315:
329:
377:
341:
19:
389:
27:
401:
210:
365:
218:
353:
202:
173:
explicitly states that Christ the judge is recognised by the beasts of the desert, a reference to Jesus' temptation in the desert in Mark 1:13. In the space between the top two panels is a runic inscription that reads +GESSUS KRISTTUS. Below the arched panel of Christ is a square panel comprising the
99:
The dating of both remains controversial, though Éamonn Ó Carragaáin, writing in 2007, says that "although there is lively discussion about the dates of these monuments, there is a growing consensus that both are to be dated to the first half of the eighth century: as it were, to the “Age of Bede”
259:
The main runic inscription is located as the second panel from the bottom of the four panels on the west face. A few words on it remain legible, but most of the inscription is now indecipherable because of weathering. Several attempts have been made to interpret them. One such reads it as:
164:
Christ is being lifted up on the heads to two identical creatures, raising his right hand in an act of blessing while holding the scroll of life (Rev 5) in his left. This panel is to be understood as Christ the Judge recognised by the beasts. Some have interpreted it as a triumphant
147:
The west face, which is the one that greets the visitor on entering the churchyard, comprises four panels. Two are arched, and two are square. Three have figures while one comprises runes. The arches and squares alternate down the panel: at the top is a square panel depicting
103:
There have been suggestions that neither cross was originally a single piece of stone completed in one phase of work, and both have been proposed as the earlier. The theory that the cross is probably the work of the team of masons and sculptors brought in by
96:, though the inscriptions are simpler, and seem to have a memorial function; together they are the largest and most elaborately decorated Anglo-Saxon crosses to have survived mostly intact, and they are generally discussed together.
314:
144:. The north, west, and south sides of the cross feature runic inscriptions. Only the west face depicts human figures: the other three faces comprise panels of interlacing knotwork, vinescroll, and chequer-work.
328:
174:
runic inscription discussed further below. At the bottom of the west face, below the panel of runes, is a much-discussed figure of a falconer in an arched panel, who is possibly
376:
951:
986:
340:
522:
956:
229:
is definitely decipherable on the cross. This inscription is on the north face, in the band between the first and second panels (from the bottom).
760:
981:
737:
268:"This slender pillar Hwætred, Wæthgar, and Alwfwold set up in memory of Alcfrith, a king and son of Oswiu. Pray for their sins, their souls".
902:
662:
576:
400:
388:
976:
971:
613:
996:
961:
18:
364:
352:
265:"thissig be(a)cn thun set(t)on hwa(e)tred waethgar alwfwolthu aft alcfrithu ean kuining eac oswiuing gebid heo sinna sawhula"
320:
166:
303:
near
Carlisle. The Wreay cross differs in style and detail from the original and has been described as a "reinvention".
161:
62:. The head of the cross is missing but the remains are 14.5 feet (4.4 metres) high, and almost square in section 22 by
966:
296:
941:
421:
113:
841:
827:
776:
624:
946:
546:
655:
888:
293:
273:
175:
26:
244:
The north side may also contain runes that are barely decipherable above the fifth panel, but may refer to
807:
991:
156:) in his left arm and pointing to it with his right hand. Below this is an arched panel in which, as at
233:
was a wife of
Aldfrith but this was a common name at the time and might not refer to Aldfrith's wife.
817:
732:
277:
836:
648:
209:
812:
245:
234:
292:
A replica of the cross, including a guess at the missing part, is in the churchyard of the neo-
217:
169:(i.e.vanquishing Satan), however the Latin inscription below the almost identical panel on the
781:
765:
755:
609:
281:
186:
39:
822:
727:
717:
591:
581:
149:
81:
796:
722:
679:
630:
427:
249:
137:
120:
is still supported by the
Bewcastle website; this reflects the dating of scholars such as
105:
569:
Christian
Inculturation in Eighth-Century Northumbria: The Bewcastle and Ruthwell Crosses
136:
divided into panels depicting figures (west side only), animals, chequers, vine scrolls,
42:
which is still in its original position within the churchyard of St
Cuthbert's church at
857:
791:
712:
702:
601:
432:
170:
157:
121:
93:
77:
59:
627:
Bewcastle information page; ‘The
Bewcastle Falconer-Evangelist’, JBAA 161 (2008), 1–23
935:
870:
831:
771:
692:
560:
551:
865:
747:
697:
417:
238:
221:
Bewcastle Cross, west face (the copy is neither complete, nor entirely accurate)
117:
76:
inches (56 cm × 54 cm) at the base. The crosses of
Bewcastle and
786:
707:
671:
201:
54:. The cross, which probably dates from the 7th or early 8th century, features
917:
904:
625:
https://web.archive.org/web/20150718095031/http://www.bewcastle.com/cross.htm
189:, "is by far the earliest English sundial to survive", divided into the four
802:
190:
153:
109:
43:
606:
Selected Papers, volume 3, Late
Antique, Early Christian and Mediaeval Art
880:
584:(1960) "William Nicolson, F.R.S., and the Runes of the Bewcastle Cross",
230:
141:
51:
47:
178:
with his eagle in an unusual depiction, possibly misunderstood from a
253:
133:
55:
552:
Some
Accounts of the Bewcastle Cross Between the Years 1607 and 1861
84:
as "the greatest achievement of their date in the whole of Europe".
424:, with Bewcastle and Ruthwell the best preserved Northumbrian cross
533:
Matthews, S. 2007. Sarah Losh and Wreay Church; Bookcase, Carlisle
494:
Lethaby, W.R. (April 1913). "THE BEWCASTLE AND RUTHWELL CROSSES".
300:
216:
208:
200:
179:
132:
Each of the four sides of the cross is intricately decorated with
25:
17:
847:
635:
Anglo-Saxon Art: From The
Seventh Century To The Norman Conquest
644:
640:
116:, then one of the leading centres of culture in the Kingdom of
575:
Magazine, Vol 4, Autumn 2007, Yale Institute of Sacred Music,
100:(who died in 735) or to the generation after his death".
205:
The four faces of the cross: north, south, east and west
596:
The buildings of England – Cumberland and Westmorland
879:
856:
746:
678:
459:
457:
193:that governed the working day in medieval times.
586:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
213:Bewcastle Cross, plate of runes on the west face
30:Bewcastle: the south and east faces of the cross
561:The Date of the Ruthwell and Bewcastle Crosses
656:
637:, Thames and Hudson (US edn. Overlook Press).
92:The cross is similar in many respects to the
8:
618:The Religious Meaning of the Ruthwell Cross
225:Scholars have contended that only the name
663:
649:
641:
382:Bewcastle church and cross from the west
496:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
444:
358:Bewcastle Cross - east and north faces
346:Bewcastle cross south perspective view
310:
282:Alhfrith (also Alchfrith or Ealhfrith)
608:, 1980, Chatto & Windus, London,
284:, who ascended to the throne in 670.
7:
489:
487:
952:Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England
80:have been described by the scholar
987:Monuments and memorials in Cumbria
577:online text, with many photographs
14:
558:Cook, Albert Stanburrough (1912)
248:, among others, who was a son of
399:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
313:
182:model of John with an oil-lamp.
957:Archaeological sites in Cumbria
502:(121): 43–49 – via JSTOR.
451:Nikolaus Pevsner – introduction
406:Enhanced view of the north face
761:Ballymore Eustace High Crosses
185:The sundial on its surface, a
1:
982:Monumental crosses in England
321:Christ treading on the beasts
167:Christ treading on the beasts
108:from the 670s to expand the
472:Ó Carragaáin, screens 1, 3.
370:Bewcastle cross and church
334:The falconer/St John figure
22:Bewcastle cross – west face
1013:
422:Victoria and Albert Museum
114:Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey
777:Cloonshanville High Cross
547:Cook, Albert Stanburrough
152:holding the Lamb of God (
977:8th-century inscriptions
972:7th-century inscriptions
564:. Yale University Press.
58:and inscriptions in the
997:John the Baptist in art
962:High crosses in England
463:Ó Carragaáin, screen 1.
241:, and died around 664.
176:St. John the Evangelist
828:Muiredach's High Cross
808:Kilkieran High Crosses
567:Ó Carragaáin, Éamonn,
272:possibly referring to
270:
222:
214:
206:
31:
23:
588:, 14, pp. 184–90
262:
220:
212:
204:
29:
21:
918:55.06361°N 2.68194°W
889:King Doniert's Stone
818:Killamery High Cross
733:Wolverhampton Pillar
555:H. Holt and Company.
394:North and west faces
140:knots, as well as a
914: /
967:Runic inscriptions
923:55.06361; -2.68194
813:Killaloe Cathedral
223:
215:
207:
197:Runic inscriptions
32:
24:
942:Anglo-Saxon runes
897:
896:
782:Emlagh High Cross
766:Bealin High Cross
756:Ardboe High Cross
623:Thomson, David, [
592:Pevsner, Nikolaus
523:Wikimedia Commons
187:canonical sundial
40:Anglo-Saxon cross
1004:
929:
928:
926:
925:
924:
919:
915:
912:
911:
910:
907:
842:St. Tola's Cross
837:St. Mark's Cross
823:Moone High Cross
728:Stapleford Cross
718:Sandbach Crosses
665:
658:
651:
642:
631:Wilson, David M.
598:. Penguin Books.
582:Page, Raymond I.
534:
531:
525:
521:For images, see
519:
513:
510:
504:
503:
491:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
461:
452:
449:
403:
391:
379:
367:
355:
343:
331:
317:
297:St Mary's Church
150:John the Baptist
82:Nikolaus Pevsner
75:
74:
70:
67:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
1001:
947:Anglo-Saxon art
932:
931:
922:
920:
916:
913:
908:
905:
903:
901:
900:
898:
893:
875:
852:
797:Kildalton Cross
742:
723:Sheffield Cross
688:Bewcastle Cross
674:
669:
602:Schapiro, Meyer
543:
538:
537:
532:
528:
520:
516:
511:
507:
493:
492:
485:
480:
476:
471:
467:
462:
455:
450:
446:
441:
428:Anglo-Saxon art
414:
407:
404:
395:
392:
383:
380:
371:
368:
359:
356:
347:
344:
335:
332:
323:
318:
309:
290:
280:and brother of
267:
199:
130:
106:Benedict Biscop
90:
72:
68:
65:
63:
36:Bewcastle Cross
12:
11:
5:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
934:
933:
895:
894:
892:
891:
885:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
862:
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
844:
839:
834:
830:and others at
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
799:
794:
792:Abbey of Kells
789:
784:
779:
774:
768:
763:
758:
752:
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
713:Ruthwell Cross
710:
705:
703:Gosforth Cross
700:
695:
690:
684:
682:
676:
675:
670:
668:
667:
660:
653:
645:
639:
638:
628:
621:
599:
589:
579:
565:
556:
549:, ed. (1914).
542:
539:
536:
535:
526:
514:
505:
483:
474:
465:
453:
443:
442:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:Gosforth Cross
430:
425:
413:
410:
409:
408:
405:
398:
396:
393:
386:
384:
381:
374:
372:
369:
362:
360:
357:
350:
348:
345:
338:
336:
333:
326:
324:
319:
312:
308:
305:
289:
286:
252:, and king of
198:
195:
171:Ruthwell Cross
129:
126:
122:Meyer Schapiro
94:Ruthwell Cross
89:
86:
60:runic alphabet
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1009:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
930:
927:
890:
887:
886:
884:
882:
878:
872:
871:Dupplin Cross
869:
867:
864:
863:
861:
859:
855:
849:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:Monasterboice
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
749:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
685:
683:
681:
677:
673:
666:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
646:
643:
636:
632:
629:
626:
622:
620:(1944), etc.)
619:
615:
614:0-7011-2514-4
611:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:
562:
557:
554:
553:
548:
545:
544:
540:
530:
527:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
501:
497:
490:
488:
484:
478:
475:
469:
466:
460:
458:
454:
448:
445:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
423:
419:
416:
415:
411:
402:
397:
390:
385:
378:
373:
366:
361:
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
322:
316:
311:
306:
304:
302:
298:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
269:
266:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
219:
211:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
145:
143:
139:
135:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
97:
95:
87:
85:
83:
79:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
20:
16:
992:Jesus in art
899:
772:Clonmacnoise
738:Halton Cross
693:Crowle Stone
687:
672:High crosses
634:
617:
605:
595:
585:
572:
568:
559:
550:
529:
517:
508:
499:
495:
477:
468:
447:
291:
271:
264:
263:
258:
243:
237:was king of
226:
224:
184:
146:
131:
102:
98:
91:
35:
33:
15:
921: /
866:Camus Cross
846:several at
801:several at
770:several at
698:Easby Cross
680:Anglo-Saxon
418:Easby Cross
239:Northumbria
118:Northumbria
936:Categories
906:55°03′49″N
787:Iona Abbey
708:Legs Cross
616:(includes
573:Colloquium
541:References
294:Romanesque
50:county of
909:2°40′55″W
803:Kilfenora
276:, son of
227:Cynnburug
162:nimbussed
154:Agnus Dei
138:interlace
110:monastery
46:, in the
44:Bewcastle
633:(1984).
512:Thompson
412:See also
235:Alfredir
231:Cyneburh
158:Ruthwell
78:Ruthwell
881:Cornish
858:Pictish
594:(1967)
481:Thomson
420:in the
307:Gallery
288:Replica
246:Wulfere
191:'tides'
142:sundial
134:reliefs
128:Reliefs
71:⁄
56:reliefs
52:Cumbria
48:English
612:
274:Egfrid
254:Mercia
180:Syrian
38:is an
748:Irish
439:Notes
301:Wreay
250:Penda
848:Tuam
610:ISBN
278:Oswy
160:, a
88:Date
34:The
299:at
112:of
938::
604:,
571:,
500:23
498:.
486:^
456:^
256:.
124:.
64:21
664:e
657:t
650:v
73:4
69:1
66:+
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
