattooed on the arm. At last they could take an interest in their appearance. That lipstick started to give them back their humanity.
710:("special camp"), Jews from Poland who held passports from Latin American countries. Since the governments of these nations mostly refused to honour the passports, these people had lost their value to the regime. Under the pretext of sending them to a fictitious "Lager Bergau", the SS had them transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where they were sent directly to the gas chambers and murdered. In February and May 1944 another 350 prisoners from the "special camp" were sent to Auschwitz. Thus, out of the total of 14,600 prisoners in the exchange camp, at least 3,550 died, more than 1,400 of them at Belsen, and around 2,150 at Auschwitz.
575:, who had been in post since the spring of 1943. In January 1945, the SS took over the POW hospital and increased the size of Bergen-Belsen. As eastern concentration camps were evacuated before the advance of the Red Army, at least 85,000 people were transported in cattle cars or marched to Bergen-Belsen. Before that the number of prisoners at Belsen had been much smaller. In July 1944 there were 7,300; by December 1944 the number had increased to 15,000; and by February 1945 it had risen to 22,000. Numbers then soared to around 60,000 by April 15, 1945. This overcrowding led to a vast increase in deaths from disease: particularly
891:
72:
1239:
at the former camp site. Ex-prisoners began to set up monuments. A first wooden memorial was built by Jewish DPs in
September 1945, followed by one made in stone, dedicated on the first anniversary of the liberation in 1946. On November 2, 1945, a large wooden cross was dedicated as a memorial to the murdered Polish prisoners. Also by the end of 1945 the Soviets had built a memorial at the entrance to the POW cemetery. A memorial to the Italian POWs followed in 1950, but was removed when the bodies were reinterred in a Hamburg cemetery.
1215:
382:
1509:, who later became popular comedians, stumbled upon the camp in 1945 shortly after liberation; "Appalled, aghast, repelled – it is difficult to find words to express how we felt as we looked upon the degradation of some of the inmates not yet repatriated," Sykes later wrote. "They squatted in their thin, striped uniforms, unmoving bony structures who could have been anywhere between 30 and 60 years old, staring ahead with dead, hopeless eyes and incapable of feeling any relief at their deliverance."
933:. At around 1 a.m. on April 13, an agreement was signed, designating an area of 48 square kilometers (19 square miles) around the camp as a neutral zone. Most of the SS were allowed to leave. Only a small number of SS men and women, including the camp commandant Kramer, remained to "uphold order inside the camp". The outside was guarded by Hungarian and regular German troops who were returned to the German front lines by the British shortly afterwards. Due to heavy fighting near
1285:
1327:
1605:
and the last to leave, after a stay of five months. The author and two of his N.C.O.'s between them spoke five languages, so they had unrivalled opportunities for discovering what the inmates, men, women and children, experienced and felt. The evil which produced the concentration camps is fully exposed, and here too will be found a record of how the psychological and medical problems were tackled, as well as such complicated matters as supplies, welfare and rehabilitation.
1636:
1243:
883:
875:
687:
1123:. Over the period in which Bergen-Belsen operated as a concentration camp, at least 480 people had worked as guards or members of the commandant's staff, including around 45 women. From September 17 to November 17, 1945, 45 of those were tried by a military tribunal in Lüneburg. They included former commandant Josef Kramer, 16 other SS male members, 16 female SS guards and 12 former kapos (one of whom became ill during the trial). Among them were
1187:
prison but he was executed for another crime. Eighteen were sentenced to prison for periods of one to 15 years; however, most of these sentences were subsequently reduced significantly on appeals or pleas for clemency. By June 1955, the last of those sentenced in the Belsen trial had been released. Ten other members of the Belsen personnel were tried by later military tribunals in 1946 and 1948, with five of them being executed.
1323:
commemorating the 60th anniversary of the liberation and many ex-prisoners and ex-liberating troops attended. In
October 2007, the redesigned memorial site was opened, including a large new Documentation Centre and permanent exhibition on the edge of the newly redefined camp, whose structure and layout can now be traced. Since 2009, the memorial has been receiving funding from the Federal government on an ongoing basis.
1573:
The confusion was unbelievable; this time it was disorder with German perfection. We were moved into clean barracks, equipped for human beings with excellent bathrooms and clean beds stacked three on top of each other. After all we had experienced in the preceding year, this was sheer luxury. There was no mention of the usual camp rituals, no roll calls and no work, but also no food.
6026:
520:
the camp from all over
Germany and occupied Europe. In general the prisoners of this part of the camp were treated less harshly than some other classes of Bergen-Belsen prisoner until fairly late in the war, due to their perceived potential exchange value. However, only around 2,560 Jewish prisoners were ever actually released from Bergen-Belsen and allowed to leave Germany.
79:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1291:
1623:
less traumatized by the sights we had seen. I myself, although a 'senior officer', had turned 25 years of age only a few days before. Most of the men sent to deal with that human disaster were in their late teens or early twenties, even younger than I was. What we suddenly found ourselves faced with was beyond anyone's comprehension
1288:
1013:. These documents had a lasting impact on the international perception and memory of Nazi concentration camps to this day. According to Habbo Knoch, head of the institution that runs the memorial today: "Bergen-Belsen became a synonym world-wide for German crimes committed during the time of Nazi rule."
995:
Some of the bodies were so rotten that arms and legs tore away from the torso. Within two months, 17 staff members had died of typhus due to being forced to handle the bodies with no protection. Another committed suicide, and three others were shot and killed by
British soldiers after trying to escape.
1604:
The twentieth century has so far produced no more terrifying example of collective human wickedness than the Belsen
Concentration Camp, a black spot which it fell to the lot of the British Army to occupy. This book is the personal story of the first British officer to enter the camp on its liberation
1197:
Only one trial was ever held by a German court for crimes committed at Belsen, at Jena in 1949; the defendant was acquitted. More than 200 other SS members who were at Belsen have been known by name but never had to stand trial. No German soldier was ever put on trial for crimes committed against the
1193:
courts were created by the Allies to try members of the SS and other Nazi organisations. Between 1947 and 1949 these courts initiated proceedings against at least 46 former SS staff at Belsen. Around half of these were discontinued, mostly because the defendants were considered to have been forced to
519:
Jews). Between the summer of 1943 and
December 1944 at least 14,600 Jews, including 2,750 minors were transported to the Bergen-Belsen "holding" or exchange camp. Inmates were made to work, many of them in the "shoe commando" which salvaged usable pieces of leather from shoes collected and brought to
442:
s largest POW camps, holding up to 95,000 prisoners from various countries. In June 1940, Belgian and French POWs were housed in the former Bergen-Belsen construction workers' camp. This installation was significantly expanded from June 1941, once
Germany prepared to invade the Soviet Union, becoming
1470:
tells of the events leading up to the internment of his whole family at the camp and their incarceration there between
February 1944 and April 1945, when he was aged 14–15. Following publication of the book, Oppenheimer personally talked to many groups and schools about the events he witnessed. This
1334:
The site is open to the public and includes monuments to the dead, including a successor to the wooden cross of 1945, some individual memorial stones and a "House of
Silence" for reflection. In addition to the Jewish, Polish and Dutch national memorials, a memorial to eight Turkish citizens who were
785:
The rate at which inmates died at Belsen accelerated notably after the mass transport of prisoners from other camps began in
December 1944. From 1943 to the end of 1944 around 3,100 died. From January to mid-April 1945 this rose to around 35,000. Another 14,000 died after liberation between April 15
1622:
But what should you do when faced with 60,000 dead, sick and dying people? We were in the army to fight a war and to beat the enemy. We were good at that, having been in combat for the last ten months, but none of us had any experience of dealing with the situation in Belsen and we were all more or
1572:
After a day’s journey, we arrived at Bergen-Belsen. This concentration camp was hopelessly overcrowded and we were not accepted. The right hand no longer knew what the left hand was doing, so we were sent to an adjoining Wehrmacht compound. As the soldiers of the Wehrmacht marched out, we moved in.
1250:
The British military authorities ordered the construction of a permanent memorial in September 1945 after having been lambasted by the press for the desolate state of the camp. In the summer of 1946, a commission presented the design plan, which included the obelisk and memorial walls. The memorial
1238:
The area of the former Bergen-Belsen camp fell into neglect after the burning of the buildings and the closure of the nearby displaced persons' camp in the summer of 1950. The area reverted to heath; few traces of the camp remained. However, as early as May 1945, the British had erected large signs
1186:
Eleven of the defendants were sentenced to death. They included Kramer, Volkenrath and Klein. The executions by hanging took place on December 13, 1945, in Hamelin. Fourteen defendants were acquitted (one was excluded from the trial due to illness). Of the remaining 19, one was sentenced to life in
994:
The British forced the former SS camp personnel to help bury the thousands of dead bodies in mass graves. The personnel were given starvation rations, not allowed to use gloves or other protective clothing, and were continuously shouted at and threatened to make sure that they did not stop working.
705:
Current estimates put the number of prisoners who passed through the concentration camp during its period of operation from 1943 to 1945 at around 120,000. Due to the destruction of the camp's files by the SS, not even half of them, around 55,000, are known by name. As mentioned above, treatment of
530:
In August 1944, a new section was created and this became the so-called "women's camp". By November 1944 this camp received around 9,000 women and young girls. Most of those who were able to work stayed only for a short while and were then sent on to other concentration camps or slave-labour camps.
514:
stipulated that the former type of facility must be open to inspection by international committees. This "holding camp" or "exchange camp" was for Jews who were intended to be exchanged for German civilians interned in other countries, or for hard currency. The SS divided this camp into subsections
470:
In the summer of 1943, Stalag XI-C (311) was dissolved and Bergen-Belsen became a branch camp of Stalag XI-B. It served as the hospital for all Soviet POWs in the region until January 1945. Other inmates/patients were Italian military internees from August 1944 and, following the suppression of the
966:
Initially lacking sufficient manpower, the British allowed the Hungarians to remain in charge and only commandant Kramer was arrested. Subsequently, SS and Hungarian guards shot and killed some of the starving prisoners who were trying to get their hands on food supplies from the store houses. The
1590:
It was shortly after the British Red Cross arrived, though it may have no connection, that a very large quantity of lipstick arrived. This was not at all what we men wanted, we were screaming for hundreds and thousands of other things and I don't know who asked for lipstick. I wish so much that I
1258:
For a long time, however, remembering Bergen-Belsen was not a political priority. Periods of attention were followed by long phases of official neglect. For much of the 1950s, Belsen "was increasingly forgotten as a place of remembrance". Only after 1957 did large groups of young people visit the
1322:
Only in 2000 did the Federal Government of Germany begin to financially support the memorial. Co-financed by the state of Lower Saxony, a complete redesign was planned which was intended to be more in line with contemporary thought on exhibition design. On April 15, 2005, there was a ceremony,
527:("recovery camp"), where prisoners too sick to work were brought from other concentration camps. They were in Belsen supposedly to recover and then return to their original camps and resume work, but many of them died in Belsen of disease, starvation, exhaustion and lack of medical attention.
1182:
were not subject of the trial. It was based on British military law and the charges were thus limited to war crimes. Substantial media coverage of the trial provided the German and international public with detailed information on the mass killings at Belsen as well as on the gas chambers of
949:
When British and Canadian troops finally entered they found over 13,000 unburied bodies and (including the satellite camps) around 60,000 inmates, most acutely sick and starving. The prisoners had been without food or water for days before the Allied arrival, partially due to Allied bombing.
459:(Stalag X-D (310)). By the end of March 1942, some 41,000 Soviet POWs had died in these three camps of starvation, exhaustion, and disease. By the end of the war, the total number of dead had increased to 50,000. When the POW camp in Bergen ceased operation in early 1945, as the
1194:
join the SS. Those who were sentenced received prison terms of between four and 36 months or were fined. As the judges decided to count the time the defendants had spent in Allied internment towards the sentence, the terms were considered to have already been fully served.
967:
British started to provide emergency medical care, clothing and food. Immediately following the liberation, revenge killings took place in the satellite camp the SS had created in the area of the army barracks that later became Hohne-Camp. Around 15,000 prisoners from
717:(the male section of the "recovery camp"), inmates suffered even more from lack of care, malnourishment, disease and mistreatment by the guards. Thousands of them died. In the summer of 1944, at least 200 men were murdered by orders of the SS by being injected with
612:
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp had three satellite camps. These were at regional armament works. Around 2,000 female concentration camp prisoners were forced to work there. Those who were too weak or sick to continue with their work were brought to Bergen-Belsen.
1319:. In the aftermath of these events, the parliament of Lower Saxony decided to expand the exhibition centre and to hire permanent scientific staff. In 1990, the permanent exhibition was replaced by a new version and a larger document building was opened.
706:
prisoners by the SS varied between individual sections of the camp, with the inmates of the exchange camp generally being better treated than other prisoners, at least initially. However, in October 1943 the SS selected 1,800 men and women from the
1008:
documented the conditions in the camp and the measures of the British Army to ameliorate them. Many of the pictures they took and the films they made from April 15 to June 9, 1945, were published or shown abroad. Today, the originals are in the
1281:, herself a survivor of Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen, came to the memorial for a speech which focused on the Nazi persecution of Roma and Sinti. This was the first time that an official event in Germany acknowledged this aspect of the Nazi era.
1369:
Millions of words have been written about these horror camps, many of them by inmates of those unbelievable places. I've tried, without success, to describe it from my own point of view, but the words won't come. To me Belsen was the ultimate
2483:
1655:
368:. The soldiers discovered approximately 60,000 prisoners inside, most of them half-starved and seriously ill, and another 13,000 corpses lying around the camp unburied. A memorial with an exhibition hall currently stands at the site.
401:. This became the largest military training area in Germany of the time and was used for armoured vehicle training. The barracks were finished in 1937. The camp has been in continuous operation since then and is today known as
1287:
971:
had been relocated there in early April. These prisoners were in much better physical condition than most of the others. Some of these men turned on those who had been their overseers at Mittelbau. About 170 of these
4576:
1742:
describes the deprivations he suffered at Bergen-Belsen, “…only then did I understand that we’d been playing for human lives, lives that in Bergen-Belsen were worth less than a pfennig, less than a handful of dried
1457:
I saw my father beaten by the SS, and I lost most of my family there... A ransom deal that the Americans attempted saved 2,000 Jews and I was one. I actually went into the gas chamber, but was reprieved. God knows
1567:) by Lilian Berliner The book traces the life of Lillian Berliner, from her childhood in Hungary, to the concentration camps of Auschwitz and Bergen Belsen, to her eventual liberation and resettlement in New York.
5844:
945:
officer, Lieutenant John Randall, and his jeep driver, who were on a reconnaissance mission and discovered the camp by chance. American soldiers attached to the British forces also helped liberate the camp.
5871:
3579:
NEW Online archive relating and dedicated to the men and women service personnel and the part they played at the Liberation and subsequent Humanitarian Effort of the Bergen Belsen Concentration Camp
595:
in a camp originally designed to hold about 10,000 inmates. At this point also, the special status of the exchange prisoners no longer applied. All inmates were subject to starvation and epidemics.
5506:
4306:
627:
was in use from September 3 to October 15, 1944. It was located at the facility of Eibia GmbH, a gunpowder works. Around 600 female Polish Jews were used for construction and production work.
1311:). Shortly before Reagan's visit on May 5, there had been a large memorial event on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the camp's liberation, which had been attended by German president
941:, the British were unable to reach Bergen-Belsen on April 14, as originally planned. The camp was liberated on the afternoon of April 15, 1945. The first two to reach the camp were a British
670:
Prisoners were guarded by SS staff and received no wages for their work. The companies instead reimbursed the SS for the labour supplied. Wage taxes were also levied by local authorities.
416:
and Bergen, the latter being the so-called Bergen-Belsen Army Construction Camp. Once the military complex was completed in 1938–39, the workers' camp fell into disuse. However, after the
909:
When the British and Canadians advanced on Bergen-Belsen in 1945, the German army negotiated a truce and exclusion zone around the camp to prevent the spread of typhus. On April 11, 1945
1198:
inmates of the POW camps at Bergen-Belsen, albeit some were tried for participating in death marches headed towards Bergen-Belsen and in the region around it, despite the fact that the
4096:
1046:, the Senior Medical Officer. Despite their efforts, about another 9,000 died in April, and by the end of June 1945 another 4,000 had died. (After liberation 13,994 people died.)
5896:
5541:
4265:
1752:
This list contains some of the notable people who were imprisoned in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. With the exception of those marked as survivors, they all died there.
3463:
2999:
1480:
Describing the concentration camp, Major Dick Williams, one of the first British soldiers to enter and liberate the camp, said: "It was an evil, filthy place; a hell on Earth."
846:
After the war, there were allegations that the camp (or possibly a section of it), was "of a privileged nature", compared to others. A lawsuit filed by the Jewish community in
3254:
988:
3645:
2430:
331:
hostages were held with the intention of exchanging them for German prisoners of war held overseas. The camp was later expanded to hold Jews from other concentration camps.
3692:
1420:
667:
had a large test site. Up to 900 female Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Yugoslavian and Czech Jews had to clear forest, do construction work or work in munitions production.
2966:
2389:
5672:
4548:
1154:. Many of the defendants were not just charged with crimes committed at Belsen but also earlier ones at Auschwitz. Their activities at other concentration camps such as
4654:
71:
950:
Immediately before and after liberation, prisoners were dying at around 500 per day, mostly from typhus. The scenes that greeted British troops were described by the
728:
at Bergen-Belsen, since the mass-murders took place in the camps further east. Nevertheless, current estimates put the number of deaths at Belsen at more than 50,000
649:. Around 400 prisoners, mostly female Polish or Hungarian Jews, were forced to prepare the facility and to help lay train tracks to it. This was done for the company
5257:
2572:
976:" were killed on April 15, 1945. On April 20, four German fighter planes attacked the camp, damaging the water supply and killing three British medical orderlies.
531:
The first women interned there were Poles, arrested after the failed Warsaw Uprising. Others were Jewish women from Poland or Hungary, transferred from Auschwitz.
55:
2298:
1713:: "Memory of the Camps" (May 7, 1985, Season 3, Episode 18), is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Bergen-Belsen and other Nazi concentration camps
102:
5876:
1778:
1100:
was attempted but abandoned. SS doctors had previously used injections to murder prisoners, so some panicked at the sight of the intravenous feeding equipment.
1043:
3133:
2721:
1088:, but it proved less suitable to Europeans than to Bengalis because of the differences in the food to which they were accustomed. Adding the common ingredient
515:
for individual groups (the "Hungarian camp", the "special camp" for Polish Jews, the "neutrals camp" for citizens of neutral countries and the "Star camp" for
4659:
4571:
2927:
1199:
5575:
5399:
3843:
6081:
5536:
4463:
4260:
3988:
4759:
3838:
1654:
3286:
6046:
4211:
2083:
1351:
1343:
1062:
866:
858:
678:
3159:
2455:
1035:
infestation. As the concentration camp ceased to exist at this point, the name Belsen after this time refers to events at the Bergen-Belsen DP camp.
6076:
5610:
5059:
4091:
3116:
2458:
in 'List of national socialist camps and detention sites 1933 - 1945 Germany - A Memorial', www.deutschland-ein-denkmal.de, accessed 15 October 2023
2046:
901:
5958:
5479:
5207:
4602:
4553:
4371:
4221:
3895:
2486:[The Paris military court sentences a Gestapo collaborator accused of having denounced the Duke of Ayen to twenty years of imprisonment].
2363:
Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940–1945, Concentration Camp 1943–1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945–1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition
365:
2503:
4783:
3890:
3685:
516:
3187:
2814:
2789:
2762:
2700:
2370:
2277:
2146:
1057:
from London teaching hospitals who were later credited with significantly reducing the death rate amongst prisoners. A research team led by
5163:
4581:
4421:
4132:
4045:
2214:
1653:
984:
787:
2752:
1259:
place where Anne Frank had died. After anti-Semitic graffiti was scrawled on the Cologne synagogue over Christmas 1959, German chancellor
886:
Some of the 60 tables, each staffed by two German doctors and two German nurses, at which the sick were washed and deloused, May 1–4, 1945
3625:
2779:
2484:"Le tribunal militaire de Paris condamne à vingt ans de réclusion une collaboratrice de la Gestapo accusée d'avoir dénoncé le duc d'Ayen"
5968:
5801:
5446:
4909:
4649:
3519:
1939:
1401:
761:
3312:
1553:), published by Amsterdam Publishers, survivor Joseph Schupack (1922-1989) tells about his last camp, Bergen-Belsen (pp. 173–174):
4997:
4196:
3924:
3773:
2908:
2863:
2838:
2532:
2118:
4275:
3003:
1303:'s itinerary when he visited West Germany after a controversy about a visit to a cemetery where the interred included members of the
4778:
4523:
4331:
4055:
3936:
3878:
3737:
3678:
3420:
3261:
1564:
1550:
1054:
607:
4793:
4729:
4255:
3919:
3768:
3544:
1075:
from Army rations. Most of the prisoners' digestive systems were in too weak a state from long-term starvation to handle such food.
4216:
2434:
6071:
5564:
5021:
4798:
4739:
4503:
4431:
3983:
3931:
3792:
2051:
1004:
were brought to Belsen and confronted with the crimes committed on their doorstep. Military photographers and cameramen of No. 5
991:. Before the handover, the SS had managed to destroy the camp's administrative files, thereby eradicating most written evidence.
850:
against 55 alleged collaborators claims that 53 of them were sent to Bergen-Belsen "as a special favor" granted by the Germans.
4642:
4637:
3785:
2974:
2393:
1005:
5459:
5272:
4734:
3914:
3907:
3871:
3780:
3749:
3715:
2165:
361:, leading to the deaths of more than 35,000 people in the first few months of 1945, shortly before and after the liberation.
31:
5434:
917:) agreed to have the camp handed over without a fight. SS guards ordered prisoners to bury some of the dead. The next day,
6066:
5931:
5771:
4934:
4841:
4788:
4769:
4749:
4719:
4612:
4100:
3902:
3883:
3862:
3814:
3744:
3725:
3488:
1729:
is a 2014 documentary film that includes video footage shot by British armed forces upon their liberation of Bergen-Belsen
1163:
890:
6016:
2563:
5796:
5429:
5359:
4987:
4856:
4831:
4709:
3999:
3993:
3948:
3855:
3720:
2021:
1970:
1645:
95:
2302:
1975:
1835:
5978:
5963:
5864:
5710:
5634:
4846:
4803:
4764:
4664:
4498:
4364:
4144:
3943:
3850:
1387:
930:
4956:
1539:, Holocaust survivor Tomi Reichental recounts his experiences as a prisoner in the Bergen- Belsen concentration camp.
345:
and a further 50,000 inmates died there. Overcrowding, lack of food and poor sanitary conditions caused outbreaks of
338:
established nearby, but it is most commonly associated with the concentration camp. From 1941 to 1945, almost 20,000
3819:
3137:
2729:
1246:
One of several mass graves on the site of the former camp; the sign simply reads: '"Here lie 5,000 dead. April 1945"
6056:
5836:
5715:
5685:
5604:
5521:
5354:
4992:
4890:
4851:
4808:
4744:
4617:
4493:
3955:
3802:
3761:
3025:
1793:– a French woman of Jewish ancestry who documented her life in a diary during the time of Nazi occupation of France
1709:
1039:
402:
3650:
2931:
6061:
5474:
5289:
4836:
4813:
4724:
4586:
4438:
4426:
4413:
4149:
3967:
3960:
3831:
3807:
3756:
1756:
1734:
1312:
973:
417:
3660:
3078:
5953:
5908:
5454:
4773:
4754:
4701:
4685:
4632:
4627:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4470:
4453:
4443:
4408:
4403:
4398:
3866:
3826:
3701:
1529:
292:
5379:
5234:
4206:
1214:
487:
In April 1943, a part of the Bergen-Belsen camp was taken over by the SS Economic-Administration Main Office (
3665:
2414:
570:
178:
5946:
5936:
5662:
5216:
5013:
4944:
4622:
4607:
4533:
4513:
4508:
4488:
4458:
4448:
4038:
4005:
3290:
3229:
2056:
1987:
1330:
The Jewish Memorial at the site of the former camp, decorated with wreaths on Liberation Day, April 15, 2012
1251:
was finally inaugurated in a large ceremony in November 1952, with the participation of Germany's president
1050:
301:
152:
47:
5168:
3053:
2087:
5657:
5424:
4903:
4481:
4475:
4357:
4105:
2646:
2041:
1785:
1474:
1431:
1384:
922:
1582:
photographed his time at the camp, including the burning of the huts. His photos were published in 2015.
862:
British and German officers finalize the arrangements for the ending of their temporary truce, April 1945
5891:
5516:
5469:
5133:
4884:
4288:
4161:
2016:
1678:, only five days after their liberation by Allied forces. (The words sung are from the original poem by
1579:
1435:
1268:
1085:
1084:
Bengal Famine Mixture. This is a rice-and-sugar-based mixture which had achieved good results after the
335:
1119:
Many of the former SS staff who survived the typhus epidemic were tried by the British military at the
659:(Tannenberglager) east of Bergen was in use from late August 1944 to April 13, 1945. It was located at
3437:
1467:
1222:
1049:
Two specialist teams were dispatched from Britain to deal with the feeding problem. The first, led by
878:
Former guards are made to load the bodies of dead prisoners onto a truck for burial, April 17–18, 1945
5854:
5791:
5720:
5374:
5158:
5049:
5027:
4922:
4917:
4898:
4243:
4050:
2191:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1701:
1517:
1513:
1128:
324:
316:
202:
5077:
3630:
3340:
1928:
1326:
381:
5941:
5849:
5695:
5282:
5067:
4326:
4270:
3389:
3384:
1981:
1411:
to enter the camp, two days after its liberation, and published his account in the collective book
1308:
1275:
1179:
1097:
1038:
There were massive efforts to help the survivors with food and medical treatment, led by Brigadier
1024:
1010:
942:
934:
638:
550:
398:
4081:
3191:
1870:(survived) – a friend of Anne Frank, spoke about memories of Frank after surviving Bergen-Belsen.
1828:
1664:
recording from April 20, 1945 of Jewish survivors of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp singing
5321:
5316:
4823:
3609:
1867:
1679:
1512:
A number of British artists depicted the aftermath of the liberation of the camp. These included
1175:
894:
558:
511:
492:
327:, in 1943, parts of it became a concentration camp. Initially this was an "exchange camp", where
2218:
1897:
1816:
1299:
In 1985, international attention was focused on Bergen-Belsen. The camp was hastily included in
1136:
565:
173:
6051:
5926:
5786:
5617:
5531:
5498:
5412:
5229:
5195:
4170:
3464:"Chilling new pictures from Bergen Belsen mark 70th anniversary of Nazi death camp liberation"
3416:
2904:
2859:
2834:
2810:
2785:
2758:
2696:
2595:
2528:
2366:
2273:
2142:
2114:
1991:
1943:
1891:
1806:
1790:
1717:
1560:
1546:
1408:
1242:
1020:
882:
874:
757:
686:
3094:
1068:
The British troops and medical staff tried these diets to feed the prisoners, in this order:
5903:
5881:
5700:
5690:
5419:
5407:
5389:
5326:
5072:
5034:
4301:
4028:
3583:
2620:
2247:
1933:
1873:
1861:
1796:
1762:
1425:
955:
910:
476:
342:
309:
141:
1295:
President Reagan's remarks at Bergen-Belsen Concentration Camp in West Germany, May 5, 1985
5973:
5813:
5806:
5623:
5526:
5384:
5364:
5277:
5113:
4281:
4177:
4120:
4110:
3640:
3605:
1966:
1913:
1894:, actually Nol (Arnold Siméon) van Wesel and Max (Salomon Meyer) Kannewasser – a jazz-duo
1885:
1879:
1841:
1739:
1725:
1671:
1521:
1449:
1378:, a book written by Alison Leslie Gold on the recollections of Hannah Goslar, a friend of
1361:
1260:
1028:
1000:
472:
425:
394:
2886:(UK commercial television), 9:00 p.m. to 11:05 p.m. on Monday October 15, 2007.
1858:
there in February or March 1945, shortly before the camp was liberated on April 15, 1945.
1810:
1428:
gives his first-hand testimony of working at the displaced persons camp after liberation.
6030:
5886:
5781:
5680:
5651:
5343:
5307:
5267:
5262:
5087:
4972:
4879:
4201:
2525:
Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp
2456:
List of places: Concentration camps and outlying camps Concentration camp Bergen-Belsen
1996:
1960:
1822:
1614:
1491:
1393:
1364:, who took part in the liberation of the camp, wrote this on his encounter with Belsen:
1264:
1190:
1159:
1155:
968:
938:
926:
779:
769:
660:
3620:
979:
Over the next days the surviving prisoners were deloused and moved to a nearby German
6040:
5776:
5705:
5596:
5464:
5294:
5251:
5097:
5082:
4380:
4296:
4155:
4115:
4060:
3593:
1924:
1918:
1800:
1483:
1300:
1252:
1147:
1058:
749:
737:
624:
584:
498:
413:
354:
328:
1390:
wrote about the immediate aftermath to the liberation of Bergen-Belsen in his diary.
5988:
5138:
5123:
5118:
5092:
5045:
4977:
4939:
4689:
4125:
4076:
3317:
1954:
1909:
1903:
1851:
1768:
1525:
1502:
1445:
1227:
1132:
1120:
1114:
1078:
1017:
847:
765:
733:
691:
645:
mine, now intended as an underground production site for Bremen plane manufacturer
592:
580:
554:
532:
448:
350:
339:
305:
256:
186:
137:
3615:
3599:
634:
3502:
1652:
5994:
5511:
5128:
4982:
4086:
4023:
3104:
1774:
1355:
Liberated women inmates gaze at the naked body of a woman who died of starvation
1316:
1278:
1167:
1151:
987:. Over a period of four weeks, almost 29,000 of the survivors were moved to the
725:
664:
456:
444:
432:
5983:
5818:
5591:
5369:
3635:
3588:
3160:"Memorial in memory of 8 Turkish citizens killed during WWII opens in Germany"
1948:
1847:
1691:
1506:
1379:
1231:
1124:
1072:
745:
741:
698:
646:
536:
252:
1819:- (survived) Spanish Republican who fought in French Resistance as "Monique".
1578:
CMK Parsons, a British Army chaplain and great-grandfather of British artist
1141:
412:
The workers who constructed the original buildings were housed in camps near
117:
104:
17:
5823:
5629:
4337:
4137:
3666:
32 photographs taken after the liberation of Belsen concentration camp. 1945
3549:
2883:
2027:
694:
588:
390:
358:
5484:
3670:
3573:
1092:
to the mixture made it more palatable to these people and recovery started.
3621:
Frontline "Memory of the Camps" (includes footage of liberation of Belsen)
2504:"Pejsek a kočička mají ještě autorská práva chráněna, Mein Kampf je volný"
641:
was in use from August 23, 1944, to February 4, 1945. It was an abandoned
267:
5349:
5149:
3661:
Holocaust Memoirs of a Bergen-Belsen survivor and Classmate of Anne Frank
3357:
2651:
2508:
2488:
1666:
1255:, who called on the Germans never to forget what had happened at Belsen.
650:
4033:
1927:– a Polish-Jewish teenage girl who wrote a personal diary while in the
1906:– a French Jew born into one of France's most prominent Jewish families
1781:
1171:
1089:
620:
312:
3608:, was the only British survivor of Bergen Belsen. This link is to his
5859:
3616:
BBC Journalist Richard Dimbleby's original radio report from April 15
1855:
1675:
1405:
980:
718:
642:
576:
452:
451:
POWs and was one of three such camps in the area. The others were at
346:
3636:
Leonard Berney's Story - the liberation of Bergen-Belsen on Twitter
3626:
The Belsen Trial of Joseph Kramer and 44 Others (full trial report)
1936:– a French socialist politician and member of the French Resistance
1471:
work was continued by his brother Rudi, who shared the experiences.
5224:
3596:
from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
1397:
1350:
1342:
1325:
1283:
1241:
1221:
1213:
1032:
1016:
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was then burned to the ground by
900:
889:
881:
873:
865:
857:
774:
753:
685:
677:
380:
320:
4349:
4248:
3655:
406:
393:
began to build a large military complex close to the village of
5741:
5562:
5193:
4683:
4353:
3674:
2647:""Richard Dimbleby Describes Belsen", BBC News, April 15, 1945"
506:("civilian internment camp"), in June 1943 it was redesignated
3631:"A Personal Account" by Leonard Berney, Lt-Col R.A. T.D. (Rtd)
3520:"'Night Will Fall' an eye-opener about documenting Nazi camps"
1661:
1448:, who was in the camp as an 8-year-old and later survived the
1096:
Some were too weak to even consume the Bengal Famine Mixture.
951:
729:
502:
but it was a special case. Having initially been designated a
3600:
Film footage of Belsen concentration camp and its destruction
3091:
The Holocaust, Viewed Not From Then but From the Here and Now
2549:
Needs Must; The History of the Inns Of Court Regiment 1940–45
1912:(survived) – an Israeli Olympic athlete and survivor of the
1434:
describes life in Belsen, its liberation and her stay at the
1081:. The result was a bit better, but still far from acceptable.
2805:
Fletcher, David (2007), "Churchill Crocodile Flamethrower",
1634:
467:, the cemetery contained over 19,500 dead Soviet prisoners.
1771:(survived) – a Dutch aid worker executed in Ba'athist Iraq
1202:
had found in 1946 that the treatment of Soviet POWs by the
464:
3358:"How Denis Norden stumbled upon concentration camp horror"
2415:"New research sheds new light on Anne Frank's last months"
1838:) – French city mayor, lawyer, scout leader and resistant
921:
representatives approached the British, D Squadron of the
3287:"Shaul Ladany Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at"
1611:
Liberating Belsen Concentration Camp - A Personal Account
772:(estimated to be in April 1945), who had coined the word
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
78:
3584:
The United States' Holocaust Memorial website on Belsen
3578:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
1042:, deputy director of Medical Services of 2nd Army, and
523:
In March 1944, part of the camp was redesignated as an
479:
were imprisoned in a separate section of the POW camp.
220:
Jews, Poles, Soviets, Dutch, Czechs, Germans, Austrians
3341:
Between Two Streams: A Diary from Bergen-Belsen Review
1065:
to test the effectiveness of various feeding regimes.
6014:
2781:
After Daybreak: The Liberation of Bergen-Belsen, 1945
2425:
2423:
397:, a part of the town of Bergen, in what was then the
3048:
3046:
2994:
2992:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2922:
2920:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2384:
2382:
2270:
Bergen-Belsen Memorial 2007: Guide to the Exhibition
1876:– a Norwegian newspaper editor and resistance member
905:
A crowd watches the destruction of the last camp hut
431:
The camp of huts near Fallingbostel became known as
30:"Bergen-Belsen" redirects here. For other uses, see
5919:
5835:
5764:
5671:
5643:
5584:
5497:
5445:
5398:
5335:
5305:
5243:
5215:
5206:
5147:
5106:
5058:
5044:
5006:
4965:
4865:
4822:
4700:
4595:
4564:
4391:
4319:
4232:
4189:
4069:
4016:
3976:
3708:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2209:
2207:
2205:
1617:(former) Lt-Colonel Leonard Berney R.A. T.D. (2015)
262:
248:
240:
232:
224:
216:
208:
198:
159:
147:
133:
94:
41:
3313:"Tears as day of deliverance from Belsen recalled"
2562:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1477:, British veteran from the liberation of the camp.
768:(on April 14, 1945), and Czech painter and writer
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
1335:killed at Belsen was dedicated in December 2012.
364:The camp was liberated on April 15, 1945, by the
3641:Map of the camp, Georgia Institute of Technology
3230:"Stories & Rights: Belsen – still relevant?"
1813:(camp elder) of the Auschwitz concentration camp
5517:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
3176:(Anstey, England: Ulverscroft, 1993), page 281.
3093:", The New York Times, viewed January 22, 2009
2754:Holocaust: The Nazis' Wartime Jewish Atrocities
2470:Histoire et généalogie de la maison de Noailles
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2030:(survived) - a Polish-Israeli children's author
1421:Bergen-Belsen 1945: A Medical Student's Journal
960:
3651:Jewish Calendar and Prayers from Bergen-Belsen
3545:"New research sets Anne Frank's death earlier"
2856:Belsen: The Liberation of a Concentration Camp
2111:After daybreak: the liberation of Belsen, 1945
5877:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
4365:
3686:
2561:van Straubenzee, Alexander (April 10, 2005).
2132:
2130:
674:Treatment of prisoners and deaths in the camp
475:in October 1944, around 1,000 members of the
8:
3255:"Anita Lasker-Wallfisch – Inherit the Truth"
3190:. Caixadelata.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from
2621:"The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)"
2600:Baylor University Institute for Oral History
2166:"The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)"
1831:– a French lawyer, journalist and politician
1218:Memorial on the ramp where prisoners arrived
1200:International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
870:Women survivors in Bergen-Belsen, April 1945
561:, became the new camp commandant, replacing
447:(311). It was intended to hold up to 20,000
5576:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
2894:
2892:
2809:, Osprey Publishing, pp. 33 & 47,
2695:. Stiftung niedersächsische Gedenkstätten.
2693:Bergen-Belsen: Historical Site and Memorial
2009:– a Belgian liberal politician and minister
1957:(survived) – a Hungarian doctor and author
1585:Lieutenant Colonel Mervin Willett Gonin DSO
1347:The liberation of Bergen-Belsen, April 1945
5761:
5738:
5581:
5559:
5212:
5203:
5190:
5055:
4697:
4680:
4388:
4372:
4358:
4350:
4236:
3989:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
3693:
3679:
3671:
3213:Reilly, Joanne; et al., eds. (1997).
3117:Horrors of Belsen flood back for survivors
797:Deaths at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
38:
2627:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
244:United Kingdom and Canada, April 15, 1945
3656:Bergen Belsen and Beyond Holocaust Diary
2527:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2047:Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany
1498:) during his internment in Bergen-Belsen
792:
489:SS Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt; WVHA
334:After 1945, the name was applied to the
86:Location of Bergen-Belsen within Germany
6021:
3646:Pictures of the liberation at Time-Life
3383:Jessica Talarico & Gemma Lawrence.
2170:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2068:
1951:– an Italian painter of Jewish ancestry
682:Bergen Belsen crematorium in April 1945
169:
3347:, 1999. Retrieved on 15 February 2015.
3289:. Sports-reference.com. Archived from
2160:
2158:
1689:
1274:In October 1979, the president of the
897:stands amongst corpses in Mass Grave 3
539:died there in February or March 1945.
3518:Goldstein, Gary (November 18, 2014).
3026:"The Prosecution of the Perpetrators"
2928:"The Prosecution of the Perpetrators"
2903:. Taylor & Francis. p. 143.
2833:. Taylor & Francis. p. 141.
2575:from the original on January 12, 2022
1543:In The Dead Years - Holocaust Memoirs
1452:at the 1972 Summer Olympics recalled:
291:
7:
5164:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
3610:testimony at the Bergen-Belsen trial
3385:"Artists' Response To The Holocaust"
2784:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1978:(survived) – a Czech harpsichordist
1178:, and the Mittelbau-Dora subcamp at
985:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp
788:Bergen-Belsen displaced persons camp
5969:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
3228:Parker, Nicky (November 27, 2013).
3188:"Caixa-de-Lata: Banksy – Manifesto"
3075:Reagan at Bergen-Belsen and Bitburg
1940:Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles
998:Some civil servants from Celle and
762:Jean Maurice Paul Jules de Noailles
385:Memorial to Soviet prisoners of war
189:(December 2, 1944 – April 15, 1945)
3543:Winter, Michael (March 31, 2015).
3462:Wheaton, Oliver (April 14, 2015).
3436:Marshall, Tom (October 28, 2015).
3345:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
657:Außenlager Unterlüß-Altensothrieth
25:
6082:World War II memorials in Germany
4332:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
3105:Liberation of Belsen commemorated
786:and the end of June 1945, in the
608:List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen
60:View of the camp after liberation
6047:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
6024:
5532:Polish leaders and intellectuals
5022:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
3984:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2858:. Psychology Press. p. 38.
2139:From Belsen to Buckingham Palace
2052:List of Nazi concentration camps
1690:Problems playing this file? See
1650:
1465:From Belsen to Buckingham Palace
800:December 1944 to April 15, 1945
77:
70:
54:
6077:World War II museums in Germany
3604:Harold Le Druillenec, from the
2492:(in French). November 18, 1952.
1844:– a German Jewish art collector
1834:Adrien d'Esclaibes d'Hust (see
1765:– a German Communist politician
1759:– a German Communist politician
1557:And The Month Was May: A Memoir
1006:Army Film and Photographic Unit
183:(April 1943 – December 2, 1944)
5460:Attack on the twentieth convoy
5273:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
2417:. AnneFrank.org, 31 March 2015
631:Außenlager Hambühren-Ovelgönne
491:). It thus became part of the
366:British 11th Armoured Division
323:. Originally established as a
32:Bergen-Belsen (disambiguation)
1:
3415:. Dublin: O'Brien Press Ltd.
2431:""Reception" and dying camps"
1984:– a Jewish resistance fighter
1803:and Belgian Resistance member
1055:96 medical student volunteers
778:, popularised by his brother
443:an independent camp known as
435:and was to become one of the
5797:Jewish war conspiracy theory
4988:Extermination through labour
4000:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3994:German Earth and Stone Works
3215:Belsen in History and Memory
3030:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de
2971:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de
2901:Belsen in History and Memory
2831:Belsen in History and Memory
2726:bergen-belsen.stiftung-ng.de
2594:John Valls (March 2, 2012).
2512:(in Czech). January 8, 2016.
2268:Godeke, Monika, ed. (2007).
1971:Special Operations Executive
1963:– a German-born metal trader
1413:Belsen in History and Memory
983:army camp, which became the
510:("holding camp"), since the
5979:Righteous Among the Nations
4665:Righteous Among the Nations
4145:Disciplinary and Penal Code
3321:. Edinburgh. April 16, 2005
2141:. Nottingham: Quill Press.
1732:A protagonist in the novel
989:displaced persons (DP) camp
756:(Gypsies). Among them were
633:(Lager III, Waldeslust) at
617:Außenlager Bomlitz-Benefeld
315:, southwest of the town of
6098:
5716:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
5686:Lithuanian Security Police
5605:Reich Security Main Office
4572:Evidence and documentation
3107:. BBC News, April 15, 2005
2807:Volume 136 of New Vanguard
2691:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
2361:Knoch, Habbo, ed. (2010).
2137:Oppenheimer, Paul (1996).
1999:– a French journalist and
1535:In his 2011 autobiography
1112:
697:pushes dead bodies into a
605:
424:began using the huts as a
403:Bergen-Hohne Training Area
29:
5932:Books and other resources
5760:
5737:
5571:
5558:
5202:
5189:
4696:
4679:
4464:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
4387:
4239:
4097:Identification of inmates
3411:Reichental, Tomi (2011).
3077:(Texas A&M UP, 2007)
2390:"Men's and Women's Camps"
1599:by Derrick Sington (1946)
1263:followed a suggestion by
1234:at the Bergen-Belsen site
1206:constituted a war crime.
795:
790:under British authority.
701:at Belsen, April 19, 1945
418:German invasion of Poland
65:
53:
46:
5522:People with disabilities
5455:Aid and Rescue Committee
3702:Nazi concentration camps
3612:of his experience there.
3594:Bergen-Belsen Death Camp
3589:Bergen-Belsen on YouTube
2523:Celinscak, Mark (2015).
2468:Martin, Georges (1993).
1990:– a professor of law at
1921:– a German psychoanalyst
1063:Medical Research Council
958:, who accompanied them:
455:(Stalag XI-D (321)) and
293:[ˈbɛʁɡn̩ˌbɛlsn̩]
6072:Museums in Lower Saxony
5663:Order Police battalions
4307:Soviet prisoners of war
4039:SS construction brigade
2057:Alan Moore (war artist)
2024:– a Dutch mathematician
1988:Benjamin Marius Telders
420:in September 1939, the
302:Nazi concentration camp
48:Nazi concentration camp
27:Nazi concentration camp
5512:Soviet urban residents
4603:International response
4577:Contemporary knowledge
3574:Bergen-Belsen Memorial
3438:"A Chaplain at Belsen"
3054:"Place_of_Remembrance"
2899:Riley, Joanne (1997).
2854:Riley, Joanne (1998).
2829:Riley, Joanne (1997).
2778:Shephard, Ben (2007).
2751:Wynn, Stephen (2020).
2625:Holocaust Encyclopedia
2109:Shephard, Ben (2006).
2084:"Belsen Military Camp"
2042:Holocaust Memorial Day
1786:Judeo-Spanish language
1735:The Lüneburg Variation
1639:
1625:
1607:
1593:
1575:
1495:
1460:
1436:displaced persons camp
1432:Anita Lasker-Wallfisch
1376:Memories of Anne Frank
1372:
1356:
1348:
1331:
1313:Richard von Weizsäcker
1296:
1247:
1235:
1219:
1061:was dispatched by the
964:
923:Inns of Court Regiment
906:
898:
887:
879:
871:
863:
702:
683:
504:Zivilinterniertenlager
463:handed it over to the
386:
336:displaced persons camp
5959:Memorials and museums
5897:Reparations Agreement
5892:Holocaust restitution
5470:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
4993:Human experimentation
4832:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
4289:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
4207:Schutzhaftlagerführer
3413:I Was a Boy in Belsen
1888:– a German politician
1638:
1620:
1602:
1588:
1570:
1537:I Was a Boy in Belsen
1455:
1438:in her autobiography
1402:British Army Chaplain
1367:
1360:The British comedian
1354:
1346:
1329:
1294:
1269:World Jewish Congress
1245:
1225:
1217:
1086:Bengal famine of 1943
1027:tanks because of the
904:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
689:
681:
665:Rheinmetall-Borsig AG
384:
6067:Bergen, Lower Saxony
5159:Jewish Ghetto Police
5028:Politische Abteilung
4923:Risiera di San Sabba
4784:Natzweiler-Struthof
4244:Prisoner functionary
4051:Politische Abteilung
4006:SS-Totenkopfverbände
3174:The Reluctant Jester
3000:"German proceedings"
2880:The Relief Of Belsen
2547:A F Taggart (1949),
2017:long-distance runner
2013:Gerardus van der Wel
2007:Arthur Vanderpoorten
2001:national syndicalist
1702:The Relief of Belsen
1385:Mervin Willett Gonin
1183:Auschwitz-Birkenau.
1129:Elisabeth Volkenrath
929:and were brought to
405:. It is used by the
377:Prisoner of war camp
325:prisoner of war camp
203:Prisoner-of-war camp
153:SS-Totenkopfverbände
118:52.75778°N 9.90778°E
5937:Days of remembrance
5850:Holocaust survivors
5845:Depopulated shtetls
5696:Rollkommando Hamann
5542:Jehovah's Witnesses
5360:Kamianets-Podilskyi
4422:Bohemia and Moravia
4327:Der Ort des Terrors
4276:Political prisoners
4266:Jehovah's Witnesses
3891:Natzweiler-Struthof
3390:Imperial War Museum
3134:"Memorial redesign"
3073:Richard J. Jensen,
3006:on October 16, 2013
2878:Television program
2569:The Daily Telegraph
2299:"The Exchange Camp"
2221:on October 16, 2013
2113:. London: Pimlico.
1982:Felice Schragenheim
1900:– a Polish sculptor
1854:, who both died of
1501:British servicemen
1488:Between Two Streams
1309:Bitburg controversy
1276:European Parliament
1267:, president of the
1098:Intravenous feeding
1025:Churchill Crocodile
1021:"Bren gun" carriers
1011:Imperial War Museum
943:Special Air Service
925:, at the bridge at
563:SS-Hauptsturmführer
495:system, run by the
399:Province of Hanover
114: /
5920:History and memory
5824:Forced euthanasia
5772:Nazi racial policy
5475:Danish underground
5322:Operation Reinhard
5317:Wannsee Conference
3507:. Duckworth. 1946.
3234:www.amnesty.org.uk
3217:. London: F. Cass.
2596:"Texas Liberators"
2564:"The gate of Hell"
1969:– an agent of the
1942:– a member of the
1892:Johnny & Jones
1680:Naftali Herz Imber
1640:
1357:
1349:
1332:
1297:
1248:
1236:
1220:
907:
899:
888:
880:
872:
864:
703:
684:
559:Auschwitz-Birkenau
512:Geneva Conventions
493:concentration camp
483:Concentration camp
387:
6012:
6011:
6008:
6007:
6004:
6003:
5855:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
5802:Jewish emigration
5792:Hitler's prophecy
5787:Haavara Agreement
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5721:Ypatingasis būrys
5618:Sicherheitsdienst
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5493:
5492:
5413:Bielski partisans
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5016:Totenkopfverbände
4675:
4674:
4347:
4346:
4315:
4314:
4171:Arbeit macht frei
3293:on April 18, 2020
3267:on April 20, 2014
3172:Michael Bentine,
2977:on March 29, 2013
2934:on April 21, 2013
2816:978-1-84603-083-3
2791:978-0-307-42463-1
2764:978-1-5267-2822-7
2757:. Pen and Sword.
2732:on April 26, 2012
2702:978-3-9811617-9-3
2437:on April 21, 2013
2396:on April 21, 2013
2372:978-3-8353-0794-0
2305:on April 21, 2013
2279:978-3-9811617-3-1
2148:978-0-9536280-3-2
2090:on March 29, 2013
1992:Leiden University
1944:French Resistance
1882:– a Dutch painter
1864:– a Dutch painter
1807:Bruno Brodniewicz
1656:
1440:Inherit the Truth
1339:Personal accounts
1292:
1109:Legal prosecution
844:
843:
758:French Resistance
602:(satellite camps)
547:In December 1944
304:in what is today
282:
281:
225:Number of inmates
123:52.75778; 9.90778
16:(Redirected from
6089:
6062:Celle (district)
6029:
6028:
6027:
6020:
5904:Holocaust denial
5882:Nuremberg trials
5872:Postwar violence
5827:
5762:
5739:
5701:Special Brigades
5691:Nederlandsche SS
5658:Police Regiments
5582:
5560:
5420:Ghetto uprisings
5408:Jewish partisans
5355:Harvest Festival
5327:Holocaust trains
5213:
5204:
5191:
5056:
4952:
4930:
4912:
4893:
4875:
4698:
4681:
4389:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4237:
4222:Luftwaffe guards
3695:
3688:
3681:
3672:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3504:Belsen Uncovered
3499:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3339:Eric Sterling, "
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3260:. Archived from
3259:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3194:on March 4, 2016
3183:
3177:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3140:on June 19, 2015
3136:. Archived from
3130:
3124:
3123:, April 19, 2005
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3002:. Archived from
2996:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2973:. Archived from
2963:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2930:. Archived from
2924:
2915:
2914:
2896:
2887:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2728:. Archived from
2718:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2655:. April 15, 2005
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2433:. Archived from
2427:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2392:. Archived from
2386:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2301:. Archived from
2295:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2211:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:. Archived from
2080:
1976:Zuzana Růžičková
1934:Augustin Malroux
1862:Marianne Franken
1825:– a Czech artist
1797:Thierry de Briey
1784:in the field of
1763:Eduard Alexander
1658:
1657:
1637:
1597:Belsen Uncovered
1486:wrote the diary
1468:Paul Oppenheimer
1426:Michael Hargrave
1404:, was the first
1293:
1145:
1051:A. P. Meiklejohn
956:Richard Dimbleby
911:Heinrich Himmler
832:at least 18,168
793:
766:6th Duke of Ayen
574:
557:, previously at
551:Hauptsturmführer
508:Aufenthaltslager
477:Polish Home Army
441:
343:prisoners of war
295:
290:
278:
275:
273:
271:
269:
182:
142:Northern Germany
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
81:
80:
74:
58:
39:
21:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6037:
6036:
6035:
6025:
6023:
6015:
6013:
6000:
5915:
5831:
5825:
5814:Madagascar Plan
5807:Kindertransport
5756:
5755:
5725:
5667:
5639:
5624:Ordnungspolizei
5580:
5567:
5546:
5489:
5441:
5394:
5365:Maly Trostenets
5336:Mass executions
5331:
5301:
5239:
5198:
5173:
5143:
5102:
5040:
5002:
4961:
4950:
4928:
4910:
4891:
4873:
4861:
4818:
4692:
4671:
4591:
4582:Hidden children
4560:
4418:Czechoslovakia
4383:
4378:
4348:
4343:
4311:
4297:"Race defilers"
4282:Nacht und Nebel
4228:
4185:
4178:Jedem das Seine
4065:
4012:
3972:
3704:
3699:
3606:Channel Islands
3570:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3525:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3364:. June 23, 2015
3356:
3355:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3088:
3084:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2965:
2964:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2703:
2690:
2689:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2248:"Bergen-Belsen"
2246:
2245:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2192:"Bergen-Belsen"
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2037:
1967:Yvonne Rudellat
1914:Munich massacre
1898:Józef Klukowski
1886:Heinrich Jasper
1880:Mirjam Jacobson
1842:Ernst Flersheim
1817:Braulia Cánovas
1750:
1748:Notable inmates
1740:Paolo Maurensig
1726:Night Will Fall
1697:
1696:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1672:national anthem
1659:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1630:
1530:Edgar Ainsworth
1522:Doris Zinkeisen
1496:Tweestromenland
1450:Munich Massacre
1362:Michael Bentine
1341:
1315:and chancellor
1284:
1261:Konrad Adenauer
1212:
1148:Johanna Bormann
1139:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1029:typhus epidemic
1001:Landkreis Celle
915:Reichsführer SS
856:
799:
676:
610:
604:
568:
545:
485:
473:Warsaw Uprising
439:
426:prisoner of war
379:
374:
288:
266:
249:Notable inmates
194:
176:
168:
167:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
61:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6095:
6093:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Lüneburg Heath
6054:
6049:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5909:trivialization
5901:
5900:
5899:
5889:
5887:Eichmann trial
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5847:
5841:
5839:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Nuremberg Laws
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5765:Early elements
5758:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5746:Early elements
5743:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Arajs Kommando
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5652:Einsatzgruppen
5647:
5645:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5602:
5594:
5588:
5586:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5565:Responsibility
5563:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5503:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5416:
5415:
5404:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5344:Einsatzgruppen
5339:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5308:Final Solution
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5169:Ústredňa Židov
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5134:Theresienstadt
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5053:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5019:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Einsatzgruppen
4969:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4779:Mittelbau-Dora
4776:
4767:
4762:
4760:Kraków-Płaszów
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4694:
4693:
4684:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4650:Rescue of Jews
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4320:Historiography
4317:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4302:Roma and Sinti
4299:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4164:
4159:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3879:Mittelbau-Dora
3876:
3875:
3874:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3839:Kraków-Płaszów
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3569:
3568:External links
3566:
3564:
3563:
3535:
3510:
3494:
3480:
3454:
3428:
3421:
3403:
3375:
3349:
3332:
3304:
3278:
3246:
3220:
3205:
3178:
3165:
3151:
3125:
3109:
3097:
3082:
3066:
3042:
3017:
2988:
2967:"Belsen Trial"
2945:
2916:
2910:978-0714643236
2909:
2888:
2884:Channel 4
2871:
2865:978-0714643236
2864:
2846:
2840:978-0714643236
2839:
2821:
2815:
2797:
2790:
2770:
2763:
2743:
2708:
2701:
2666:
2638:
2612:
2586:
2553:
2540:
2534:978-1442615700
2533:
2515:
2495:
2475:
2460:
2448:
2419:
2407:
2378:
2371:
2316:
2285:
2278:
2260:
2232:
2201:
2183:
2154:
2147:
2126:
2120:978-1844135400
2119:
2101:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1997:Georges Valois
1994:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1964:
1961:Julius Philipp
1958:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1868:Hanneli Goslar
1865:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1836:French article
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1779:Bosnian Jewish
1772:
1766:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1687:
1660:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1615:Leonard Berney
1601:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1569:
1568:
1554:
1540:
1533:
1510:
1499:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1394:Leslie Hardman
1391:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1340:
1337:
1265:Nahum Goldmann
1211:
1208:
1191:Denazification
1156:Mittelbau-Dora
1113:Main article:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1044:James Johnston
969:Mittelbau-Dora
855:
852:
842:
841:
840:around 10,000
838:
834:
833:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:February 1945
818:
817:
814:
810:
809:
806:
805:December 1944
802:
801:
724:There were no
675:
672:
606:Main article:
603:
597:
544:
543:More prisoners
541:
525:Erholungslager
484:
481:
409:armed forces.
378:
375:
373:
370:
280:
279:
264:
260:
259:
250:
246:
245:
242:
238:
237:
236:70,000 or more
234:
230:
229:
226:
222:
221:
218:
214:
213:
210:
206:
205:
200:
196:
195:
193:
192:
191:
190:
184:
165:
164:
163:
161:
157:
156:
149:
145:
144:
135:
131:
130:
98:
92:
91:
85:
76:
75:
69:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6094:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6032:
6022:
6018:
5996:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5777:Nazi eugenics
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5706:Topf and Sons
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5673:Collaborators
5670:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5611:Referat IV B4
5609:
5608:
5607: (RSHA)
5606:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5598:Schutzstaffel
5595:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5585:Organizations
5583:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5527:Romani people
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Working Group
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5465:Kastner train
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5253:
5252:Kristallnacht
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5035:Sanitätswesen
5032:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4998:Death marches
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4824:Extermination
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:Sachsenhausen
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Herzogenbusch
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Bergen-Belsen
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:Concentration
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:United States
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:and colonies
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:The Holocaust
4375:
4370:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Female guards
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4156:Postenpflicht
4153:
4151:
4150:Death marches
4148:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4061:Strafkompanie
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:Camp brothels
4044:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Sanitätswesen
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:Sachsenhausen
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:Herzogenbusch
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:Bergen-Belsen
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3422:9781847172273
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3396:September 16,
3392:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3333:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3279:
3263:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:The Telegraph
3118:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2365:. Wallstein.
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2196:www.ushmm.org
2193:
2187:
2184:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:Rywka Lipszyc
1923:
1920:
1919:Karl Landauer
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:Oscar Ihlebæk
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:Amédée Dunois
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1647:
1627:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1565:9781440140846
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:9789492371164
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:Abel Herzberg
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1301:Ronald Reagan
1282:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1253:Theodor Heuss
1244:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:Memorial for
1224:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:Gross Werther
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1133:Hertha Ehlert
1130:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:Janet Vaughan
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:flamethrowing
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
992:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
970:
963:
959:
957:
953:
947:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
903:
896:
892:
884:
876:
868:
860:
853:
851:
849:
839:
836:
835:
831:
828:
827:
824:around 6,400
823:
820:
819:
816:around 1,200
815:
813:January 1945
812:
811:
808:at least 360
807:
804:
803:
798:
794:
791:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
711:
709:
700:
696:
693:
688:
680:
673:
671:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
625:Fallingbostel
622:
618:
614:
609:
601:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
585:typhoid fever
582:
579:, as well as
578:
572:
567:
564:
560:
556:
553:
552:
542:
540:
538:
534:
528:
526:
521:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
499:Schutzstaffel
494:
490:
482:
480:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
414:Fallingbostel
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:In 1935, the
383:
376:
371:
369:
367:
362:
360:
356:
355:typhoid fever
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
286:
285:Bergen-Belsen
277:
268:bergen-belsen
265:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
201:
197:
188:
185:
180:
175:
172:
171:
170:
162:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
127:
99:
97:
93:
73:
64:
57:
52:
49:
45:
42:Bergen-Belsen
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Bergen Belsen
5989:Yizkor books
5650:
5597:
5342:
5290:in Lithuania
5250:
5148:
5033:
5026:
5015:
4949:
4927:
4908:
4889:
4872:
4714:
4655:by Catholics
4524:Soviet Union
4392:By territory
4336:
4287:
4280:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4092:Forced labor
4082:Action 14f14
4077:Action 14f13
4017:Subdivisions
4004:
3732:
3554:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3523:
3513:
3503:
3497:
3483:
3471:. Retrieved
3467:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3388:
3378:
3368:September 8,
3366:. Retrieved
3361:
3352:
3344:
3335:
3325:February 25,
3323:. Retrieved
3318:The Scotsman
3316:
3307:
3297:February 24,
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3249:
3239:February 19,
3237:. Retrieved
3233:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:the original
3181:
3173:
3168:
3154:
3144:December 20,
3142:. Retrieved
3138:the original
3128:
3120:
3112:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3059:December 21,
3057:. Retrieved
3033:. Retrieved
3029:
3020:
3010:December 20,
3008:. Retrieved
3004:the original
2981:December 20,
2979:. Retrieved
2975:the original
2970:
2938:December 20,
2936:. Retrieved
2932:the original
2900:
2879:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2830:
2824:
2806:
2800:
2780:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2725:
2722:"Liberation"
2692:
2657:. Retrieved
2650:
2641:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:. Retrieved
2599:
2589:
2577:. Retrieved
2568:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2524:
2518:
2507:
2498:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:the original
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:the original
2362:
2307:. Retrieved
2303:the original
2272:. Scherrer.
2269:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2195:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2172:. Washington
2169:
2138:
2110:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2022:Julius Wolff
1955:Gisella Perl
1910:Shaul Ladany
1904:Suzanne Kohn
1852:Margot Frank
1811:Lagerälteste
1809:– the first
1799:– a Belgian
1769:Alex Aronson
1757:Julius Adler
1751:
1733:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1670:, today the
1665:
1621:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:Tom Marshall
1571:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1526:Mary Kessell
1503:Denis Norden
1487:
1475:Leonard Webb
1464:
1463:In his book
1456:
1446:Shaul Ladany
1439:
1424:, volunteer
1419:
1412:
1375:
1368:
1333:
1321:
1304:
1298:
1273:
1257:
1249:
1237:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1170:subcamps at
1121:Belsen trial
1118:
1115:Belsen trial
1095:
1079:Skimmed milk
1067:
1048:
1037:
1015:
999:
997:
993:
978:
965:
961:
948:
918:
914:
908:
848:Thessaloniki
845:
796:
784:
773:
740:, anti-Nazi
726:gas chambers
723:
714:
712:
707:
704:
692:British Army
669:
663:, where the
656:
655:
630:
629:
616:
615:
611:
599:
593:malnutrition
581:tuberculosis
562:
555:Josef Kramer
548:
546:
529:
524:
522:
507:
503:
496:
488:
486:
469:
460:
436:
430:
428:(POW) camp.
421:
411:
388:
363:
351:tuberculosis
333:
306:Lower Saxony
297:
284:
283:
270:.stiftung-ng
257:Margot Frank
241:Liberated by
199:Original use
187:Josef Kramer
151:
138:Lower Saxony
36:
5995:Never again
5826:(Action T4)
5752:Remembrance
5537:Homosexuals
5507:Soviet POWs
5435:Częstochowa
4983:Gas chamber
4794:Ravensbrück
4735:Gross-Rosen
4730:Flossenbürg
4613:Philippines
4545:Yugoslavia
4504:Netherlands
4432:Sudetenland
4261:Homosexuals
4202:Lagerführer
4087:Early camps
4024:Appellplatz
3920:Ravensbrück
3915:Niederhagen
3781:Gross-Rosen
3769:Flossenbürg
3716:Arbeitsdorf
3442:PhotograFix
3035:October 12,
2605:February 7,
2215:"POW Camps"
1929:Łódź Ghetto
1823:Josef Čapek
1791:Hélène Berr
1775:Kalmi Baruh
1721:(1965 film)
1705:(2007 film)
1518:Leslie Cole
1514:Eric Taylor
1317:Helmut Kohl
1279:Simone Veil
1176:Langenleuba
1168:Gross Rosen
1160:Ravensbrück
1152:Fritz Klein
1140: [
1053:, included
1040:Glyn Hughes
895:Fritz Klein
837:April 1945
829:March 1945
780:Karel Čapek
770:Josef Čapek
746:homosexuals
715:Männerlager
708:Sonderlager
569: [
457:Wietzendorf
445:Stalag XI-C
433:Stalag XI-B
209:Operational
177: [
148:Operated by
121: /
96:Coordinates
6041:Categories
5984:Yad Vashem
5964:Uniqueness
5819:Nisko Plan
5592:Nazi Party
5400:Resistance
5370:Ninth Fort
5235:Vel' d'Hiv
5007:Nazi units
4945:Westerbork
4935:Amersfoort
4789:Neuengamme
4770:Mauthausen
4750:Kaiserwald
4720:Buchenwald
4499:Luxembourg
4256:"Asocials"
4197:Commandant
3903:Neuengamme
3863:Mauthausen
3815:Kaiserwald
3745:Buchenwald
3709:Main camps
3186:Scarlata.
2551:, pp 83–85
2064:References
2015:– a Dutch
2003:politician
1949:Gino Parin
1801:equestrian
1718:Memorandum
1692:media help
1507:Eric Sykes
1380:Anne Frank
1370:blasphemy.
1232:Anne Frank
1164:Neuengamme
1137:Ilse Lothe
1125:Irma Grese
1073:Bully beef
931:VIII Corps
854:Liberation
742:Christians
699:mass grave
647:Focke-Wulf
600:Außenlager
566:Adolf Haas
537:Anne Frank
289:pronounced
174:Adolf Haas
160:Commandant
106:52°45′28″N
5942:Education
5837:Aftermath
5749:Aftermath
5711:Trawnikis
5635:Wehrmacht
5630:Waffen-SS
5430:Białystok
5258:Bucharest
5230:Marseille
5107:Elsewhere
5068:Białystok
4880:Breendonk
4857:Treblinka
4710:Auschwitz
4494:Lithuania
4233:Prisoners
4217:Wehrmacht
4190:Personnel
4162:Selection
4138:Muselmann
4009:(Camp SS)
3721:Auschwitz
3556:April 21,
3550:USA Today
3528:April 21,
3473:April 26,
3447:April 26,
3271:April 30,
2631:April 16,
2579:April 10,
2028:Uri Orlev
1710:Frontline
1305:Waffen SS
1204:Wehrmacht
1104:Aftermath
919:Wehrmacht
695:bulldozer
637:south of
635:Hambühren
589:dysentery
461:Wehrmacht
437:Wehrmacht
422:Wehrmacht
391:Wehrmacht
372:Operation
359:dysentery
212:1940–1945
109:9°54′28″E
6052:Heidmark
5927:Academia
5380:Piaśnica
5350:Babi Yar
5278:Jedwabne
5217:Roundups
5150:Judenrat
5114:Budapest
4885:Mechelen
4847:Majdanek
4804:Stutthof
4765:Majdanek
4660:by Poles
4618:Portugal
4596:Response
4587:Timeline
4565:Overview
4427:Slovakia
4414:Bulgaria
4166:Slogans
4133:Language
3977:Agencies
3961:subcamps
3949:subcamps
3944:Stutthof
3937:subcamps
3925:subcamps
3908:subcamps
3896:subcamps
3884:subcamps
3872:subcamps
3856:subcamps
3851:Majdanek
3844:subcamps
3832:subcamps
3820:subcamps
3808:subcamps
3797:subcamps
3786:subcamps
3774:subcamps
3762:subcamps
3750:subcamps
3738:subcamps
3726:subcamps
3362:BBC News
2736:April 3,
2652:BBC News
2573:Archived
2509:iDNES.cz
2489:Le Monde
2441:April 3,
2400:April 3,
2309:April 3,
2253:April 3,
2225:April 3,
2176:April 7,
2094:April 3,
2035:See also
1667:Hatikvah
1409:chaplain
1210:Memorial
661:Unterlüß
651:Hochtief
310:northern
300:, was a
134:Location
6031:Germany
5954:Lessons
5390:Rumbula
5263:Dorohoi
5244:Pogroms
5196:Victims
5046:Ghettos
4978:Gas van
4966:Methods
4940:Schoorl
4918:Bolzano
4866:Transit
4852:Sobibor
4842:Chełmno
4809:Vaivara
4745:Hinzert
4690:ghettos
4643:Vatican
4549:Croatia
4539:Ukraine
4529:Belarus
4519:Romania
4471:Hungary
4454:Germany
4444:Estonia
4439:Denmark
4409:Belgium
4404:Austria
4399:Albania
4034:Subcamp
3956:Vaivara
3803:Hinzert
3489:"Gonin"
1782:scholar
1743:beans.’
1172:Neusalz
1090:paprika
760:member
713:In the
621:Bomlitz
313:Germany
263:Website
228:120,000
217:Inmates
6017:Portal
5860:Bricha
5626:(Orpo)
5499:Others
5485:Żegota
5447:Rescue
5425:Warsaw
5385:Ponary
5295:Kaunas
5098:Warsaw
5083:Lublin
5073:Kraków
5060:Poland
4904:Drancy
4837:Belzec
4814:Warsaw
4725:Dachau
4633:Turkey
4628:Sweden
4554:Serbia
4534:Russia
4514:Poland
4509:Norway
4489:Latvia
4459:Greece
4449:France
4126:Yellow
4121:Purple
4101:Badges
4070:Topics
4056:Revier
3996:(DEST)
3968:Warsaw
3757:Dachau
3419:
3198:May 3,
3079:online
2907:
2862:
2837:
2813:
2788:
2761:
2699:
2659:May 3,
2531:
2369:
2276:
2145:
2117:
1856:typhus
1676:Israel
1563:
1549:
1406:Jewish
1228:Margot
1166:, the
981:Panzer
935:Winsen
927:Winsen
764:, the
748:, and
734:Czechs
719:phenol
643:potash
639:Winsen
577:typhus
533:Margot
453:Oerbke
449:Soviet
395:Belsen
347:typhus
340:Soviet
329:Jewish
317:Bergen
298:Belsen
296:), or
233:Killed
5974:Humor
5947:Films
5644:Units
5375:Odesa
5225:Izieu
5139:Vilna
5124:Minsk
5119:Kovno
5093:Radom
4957:Sereď
4774:Gusen
4755:Kauen
4686:Camps
4623:Spain
4608:Japan
4482:Libya
4476:Italy
4106:Black
3867:Gusen
3827:Kauen
3468:Metro
3265:(PDF)
3258:(PDF)
1646:Vocal
1628:Media
1492:Dutch
1398:Rabbi
1307:(see
1144:]
1033:louse
974:Kapos
939:Walle
913:(the
775:robot
754:Sinti
738:Poles
623:near
573:]
517:Dutch
440:'
321:Celle
319:near
181:]
5865:List
5620:(SD)
5600:(SS)
5283:Lviv
5268:Iași
5208:Jews
5129:Riga
5088:Lwów
5078:Łódź
5050:list
4899:Gurs
4772:and
4688:and
4271:Jews
4249:Kapo
4116:Pink
4099:and
3865:and
3558:2018
3530:2018
3475:2023
3449:2023
3417:ISBN
3398:2016
3370:2015
3327:2013
3299:2013
3273:2013
3241:2020
3200:2013
3146:2012
3061:2012
3037:2022
3012:2012
2983:2012
2940:2012
2905:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2835:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2786:ISBN
2759:ISBN
2738:2012
2697:ISBN
2661:2013
2633:2014
2607:2020
2581:2014
2529:ISBN
2443:2012
2402:2012
2367:ISBN
2311:2012
2274:ISBN
2255:2012
2227:2012
2178:2023
2143:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2096:2012
1850:and
1848:Anne
1777:– a
1561:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1528:and
1505:and
1458:why.
1400:and
1230:and
1174:and
1150:and
1031:and
1023:and
937:and
752:and
750:Roma
730:Jews
591:and
535:and
407:NATO
357:and
255:and
253:Anne
166:List
5014:SS-
3343:",
1738:by
1674:of
1662:BBC
1613:by
1418:In
1388:DSO
954:'s
952:BBC
619:at
549:SS-
497:SS
308:in
274:/en
272:.de
6043::
4951:sk
4929:nl
4911:it
4892:fr
4874:be
4338:KL
3547:.
3522:.
3466:.
3440:.
3387:.
3360:.
3315:.
3232:.
3119:,
3045:^
3028:.
2991:^
2969:.
2948:^
2919:^
2891:^
2882:,
2724:.
2711:^
2669:^
2649:.
2623:.
2598:.
2571:.
2567:.
2506:.
2422:^
2381:^
2319:^
2288:^
2235:^
2204:^
2194:.
2168:.
2157:^
2129:^
2071:^
1682:.)
1524:,
1520:,
1516:,
1494::
1396:,
1162:,
1158:,
1146:,
1142:de
1135:,
1131:,
1127:,
782:.
744:,
736:,
732:,
721:.
690:A
653:.
587:,
583:,
571:de
465:SS
353:,
349:,
179:de
140:,
6019::
5997:"
5993:"
5310:"
5306:"
5052:)
5048:(
4373:e
4366:t
4359:v
4111:P
3694:e
3687:t
3680:v
3560:.
3532:.
3491:.
3477:.
3451:.
3425:.
3400:.
3372:.
3329:.
3301:.
3275:.
3243:.
3202:.
3162:.
3148:.
3089:"
3063:.
3039:.
3014:.
2985:.
2942:.
2913:.
2868:.
2843:.
2794:.
2767:.
2740:.
2705:.
2663:.
2635:.
2609:.
2583:.
2537:.
2472:.
2445:.
2404:.
2375:.
2313:.
2282:.
2257:.
2229:.
2198:.
2180:.
2151:.
2123:.
2098:.
1694:.
1559:(
1545:(
1532:.
1490:(
1442:.
1415:.
972:"
287:(
276:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.