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was the first female educational institution in Russia and one of the first in Europe. The Smolny was to become a training ground for
Rousseau's ideas on education: the girls – viewed as the future centers of their families – were protected from every pernicious influence and their moral education
194:
recalled
Betskoy to Russia and put him in charge of imperial palaces and gardens. Upon arriving to Saint Petersburg, Betskoy renewed his acquaintance with the sovereign's wife (and his own purported daughter), helping her depose Peter in 1762. His hopes to profit from his prominent share in the
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to get a military education before joining a Danish cavalry regiment. It was in the Danish service that he sustained a fall from a horse which forced him to retire from the service. Field
Marshal Trubetskoy, having no other sons but Betskoy, called him to the Russian Empire in 1729. At first he
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Betskoy's influence continued unabated until the late 1780s when
Catherine's tolerance towards the ideas of the Enlightenment began to be eroded and Betskoy was declared "reverting to childhood" on account of his advanced age. Death overtook him in his ninety-second year, when he had long been
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Although
Betskoy held no post of any consequence until 1764, when Catherine made him President of the Imperial Academy of Arts, he went on to become a pillar of the Russian establishment. His position at Catherine's court is not easy to classify. Some historians define his post as a "personal
149:, whose daughter Catherine was selected as a bride for the Empress' nephew and heir, Grand Duke Peter. In truth, Betskoy had been on friendly terms with Johanna Elisabeth for two decades previous, their intimacy giving rise to rumours that Catherine was his biological daughter.
300:. This essay not only discussed the pupil's duties in regard to God and to society but also contained practical advice on health, hygiene, and other everyday matters. An extensive collection of Betskoy's aids and manuals was published in
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was given more prominence than intellectual one. The
Empress personally maintained a correspondence with some of the pupils, perhaps viewing the school for women as a vindication of her own place at the pinnacle of Russian society.
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secretary"; others regard
Betskoy as an "unofficial education minister" to the Empress. He was one of the few people who enjoyed unlimited access to the Tsarina on daily basis for most of her reign. It was at his suggestion that
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327:. Not less potent was his encouragement of education for merchant's sons. Betskoy deplored the fact that "we have only two classes of society, either peasants or noblemen" and sought to spur the development of
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recalls an episode when
Betskoy importuned the Empress with questions like "Was I not the one who incited the Guards? Was I not the one who threw money to the people?"
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incapacitated by blindness. Betskoy never married and left his estates to a natural daughter who enjoyed
Catherine's particular favour; she married
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for thirty years (1764–1794). Perhaps the crowning achievement of his long career was the establishment of
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to the Russian throne. The grateful empress promoted him to General Major and asked him to attend
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For the students of this institution Betskoy and Catherine brought out an instruction entitled
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David Ransel, "Ivan Betskoi and the Institutionalization of Enlightenment in Russia", in
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in 1775. This edition was revised and expanded to two volumes printed in 1789–1791.
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but later would be sent on diplomatic missions to various capitals of Europe.
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323:(1770). The Saint Petersburg Foundling House was a precursor of the modern
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110:. His surname is the abbreviated form of his father's - a tradition for
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Born out of wedlock himself and anxious to reduce the frequency of
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3 February] 1704 – 11 September [
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Burials at the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra
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consciousness by establishing a commercial school in Moscow.
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31 August] 1795) was an educational reformer in the
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Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
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Science in Russia and the Soviet Union: A Short History
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The Empress endorsed his proposal and established the
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Statute for the Education of the Youth of Both Sexes
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82:'s advisor on education and President of the
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261:(1791). For a statue of Betskoy, see here.
342:I. I. Betskoy and His System of Education
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27:18th-century Russian educational reformer
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1673:Philanthropists from the Russian Empire
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195:conspiracy were high. In her memoirs,
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395:. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
147:Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp
1683:Politicians from the Russian Empire
349:Ivan Ivanovich Betskoy: A Biography
137:Betskoy was actively involved in a
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380:Canadian-American Slavic Studies
298:On the Duties of Man and Citizen
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219:was commissioned to sculpt the
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257:Portrait of Ivan Betskoy, by
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66:; 14 February [
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319:(1764) and then in
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231:Summer Garden
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174:Denis Diderot
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1636:
1381:Catherine II
833:Beaumarchais
663:Universality
634:Reductionism
581:
558:Human rights
408:
392:
387:
379:
374:
363:
351:. SPb, 1904.
348:
344:. SPb, 1904.
341:
329:middle-class
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190:
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132:aide-de-camp
116:
101:
80:Catherine II
55:
51:
50:
35:
34:Portrait of
1708:1795 deaths
1703:1704 births
1638:Romanticism
1460:Charles III
1301:Poniatowski
1238:Leeuwenhoek
1218:de la Court
1206:Netherlands
1050:Mendelssohn
1045:Lichtenberg
923:Montesquieu
641:Sapere aude
624:Rationalism
619:Rationality
609:Objectivity
309:infanticide
184:, ruler of
139:coup d'etat
1667:Categories
1480:Villarroel
1475:Jovellanos
1411:Radishchev
1358:Micu-Klein
1296:Niemcewicz
1263:Swammerdam
1253:Nieuwentyt
1243:Mandeville
1098:Farmakidis
984:Burlamaqui
893:La Mettrie
868:Fontenelle
823:d'Argenson
818:d'Alembert
742:Harrington
668:Utopianism
568:Liberalism
525:Empiricism
500:Classicism
490:Capitalism
403:. Page 28.
356:References
275:John Locke
127:Copenhagen
1601:Jefferson
1543:Hutcheson
1432:Obradović
1401:Lomonosov
1396:Kheraskov
1306:Śniadecki
1070:Weishaupt
1065:Thomasius
1055:Pufendorf
898:Lavoisier
883:d'Holbach
878:Helvétius
858:Descartes
853:Condorcet
848:Condillac
782:Priestley
599:Modernity
520:Democracy
313:foundling
302:Amsterdam
172:. And to
119:Stockholm
1651:Category
1596:Franklin
1563:Playfair
1533:Ferguson
1490:Scotland
1437:Mrazović
1391:Kantemir
1386:Fonvizin
1325:Portugal
1291:Krasicki
1286:Konarski
1281:Kołłątaj
1233:Koerbagh
1182:Genovesi
1167:Beccaria
1129:Berkeley
1060:Schiller
1025:Humboldt
999:Saussure
994:Rousseau
958:Voltaire
913:Maréchal
888:Jaucourt
843:Châtelet
838:Chamfort
787:Reynolds
690:Thinkers
594:Midlands
583:Lumières
553:Humanism
546:Haskalah
416:Archived
271:Comenius
186:Moldavia
1606:Madison
1578:Stewart
1518:Burnett
1513:Boswell
1498:Beattie
1470:Moratín
1455:Cadalso
1406:Novikov
1341:Romania
1316:Wybicki
1311:Staszic
1258:Spinoza
1228:Huygens
1223:Grotius
1177:Galvani
1172:Galiani
1122:Ireland
1103:Feraios
1075:Wieland
1040:Lessing
1035:Leibniz
1008:Germany
989:Prévost
974:Abauzit
938:Quesnay
928:Morelly
918:Meslier
903:Leclerc
863:Diderot
752:Johnson
727:Collins
722:Bentham
707:Addison
700:England
648:Science
485:Atheism
60:Russian
56:Betskoy
18:Betskoy
1558:Newton
1548:Hutton
1528:Cullen
1425:Serbia
1373:Russia
1363:Șincai
1273:Poland
1213:Bekker
1187:Pagano
1149:Toland
1113:Korais
1108:Kairis
1090:Greece
1020:Herder
1015:Goethe
979:Bonnet
967:Geneva
953:Turgot
943:Raynal
933:Pascal
873:Gouges
811:France
797:Tindal
792:Sidney
767:Newton
762:Milton
737:Godwin
732:Gibbon
629:Reason
471:Topics
399:
243:Odessa
42:(1777)
1616:Paine
1611:Mason
1573:Smith
1523:Burns
1508:Blair
1503:Black
1447:Spain
1353:Maior
1248:Meyer
1192:Verri
1159:Italy
1144:Swift
1139:Burke
1134:Boyle
1080:Wolff
908:Mably
828:Bayle
777:Price
757:Locke
747:Hooke
717:Bacon
515:Deism
162:Paris
108:Wrede
1568:Reid
1553:Mill
1538:Hume
1197:Vico
1030:Kant
948:Sade
772:Pope
397:ISBN
98:Life
72:O.S.
68:O.S.
188:).
90:of
54:or
38:by
1669::
273:,
245:.
233:.
114:.
94:.
62::
1640:→
451:e
444:t
437:v
210:.
58:(
20:)
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