1790:
his own and his
Christians' benefit, the income of which is about 11 hundred rupees yearly. The small church and the padre's house are situated in the midst of woods, gardens and sugar plantations--the spot is very picturesque, quiet and romantic; the Christians of that place yet speak the Nepalese language, bides the Hindee. the cause of the persecution against the Christians at Nepal was the rapid growth of Christianity; and that the Nepalese pandits not being able to cope with the Roman Catholic padrees in argumentation on religion; and seeing the daily increase of Christianity
204:
1161:(Mass) was repeated in the morning when more people came to attend the church service, including the nephew of the Raja and his retinue. The attendance of the Raja's court along with the Hindus, seems to be the beginning of a beautiful practice in religious harmony and dialogue still in vogue at Bettiah church. Every year at Christmas and on Good Friday, hundreds of non-Christians, particularly Hindus, largely in family groups, visit the church and offer prayers both inside it and at the shrine of Mother Mary, outside.
286:
687:
38:
396:
310:, copies of a book describing the friendly relations between Hindus and Christians were brought out, with special copies being printed for the king and other distinguished members of his court. During this event at which most of the citizens of Bettiah were present, Raja Dhurup Singh participated and provided musicians who played outside the church compound.
423:, established in 1922, has been widely attended by members of the Bettiah Christian Indian community too. Female education was a priority of the Bettiah Christian Mission, with St. Teresa's Mission Middle English School being founded in 1922, along with St. Teresa's Teacher Training College in 1928. As of 1995, there are twenty-seven schools in
1643:
Vatican granted permission. Subsequently, Dhruva Singh wrote two letters to Pope
Benedict XIV requesting that the missioners be allowed to open a station in Bettiah. The pope replied to him on May 1, 1742, saying the Capuchins could stay and preach the Gospel in the kingdom. Father Joseph Mary thus founded the Bettiah Mission in 1745.
436:
418:
The majority of
Bettiah Christians became involved in the education sector, serving as teachers and professors. Among the first schools opened by the Bettiah Christian Mission included St. Stanislaus Mission Middle English School in 1860, along with St. Aloysius Pathsala and Jubilee Memorial Nursery
603:
position of the
Bettiah Christian Mission authorities, the Bettiah Christian converts mixed freely with Hindus and Muslims, "without any discrimination". Due to the "inter-community marriages and participation in shared community activities such as life-cycle rituals, festivals, ceremonies, social
359:
generally viewed the
Italian Capuchins with suspicion and in the 1760s, harassed and imprisoned them for several months; that being said, some individual Englishmen were fond of the Bettiah Christians and financially supported them, and "extended Government help for the care of orphans." Raja Jugal
305:
to minister to
European Christians but he became "sickened at heart with the loose morals of the settlers in the colonial settlement" and wished to be transferred to a location "where there were no Europeans." As such, he returned to his "beloved Bettiah" and Raja Dhurup Singh provided Bernini and
1789:
About 8 miles to the north of
Bettiah there is a village called Choohree where are about 200 Christians originally from Nepal, who fled away from that place in the time of persecution and settled at Choohree, which village and 500 bigas of land were given to the padre by the East India Company for
1613:
Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the
Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini,
1642:
One of the
Capuchin missioners, Father Joseph Mary, spent some time in Bettiah in 1740 en route to Tibet, and he managed to cure the queen of Bettiah of a serious malady. The King of Bettiah, Dhruva Singh, asked the priest to stay in his kingdom, but the priest said he could not do so unless the
1244:
It is estimated that the
Bettiah Christians comprise some 16000 members and are presently dispersed in various urban centres of north India and abroad. The making of the Bettiah Christians, the oldest Christian community in northern India, is a signal achievement of the Capuchins and the Jesuits
375:
of land within the fort, 200 bighas of land outside the fort, along with the village of Chuhari. At that time, there were three Catholic churches in each of these places, with 2500 Christians residing in Bettiah itself, along with 700 Christians residing in Chuhari and 400 Christians residing in
1554:
Not surprisingly, Patna Mission historian Paul Dent (ca. 1930:72) recorded in the 1930s that "there are no Christians communities in Delhi to Calcutta which do not have a section whose origin is known by the name, Bettia Khristans (Christians)." ... In sum, educational empowerment enhanced
1820:
An inter-caste, inter-ethnic Christian 'brotherhood in religion' has been emerging as Dalit Christians along with other migrant groups such as Tribal Christian from Chotanagpur, the Bettiah Christians and Christians belonging to other ethnic groups make Urban parish
1165:
Since their inception, the Bettiah Christians have maintained a spirit of communal harmony with Hindus and Muslims. Adherents of other faiths often visit the churches of the Bettiah Christians and pray there, especially at the grotto containing a statue of
604:
functions", the Bettiah Christians "oriented to the ideal of a casteless community". Today, the Bettiah Christians stress a "brotherhood in religion" over caste, forming amicable relationships with Christians of other communities, including
269:
for her and treat her; the queen was cured of her "incurable illness" and as a result, Singh invited Bernini to found the Bettiah Christian Mission. To secure Bernini's presence at the Bettiah Fort, Maharaja Dhurup Naryan Singh wrote to
451:, a garment worn by women in northwestern India, was the traditional dress worn by Bettiah Christian women. Since the 1950s, Bettiah Christian women are indistinguishable in dress from their neighbours, wearing the
1768:
Though the Newar Christians married with the Bettiah Christians for over 200 years, there were at least 12 families in Chuhari, which claimed to be 'pure' Newars (because they did not marry outside the Bhaju
1416:
Catholics in the Bettiah region of Muzaffarpur diocese trace the origin of their faith community to Italian Capuchins, who set up a Christian community in 1745 with converts from upper- and middle-caste
1140:
1153:
The tradition of communal harmony between the Bettiah Christians and other religious communities has been maintained since the dedication of the first Catholic church in Bettiah:
482:
Being principally descendants of Brahmins, they hold a fair social position, ... one-fourth are carpenters, one-tenth blacksmiths, one-tenth servants, the remainder are carters.
368:. Lacking the local expertise to govern Bettiah, the East India Company invited Raja Jugal Kishore Singh in 1771 to rule the region under the auspices of the East India Company.
191:
Bettiah Christians are known for working in education, serving in the roles of teachers and professors. A number of them have served in ecclesiastical positions as bishops, nuns,
360:
Kishore Singh, the ruler of the Bettiah Raj in India refused to accept British rule in his state, and fought the British with his army though they ended up retreating to
1596:
1510:
1399:
427:
managed by the Bettiah Christian community. While the literacy rate of Bettiah in general was 52.8% in 1991, among the Bettiah Christian community, it stood at 70.09%.
245:, India. Maharaja Dhurup Singh, the ruler of the Bettiah Raj, developed a close friendship with Italian Capuchin missionary priest Joseph Mary Bernini, who practiced
1736:
497:
328:
On 15 January 1761, Joseph Mary Bernini, who had stayed at the Bettiah Christian Mission for the remainder of his life, died and his body was said to produce the
411:, the Bettiah Christians were largely scholars, cultivators and farmers, as well as artisans involved in carpentry, gold smithery, masonry, and blacksmithy. The
1084:
153:, are the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian community, which emerged in the 18th century. The origins of the Bettiah Christian community lie in
1133:
501:
180:
in the 18th and 19th centuries constitute the majority of the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians, though it has incorporated those from former
1889:
282:. Raja Dhurup Singh donated 16 hectares of land, which became known as the Christian Quarters, to the Roman Catholic missionaries of the Capuchin Order.
1107:
475:
1060:
854:
1884:
1450:
A majority of the Bettiah Christians originally belonged to the high castes, a considerable number belonged to the occupational or middle castes
1126:
1011:
1481:
Bettiah Christians, converted largely from upper and middle castes at Bettiah town in West Champaran district, but spread all over north India
1813:
1474:
1377:
1102:
774:
1064:
1056:
909:
849:
1703:
Kalapura, Jose (1 January 2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
1024:
839:
726:
973:
640:
1555:
occupational mobility from the traditional to blue or white-collar employment mostly in cities outside Bettiah where they migrated.
1833:
1052:
958:
954:
420:
998:
1879:
1536:
Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
1432:
Kalapura, Jose (2015). "Philanthropic Organizations and Community Development: The Case of the Bettiah Christians in India".
933:
670:
352:
341:
238:
166:
1782:
1630:
1600:
1514:
1403:
1080:
1072:
929:
651:
617:
203:
686:
371:
The Government of the East India Company honoured Raja Dhurup Singh, in 1786, gave the Bettiah Christian Mission 60
1028:
889:
819:
408:
285:
1068:
567:
278:
and on 1 May 1742, Pope Benedict XIV replied stating that the Capuchin priests could remain there and preach the
177:
210:
blessed the Bettiah Christian Mission under the Capuchins in a letter to Maharaja Dhurup Singh dated 1 May 1742.
1112:
1032:
920:
731:
380:
1178:
Educational opportunities fueled the migration of some Bettiah Christians to other urban centres of northern
1076:
1044:
1007:
884:
809:
794:
741:
222:
ruler who established the state in India in the early 17th century A.D. His son, Gaja Singh, was declared a
1018:
990:
869:
789:
384:
298:
290:
262:
1571:
1040:
1036:
937:
879:
678:
488:
844:
195:
and priests. Their erudite background has led to a Bettiah Christian diaspora across northern India.
859:
711:
348:, succeeded Bernini in Bettiah. He also spent much of his time in Bettiah until his death in 1803.
314:
254:
192:
138:
63:
1741:
1676:
1352:
KING, FORT, ZAMINDARIS AND MISSIONARIES: THE FOUNDING OF BIHAR'S OLDEST CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY, 1745
1211:
981:
945:
874:
834:
829:
814:
804:
769:
736:
716:
701:
365:
356:
122:
332:. In the same year, the Bettiah Fort, along with the Bettiah Christian Mission, was attacked by
306:
his fellow priests the wood to erect a church there. At the dedication of the church in 1751 on
1809:
1626:
1470:
1373:
751:
721:
589:(carpenters) resided in Barhai Patt, etc. In 1790, the Bettiah Christians in a historic caste
345:
329:
271:
207:
1803:
570:
and over time, some members of this community have intermarried with the Bettiah Christians.
1712:
1668:
1545:
1441:
746:
605:
266:
88:
1575:
1048:
655:
644:
643:
from the Bettiah Christian community was ordained in 1861. As of 1995, two bishops of the
400:
337:
103:
37:
1187:
1179:
864:
824:
784:
779:
590:
456:
395:
1873:
1680:
1614:
who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.
1191:
1182:. The Cornelius family was among the first Bettiah Christian migrants to the city of
799:
528:
307:
250:
599:
norms for marriage and dining." Due to their patronage by the Bettiah Rajas and the
383:, the Maharaja of Bettiah sided with the British government and in 1909 through the
321:
that within the walled city of Bettiah, also known as the Bettiah Fort, was a Hindu
624:
563:
556:
302:
227:
185:
106:
17:
1167:
361:
293:, who played a pivotal role in the foundation of the Bettiah Christian community
215:
162:
1672:
1716:
1657:"Europeans in late Mughal south Asia: The perceptions of Italian missionaries"
1549:
1445:
231:
1656:
496:
The majority of Bettiah Christians were upper and middle caste converts from
1195:
600:
333:
318:
154:
1238:
Kalapura, Jose (April 2020). "Centenary History of Patna Jesuit Mission".
582:
513:
412:
258:
246:
219:
364:. Following this, the British appointed an estate manager to govern the
628:
595:
523:
508:
448:
440:
424:
275:
387:, the Bettiah Raj came under the control of the British Raj in India.
1199:
1183:
658:
focusing on service in villages; it has established several schools.
586:
551:
518:
322:
279:
181:
165:, Maharaja Dhurup Singh, invited Roman Catholic missionaries of the
578:
574:
546:
541:
533:
452:
435:
394:
372:
284:
242:
202:
173:
158:
78:
463:
223:
83:
1834:"Superior general of Patna Sacred Heart Sisters dies suddenly"
1384:
the Bettiah Christians, converted from upper and middle castes
504:; they are composed of individuals with the following castes:
1858:
Mascarenhas, Cyprian Eugene (2010). Noronha, Allan de (ed.).
1157:
After the blessing of the new church at night, the Christian
325:
and the convent of the missionaries of the Franciscan Order.
1737:"In Bettiah, Christian brides wear sindoor, colourful saris"
1465:
Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (6 August 2010).
443:
was the traditional dress worn by Bettiah Christian women.
355:, who damaged the fort and the Catholic church there. The
647:
from the Bettiah Christian community have been ordained.
1805:
Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India
1597:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1511:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1467:
Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India
1400:"Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years"
1370:
The Spirit Shaped Church: A Spirit Ecclesiology in India
1186:. Some Bettiah Christians are now settled abroad in the
1802:
Robinson, Rowena; Kujur, Joseph Marianus (2010-07-19).
566:
settled in the Bihari village of Chuhari after fleeing
1860:
St. Patrick's Church Kanpur Sesquicentennial Souvenir
573:
In the Christian Quarters of Bettiah, historically,
1460:
1458:
419:School; these have produced hundreds of graduates.
351:In 1766, Bettiah was attacked by the British under
112:
97:
69:
57:
47:
1853:
1851:
261:. The queen of Maharaja Dhurup Singh, was ill and
169:to establish the Bettiah Christian Mission there.
313:The German missionary, scientist and geographer
1766:. Indian History Congress. 2000. p. 1025.
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1155:
620:, the Bettiah Christians are generally strict.
480:
462:During weddings, men usually don Western-style
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1661:The Indian Economic and Social History Review
1354:. Indian History Congress. p. 1011-1022.
1134:
218:in India was established by Ugrasen Singh, a
8:
30:
1764:Transactions of the Indian History Congress
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1427:
1425:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1141:
1127:
685:
665:
623:During weddings, at the conclusion of the
403:served by the Bettiah Christian community.
36:
29:
1862:. Krishna Graph & Prints. p. 41.
1394:
1392:
1363:
1361:
1108:All India Conference of Indian Christians
955:Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
654:was founded in Bettiah in 1926, with the
476:Caste system among South Asian Christians
434:
415:, however, gave up their priestly work.
1565:
1563:
1223:
677:
585:(accountants) resided in Kayasth Patt,
237:In 1713, Christian missionaries of the
188:and scheduled caste heritage as well.
840:Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly
562:A community of originally two hundred
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1103:National Council of Churches in India
581:(blacksmiths) resided in Lohar Patt,
7:
1787:. Mittal Publications. p. 117.
910:Saint Thomas Christian denominations
631:to the parting in his bride's hair.
577:(goldsmiths) resided in Sonar Patt,
399:St. Joseph's School in Bettiah is a
58:Regions with significant populations
1242:. Jesuit Conference of South Asia.
850:Mathews Mar Athanasius Metropolitan
157:in what is now the Indian state of
1735:Jha, Abhay Mohan (18 March 2015).
25:
1890:Christian communities of Pakistan
1469:. SAGE Publications. p. 77.
974:Malabar Independent Syrian Church
1368:Bar, Swarup (23 February 2021).
1053:Indian Pentecostal Church of God
959:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
265:came to their Bettiah Palace to
1705:Asian Journal of Social Science
1538:Asian Journal of Social Science
1434:Asian Journal of Social Science
274:asking that priests be sent to
1885:Christian communities of India
1784:Indian Gods, Sages, and Cities
1372:. Fortress Press. p. 17.
966:Independent Oriential Orthodox
239:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
167:Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
1:
1836:. Matters India. 30 July 2020
1065:Northern Evangelical Lutheran
999:Oriental Protestant Christian
795:Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara
253:, as well as being fluent in
42:Roman Catholic Church Bettiah
1631:Union of Catholic Asian News
1601:Union of Catholic Asian News
1515:Union of Catholic Asian News
1404:Union of Catholic Asian News
1350:John, Jose Kalapura (2000).
1061:North Bank Baptist Christian
790:Saint Euphrasia Eluvathingal
1085:United Evangelical Lutheran
1057:Church of God (Full Gospel)
1025:Andhra Evangelical Lutheran
652:Sisters of the Sacred Heart
161:, in which the king of the
1906:
1673:10.1177/001946460304000101
1174:Bettiah Christian diaspora
1029:Assemblies Jehovah Shammah
820:Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar
473:
409:conversion to Christianity
1808:. SAGE Publishing India.
1717:10.1163/15685314-04304005
1550:10.1163/15685314-04304005
1446:10.1163/15685314-04304005
855:Mar Geevarghese Dionysius
835:Mar Gregorios of Parumala
639:The first Roman Catholic
241:established a hospice in
178:converted to Christianity
117:
102:
74:
62:
52:
35:
1655:Lorenzen, David (2003).
1113:All India Catholic Union
1033:Christian Revival Church
1019:Protestant denominations
845:Mar Joseph C. Panjikaran
770:Saint Thomas the Apostle
593:voted to abolish "caste
381:Indian Rebellion of 1857
317:wrote in his account on
1572:"Christianity in Bihar"
1077:The Pentecostal Mission
934:Syro-Malankara Catholic
885:Mar Augustine Kandathil
860:Mar Geevarghese Ivanios
810:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
742:Saint Thomas Christians
421:Khrist Raja High School
391:Traditional occupations
172:Upper and middle-caste
1163:
1012:St. Thomas Evangelical
870:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
484:
444:
404:
294:
291:Giuseppe Maria Bernini
211:
1880:Christianity in Bihar
1081:Seventh-day Adventist
1041:Church of South India
1037:Church of North India
930:Syro-Malabar Catholic
880:Palackal Thoma Malpan
805:Bl.Devasahayam Pillai
679:Christianity in India
489:William Wilson Hunter
474:Further information:
438:
407:At the time of their
398:
288:
206:
113:Related ethnic groups
1627:"Diocese of Bettiah"
785:Saint Gonsalo Garcia
780:Saint Francis Xavier
662:Interfaith relations
627:, the groom applies
800:Saint Mother Teresa
712:Bombay East Indians
635:Ecclesiastical life
340:. A fellow Italian
315:Joseph Tiefenthaler
301:was transferred to
299:Joseph Mary Bernini
263:Joseph Mary Bernini
64:Indian subcontinent
32:
1781:Cesary, C (1987).
1742:The Times of India
1212:Punjabi Christians
982:Church of the East
875:Sadhu Sundar Singh
830:Ignatius Elias III
815:Mar Baselios Eldho
737:Punjabi Christians
717:Marathi Christians
707:Bettiah Christians
702:Bengali Christians
445:
405:
366:East India Company
357:East India Company
334:Mir Qasim Ali Khan
295:
212:
151:Betiawi Christians
135:Bettiah Christians
123:Indo-Aryan peoples
31:Bettiah Christians
1815:978-93-86042-93-4
1603:. 6 November 1995
1517:. 6 November 1995
1476:978-81-321-0467-4
1406:. 6 November 1995
1379:978-1-5064-6690-3
1240:Patna Ganga Lahar
1151:
1150:
946:Oriental Orthodox
752:Telugu Christians
722:Meitei Christians
353:Sir Robert Barker
346:Marco della Tomba
330:odour of sanctity
272:Pope Benedict XIV
208:Pope Benedict XIV
149:), also known as
131:
130:
18:Bettiah Christian
16:(Redirected from
1897:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1484:
1483:
1462:
1453:
1452:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1248:
1247:
1235:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1069:Methodist Church
1008:Mar Thoma Syrian
747:Tamil Christians
689:
666:
606:Dalit Christians
564:Newar Christians
492:
48:Total population
40:
33:
21:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1576:The Bihar Times
1570:Putra, Bharat.
1569:
1568:
1561:
1544:(4): 404, 416.
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1487:
1477:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1251:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1208:
1176:
1147:
1118:
1117:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1049:Indian Brethren
1023:
1003:
991:Chaldean Syrian
986:
969:
950:
925:
914:
903:
895:
894:
765:
757:
756:
732:Naga Christians
727:Mizo Christians
697:
664:
656:religious order
645:Catholic Church
637:
616:With regard to
614:
494:
486:
478:
472:
433:
401:Catholic school
393:
338:Nawab of Bengal
201:
127:
93:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1825:
1814:
1794:
1773:
1755:
1722:
1711:(4): 408–412.
1686:
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143:Béttiah Masīhī
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27:Ethnic group
1748:14 November
1667:(1): 1–31.
1636:15 November
1607:14 November
1581:19 November
1521:14 November
1410:14 November
1168:Mother Mary
696:Communities
568:persecution
379:During the
362:Bundelkhand
289:Drawing of
216:Bettiah Raj
163:Bettiah Raj
1874:Categories
1840:31 January
1440:(4): 403.
1218:References
376:Dossaiya.
255:Hindustani
232:Shah Jahan
139:Hindustani
1681:144084530
1196:Australia
601:zamindari
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319:Hindustan
297:In 1749,
155:Champaran
70:Languages
1206:See also
921:Catholic
671:a series
669:Part of
618:marriage
612:Marriage
583:Kayasths
514:Bhumihar
498:Hinduism
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575:sonars
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519:Rajput
491:(1872)
470:Castes
373:bighas
336:, the
323:mandir
280:Gospel
182:Muslim
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121:other
53:16,000
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547:Koeri
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538:Hazam
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529:Bania
502:Islam
464:suits
453:saree
243:Patna
186:Newar
159:Bihar
79:Hindi
1842:2021
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