390:. The committee was headed by Hunton until she resigned in 1935 and was replaced by McNeill. McNeill pointed out early in her tenure that while Black women were allowed to serve at the national level, in state and local organizations, they were often limited to membership of the Interracial Committee, rather than WILPF itself. Although the national organization set policy, state and local organizations had broad autonomy. In 1937, McNeill, who had been elected to serve on the national WILPF Board, proposed that the non-national Interracial Committees be dissolved because they were used by some chapters to prevent
44:
506:. McNeill was elected president of the Washington, D.C., WILPF branch in 1954, and was re-elected several times, serving until 1960. In 1958, McNeill became the national organization's coordinator for its educational division. She was still giving lectures on peace to various women's groups at the end of the 1950s and remained active in WILPF throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Bertha McNeil also participated in the women's suffrage march of 1913.
451:
in 1942, McNeil and other members of the national executive board counseled that it was unlikely opposing the bill would result in its rejection. The bill required women and aliens between the ages of eighteen and sixty-five to register for war assignments in either the civil or military service. Rather than oppose the bill, WILPF members lobbied for an amendment to the bill to exempt
528:, assisted by Stacy Braukman. The women who were included had to have died prior to 2000, and be known for being influential or for contributing to pioneering or innovative work in their era. Some of McNeill's papers are housed in the Robert H. McNeill family collection at the Library of Congress, while some of those related to her WILPF activities are located in the
191:. She served as a national vice president of the U.S. branch of WILPF for at least five terms and represented the national organization as a delegate at four international congresses. In 1954, she became the chair of the Washington, D.C., WILPF section and served in that capacity until 1960. McNeill remained active in the WILPF until her death in 1979.
171:(WILPF), McNeill joined the organization in 1934. The following year, she became chair of its Interracial Committee, later renamed the Committee on Minorities and Race Relations, where she pressed for diversification of membership and recognition of civil rights issues as part of the peace movement. She led the organization to oppose
367:
on aptitude, racially discriminatory hiring policies would in fact prevent hiring for Black women based on their skills. While staunchly against the war, McNeill noted that the
African American community could better contribute to the war effort if policies allowed them equal hiring opportunities and merit-based pay.
450:
As chair of the national
Committee on Minorities and Race Relations, from 1941 McNeill worked to identify issues that impacted the freedom of any ethnic, racial, or religious minority in order to help the organization diversity its membership and promote its causes. When the Baldwin Bill was proposed
366:
to protest their selection of convention locations that would not allow Black attendees to lodge and required separate food, elevator, entrance, and seating arrangements. She was particularly concerned that although, for example in the Austin-Wadsworth Bill, service placement was proposed to be based
2430:
487:
against branches and individuals continued through the 1950s. Writer
Christine Lutz noted that McNeill and other Black activists in the 1950s, risked being charged with subversion for linking "peace with economic justice". To limit damage to the national organization, McNeill implemented policies
203:, to Lucy Alice (nΓ©e Reaves) and Henry Clay McNeill. She was the youngest child in the family which included three sons and four daughters β William, Luther, Oliver, Beulah, Mary, Elizabeth, and Bertha. Henry was a farmer, who worked in North Carolina and Maryland before retiring to
446:
necessitated both diplomatic and humanitarian efforts in order to stop the spread of authoritarianism and racially discriminatory policies implemented by the
Italian regime. McNeill was elected to a second term on the executive board of the national WILPF in 1940.
474:
McNeill was elected as a vice president of the national WILPF branch in 1948, 1949, 1950, 1953, and 1957. During that decade, her work on the
Special Problems committee intensified. Several WILPF members and branches were accused during the era of
463:, passed into law. When the war ended, McNeill turned over leadership of the Race Relations Committee and became chair of the Committee on the Special Problems of Branches. In 1946, she was a delegate to the International WILPF Congress held in
394:
and cooperation, and in some instances did not allow Black women to join WILPF. Her position was not accepted until 1941, when the
Interracial Committees were disbanded and replaced with a national Committee on Minorities and Race Relations.
488:
that limited local autonomy by preventing members suspected or being investigated from holding office. She also served on the
National WILPF's Civil Rights Committee. After applying strong persuasion, the Black committee members, McNeill,
159:
until 1957, when she became an adjunct professor at Howard. During her teaching career, McNeill was the faculty advisor for Dunbar High School's student newspaper, edited several journals for organizations, and contributed articles to
418:. She actively campaigned against conventions being held at hotels that did not allow Black delegates to stay in their facilities. McNeill served as a delegate from the United States to the Ninth International WILPF Congress held in
1724:
2287:
350:, founded the College Alumnae Club, known from April 1923 as the National Association of College Women. That year, McNeill became president of the organization, succeeding Lucy M. Holmes. She was also a member of the
2917:
1645:
518:. She is remembered as an influential member of the peace movement and a leader whose activism linked peace to freedom, as well as economic and civic justice. A chapter on her life is included in the
362:
along with her sorority sisters from Alpha Kappa Alpha and other organizations. As chair of the
Committee on Public Affairs for the National Association of College Women, she formally wrote to the
1728:
2420:
382:. Since 1928, the WILPF had an Interracial Committee, which was tasked with increasing the numbers of elite women of color in the organization and eliminating the early policy of
2277:
1945:
371:
168:
245:
215:, the first school established in the city that could legally educate Black students. After graduating, she moved to Washington, D.C., in 1905, and furthered her education at
312:
and bought him his first camera. McNeill was editor of the journal of the
National Association of College Women, the journal of the U.S. national WILPF section, and also the
434:
to pass anti-lynching laws, but it did not do so. Like many other Black peace activists, McNeill believed in diplomatic intervention as a means of preventing aggression and
2922:
231:, the first Black women's intercollegiate sorority in the United States, which formed in 1908 at Howard, and a charter member of the Howard University Women's Club.
2897:
2887:
2952:
2907:
569:
Although records of the WILPF did not typically identify members by race, women who have been identified as Black and pre-World War II members include McNeill,
456:
1631:
2932:
220:
2957:
459:, on which McNeill served, was formed in 1943. Ultimately, none of the six bills proposed during World War II, which required women to register with the
187:. She also chaired the Committee on Special Problems of Branches, which was responsible for handling accusations against WILPF and its members under
2947:
2927:
2912:
503:
383:
184:
180:
430:, hoping to gain international support in linking peace initiatives with anti-lynching campaigns. The National chapter thereafter pressured the
2942:
1983:
484:
317:
520:
2137:
2110:
1922:
1895:
1872:
1761:
1701:
1676:
261:
156:
443:
2524:
467:, and was elected as second vice president of the U.S. WILPF Section. She was also a delegate to the 1949 International WILPF Congress in
253:
148:
1693:
2937:
2892:
2254:
438:, rather than a neutral stance. WILPF members were divided on the issue, but African Americans felt strongly that the spread of
1557:
351:
358:. Her activism within various organizations often overlapped, as for example when she fought women having to register for the
363:
273:
374:(WILPF) was predominantly an international organization of White women with only about one percent of its membership being
264:. During her tenure as an English and journalism teacher at the school, McNeill continued her education, taking courses at
2031:
355:
2335:
2902:
2344:
2160:
2040:
498:
297:
161:
2637:
2304:
228:
212:
1933:
2102:
1641:
200:
71:
2498:
1782:
1772:
586:
460:
208:
606:
398:
Despite the internal conflicts, McNeill was committed to recruiting new Black members, and in 1938 introduced
339:
1664:
Pioneer
African American Educators in Washington, D.C.: Anna J. Cooper, Mary Church Terrell, and Eva B. Dykes
598:
2789:
2763:
2742:
2737:
2711:
2685:
2659:
2611:
2559:
2477:
2394:
1838:
1833:
1811:
1806:
2472:
2841:
1890:. Carolina Beach, North Carolina: SlapDash Publishing for the 1898 Memorial Foundation. pp. 110β111.
614:
594:
452:
431:
2121:
2096:
1906:
1883:
269:
124:
1687:
2585:
626:
574:
301:
2882:
2877:
2807:
2781:
2755:
2729:
2703:
2677:
2629:
2603:
2577:
2490:
2412:
1851:
1824:
638:
610:
493:
399:
257:
152:
2200:
1786:
1689:
No Peace without Freedom: Race and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915-1975
618:
2846:
2820:
2768:
2716:
2690:
2664:
2642:
2616:
2590:
2564:
2425:
2399:
2326:
2309:
1720:
1636:
602:
590:
578:
556:
550:
489:
387:
379:
347:
335:
276:, where she earned a master's degree in 1950. After retiring from Dunbar in 1957, she taught as an
265:
582:
2382:
2366:
2234:
2172:
2076:
2060:
1995:
1974:
1914:
646:
529:
391:
322:
224:
135:
and earned a teaching certificate there before moving to Washington, D.C., where she studied at
1859:
Greenidge-Copprue, Delano (2011). "Greek Letter Organizations". In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.).
244:
On graduating from Howard in 1908 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, McNeill began working at the
2794:
2540:
2536:
2374:
2358:
2226:
2180:
2164:
2133:
2106:
2068:
2052:
2003:
1987:
1949:
1918:
1891:
1868:
1757:
1697:
1672:
1662:
403:
343:
305:
277:
216:
204:
143:
sorority and the Howard University Women's Club. On graduating in 1908, she briefly taught in
140:
136:
1745:
260:. The first public secondary school for Blacks in Washington, D.C., from 1916 it was renamed
2503:
2451:
2446:
2348:
2218:
2044:
634:
622:
554:
and Plastas give her graduation with her master's degree as 1945, the school reported it to
515:
407:
2214:
1777:
570:
427:
375:
309:
1884:"The History of R. S. Jervay Printers, The Cape Fear Journal and the Wilmington Journal"
2859:
2833:
2516:
2464:
1797:
423:
132:
128:
43:
2815:
1115:
1113:
860:
858:
2871:
2386:
2238:
2080:
2022:
1753:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
654:
419:
415:
176:
709:
707:
705:
642:
630:
439:
359:
17:
2130:
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
521:
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
650:
480:
476:
188:
514:
McNeill died on September 21, 1979, at the Wisconsin Avenue Nursing Home, from
288:
McNeill was the faculty advisor to Dunbar High School's student newspaper, the
2378:
2184:
2125:
2064:
2026:
2007:
1953:
1712:
1668:
525:
468:
464:
2686:"List of Graduates in Various Schools at Catholic University: Master of Arts"
2362:
2230:
2222:
2168:
2072:
2056:
1991:
2282:
2259:
1632:"A Look at Historically Black Colleges and Universities as Howard Turns 150"
249:
144:
2544:
1911:
Organizing Black America: An Encyclopedia of African American Associations
1864:
411:
172:
2176:
2148:
1999:
1969:
1773:"A Woman of Notable Achievement: Susan Ware Helps Shape Women's History"
256:
in 1909, teaching a second-grade class until she was transferred to the
2370:
2205:
435:
524:. This was the fifth volume in the series and was edited by historian
2353:
2330:
2098:
A Band of Noble Women: Racial Politics in the Women's Peace Movement
1970:"Rooted in DC: Depression-Era Photo Documentarian Robert H. McNeill"
179:
and to adopt policies against scheduling meetings and congresses in
2048:
496:, convinced the board to support the Supreme Court decision in the
378:, McNeill joined the organization in 1934, at the invitation of
1441:
1439:
2646:. No. 28194. Washington, D.C. August 25, 1953. p. 19
2122:"McNeill, Bertha Clay: November 12, 1887 β September 21, 1979"
2132:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. pp. 436β437.
1100:
1098:
326:, whose editor at the time was her nephew, Thomas C. Jervay.
807:
280:
of English and reading at Howard University for four years.
2421:"Bertha C. McNeill, 91, Teacher in Washington High Schools"
986:
984:
945:
930:
426:, in 1937. At the Congress, she brought up the case of the
1711:
Cartledge, Connie L.; Barton, Tracey; Bozza, Jake (2022).
1529:
1145:
1143:
2918:
Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people
2199:
Ross-Sheriff, Fariyal; Swigonski, Mary E. (Summer 2006).
1483:
1481:
1387:
1385:
123:(November 12, 1887 β September 21, 1979) was an American
2255:"Dedication of State Marker Reminds Some of School Days"
959:
957:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
320:. From 1964 to 1969, she wrote a regular column for the
308:, son of her brother William, to pursue his interest in
878:
876:
334:
In 1910, McNeill, along with women educators including
167:
One of the few Black activists who were members of the
2331:"History of the High School for Negroes in Washington"
1456:
1454:
471:, Denmark, and at the 1953 Twelfth Congress in Paris.
199:
Bertha Clay McNeill was born on November 12, 1887, in
1577:
2764:"Roosevelt Urged To Ask Mediation in Spanish Strife"
1907:"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"
1834:"League Luncheon Lives Up to Traditional Style Show"
1613:
2481:. Baltimore, Maryland. December 3, 1932. p. 14
2455:. New York, New York. September 30, 1909. p. 1
1888:
Moving Forward Together: A Community Remembers 1898
1807:"College Women's Officers Guests at Week-End Party"
1373:
753:
502:case and to assist with peaceful implementation of
110:
95:
79:
53:
34:
2507:. New York, New York. February 27, 1937. p. 6
1946:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
386:that had caused the loss of early members such as
372:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
169:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
2746:. Baltimore, Maryland. March 19, 1968. p. 13
1403:
1209:
1119:
864:
780:
2798:. Appleton, Wisconsin. June 23, 1958. p. 16
1861:Encyclopedia of African American popular culture
1514:
1499:
1334:
1271:
1002:
822:
792:
713:
300:which was founded by her sister Mary's husband,
139:. During her schooling, she became a member of
410:. She also pushed for WILPF's support of anti-
2790:"Says Personal Element is Key in Peacemaking"
2612:"International League Branch Elects Officers"
1310:
457:Committee to Oppose the Conscription of Women
8:
2620:. Washington, D.C. April 2, 1940. p. 24
2403:. Washington, D.C. June 27, 1950. p. 29
1713:"Robert H. McNeill family papers, 1839-2008"
2850:. Washington, D.C. July 2, 1956. p. 34
2824:. Washington, D.C. March 4, 1960. p. 6
2720:. Washington, D.C. July 26, 1937. p. 9
2712:"Miss Detzer To Speak at Convention Abroad"
2694:. Washington, D.C. June 7, 1950. p. 13
2568:. Washington, D.C. May 28, 1908. p. 20
2313:. No. 245. Washington, D.C. p. D3
1886:. In Bellamy, Rhonda; Cantwell, Si (eds.).
2772:. Washington, D.C. May 3, 1937. p. 21
2668:. Washington, D.C. May 2, 1946. p. 26
2594:. Washington, D.C. May 14, 1927. p. 7
2305:"Don't Voice Regret for Hiroshima Bombing"
2153:Records of the Columbia Historical Society
1934:"The Twelfth International Congress Meets"
1750:Encyclopedia of Women's History in America
42:
31:
27:American activist and educator (1887β1979)
2352:
1543:
1472:
1445:
1430:
1322:
1298:
1286:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1197:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1134:
1104:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
990:
254:District of Columbia Public School System
223:established shortly after the end of the
149:District of Columbia Public School System
849:
768:
2923:20th-century African-American educators
2429:. Washington, D.C. September 24, 1979.
2263:. Wilmington, North Carolina. p. 8
1601:
1589:
1487:
1418:
1391:
1361:
1349:
975:
918:
882:
837:
696:
674:
621:. Black women who joined post-war were
541:
151:. From 1909 to 1916, she taught at the
2447:"Changes in Washington Public Schools"
2310:The Washington Post & Times Herald
1984:Historical Society of Washington, D.C.
1648:from the original on November 11, 2022
1630:Anderson, Monica (February 28, 2017).
1259:
963:
906:
894:
593:, Vera Chandler Foster, Addie Hunton,
485:House Un-American Activities Committee
318:Lincoln Temple United Church of Christ
2898:Catholic University of America alumni
2888:People from Southport, North Carolina
2290:from the original on January 17, 2023
2149:"The M Street High School, 1891-1916"
1832:Garrett, Lula Jones (March 7, 1959).
1805:Garrett, Lula Jones (June 18, 1949).
728:
304:, in 1927. She encouraged her nephew
7:
2953:Schoolteachers from Washington, D.C.
2433:from the original on August 27, 2017
2101:(1st ed.). Syracuse, New York:
1752:(2nd ed.). New York, New York:
1460:
2933:20th-century African-American women
2276:Staton, John (September 24, 2017).
402:, who organized a WILPF branch in
2958:Schoolteachers from North Carolina
2303:Summers, Eileen (August 7, 1957).
2278:"Pages (and Pages) Out of History"
1781:. Concord, New Hampshire. p.
1771:Farrell, Joelle (March 27, 2005).
1694:Southern Illinois University Press
1614:Cartledge, Barton & Bozza 2022
292:. She also wrote articles for the
25:
2908:American women's rights activists
2660:"League for Peace Convenes Today"
2638:"League Delegate Back from Paris"
2253:Rubin, Richard (April 25, 1988).
1968:McNeill, Susan P. (Spring 2022).
1578:Ross-Sheriff & Swigonski 2006
252:, Maryland. She was hired by the
99:
2213:(2). Thousand Oaks, California:
2201:"Women, War, and Peace Building"
1842:. Baltimore, Maryland. p. 9
1815:. Baltimore, Maryland. p. 9
246:Colored High and Training School
2948:Activists from Washington, D.C.
2928:20th-century American educators
2913:American civil rights activists
2473:"College Women Pick Montclaire"
1744:Cullen-DuPont, Kathryn (2000).
1556:Clifford, Carrie (April 1913).
1531:The Appleton Post Crescent 1958
414:legislation and elimination of
352:League for Industrial Democracy
131:, and educator. She grew up in
2842:"WILPF Re-Elects Miss McNeill"
2286:. Wilmington, North Carolina.
455:from such service. A national
364:National Education Association
274:Catholic University of America
1:
2943:Activists from North Carolina
2032:The Journal of Modern History
1932:McNeill, Bertha (June 1953).
1863:. Santa Barbara, California:
147:, before transferring to the
2529:The Howard University Record
2336:The Journal of Negro History
2027:"The Five Stages of Fascism"
809:The Howard University Record
316:, a church newspaper of the
2395:"2 D. C. Women Are Elected"
2345:University of Chicago Press
2161:Columbia Historical Society
2147:Robinson, Henry S. (1984).
2041:University of Chicago Press
947:The Baltimore Afro-American
932:The Baltimore Afro-American
499:Brown v. Board of Education
162:African-American newspapers
2974:
2560:"Hanly Talks to Graduates"
2128:; Braukman, Stacy (eds.).
1944:(2). Media, Pennsylvania:
1909:. In Mjagkij, Nina (ed.).
1882:Jervay, Thomas C. (2008).
483:and investigations by the
356:Women's Trade Union League
298:African-American newspaper
229:Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
213:Wilmington, North Carolina
183:while actively supporting
2525:"Graduates Become Useful"
2120:Plastas, Melinda (2004).
2103:Syracuse University Press
2095:Plastas, Melinda (2011).
1686:Blackwell, Joyce (2004).
1642:The Pew Charitable Trusts
201:Southport, North Carolina
72:Southport, North Carolina
41:
2938:American women activists
2893:Howard University alumni
2343:(3). Chicago, Illinois:
2223:10.1177/0886109905285787
2039:(1). Chicago, Illinois:
1905:Lutz, Christine (2001).
1692:. Carbondale, Illinois:
607:Sadie Daniels St. Claire
461:Selective Service System
209:Gregory Normal Institute
195:Early life and education
2743:Baltimore Afro-American
2535:(4). Washington, D.C.:
2478:Baltimore Afro-American
1982:(1). Washington, D.C.:
1839:Baltimore Afro-American
1812:Baltimore Afro-American
1661:Bacher, Marina (2018).
1558:"The Suffrage Paraders"
637:, Erna Prather Harris,
613:, Mary Church Terrell,
599:Thelma Edwards Marshall
453:conscientious objectors
2795:Appleton Post Crescent
1913:. New York, New York:
1746:"Austin-Wadworth Bill"
1211:The Evening Star 1937b
781:Greenidge-Copprue 2011
657:, and Bessie McLaurin.
432:United States Congress
284:Journalism (1916β1969)
227:. She was a member of
90:Washington, D.C., U.S.
2539:: 16. November 1908.
1948:, U.S. Section: 3β4.
479:of being communists.
330:Activism (1910β1960s)
270:University of Chicago
181:segregated facilities
125:civil rights activist
2808:Newspaperarchive.com
2782:Newspaperarchive.com
2756:Newspaperarchive.com
2730:Newspaperarchive.com
2704:Newspaperarchive.com
2678:Newspaperarchive.com
2630:Newspaperarchive.com
2604:Newspaperarchive.com
2586:"Henry McNeill Dies"
2578:Newspaperarchive.com
2491:Newspaperarchive.com
2413:Newspaperarchive.com
2327:Terrell, Mary Church
2159:. Washington, D.C.:
1917:. pp. 701β703.
1867:. pp. 622β625.
1852:Newspaperarchive.com
1825:Newspaperarchive.com
1719:. Washington, D.C.:
1667:. MΓΌnster, Germany:
1640:. Washington, D.C.:
639:Sadie Sawyer Hughley
609:, Lucy Diggs Slowe,
504:school desegregation
400:Vera Chandler Foster
258:M Street High School
240:Teaching (1908β1961)
207:Bertha attended the
185:school desegregation
153:M Street High School
2738:"Pleasant Lady Met"
2643:The Washington Post
2426:The Washington Post
1721:Library of Congress
1637:Pew Research Center
1592:, pp. 436β437.
1448:, pp. 159β160.
1433:, pp. 157β158.
1375:The Washington Post
1200:, pp. 54, 101.
1056:, pp. 6β7, 41.
921:, pp. 7, 9β10.
755:The Washington Post
603:Vivian Carter Mason
591:Alice Dunbar-Nelson
551:The Washington Post
490:Erna Prather Harris
388:Mary Church Terrell
380:Addie Waites Hunton
348:Mary Church Terrell
266:Columbia University
121:Bertha Clay McNeill
58:Bertha Clay McNeill
18:Bertha Clay McNeill
2903:American pacifists
2499:"Educators Offend"
1975:Washington History
1915:Garland Publishing
1756:. pp. 18β19.
1604:, pp. B1, B6.
1311:Cullen-DuPont 2000
1289:, pp. 80, 85.
1164:, pp. 49, 51.
647:Coretta Scott King
532:Peace Collection.
530:Swarthmore College
392:racial integration
323:Wilmington Journal
262:Dunbar High School
225:American Civil War
157:Dunbar High School
83:September 21, 1979
2537:Howard University
2139:978-0-674-01488-6
2112:978-0-8156-3257-3
2023:Paxton, Robert O.
1924:978-0-8153-2309-9
1897:978-0-9792431-5-8
1874:978-0-313-35797-8
1763:978-1-4381-1033-2
1703:978-0-8093-2564-1
1678:978-3-643-90945-9
1565:www.marxists.org/
1313:, pp. 18β19.
1107:, pp. 76β77.
1080:, pp. 67β69.
1044:, pp. 6, 53.
404:Tuskegee, Alabama
344:Georgiana Simpson
306:Robert H. McNeill
294:Cape Fear Journal
278:adjunct professor
217:Howard University
205:Washington, D. C.
141:Alpha Kappa Alpha
137:Howard University
118:
117:
111:Years active
68:November 12, 1887
16:(Redirected from
2965:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2847:The Evening Star
2837:
2831:
2829:
2821:The Evening Star
2811:
2805:
2803:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2769:The Evening Star
2759:
2753:
2751:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2717:The Evening Star
2707:
2701:
2699:
2691:The Evening Star
2681:
2675:
2673:
2665:The Evening Star
2655:
2653:
2651:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2617:The Evening Star
2607:
2601:
2599:
2591:The Evening Star
2581:
2575:
2573:
2565:The Evening Star
2555:
2553:
2551:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2504:The New York Age
2494:
2488:
2486:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2452:The New York Age
2442:
2440:
2438:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2400:The Evening Star
2390:
2356:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2143:
2116:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1928:
1901:
1878:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1767:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1707:
1682:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1516:The Evening Star
1512:
1506:
1501:The Evening Star
1497:
1491:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1405:The Evening Star
1401:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1336:The Evening Star
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:The Evening Star
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1121:The Evening Star
1117:
1108:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1004:The New York Age
1000:
994:
988:
979:
973:
967:
961:
952:
943:
937:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
871:
866:The Evening Star
862:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
824:The New York Age
820:
814:
805:
799:
794:The Evening Star
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
751:
732:
726:
720:
715:The Evening Star
711:
700:
694:
658:
635:Fannie Lou Hamer
627:Virginia Collins
623:Shirley Chisholm
595:Flemmie Kittrell
575:Charlotte Atwood
567:
561:
557:The Evening Star
546:
516:arteriosclerosis
510:Death and legacy
408:Lucy Diggs Slowe
314:Lincoln Reporter
302:Robert S. Jervay
155:, thereafter at
86:
67:
65:
46:
32:
21:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2853:
2851:
2840:
2827:
2825:
2814:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2775:
2773:
2762:
2749:
2747:
2736:
2723:
2721:
2710:
2697:
2695:
2684:
2671:
2669:
2658:
2649:
2647:
2636:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2597:
2595:
2584:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2523:
2510:
2508:
2497:
2484:
2482:
2471:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2406:
2404:
2393:
2354:10.2307/2713767
2325:
2316:
2314:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2215:SAGE Publishing
2198:
2189:
2187:
2146:
2140:
2119:
2113:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2021:
2012:
2010:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1931:
1925:
1904:
1898:
1881:
1875:
1858:
1845:
1843:
1831:
1818:
1816:
1804:
1791:
1789:
1778:Concord Monitor
1770:
1764:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1710:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1383:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1001:
997:
989:
982:
974:
970:
962:
955:
944:
940:
929:
925:
917:
913:
905:
901:
893:
889:
881:
874:
863:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
821:
817:
806:
802:
791:
787:
779:
775:
767:
763:
752:
735:
727:
723:
712:
703:
695:
676:
672:
667:
662:
661:
587:Addie Dickerson
571:Marian Anderson
568:
564:
547:
543:
538:
512:
494:Bessie McLaurin
428:Scottsboro Boys
332:
310:photojournalism
286:
242:
237:
197:
91:
88:
84:
75:
69:
63:
61:
60:
59:
49:
48:McNeill in 1948
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:Newspapers.com
2838:
2834:Newspapers.com
2812:
2786:
2760:
2734:
2708:
2682:
2656:
2634:
2608:
2582:
2556:
2521:
2517:Newspapers.com
2495:
2469:
2465:Newspapers.com
2443:
2417:
2391:
2323:
2300:
2273:
2250:
2196:
2144:
2138:
2117:
2111:
2092:
2065:10.1086/235001
2049:10.1086/235001
2025:(March 1998).
2019:
1965:
1929:
1923:
1902:
1896:
1879:
1873:
1856:
1829:
1802:
1798:Newspapers.com
1768:
1762:
1741:
1729:Bertha McNeill
1725:McNeill Family
1708:
1702:
1683:
1677:
1658:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1580:, p. 131.
1570:
1548:
1546:, p. 172.
1544:Blackwell 2004
1536:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1490:, p. 236.
1477:
1475:, p. 162.
1473:Blackwell 2004
1465:
1463:, p. 703.
1450:
1446:Blackwell 2004
1435:
1431:Blackwell 2004
1423:
1411:
1396:
1394:, p. 437.
1381:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1327:
1325:, p. 144.
1323:Blackwell 2004
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 105.
1299:Blackwell 2004
1291:
1287:Blackwell 2004
1279:
1264:
1252:
1250:, p. 136.
1248:Blackwell 2004
1240:
1238:, p. 102.
1236:Blackwell 2004
1228:
1226:, p. 101.
1224:Blackwell 2004
1216:
1202:
1198:Blackwell 2004
1190:
1186:Blackwell 2004
1178:
1174:Blackwell 2004
1166:
1162:Blackwell 2004
1154:
1150:Blackwell 2004
1139:
1135:Blackwell 2004
1127:
1109:
1105:Blackwell 2004
1094:
1090:Blackwell 2004
1082:
1078:Blackwell 2004
1070:
1066:Blackwell 2004
1058:
1054:Blackwell 2004
1046:
1042:Blackwell 2004
1034:
1032:, p. 108.
1030:Blackwell 2004
1022:
1020:, p. 107.
1018:Blackwell 2004
1010:
995:
993:, p. 106.
991:Blackwell 2004
980:
978:, p. 234.
968:
966:, p. 172.
953:
938:
923:
911:
899:
897:, p. 110.
887:
872:
854:
852:, p. 120.
842:
840:, p. 253.
830:
815:
800:
785:
783:, p. 623.
773:
761:
733:
721:
701:
699:, p. 436.
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:
619:Mayme Williams
562:
548:Although both
540:
539:
537:
534:
511:
508:
424:Czechoslovakia
376:women of color
331:
328:
290:Dunbar Advisor
285:
282:
241:
238:
236:
233:
221:Black colleges
196:
193:
133:North Carolina
129:peace activist
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
102:
97:
93:
92:
89:
87:(aged 91)
81:
77:
76:
70:
57:
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
36:Bertha McNeill
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2970:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:(July 1917).
2328:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1754:Facts On File
1751:
1747:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1534:, p. 16.
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1505:, p. 34.
1504:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1421:, p. D3.
1420:
1415:
1412:
1409:, p. 29.
1408:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:, p. 19.
1378:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1340:, p. 26.
1339:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1277:, p. 24.
1276:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1262:, p. 20.
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:, p. 97.
1187:
1182:
1179:
1176:, p. 80.
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:, p. 54.
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:, p. 82.
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:, p. 21.
1124:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:, p. 74.
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
999:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
969:
965:
960:
958:
954:
951:, p. 13.
950:
948:
942:
939:
936:, p. 14.
935:
933:
927:
924:
920:
915:
912:
908:
903:
900:
896:
891:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
870:, p. 13.
869:
867:
861:
859:
855:
851:
850:Robinson 1984
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
827:
825:
819:
816:
813:, p. 16.
812:
810:
804:
801:
798:, p. 20.
797:
795:
789:
786:
782:
777:
774:
770:
769:Anderson 2017
765:
762:
758:
756:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
716:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
669:
664:
656:
655:Enola Maxwell
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Thelma Carter
576:
572:
566:
563:
559:
558:
553:
552:
545:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
509:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Jim Crow laws
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:Although the
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Mary Cromwell
337:
336:Sara W. Brown
329:
327:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
234:
232:
230:
226:
222:
219:, one of the
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Jim Crow laws
174:
170:
165:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
103:
100:
98:
94:
82:
78:
73:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2858:– via
2852:. Retrieved
2845:
2832:– via
2826:. Retrieved
2819:
2816:"(untitled)"
2806:– via
2800:. Retrieved
2793:
2780:– via
2774:. Retrieved
2767:
2754:– via
2748:. Retrieved
2741:
2728:– via
2722:. Retrieved
2715:
2702:– via
2696:. Retrieved
2689:
2676:– via
2670:. Retrieved
2663:
2648:. Retrieved
2641:
2628:– via
2622:. Retrieved
2615:
2602:– via
2596:. Retrieved
2589:
2576:– via
2570:. Retrieved
2563:
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1717:Finding Aids
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1635:
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1609:
1602:Farrell 2005
1597:
1590:Plastas 2004
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1468:
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1419:Summers 1957
1414:
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1362:McNeill 1953
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1350:Garrett 1949
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883:Garrett 1959
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631:Angela Davis
611:Mary Talbert
583:Helen Curtis
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2878:1887 births
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2828:January 25,
2802:January 25,
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2698:January 17,
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2550:January 13,
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2437:January 13,
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2244:January 25,
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2190:January 17,
2163:: 119β143.
2126:Ware, Susan
2086:January 24,
2013:January 17,
1959:January 25,
1938:Four Lights
1846:January 13,
1819:January 25,
1792:January 25,
1735:January 25,
1723:. pp.
1652:January 13,
1260:Paxton 1998
964:Bacher 2018
907:Staton 2017
895:Jervay 2008
651:Eartha Kitt
615:Mary Waring
481:Red-baiting
477:McCarthyism
444:East Africa
384:segregation
189:McCarthyism
96:Occupations
2872:Categories
2379:5545553944
2185:5544036080
2008:9494406962
1954:1248106116
1731:. MSS85979
1669:LIT Verlag
729:Rubin 1988
665:References
526:Susan Ware
469:Copenhagen
465:Luxembourg
420:LuhaΔovice
272:, and the
114:1908β1970s
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2363:0022-2992
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2260:Star-News
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2169:0897-9049
2081:143862302
2073:204428765
2057:0022-2801
1992:1042-9719
1461:Lutz 2001
670:Citations
250:Baltimore
145:Baltimore
2431:Archived
2288:Archived
2177:40067848
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2000:48662452
1986:: 6β26.
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560:in 1950.
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