1143:
805:
901:
985:
379:
965:
693:
929:
1031:
1093:
673:
821:
713:
765:
555:
1073:
206:
870:
653:
567:
1162:
504:
949:
841:
1128:
49:
1109:
430:, but many have a circular hole which is used to hold a more easily replaced or adjusted wooden gnomon. These gnomons were perpendicular to the wall and cast a shadow upon the dial, a semicircle divided into a number of equal sectors. Most dials have supplementary lines marking the other 8 daytime hours, but are characterized by their noting the canonical hours particularly. The lines for the canonical hours may be longer or marked with a dot or cross. The divisions are seldom numbered.
729:
745:
605:
516:
1012:
785:
40:
1051:
631:
619:
191:
1142:
327:
The need for these monastic communities and others to organize their times of prayer prompted the establishment of tide dials built into the walls of churches. They began to be used in
England in the late 7th century and spread from there across continental Europe through copies of
597:
has four principal divisions marked by five crossed lines, subdivided by single lines. One marking ¼ of the way between sunrise and noon is an incised cross that would indicate about 9 am at midwinter and 6 am at midsummer. It was dedicated to a "Hawarth".
433:
Dials often have holes along the circumference of their semicircle. As additional gnomons were needless and these holes are often quite shallow, T.W. Cole suggests they were used as markers to quickly and easily reconstruct the tide dials following a fresh
900:
1030:
804:
984:
964:
928:
692:
764:
820:
672:
1671:
485:. On one side of the dial, there is a vertical line which touches the semicircular border at the second afternoon hour. This may be an accident, but the same kind of line is found on the dial in the crypt of
1072:
1092:
652:
1161:
869:
712:
948:
554:
1210:, but in the shorter summer months required curtailment of the vigil service so that lauds could then begin after only a brief interval to permit the monks to visit the
1108:
473:. It is carved on the south face of a Celtic cross at some height from the ground and is divided by five principal lines into four tides. Two of these lines, those for 9
840:
423:. In an abbey or large monastery, dials were carefully carved into the stonen walls, while in rural churches they were very often just scratched onto the wall.
378:
1127:
744:
515:
1050:
1807:
1647:
784:
728:
249:
are mentioned attending afternoon prayers. Christian communities initially followed numerous local traditions with regard to prayer, but
1694:
1660:
566:
1627:
1597:
503:
610:
590:
1746:
356:
and the canonical sundials lost their utility, except in small rural churches, where they remained in use until the 16th century.
1770:
348:– were constructed as independent statues rather than built into the walls of the churches. From the 14th century onwards, the
1011:
1168:
239:
205:
604:
489:
Church, where it marks a later hour of the day. The sundial may have been used for calculating the date of the spring
1198:
It began at about the 8th hour of night (⅔ of the way between sunset and sunrise) which in the longer nights between
341:
158:
1776:
630:
477:
am and noon, are crossed at the point. The four spaces are further subdivided so as to give the twelve daylight
1539:
1056:
880:
663:
337:
66:
316:
before retiring in complete silence. Monks were called to these hours by their abbot or by the ringing of the
990:
548:, now has a reconstructed tide dial. The 9th-century tide dial gives the name of its sculptor and a priest.
1331:
262:
1786:
1298:
166:
1781:
1831:
1099:
618:
345:
217:
1725:
1149:
1083:
755:
412:
333:
162:
359:
There are more than 3,000 surviving tide dials in
England and at least 1,500 in France, mainly in
372:
266:
223:
48:
1223:
1836:
1826:
1690:
1656:
1623:
1593:
1153:
537:
532:
1619:
1018:
884:
541:
420:
383:
915:
594:
462:
452:
305:
293:
277:
258:
242:
154:
123:. There are more than 3,000 surviving tide dials in England and at least 1,500 in France.
104:
78:
1811:
1797:
1134:
1119:
795:
791:
391:
329:
246:
1820:
254:
227:
1041:
975:
876:
863:("Mass dials") used to determine times for prayer and Mass during the same period:
482:
199:
58:
39:
1679:, Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History, Vol. 23, Pt. 2, pp. 148–154
1454:
176:
1613:
17:
1801:
1791:
1348:
998:
847:
415:, the tide dials were often carved vertically onto the south side of the church
408:
317:
250:
136:
70:
1549:
115:. Such sundials were particularly common between the 7th and 14th centuries in
1211:
1199:
827:
703:
545:
235:
190:
143:
28:
1420:
1402:
1384:
1366:
1318:
994:
955:
907:
771:
466:
435:
395:
349:
231:
195:
939:
486:
368:
364:
360:
313:
112:
1214:. Sunday services being longer, they necessarily began somewhat earlier.
1115:
860:
490:
470:
458:
416:
309:
100:
74:
1434:
1203:
935:
911:
775:
735:
719:
683:
494:
427:
285:
281:
116:
1543:
172:
gradually replaced it. The actual Old
English name for sundials was
1529:"Bilberries and Tickled Trout: Reflections on the Bewcastle Cross".
27:
For devices indicating the current state of local ocean tides, see
1207:
1064:
1060:
1022:
377:
353:
321:
297:
289:
120:
478:
301:
174:
150:
141:
108:
646:
Proper tide dials prominently displaying the canonical hours:
521:
Its four faces, with the tide dial on the second from the left
1458:
1206:
allowed time for study before beginning the dawn office of
810:
The tide dial at St Beuno's in
Clynnog Fawr, Wales (10–11th
340:. Within England, tide dials fell out of favour after the
320:, with the time between services organised in reading the
1771:
Exhaustive treatment of Mass dials in the
Gironde, France
1438:
324:
or other religious texts, in manual labour, or in sleep.
119:, at which point they began to be replaced by mechanical
194:
The tide dial at St
Michael & All Saints' Church in
1226:
gives a list of 1300 English churches with tide dials.
344:. By the 13th century, some tide dials – like that at
1730:, Baltimore: Modern Language Association of America
1708:, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
1487:Schneider, Denis (2014), "Les Cadrans Canoniaux",
1687:Time Addendum to Mass Dials on Yorkshire Churches
352:and other large churches began to use mechanical
1618:, Milan: Touring Club of Italy, 2001, p.
1133:A sundial at the Istanbul Museum marked with
8:
1716:Scratch Dials: Their Description and History
465:in the church graveyard of St Cuthbert's in
1689:, BSS Monographs, British Sundial Society,
1590:Ancient Britain: Land of Mystery and Legend
954:Two sundials on a buttress at St Mary's in
544:, supposedly founded in the 5th century by
373:pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela
107:rather than or in addition to the standard
1748:Primitive Sundials on West Sussex Churches
1740:, London: Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co.
1036:Sundial preserved amid a newer wall at SS
770:The medieval tide dial at the church in
586:
461:tide dial is on the 7th- or 8th-century
438:of the church walls with chalk or lime.
204:
189:
1243:
1191:
1098:The sundial on the monastery church at
865:
648:
600:
550:
499:
280:adopted by Benedict and imposed by the
1649:Origin and Use of Church Scratch-Dials
1588:Dackett, Eliza; Julia Skinner (2006),
1309:
1307:
1274:
253:compelled his subjects to follow the
7:
1575:
1563:
1518:Bewcastle: A Brief Historical Sketch
1505:
1474:
1286:
1262:
1250:
1787:Tide dials decoded by P.T.J. Rumley
1167:The sundial on the church patio at
970:Sundial with half-hour marks at St
273:upon their religious communities.
77:, with larger crosses marking the
25:
906:The mosque sundial at the former
826:Tide dial of the Saxon Church in
1756:Sussex Archeological Collections
1655:, London: Ed. Murray & Co.,
1160:
1141:
1126:
1107:
1091:
1071:
1049:
1029:
1010:
983:
963:
947:
927:
899:
868:
839:
819:
803:
783:
763:
743:
727:
711:
691:
671:
651:
629:
617:
603:
565:
560:The pillar bearing the tide dial
553:
514:
502:
390:Mary & Lawrence's Church in
234:in particular mentions praising
47:
38:
1714:Horne, Abbot Ethelbert (1929),
371:, and at monasteries along the
288:in the wee hours of the night,
1777:Tide dials in Touraine, France
1724:Tupper, Frederick Jr. (1895),
591:St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale
426:Some tide dials have a stonen
1:
1792:Tide dials in Sussex, Britain
1704:Green, Arthur Robert (1926),
1592:, Francis Frith, p. 93,
1545:Department of the Environment
1435:"Tide, Mass or Scratch Dials"
888:
846:A tide dial on the church at
296:at the 1st hour of sunlight,
210:
1745:Whitley, H. Michell (1919),
1706:Incised Dials or Mass-Clocks
1114:A sundial at St Marien's in
61:tide dial on the porch of St
1758:, Vol. 60, pp. 126–140
734:Tide dial of the church in
718:Tide dial of Notre Dame in
702:Andrew's at Hempstead near
238:seven times a day, and the
1853:
1782:Tide dials in Tarn, France
1718:, London: Simpkin Marshall
1169:San Jerónimo Tlacochahuaya
1059:"Knifegrinder" sundial in
934:Sundial with a triangular
830:, Hampshire, England (11th
530:
450:
26:
1806:The Bishopstone Sundial:
1736:Wall, J. Charles (1912),
1463:, British Sundial Society
774:, Germany, with a modern
686:, Northumberland, England
636:Another image of the dial
338:Hiberno-Scottish missions
284:kings were the office of
1673:Medieval Church Sundials
1082:Peter & Martin's in
664:Bishopstone, East Sussex
1540:"Nendrum Monastic Site"
1253:, pp. 67 & 97.
1118:, Germany, marked with
375:in northwestern Spain.
230:at fixed times of day.
175:
142:
1796:The Kirkdale Sundial:
1040:Peter & Paul's in
1017:The church sundial in
958:, Oxfordshire, England
662:Andrew's tide dial in
419:at eye level near the
399:
220:
202:
859:Other ecclesiastical
457:The oldest surviving
382:A sundial beside the
381:
208:
193:
1670:Cole, T. W. (1938),
1646:Cole, T. W. (1935),
942:, Hampshire, England
611:St Gregory's Minster
346:Strasbourg Cathedral
332:'s works and by the
218:Strasbourg Cathedral
1738:Porches & Fonts
1727:Anglo-Saxon Dæg-Mæl
1685:Cook, Alan (2012),
1615:The Italian Riviera
1150:Zvartnots Cathedral
756:St-Pierre-du-Palais
572:The Nendrum sundial
413:Northern Hemisphere
938:at St George's in
706:, Norfolk, England
658:A photograph of St
589:1065 tide dial at
400:
221:
203:
165:, after which the
91:, also known as a
1477:, pp. 10–16.
1154:Armenian numerals
1078:The sundial at SS
1044:, Surrey, England
978:, Dorset, England
790:The tide dial at
538:Nendrum Monastery
533:Nendrum Monastery
182:or "day-marker".
18:Canonical sundial
16:(Redirected from
1844:
1773:, at Wikicommons
1759:
1753:
1741:
1731:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1654:
1634:
1632:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1548:, archived from
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1494:, pp. 58–61
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:Rule of Benedict
1413:
1407:
1405:
1399:Rule of Benedict
1395:
1389:
1387:
1381:Rule of Benedict
1377:
1371:
1369:
1363:Rule of Benedict
1359:
1353:
1351:
1345:Rule of Benedict
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1315:Rule of Benedict
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1196:
1174:
1164:
1145:
1130:
1111:
1095:
1084:Condé-on-the-Ifs
1081:
1075:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1014:
1004:
987:
973:
967:
951:
931:
921:
903:
893:
890:
885:Northern Ireland
872:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
807:
787:
767:
753:
747:
731:
715:
701:
695:
681:
675:
661:
655:
633:
621:
607:
588:
585:
578:Kirkdale Sundial
569:
557:
542:Northern Ireland
518:
506:
476:
411:confined to the
389:
270:
215:
212:
180:
147:
103:marked with the
64:
51:
42:
21:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1817:
1816:
1767:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1508:, pp. 2–3.
1504:
1500:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1148:The sundial at
1146:
1137:
1131:
1122:
1112:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1079:
1076:
1067:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1015:
1006:
1002:
988:
979:
971:
968:
959:
952:
943:
932:
923:
919:
916:Artvin Province
904:
895:
891:
873:
855:
851:
850:, Germany (15th
844:
835:
831:
824:
815:
811:
808:
799:
788:
779:
768:
759:
751:
750:Tide dial of St
748:
739:
732:
723:
716:
707:
699:
698:Tide dial at St
696:
687:
679:
678:Tide dial at St
676:
667:
659:
656:
644:
637:
634:
625:
622:
613:
608:
595:North Yorkshire
583:
580:
573:
570:
561:
558:
546:St Machaoi
535:
529:
527:Nendrum Sundial
522:
519:
510:
509:Bewcastle Cross
507:
474:
463:Bewcastle Cross
455:
453:Bewcastle Cross
449:
447:Bewcastle Cross
444:
405:
387:
342:Norman Conquest
312:at sunset, and
278:canonical hours
268:
259:Louis the Pious
216:tide dial from
213:
188:
159:Norman Conquest
155:canonical hours
129:
105:canonical hours
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:canonical hours
62:
54:
53:
52:
44:
43:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1765:External links
1763:
1762:
1761:
1742:
1733:
1721:
1711:
1701:
1696:978-0955887253
1695:
1682:
1667:
1662:978-0953897711
1661:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1605:
1598:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1531:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1489:L'Astronomie,
1479:
1467:
1446:
1426:
1408:
1390:
1372:
1354:
1336:
1324:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:, Mexico (16th
1166:
1159:
1157:
1152:, marked with
1147:
1140:
1138:
1135:Greek numerals
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:Runic numerals
1113:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1035:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1009:
1007:
989:
982:
980:
969:
962:
960:
953:
946:
944:
933:
926:
924:
905:
898:
896:
877:Bangor Sundial
874:
867:
857:
856:
845:
838:
836:
825:
818:
816:
809:
802:
800:
789:
782:
780:
769:
762:
760:
749:
742:
740:
733:
726:
724:
717:
710:
708:
697:
690:
688:
677:
670:
668:
657:
650:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
628:
626:
623:
616:
614:
609:
602:
579:
576:
575:
574:
571:
564:
562:
559:
552:
531:Main article:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
513:
511:
508:
501:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
443:
440:
404:
401:
392:Stratford Tony
257:, and his son
187:
184:
135:preserves the
128:
125:
57:A 7th-century
56:
55:
46:
45:
37:
36:
35:
34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1849:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:9788836521142
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1599:1-84589-276-3
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1578:, p. 66.
1577:
1572:
1569:
1566:, p. 66.
1565:
1560:
1557:
1552:on 2009-04-16
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1460:Official site
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:San Lorenzo's
1052:
1047:
1043:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1000:
996:
992:
991:St Plechelm's
986:
981:
977:
966:
961:
957:
950:
945:
941:
937:
930:
925:
917:
913:
910:monastery in
909:
902:
897:
886:
882:
878:
871:
866:
864:
862:
849:
842:
837:
829:
822:
817:
806:
801:
797:
793:
786:
781:
777:
773:
766:
761:
757:
746:
741:
737:
730:
725:
721:
714:
709:
705:
694:
689:
685:
674:
669:
665:
654:
649:
647:
641:
632:
627:
624:Its tide dial
620:
615:
612:
606:
601:
599:
596:
592:
577:
568:
563:
556:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
526:
517:
512:
505:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
446:
441:
439:
437:
431:
429:
424:
422:
421:priest's door
418:
414:
410:
402:
397:
393:
385:
384:priests' door
380:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
264:
260:
256:
255:Roman liturgy
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:long recited
225:
219:
207:
201:
197:
192:
185:
183:
181:
179:
178:
171:
168:
167:Norman French
164:
160:
157:prior to the
156:
152:
148:
146:
145:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
50:
41:
30:
19:
1755:
1747:
1737:
1726:
1715:
1705:
1686:
1672:
1648:
1640:Bibliography
1614:
1608:
1589:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1550:the original
1544:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1470:
1459:
1455:"Mass Dials"
1449:
1439:
1429:
1416:
1411:
1398:
1393:
1380:
1375:
1362:
1357:
1344:
1339:
1327:
1314:
1294:
1282:
1275:Horne (1929)
1270:
1258:
1246:
1219:
1194:
1042:West Clandon
976:Cheselbourne
974:Martin's in
858:
645:
581:
536:
456:
432:
425:
406:
358:
326:
308:at the 9th,
304:at the 6th,
300:at the 3rd,
275:
261:imposed the
222:
200:Lincolnshire
173:
169:
140:
132:
130:
97:scratch dial
96:
92:
88:
86:
65:Andrew's in
1832:Timekeeping
1576:Wall (1912)
1564:Wall (1912)
1506:Cole (1935)
1475:Cole (1935)
1440:Pastfinders
1299:Ps. 119:164
1287:Cole (1935)
1263:Cook (2012)
1251:Wall (1912)
999:Netherlands
993:sundial in
792:St Marien's
754:Peter's in
682:Peter's in
409:Christendom
318:church bell
251:Charlemagne
214: 1240
149:, used for
137:Old English
71:East Sussex
67:Bishopstone
1821:Categories
1234:References
1200:November 1
892: 900
828:Corhampton
704:Lessingham
493:and hence
350:cathedrals
29:Tide clock
1239:Citations
995:Oldenzaal
956:Chalgrove
908:Doliskana
798:, Germany
772:Pattensen
738:, Germany
666:, England
467:Bewcastle
436:whitewash
398:, England
396:Wiltshire
292:at dawn,
232:Psalm 119
196:Coningsby
133:tide dial
131:The name
93:mass dial
89:tide dial
1837:Sundials
1827:Horology
1332:Acts 3:1
1181:See also
1086:, France
940:Damerham
861:sundials
778:inserted
758:, France
722:, France
582:The 1056
487:Bamburgh
442:Examples
369:Charente
365:Touraine
361:Normandy
314:Compline
282:Frankish
271:Benedict
240:apostles
113:daylight
1403:Ch. 42
1116:Stelzen
1102:, Spain
1100:Bonaval
997:in the
796:Homberg
642:Gallery
491:equinox
481:of the
471:Cumbria
459:English
417:chancel
310:Vespers
228:prayers
186:History
163:England
101:sundial
99:, is a
75:England
1810:&
1800:&
1693:
1659:
1626:
1596:
1491:No. 76
1421:Ch. 47
1385:Ch. 41
1367:Ch. 11
1319:Ch. 16
1212:toilet
1204:Easter
1173:
1080:
1038:
1003:
972:
936:gnomon
920:
912:Turkey
881:Bangor
852:
832:
812:
776:gnomon
752:
736:Dahmen
720:Uzeste
700:
684:Bywell
680:
660:
584:
495:Easter
483:Romans
475:
428:gnomon
403:Design
388:
354:clocks
286:matins
269:
177:dægmæl
121:clocks
117:Europe
63:
1752:(PDF)
1677:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1349:Ch. 8
1208:lauds
1186:Notes
1065:Italy
1061:Genoa
1023:Spain
1001:(12th
918:(10th
848:Berka
479:hours
407:With
386:at SS
334:Saxon
322:Bible
306:Nones
298:Terce
294:Prime
290:Lauds
243:Peter
151:hours
139:term
109:hours
95:or a
69:, in
59:Saxon
1691:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1224:Cole
1202:and
1019:Arbo
875:The
336:and
330:Bede
302:Sext
276:The
263:Rule
247:John
245:and
224:Jews
209:The
170:hour
153:and
127:Name
1175:c.)
1005:c.)
922:c.)
914:'s
879:in
854:c.)
834:c.)
814:c.)
794:in
593:in
540:in
265:of
236:God
161:of
144:tīd
111:of
73:in
1823::
1754:,
1622:,
1620:52
1542:,
1457:,
1437:,
1419:,
1401:,
1383:,
1365:,
1347:,
1317:,
1306:^
1063:,
1021:,
889:c.
883:,
497:.
469:,
394:,
367:,
363:,
267:St
211:c.
198:,
87:A
1812:2
1808:1
1802:2
1798:1
1760:.
1732:.
1720:.
1710:.
1700:.
1681:.
1666:.
1633:.
1603:.
1554:.
1520:.
1496:.
1465:.
1444:.
1424:.
1406:.
1388:.
1370:.
1352:.
1334:.
1322:.
1301:.
1289:.
1277:.
1265:.
894:)
887:(
587:x
81:.
31:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
