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856:, Bethlehem Steel was a major supplier of armor plate and ordnance to the U.S. armed forces, including armor plate and large-caliber guns for the U.S. Navy, and was influential to U.S. victories in both wars. Bethlehem Steel "was the most important to America's national defense of any company in the past century. We wouldn't have won World War I and World War II without it", historian Lance Metz told
486:, the U.S. Navy quickly downsized after the end of hostilities as national energies were redirected toward settling the West and rebuilding the war-ravaged South. Almost no new ordnance was produced, and new technology was neglected. By 1881, international incidents highlighted the poor condition of the U.S. fleet and the need to rebuild it to protect U.S. military capabilities, trade, and prestige.
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775:. The United States Shipbuilding Company owned Bethlehem Steel Company only a brief time. The United States Shipbuilding Company was in turmoil; its subsidiaries, including the Bethlehem Steel Company, contributed to the United States Shipbuilding Company's problems. Schwab again became involved with Bethlehem Steel Company through the parent company, the United States Shipbuilding Company.
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1505:, a song depicting the lives of steelworkers in the twin cities of Allentown and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. "The subject of the song is the demise of the manufacturing industry in the United States. With the closing of Bethlehem Steel a generation of people were left jobless and depressed, wanting to leave but still clinging to the glory their parents were able to achieve."
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764:), purchased the Bethlehem Steel Company and made Samuel Broadbent its vice president. During this time, the company's lease with the Bethlehem Iron Company came to an end as the Bethlehem Steel Company gained control of all properties from the Bethlehem Iron Company and the Bethlehem Iron Company ceased operations.
1117:. The case, Lawrence Hollyfield, Fiduciary to the Estate of Collins Hollyfield v. Pension Plan of Bethlehem Steel Corporation and Subsidiary Companies, was settled in favor of Hollyfield in 2001. It led to a class action lawsuit filed by Bethlehem Steel's workers union soon thereafter. This settlement led to
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subsidiaries of its own. Bethlehem Steel
Corporation became the second largest steel provider in the United States. Both the Bethlehem Steel Company and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation existed simultaneously after 1904 until the 1960s, when the two companies were merged into the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
1197:, which planned to build a casino where the plant once stood. Construction began in fall 2007, and the casino was completed in 2009. Due to a global steel shortage at the time, the casino had difficulty finding the 16,000 tons of structural steel needed for construction of the $ 600 million casino complex.
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The United States
Shipbuilding Company planned in 1903 to reorganize as the Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company, which would be the second company to use the name Bethlehem Steel. However, the United States Shipbuilding Company was not reorganized as the Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company;
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The
Bethlehem Iron Company was very successful and profitable, and the corporate management of the Bethlehem Iron Company believed that it could be even more profitable. To accomplish that goal, the corporate ownership of the Bethlehem Iron Company switched to steel production, and the company's name
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Jaques was aware that the U.S. Navy would soon solicit bids for the production of heavy guns and other products such as armor that would be needed to further expand the fleet. Jaques contacted the
Bethlehem Iron Company with a proposal to serve as an intermediary between it and the Whitworth Company,
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In 1899, Bethlehem Steel
Company was established. This was the first company to carry the name Bethlehem Steel. Bethlehem Steel Company, also then known as Bethlehem Steel Works, was incorporated to take over all liabilities of the Bethlehem Iron Company. The Bethlehem Iron Company and the Bethlehem
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manufacturing facilities were first located in
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania and later expanded to include a major research laboratory in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and plants in Sparrows Point, Maryland, Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Lackawanna, New York, and its final and largest site in Burns Harbor, Indiana.
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companies. At the height of its success and productivity, the company was a symbol of
American manufacturing leadership in the world, and its decline and ultimate liquidation in the late 20th century is similarly cited as an example of America's diminished manufacturing leadership. From its founding
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In 1982, Bethlehem Steel reported a loss of US$ 1.5 billion and shut down much of its operations. The company's profitability returned briefly in 1988, but restructuring and shutdowns continued through the 1990s. In the mid-1980s, demand for the plant's structural products began to diminish and new
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to compensate workers up to $ 150,000 if they developed cancer later in life, provided their work history involved enough radiation exposure to significantly increase their cancer risk. Bethlehem Steel workers have not been awarded this compensation because the radiation dose involved in processing
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Bethlehem Steel survived the earliest declines in the
American steel industry beginning in the 1970s. In 1982, however, the company suspended most of its steelmaking operations after posting a loss of $ 1.5 billion, attributable to increased foreign competition, rising labor and pensions costs, and
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Meanwhile, the age of
Bethlehem Steel workers was increasing, and the ratio of retirees to workers was rising, meaning that the value created by each worker had to cover a greater portion of pension costs than before. Former top manager Eugene Grace had failed to adequately invest in the company's
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The site of the company's original plant in
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania is home to SteelStacks, an arts and entertainment district. The plant's rusted five blast furnaces were left standing and serve as a backdrop for the new campus. SteelStacks currently features the ArtsQuest Center, a contemporary
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Bethlehem Steel is just one of several U.S. companies to have sourced iron from Latin America. Bethlehem Steel held a presence in Latin America for roughly a century (1880s - 1980s). As such, the company profited greatly from the United States’ economic control over the region. “In a single year,
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The steel industry in the U.S. prospered during and after World War II, while the steel industries in Germany and Japan lay devastated by allied bombardments. Bethlehem Steel's success reached its peak in the late 1950s and early 1960s as the company began manufacturing 23 million tons of steel
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After its formation, the Bethlehem Steel Corporation purchased the Bethlehem Steel Company and its remaining subsidiaries from the United States Shipbuilding Company. The Bethlehem Steel Company became a subsidiary of the Bethlehem Steel Corporation, though the Bethlehem Steel Company also had
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By the end of 1995, Bethlehem Steel closed steel-making at its main Bethlehem plant. After roughly 140 years of metal production in Bethlehem, Bethlehem Steel ceased its Bethlehem operations. Two years later, in 1997, Bethlehem Steel Corporation ceased shipbuilding activities in an attempt to
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was built between the spring of 1861 and the summer of 1863 with the first railroad rails being rolled on September 26, 1863. A machine shop, in 1865, and another blast furnace, in 1867, were completed. During its early years, the company produced rails for the rapidly expanding railroads and
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area, announcing plans to revitalize the south side of Bethlehem where its headquarters and primary plant had existed since the mid-19th century. The company hired consultants to develop conceptual plans on the reuse of the massive property, and a consensus emerged to rename the 163 acres
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affiliate. The area includes three outdoor music venues: Levitt Pavilion is a free music venue featuring lawn seating for up to 2,500 people, Air Products Town Square at Steelstacks, and PNC Plaza, which hosts outdoor concerts. Levitt Pavilion and the casino resort are connected via the
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passed a naval appropriations bill that authorized the construction of two armored second-class battleships, one protected cruiser, one first-class torpedo boat, and the complete rebuilding and modernization of two Civil War-era monitors. The two second-class battleships, the
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pension plans during the 1950s. When the company was at its peak, pension contributions that should have been made were not. As a result, the company encountered difficulty when it faced rising pension costs combined with diminishing profits and increased global competition.
877:, Argentina, which was the tenth-largest in the world. During World War II, as much as 70 percent of airplane cylinder forgings, one-quarter of the armor plate for warships, and one-third of the big cannon forgings for the U.S armed forces were turned out by Bethlehem Steel.
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company organized in 1857 in Bethlehem, which was later named the Bethlehem Iron Company. In 1899, the owners of the iron company founded Bethlehem Steel Company and, five years later, Bethlehem Steel Corporation was created to be the steelmaking company's corporate parent.
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joined Bethlehem Steel as a management consultant in order to solve an expensive machine shop capacity problem. Taylor and Maunsel White, with a team of assistants, applied a series of management principles established by Taylor, which would later come to be known as
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World War II, however, drained Bethlehem Steel of much of its male workforce. The company hired female employees to guard and work on the factory floor and in the company offices. After the war, female workers were promptly fired in favor of male counterparts.
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produced a total of 1,121 ships, more than any other builder during the war and nearly one-fifth of the U.S. Navy's two-ocean fleet. Its shipbuilding operations employed as many as 180,000 persons, the lion's share of the company's total employment of 300,000.
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instead, a plan was drawn up for a new company to be formed to replace the United States Shipbuilding Company. The new company was initially to be named Bethlehem Steel and Shipbuilding Company. In 1904, it instead assumed the name Bethlehem Steel Corporation.
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The still preserved but now dormant steel stacks of Bethlehem Steel at the company's former Bethlehem, Pennsylvania manufacturing headquarters. In 2007, much of the former headquarters was acquired by Sands Bethworks, a casino later sold and renamed
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Steel is an alloy made up of iron and carbon, with additional minerals added depending on its use. In the 20th century, sourcing the necessary minerals in the United States was significantly more expensive than supplying them from elsewhere.
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In the early 1900s, Samuel Broadbent led an initiative to diversify the company. The corporation branched out from steel, with iron mines in Cuba and shipyards around the country. In 1913, under Broadbent, Bethlehem Steel acquired the
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plant. Workers were not aware of the dangers of the hazardous substance and were not given protective equipment. Some workers have since attempted to receive compensation under a year 2000 radiation-exposure law. The law required the
1146:, becoming the 25th American steelmaking company in the span of four years between 1998 and 2001 to file for bankruptcy protection. In 2003, the company was dissolved with its remaining assets, including six plants, acquired by the
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Aerial view of the world's first 160" Plate Mill at Bethlehem Steel's Burns Harbor plant circa 1964. Note the other sections of the plant under construction in the back right of the image. High sand dunes and Lake Michigan in the
1294:. Bethlehem Steel Freight Car Division pioneered the use of aluminum in freight car construction. The Johnstown plant was purchased from Bethlehem Steel through a management buyout in 1991, creating Johnstown America Industries.
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U.S. global leadership in steel manufacturing lasted about two decades during which the U.S. steel industry operated with little foreign competition. Eventually however, foreign firms were rebuilt with modern techniques such as
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was president of Bethlehem Steel from 1916 to 1945, and chairman of the board from 1945 until his retirement in 1957. Grace orchestrated Bethlehem Steel's World War II wartime efforts. In 1943, Grace promised U.S. President
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By the 1970s, imported foreign steel was proving cheaper than domestically produced steel, and Bethlehem Steel faced growing competition from mini-mills and smaller-scale operations that could sell steel at lower prices.
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annually. In 1958, the company's president, Arthur B. Homer, was the highest-paid U.S. business executive, and the firm built the first phase of what would become its largest plant, Burns Harbor between 1962 and 1964 in
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Bethlehem Steel Corporation installed the Gray rolling mill and produced the first wide-flange structural shapes to be made in the United States. These shapes were partly responsible for ushering in the age of the
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1960, U.S. Steel and Bethlehem Steel realized a greater than 30 percent profit on their Venezuelan iron investment, and this profit equaled all the taxes paid to the Venezuelan state in the decade since 1950”
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897:, an additive for tensile strength. During President Eurico Dutra’s presidency in Brazil (1946 - 1951), Bethlehem Steel received 40 million ton of manganese “for 4 percent of the income of exporting it.”
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unveiled a third uniform that honors and harks back to the original Bethlehem Steel F.C. The kit is primarily black with white trim and features a sublimated Union emblem and a Bethlehem Steel FC jock tag.
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competition entered the marketplace. Lighter construction styles, due in part to lower-height construction styles, such as low-rise buildings, did not require the heavy structural grades produced at the
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Bethlehem Steel was one of the world's leading steel manufacturers for most of the 20th century. In 1982, it discontinued most of its operations, declared bankruptcy in 2001, and was dissolved in 2003.
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fresh uranium fuel is low and produces a small risk relative to the baseline risk. The larger danger in processing uranium is chemical poisoning from the heavy metal, which does not produce cancer.
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appointed Lt. William Jaques to the Gun Foundry Board and Jaques was sent on several fact-finding tours of European armament makers. On one of these trips, he formed business ties with the firm of
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in World War II. Historians cite Bethlehem Steel's ability to quickly manufacture warships and other military equipment as decisive factors in American victories in both world wars.
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plants of the Bethlehem Steel, which had been founded in 1852 by The Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown and were purchased by Bethlehem Steel in 1923, were forced into closure.
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2387:"The Sinking Of Bethlehem Steel A hundred years ago one of the 500's legendary names was born. Its decline and ultimate death took nearly half that long. A FORTUNE autopsy"
2159:"The Sinking Of Bethlehem Steel A hundred years ago one of the 500's legendary names was born. Its decline and ultimate death took nearly half that long. A FORTUNE autopsy"
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558:, both had large-caliber guns with 12-inch and 10-inch, respectively, and heavy armor plating. Bethlehem secured both the forging and armor contracts on June 28, 1887.
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565:, who joined Bethlehem Iron in 1888. By fall 1890, Bethlehem Iron was delivering gun forging to the U.S. Navy and was completing facilities to provide armor plating.
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Steel Company were separate companies under the same ownership. The Bethlehem Steel Company leased the properties that were owned by the Bethlehem Iron Company.
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and the Bethlehem Commerce Center, consisting of 1,600 acres (650 ha) of prime industrial property in Bethlehem would be erected on the site along with a
436:, and the company's name was changed to the Bethlehem Rolling Mill and Iron Company. On June 14, 1860, the board of directors of the fledgling company elected
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The company's steel was used in the construction of many of America's largest and most famed structures. Among major buildings, Bethlehem produced steel for
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432:, a national financial crisis, halted the company's further organization. But the organization subsequently restarted, its site was moved elsewhere to
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Between 1888 and 1892, the Bethlehem Iron Company completed the first U.S. heavy-forging plant. It was designed by John Fritz with the assistance of
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The company continued to prosper during the early 1880s, but its share of the rail market began to decline in the face of competition from growing
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505:, England. He returned to the United States as Whitworth's agent and, in 1885, was granted an extended furlough to pursue this personal interest.
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1071:, while profitable U.S. companies resisted modernization. Bethlehem experimented with continuous casting but never fully adopted the practice.
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Following end of World War II, the Bethlehem Steel plant continued to supply a wide variety of structural shapes for the construction trades.
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preserve its steel-making operations. In 2001, however, Bethlehem Steel filed for bankruptcy and, in 2003, the company dissolved.
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771:, the company of which he was president. This period was brief; Schwab repurchased Bethlehem Steel Company, then sold it to the
479:. The nation's decision to rebuild the Navy with steam-driven, steel-hulled warships reshaped Bethlehem Iron Company's destiny.
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assuming all Bethlehem Steel pension obligations, representing the largest such pension liability assumption in U.S. history.
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On May 1, 1861, the company's title was changed again, this time to the Bethlehem Iron Company. Construction of the first
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On November 9, 2016, a warehouse being used as a recycling facility that was part of the Bethlehem Steel complex in
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Despite closing its local operations, Bethlehem Steel tried to reduce the significant economic and social impact on
829:, assuming the role of one of the world's major shipbuilders. In 1917, it incorporated its shipbuilding division as
2784:""Jersey Week: Union pay homage to Bethlehem Steel with retro 3rd shirt" at MLS official website, 26 February 2013"
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in 1857 through its 2003 dissolution, Bethlehem Steel's headquarters were based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in the
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that Bethlehem Steel would manufacture one ship per day, and he ultimately exceeded that commitment by 15 ships.
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From 1906 until it was de-listed in 2002, Bethlehem Steel was traded on the NYSE under the two letter symbol BS.
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572:, Bethlehem Steel provided the iron used in the creation of a 45.5-foot steel axle to support the world's first
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2830:""The Philadelphia Union: Following the Ghosts of Bethlehem's Soccer Tradition" by Stephen Barrow, 7 July 2012"
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https://www.chicagotribune.com/2016/05/15/history-of-the-ferris-wheel-1893-original-was-taller-than-navy-piers/
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2807:""Philadelphia Union honors Bethlehem Steel soccer club on new jerseys", LehighValley.com, 28 February 2013"
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Aerial view of the mill area of the Burns Harbor plant circa 1964. The 160" plate mill is in the upper left.
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Ennis, Ron W. " 'A Seething Cauldron' The 1941 Bethlehem Steel Strike and The Future of Labor Organizing."
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Bethlehem Steel ranked seventh among U.S. corporations in the value of wartime production contracts during
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and to use the land for cultural, recreational, educational, entertainment, and retail development. The
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The company also produced forged products for defense, power generation, and steel-producing companies.
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516:, sometimes referred to as the father of the U.S. Steel Industry, accompanied Bethlehem Iron directors
2522:"BethWorks Says Beam Me Up: Project Officials Scurrying to Get Steel to Bethlehem Steel Site in Time"
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Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, Volume 56. Advertisement. Dec. 1959: 111. Google Books
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The Levitt Pavilion at SteelStacks, the former Bethlehem Steel site, is being prepared for a show
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casino resort, formerly Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem, a gambling emporium, and new studios for
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and establishing Bethlehem Steel as the leading supplier of steel to the construction industry.
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2443:"PBGC to Protect Pensions of 95,000 at Bethlehem Steel - Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation"
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to contribute to the recovery of the post-World War II recovery of the iron ore industry in
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In 1857, what ultimately became Bethlehem Steel was launched as the Saucona Iron Company in
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Kennedy, Michael D. "Rewriting the death and afterlife of a corporation: Bethlehem Steel."
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Former Bethlehem Steel Company Headquarters Building, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, October 2011
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Bethlehem Steel manufactured the steel for many of the country's most prominent landmarks:
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2052:"The day Bethlehem Steel was dropped from NYSE, workers' shares were worth 'toilet paper'"
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The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America
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From 1923 to 1991, Bethlehem Steel was one of the world's leading producers of railroad
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A February 1880 illustration of the land tract issued to Bethlehem Steel by present-day
2622:"Watch implosion of Pennsylvania skyscraper, a landmark of steel industry's glory days"
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The Bethlehem Steel Corporation was formed by Schwab, who had recently resigned from
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mining it had been conducting under the name BethEnergy and the company exited the
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333:. Over 1,100 Bethlehem Steel-manufactured warships were built for use in defeating
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233:. Until its closure in 2003, it was one of the world's largest steel-producing and
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Hessen, Robert. "Charles M. Schwab, President of United States Steel, 1901-1904."
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802:. Schwab became the first president and first chairman of the board of directors.
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Radzievich, Nicole; Sheehan, Jennifer; Sheehan, Daniel Patrick; Wojcik, Sarah M.
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In the 1930s, the company also manufactured the steel sections and parts for the
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Bethlehem Steel Corporation and Bethlehem Ship Corporation photograph collection
2744:"The Leap from Buffalo to Brooklyn Brought Bethlehem Steel to Their Solid Sound"
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and represented the largest single steel forging ever constructed at the time.
536:. In early 1886, Bethlehem Iron and the Whitworth Company executed a contract.
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2879:""Philadelphia Union Adidas Third Jersey 2013" at TodosobreCamisetas website"
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began on July 1, 1861, and was operationalized on January 4, 1863. The first
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in 2001 and final dissolution in 2003 when its remaining assets were sold to
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661:(foreground) and the smokestacks of Bethlehem Steel (background) in 1935 by
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Nelson, Daniel. "Taylorism and the workers at Bethlehem Steel, 1898-1901."
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A detailed history of the company by journalists of the Morning Call staff.
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so Bethlehem Iron could erect a heavy-forging plant to produce ordnance.
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Semi-centennial, the borough of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1865–1915
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In 1967, the company lost its bid to provide the steel for the original
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Schwab transferred his ownership of the Bethlehem Steel Company to the
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Blast furnace A at the flagship plant in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 2009
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Bethlehem Steel played an instrumental role in manufacturing the U.S.
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Steel: The Story of Pittsburgh's Iron & Steel Industry, 1852–1902
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A preferred share of Bethlehem Steel Corporation, issued July 6, 1911
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Economic History of the Iron and Steel Industry in the United States
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Steel from Bethlehem Steel was used in the 1927 construction of the
286:. Among major bridges, Bethlehem steel was used in constructing the
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In 1998, after denied pension benefits, a lawsuit was filed in the
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sheet steel under the name BETHCON was widely produced for use as
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Iron and Steel in Nineteenth Century America: An Economic Inquiry
1898:, Philadelphia and Reading: Peter Fritts, Chapter XLV, p. 212–213
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Bethlehem Steel Corporation's flagship manufacturing facility in
2371:"Contracts Totaling $ 74,079,000 Awarded for the Trade Center".
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Demolition of part of the original facility in Bethlehem in 2007
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2414:(Seventh ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 925.
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In 1946, Bethlehem Steel signed a contract with mining company
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Beyond Steel: An Archive of Lehigh Valley Industry and Culture
3049:
2408:
Henretta, James A.; Edwards, Rebecca; Self, Robert O. (2011).
2312:
1210:
870:
2064:"Bethlehem Steel to Buy Lackawanna, in $ 60,000,000 Deal",
2039:
The Cravath firm and its predecessors, 1819-1947", Volume 1
1310:, the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge, which connects
1014:
From 1949 to 1952, Bethlehem Steel had a contract with the
740:
The BETHCON trademark, which was used on Bethlehem Steel's
1516:. It referenced the eponymous steel company in its lyrics.
3085:
Corporate website archived snapshot from December 3, 2000
2921:
88.1 (2021): 30-55. doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.88.1.0030
2589:"Fire Engulfs Former Bethlehem Steel Factory in New York"
1481:
band, named itself after the company to honor its legacy.
3073:
Photos of the abandoned plant in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
2688:
The Bridge: The Building of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
893:
Bethlehem Steel also relied on Latin American mines for
3025:
Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2008.
2573:
3125:
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2001
2955:
Hessen, Robert. "The Bethlehem steel strike of 1910."
2927:. "The Transformation of Bethlehem Steel, 1904-1909."
2903:
Hall, P. J. (1915). "History of South Bethlehem, Pa."
2881:. Todosobrecamisetas.blogspot.com.ar. 27 February 2013
2474:
Disastrous floods and the demise of steel in Johnstown
1235:
Bethlehem Steel's corporate records are housed at the
1150:. International Steel Group, in turn, was acquired by
3145:
Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
3135:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
2385:
Loomis, Carol J.; Tkaczyk, Christopher (2004-04-05).
2157:
Loomis, Carol J.; Tkaczyk, Christopher (2004-04-05).
2141:
The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis
2855:
Jonathan Tannenwald, Philly.com (26 February 2013).
2213:
Malmens land: Gruvnäringen i Norrbotten under 400 år
3155:
Industrial buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
1512:released the song "Bethlehem Steel”, off the album
881:
Sourcing Minerals to Make Steel in the 20th Century
198:
182:
143:
135:
117:
109:
85:
67:
57:
3005:An economic history of the American steel industry
1404:The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
1266:In 1931 and 1932, Bethlehem Steel manufactured 38
1193:In 2007, the Bethlehem Steel property was sold to
1090:In 1991, Bethlehem Steel Corporation discontinued
2339:"Radiation Exposure for Uranium Industry Workers"
2260:"Forging America: The History of Bethlehem Steel"
1758:One of the few buildings that have been preserved
962:. Also launched the same day were the Liberty SS
869:and built for Yacimientos PetrolĂferos Fiscales (
596:was formally changed to Bethlehem Steel Company.
3023:Bethlehem Steel: Builder and Arsenal of America.
1860:
1858:
1098:business two years later, in 1993. In 1992, the
530:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania
3046:"Bethlehem Steel: The people Who Built America"
2215:(in Swedish). LuleĂĄ: Tornedalica. p. 256.
1615:on display at Museu Militar Conde de Linhares,
3165:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2003
2984:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2947:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
2177:
2175:
1190:and a large retail and entertainment complex.
2931:46.3 (1972): 339-360. doi.org/10.2307/3112743
2193:Bethlehem Steel, The People Who Built America
1912:. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 14.
1547:. The club was founded and formerly based in
8:
2652:"Bethlehem Steel Company records, 1714-1977"
1484:Also in 2012, the song "Bethlehem Steel" by
592:and was used in increasing mass production.
390:, which included eleven acres and 52 perches
43:
3170:Manufacturing companies established in 1857
3150:History of Northampton County, Pennsylvania
2083:EMPIRE OF STEEL: BETHLEHEM IN LATIN AMERICA
1896:History of Northampton County, Pennsylvania
1539:team that is the official affiliate of the
3130:Companies based in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
2937:Steel Titan: The Life of Charles M. Schwab
2691:, p.52. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, (2003)
2670:Commuter cars get new look on the Reading
2505:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1727:Projectile shop in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
944:was present at the launching of the first
940:, September 27, 1941, then U.S. President
49:
42:
3160:Ironworks and steel mills in Pennsylvania
2969:5 Vols. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1971.
1807:List of preserved historic blast furnaces
1451:in the 1950s, and the steel used for the
839:Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
242:region of the United States. Its primary
2940:(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990).
2308:"Heroes Of The Cold War Out In The Cold"
1894:Davis (1877), "Bethlehem Iron Company",
1290:, whose railcar division was located in
657:-era photo of St. Michael's Cemetery in
2709:"NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission"
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1854:
1574:
1443:Bethlehem Steel fabricated the largest
833:In 1922, Bethlehem Steel purchased the
831:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation Ltd.
428:by Augustus Wolle. That same year, the
3115:American companies established in 1857
3110:2003 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
2907:. Quinlan Printing Co. pp. 12–13.
2498:
2285:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1997:Poor's Manual of Railroads", Volume 33
1961:
2832:. Bethlehem.patch.com. Archived from
1584:1936 specimen stock certificate #0000
1245:National Museum of Industrial History
1180:National Museum of Industrial History
520:, Elisha Packer Wilbur, president of
353:other factors. The company filed for
7:
3180:Steel companies of the United States
2628:. Tribune Publishing. Archived from
628:being assembled at Bethlehem Steel,
489:In 1883, U.S. Secretary of the Navy
344:Bethlehem Steel's roots trace to an
3105:1857 establishments in Pennsylvania
2626:Hartford Courant / The Morning Call
2477:. Richard Burkert. Charleston, SC.
1142:In 2001, Bethlehem Steel filed for
716:(right) in 1943 during World War II
321:and other military weapons used in
2805:Lehigh Valley (28 February 2013).
2786:. Mlssoccer.com. February 26, 2013
1867:"Bethlehem Steel Corp. Is No More"
1741:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
1257:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
911:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
773:United States Shipbuilding Company
651:Bethlehem Graveyard and Steel Mill
211:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
25:
1877:from the original on Dec 6, 2022.
1661:Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard
1488:, one of the tracks on her album
1447:shaft in the world, produced for
968:Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard
698:Bethlehem Steel constructing two
27:American steel company, 1857–2009
3140:Economic history of Pennsylvania
2019:Bethlehem Steel", 1999 Biography
1770:
1751:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1652:
1640:
1635:, plant built by Bethlehem Steel
1624:
1604:
1589:
1577:
1527:Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930)
1494:, mourned the company's closure.
1154:in 2005, which then merged with
760:(no relation to the stockbroker
642:The Bethlehem Steel mill in 1930
102:(as Bethlehem Steel Corporation)
2828:Stephen Barron (July 7, 2012).
1865:Downey, Kirstin (May 1, 2003).
1438:San Francisco Municipal Railway
1298:Influence on American landmarks
823:Fore River Shipbuilding Company
1555:in honor of the original club.
1111:Third Circuit Court of Appeals
974:, and the emergency vessel SS
1:
2752:. Retrieved December 15, 2015
2587:Rosenberg, Eli (2016-11-09).
1225:caught fire and burned down.
679:, built at Bethlehem Steel's
629:
412:The Bethlehem Steel plant in
1535:is an American professional
1286:following their purchase of
1201:performing arts center, the
956:Bethlehem Fairfield Shipyard
97:(as Bethlehem Steel Company)
2996:(Arcadia Publishing, 2016)
2471:Farabaugh, Patrick (2021).
2118:Open Veins of Latin America
2099:Open Veins of Latin America
724:A Bethlehem Steel plant at
223:Bethlehem Steel Corporation
123:; 21 years ago
44:Bethlehem Steel Corporation
34:. For the soccer team, see
18:Bethlehem Steel Corporation
3196:
2520:Assad, Matt (2007-06-27).
2292:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1968:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1254:
1182:, in association with the
796:University of Pennsylvania
493:and U.S. Secretary of War
471:-based firms, such as the
29:
3068:Hagley Museum and Library
2962:Hogan, William T., S.J.
2211:Hansson, Staffan (2015).
1390:'s 53,000-ton steel frame
1388:One Chase Manhattan Plaza
1351:Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
1237:Hagley Museum and Library
1148:International Steel Group
873:), a new oil refinery in
570:1893 Chicago World's Fair
532:, to meet with Jaques in
359:International Steel Group
292:Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge
229:company headquartered in
172:International Steel Group
48:
3175:Sparrows Point, Maryland
2992:Perelman, Dale Richard.
2411:America's History Vol. 2
1948:, New York, USA: Crown,
1802:Lackawanna Steel Company
1665:Sparrows Point, Maryland
1551:, where it was known as
1336:George Washington Bridge
1308:George Washington Bridge
972:Sparrows Point, Maryland
835:Lackawanna Steel Company
585:Frederick Winslow Taylor
524:, William Thurston, and
401:, an 1881 watercolor by
288:George Washington Bridge
2986:101.4 (1977): 487-505.
2976:37.1 (2014): 246-278.
2929:Business History Review
2145:Harvard Business School
1812:List of steel producers
1598:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
1292:Johnstown, Pennsylvania
1262:Electric multiple units
1184:Smithsonian Institution
1016:U.S. federal government
600:Bethlehem Steel Company
426:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
414:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
231:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
207:Bethlehem Steel Company
188:Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
2949:96.2 (1972): 203-228.
2809:. Lehighvalleylive.com
1558:In February 2013, the
1323:
1268:electric multiple unit
1209:, the Lehigh Valley's
1139:
1056:
769:U.S. Steel Corporation
753:
745:
733:
717:
691:
665:
643:
635:
618:
522:Lehigh Valley Railroad
473:Carnegie Steel Company
421:
405:
391:
329:in ultimately winning
294:in New York City, the
32:Bethlehem Steel (band)
3081:, abandonedamerica.us
2676:April 5, 1965 page 22
1944:Larson, Erik (2003),
1908:Garn, Andrew (1999).
1633:Burns Harbor, Indiana
1533:Philadelphia Union II
1399:Waldorf Astoria hotel
1378:Madison Square Garden
1373:Empire State Building
1305:
1132:
1053:
1045:Burns Harbor, Indiana
1036:U.S. Labor Department
1029:in Bethlehem Steel's
984:Quincy, Massachusetts
954:at Bethlehem Steel's
942:Franklin D. Roosevelt
927:Franklin D. Roosevelt
837:, which included the
827:Quincy, Massachusetts
751:
739:
723:
697:
685:Quincy, Massachusetts
671:
649:
641:
624:
616:
590:scientific management
411:
399:Bethlehem Steel Works
397:
380:Lower Saucon Township
377:
264:Madison Square Garden
260:Empire State Building
2919:Pennsylvania History
2763:""Allentown lyrics""
2138:Scherer, Frederic M.
2122:Monthly Review Press
2103:Monthly Review Press
2080:Cory Fischer Hoffman
1995:Henry Varnum Poor, "
1984:Iron Age", Volume 63
1514:Copperopolis (album)
1241:Wilmington, Delaware
1223:Lackawanna, New York
1216:Hoover-Mason Trestle
1203:Wind Creek Bethlehem
1136:Wind Creek Bethlehem
1031:Lackawanna, New York
539:In the spring 1886,
165:Mittal Steel Company
2375:. January 24, 1967.
2037:Robert T. Swaine, "
1871:The Washington Post
1564:Major League Soccer
1545:Major League Soccer
1008:or spiral conduit.
980:Fore River Shipyard
976:Sinclair Superflame
859:The Washington Post
681:Fore River Shipyard
495:Robert Todd Lincoln
491:William E. Chandler
45:
3007:(Routledge, 2009)
3003:Rogers, Robert P.
2959:15.1 (1974): 3-18.
2593:The New York Times
2373:The New York Times
2200:. 5 February 2008.
2067:The New York Times
1982:Chilton Company, "
1560:Philadelphia Union
1553:Bethlehem Steel FC
1541:Philadelphia Union
1463:In popular culture
1445:electric generator
1394:Rockefeller Center
1341:Golden Gate Bridge
1324:
1270:carriages for the
1174:(66 ha) site
1140:
1069:continuous casting
1061:World Trade Center
1057:
867:Golden Gate Bridge
790:, who founded the
754:
746:
734:
718:
692:
666:
644:
636:
619:
484:American Civil War
422:
416:, photographed by
406:
392:
388:Northampton County
312:Fort Erie, Ontario
296:Golden Gate Bridge
268:Rockefeller Center
36:Bethlehem Steel FC
30:For the band, see
3059:Lehigh University
3021:Warren, Kenneth.
2836:on April 11, 2013
2484:978-1-4671-5001-9
2222:978-91-972358-9-1
1955:978-0-609-60844-9
1832:Charles M. Schwab
1510:Grant Lee Buffalo
1228:On May 19, 2019,
938:Liberty Fleet Day
762:Charles R. Schwab
758:Charles M. Schwab
730:Buffalo, New York
563:Russell Davenport
528:, founder of the
325:and later by the
256:Chrysler Building
252:28 Liberty Street
219:
218:
16:(Redirected from
3187:
2934:Hessen, Robert.
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2718:. Archived from
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2527:The Morning Call
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1787:Allentown (song)
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1778:Companies portal
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1743:headquarters in
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1700:
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1628:
1611:"Bethlehem 177"
1608:
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1581:
1477:, a three-piece
1449:General Electric
1421:Grand Coulee Dam
1383:Merchandise Mart
1027:nuclear reactors
672:A 1942 photo of
655:Great Depression
634:
631:
499:Joseph Whitworth
477:Lackawanna Steel
280:Merchandise Mart
225:was an American
151:Cleveland-Cliffs
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2912:Further reading
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2115:Eduardo Galeano
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2096:Eduardo Galeano
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2070:, May 12, 1922.
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1272:Reading Company
1264:
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1195:Sands BethWorks
1176:Bethlehem Works
1127:
995:northern Sweden
903:
883:
632:
626:Naval artillery
611:
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518:Robert H. Sayre
434:South Bethlehem
384:South Bethlehem
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272:Waldorf Astoria
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3040:External links
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3019:
3014:Temin, Peter.
3012:
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2925:Hessen, Robert
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2632:on 19 May 2019
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2530:. redorbit.com
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2054:. 5 June 2022.
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2017:Andrew Garn, "
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1279:
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1263:
1260:
1255:Main article:
1252:
1249:
1247:in Bethlehem.
1126:
1123:
902:
899:
882:
879:
841:and extensive
792:Wharton School
788:Joseph Wharton
610:
607:
601:
598:
578:blast furnaces
526:Joseph Wharton
482:Following the
418:William H. Rau
403:Joseph Pennell
371:
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154:(2020–present)
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113:Augustus Wolle
111:
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3141:
3138:
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3133:
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3128:
3126:
3123:
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3120:ArcelorMittal
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3075:at Opacity.us
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3039:
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3031:0-8229-4323-9
3028:
3024:
3020:
3017:
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3010:
3006:
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2999:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2957:Labor History
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
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2916:
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2798:
2785:
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2776:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2749:Village Voice
2745:
2742:Kohn, Daniel
2739:
2736:
2725:on 2016-03-04
2721:
2717:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2698:
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2566:
2555:on 2014-11-11
2554:
2550:
2544:
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2516:
2513:
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2494:
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2475:
2467:
2464:
2453:on 2018-08-02
2452:
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2423:
2421:9780312387921
2417:
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2404:
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2365:
2360:
2359:"Uranium – U"
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2331:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
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2289:
2282:
2272:on 2011-04-27
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2010:
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1919:1-56898-197-X
1915:
1911:
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1746:
1745:San Francisco
1742:
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1355:Staten Island
1352:
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1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1316:New York City
1313:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Midvale Steel
1285:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1243:, and at the
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:linear park.
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
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1181:
1177:
1172:
1171:Lehigh Valley
1168:
1163:
1161:
1160:ArcelorMittal
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
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1103:
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951:Patrick Henry
947:
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727:
722:
715:
714:
708:
707:
701:
696:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
676:Massachusetts
670:
664:
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648:
640:
627:
623:
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608:
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571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
556:
550:
549:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:John F. Fritz
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
454:armor plating
450:
446:
445:blast furnace
441:
439:
435:
431:
430:Panic of 1857
427:
419:
415:
410:
404:
400:
396:
389:
385:
381:
376:
369:
364:
362:
360:
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350:
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:Allied forces
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:San Francisco
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:New York City
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
245:
241:
240:Lehigh Valley
236:
232:
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224:
212:
209:
206:
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201:
197:
189:
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173:
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159:
158:ArcelorMittal
156:
152:
149:
148:
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142:
138:
134:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
94:
91:
90:
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77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3022:
3015:
3004:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2956:
2946:
2935:
2928:
2918:
2904:
2898:Bibliography
2883:. Retrieved
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2859:. Philly.com
2850:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2757:
2747:
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2720:the original
2715:
2703:
2687:
2685:Gay Talese:
2681:
2671:
2666:
2655:. Retrieved
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2625:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2568:
2557:. Retrieved
2553:the original
2543:
2532:. Retrieved
2525:
2515:
2473:
2466:
2455:. Retrieved
2451:the original
2447:www.pbgc.gov
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2410:
2403:
2395:the original
2390:
2380:
2372:
2367:
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2333:
2322:. Retrieved
2320:. 2006-06-19
2311:
2302:
2280:
2274:, retrieved
2270:the original
2263:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2237:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2192:
2183:Ghostarchive
2181:Archived at
2163:. Retrieved
2152:
2140:
2129:
2117:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2046:
1991:
1978:
1945:
1939:
1928:
1909:
1903:
1895:
1870:
1817:Martin Tower
1792:Eugene Grace
1552:
1491:Intersection
1489:
1457:Coney Island
1453:Wonder Wheel
1442:
1346:Peace Bridge
1325:
1284:freight cars
1281:
1278:Freight cars
1265:
1234:
1230:Martin Tower
1227:
1220:
1199:
1192:
1164:
1152:Mittal Steel
1141:
1125:21st century
1115:Philadelphia
1108:
1104:
1096:railroad car
1089:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1041:
1013:
1010:
999:
988:
975:
963:
950:
946:Liberty ship
935:
931:
922:Eugene Grace
920:
907:World War II
904:
901:World War II
892:
888:
884:
864:
857:
854:World War II
847:
819:
811:
808:
804:
800:Philadelphia
781:
777:
766:
755:
712:
705:
700:World War II
689:World War II
675:
663:Walker Evans
650:
609:20th century
603:
594:
582:
574:Ferris wheel
567:
560:
554:
547:
538:
534:Philadelphia
511:
507:
488:
481:
462:
456:used by the
449:rolling mill
442:
423:
398:
370:19th century
351:
343:
335:Nazi Germany
331:World War II
316:
304:Peace Bridge
249:
235:shipbuilding
222:
220:
200:Subsidiaries
183:Headquarters
92:1857 (roots)
76:shipbuilding
58:Company type
40:
2673:Railway Age
2574:"Artsquest"
2161:. CNN Money
1797:Alfred Hunt
1613:railway gun
1503:"Allentown"
1055:background.
964:James McKay
850:World War I
709:(left) and
633: 1918
568:During the
440:president.
438:Alfred Hunt
346:iron-making
339:Axis powers
323:World War I
227:steelmaking
175:(2003–2005)
168:(2005–2006)
161:(2006–2020)
3094:Categories
2768:October 8,
2729:2016-06-27
2697:0802776442
2657:2018-10-06
2606:2016-11-09
2559:2014-11-15
2534:2008-01-18
2493:1260340723
2457:2018-08-01
2427:1 February
2344:2010-10-09
2324:2008-01-16
2276:2006-08-09
2245:2017-01-22
2165:2008-07-18
1844:References
1827:Asa Packer
1822:Henry Noll
1499:Billy Joel
1479:indie rock
1426:Hoover Dam
1320:New Jersey
1158:to become
1144:bankruptcy
1002:Galvanized
845:holdings.
815:skyscraper
784:U.S. Steel
702:warships,
653:, a famed
503:Manchester
465:Pittsburgh
355:bankruptcy
302:, and the
270:, and the
244:steel mill
139:Bankruptcy
2974:Biography
2601:0362-4331
2501:cite book
1958:, p. 193.
1549:Bethlehem
1508:In 1996,
1501:released
1497:In 1982,
1473:In 2012,
1362:Buildings
1312:Manhattan
1251:Shipyards
1167:Bethlehem
1162:in 2006.
1100:Johnstown
1085:Bethlehem
1023:fuel rods
1006:duct work
960:Baltimore
915:shipyards
895:manganese
862:in 2003.
786:, and by
756:In 1901,
726:Lake Erie
711:USS
704:HMS
674:USS
659:Bethlehem
583:In 1898,
553:USS
546:USS
512:In 1885,
458:U.S. Navy
274:hotel in
144:Successor
2318:CBS News
2288:citation
2185:and the
1964:citation
1875:Archived
1764:See also
1619:, Brazil
1432:Railways
1169:and the
1018:to roll
875:La Plata
551:and the
541:Congress
469:Scranton
337:and the
319:warships
306:between
68:Industry
2978:excerpt
2885:June 7,
2863:June 7,
2840:June 7,
2813:June 7,
2790:June 7,
2716:nyc.gov
2549:"PBS39"
2198:YouTube
2143:(1962)
2120:(1973)
2101:(1973)
2041:(1948).
2021:(1999).
1986:(1899).
1739:Former
1571:Gallery
1330:Bridges
1207:WLVT-TV
1156:Arcelor
1087:plant.
1020:uranium
978:at the
848:During
794:at the
744:ducting
732:in 1973
687:during
420:in 1896
365:History
308:Buffalo
284:Chicago
126: (
118:Defunct
110:Founder
86:Founded
62:Private
3034:online
3029:
3018:(1964)
3009:online
2998:online
2988:online
2951:online
2695:
2636:19 May
2599:
2491:
2481:
2418:
2241:. 1959
2219:
2147:p. 619
2136:&
2124:p. 153
2105:p. 153
1952:
1916:
1537:soccer
1521:Sports
1188:casino
913:'s 15
706:Calder
386:, and
258:, the
254:, the
80:mining
2723:(PDF)
2712:(PDF)
1849:Notes
1468:Music
1357:tower
1318:with
555:Maine
548:Texas
72:Steel
3027:ISBN
2887:2013
2865:2013
2842:2013
2815:2013
2792:2013
2770:2022
2693:ISBN
2638:2019
2597:ISSN
2507:link
2489:OCLC
2479:ISBN
2429:2017
2416:ISBN
2294:link
2217:ISBN
1970:link
1950:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1659:The
1631:The
1410:Dams
1314:and
1119:PBGC
1092:coal
1025:for
991:LKAB
852:and
843:coal
742:HVAC
713:Foss
475:and
467:and
310:and
290:and
278:and
221:The
193:U.S.
136:Fate
128:2003
121:2003
100:1904
95:1899
3066:at
3057:at
3050:PBS
3048:at
2391:CNN
2313:CBS
2086:]
1663:at
1562:of
1543:of
1455:in
1353:'s
1239:in
1211:PBS
1113:in
982:in
970:in
966:at
958:in
949:SS
936:On
871:YPF
825:of
798:in
728:in
683:in
501:of
298:in
282:in
3096::
2746:.
2714:.
2624:.
2595:.
2591:.
2524:.
2503:}}
2499:{{
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2286:{{
2279:.
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2196:.
2189::
2174:^
2026:^
2004:^
1966:}}
1962:{{
1883:^
1873:.
1869:.
1857:^
1459:.
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986:.
909:.
630:c.
460:.
382:,
361:.
314:.
266:,
262:,
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78:,
74:,
3011:.
3000:.
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2844:.
2817:.
2794:.
2772:.
2732:.
2660:.
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2609:.
2576:.
2562:.
2537:.
2509:)
2495:.
2460:.
2431:.
2361:.
2347:.
2327:.
2296:)
2248:.
2225:.
2168:.
1999:.
1972:)
1922:.
1322:.
1138:.
130:)
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
