824:, with different authors differing wildly in what species they accept, from under 30 species, to over 60. The above (incomplete) list was compiled from the references cited below. Birches will hybridise very freely, particularly in cultivation but also in the wild where conditions and species present permit. While differing
976:
Li, J., Shoup, S. & Chen, Z.; Shoup, Suzanne; Chen, Zhiduan (2007). "Phylogenetic
Relationships of Diploid Species of Betula (Betulaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear Nitrate Reductase".
836:, etc.) may reduce interbreeding, it is not an absolute bar to it. Many botanists regard differing chromosome number as a specific discriminant, though not all do so (e.g. some include
1011:
865:
882:
1075:
888:
874:
1080:
512:
1032:
1005:
797:
241:
181:
122:
98:
946:
1987; "Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of
British Columbia, Canada."
305:
273:
166:
903:
805:
440:
397:
281:
197:
138:
773:
540:
353:
325:
993:
604:
576:
568:
552:
532:
146:
878:
698:
664:
496:
130:
48:
985:
789:
757:
612:
463:
448:
425:
1070:
765:
405:
389:
221:
17:
1022:. Collins. (Useful details on chromosome numbers of many European & Asian birches).
781:
668:- Paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (sometimes tetraploid or pentaploid)
644:
504:
345:
289:
965:. Eighth edition, revised, vol. 1 (1976) & Supplement (1988); editor D. L. Clarke.
1064:
742:
369:
189:
997:
734:
297:
66:
923:
1987. Middle Eocene
Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington.
714:
989:
825:
216:
Bark on twigs contains some methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
829:
1027:
Byulleten
Moskovoskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologie
833:
31:
481:
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
1055:
683:
Small shrubs with small rounded leaves. Female catkins pendulous.
970:
Betula. Proceedings of the IDS Betula
Symposium 2-4 October 1992
258:
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins erect.
1025:
Skvortsov, A. K. 2002. A new system of the genus Betula.
616:- White birch, European white birch or downy birch
820:There is no consensus at all on species limits in
1043:New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation
963:Trees & Shrubs hardy in the British Isles
8:
1010:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
51:(oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.
500:- Heart-leaf birch or mountain paper birch
925:United States Geological Survey Bulletin
857:
1003:
867:English Names for Korean Native Plants
7:
972:. International Dendrology Society.
25:
1033:Flora of North America online -
365:) - White-barked Himalayan birch
752:chromosome number not reported
435:chromosome number not reported
176:chromosome number not reported
70:- Sweet birch or cherry birch
1:
1020:Trees of Britain & Europe
536:- Alaska birch or Yukon birch
544:- Water birch or red birch (
301:- River birch or black birch
1097:
990:10.1600/036364407781179699
948:Canadian Journal of Botany
793:- Newfoundland dwarf birch
564:) - Siberian silver birch
458:chromosome number unknown
339:- North Chinese red birch
43:- Wintergreen oil birches
961:Bean, W. J. 1976, 1988.
875:Korea National Arboretum
710:) - American dwarf birch
18:Betula subg. Neurobetula
1018:Rushforth, K. D. 1999.
193:- Japanese cherry birch
1076:Lists of plant species
777:- Cascades dwarf birch
47:Bark on twigs rich in
877:. 2015. p. 373.
608:- Iberian white birch
242:Betula maximowicziana
123:Betula austrosinensis
99:Betula allegheniensis
1041:Grimshaw, J. 2009,
904:Korea Forest Service
844:as varieties within
806:Betula middendorffii
785:- Arctic dwarf birch
738:- Quebec dwarf birch
626:- Arctic white birch
329:- Chinese red birch
282:Betula chichibuensis
212:- Large-leaf birches
80:- Cherry Creek birch
541:Betula occidentalis
520:Betula mandschurica
516:- Manchurian birch
513:Betula mandschurica
354:Betula jacquemontii
333:Betula albosinensis
326:Betula albosinensis
225:- Alder-leaf birch
126:- South China birch
29:Subgenera of genus
798:Betula microphylla
605:Betula celtiberica
577:Betula szechuanica
569:Betula populifolia
553:Betula platyphylla
533:Betula neoalaskana
185:- Hazel-leaf birch
182:Betula corylifolia
147:Betula medwediewii
978:Systematic Botany
884:978-89-97450-98-5
699:Betula glandulosa
665:Betula papyrifera
588:) - Sichuan birch
497:Betula cordifolia
477:- Typical birches
452:- Schmidt's birch
401:- Delavay's birch
373:- Himalayan birch
309:- Potanin's birch
254:- Costate birches
150:- Caucasian birch
131:Betula globispica
49:methyl salicylate
16:(Redirected from
1088:
1045:. Kew Publishing
1015:
1009:
1001:
954:
953:(12): 2490-2500.
945:
941:
937:
931:
922:
918:
914:
908:
907:
901:
899:
893:
887:. Archived from
872:
862:
790:Betula michauxii
758:Betula fruticosa
620:Betula pubescens
613:Betula pubescens
526:- Japanese birch
464:Betula leopoldae
449:Betula schmidtii
444:- Farges's birch
426:Betula chinensis
393:- Dahurian birch
306:Betula potaninii
274:Betula calcicola
167:Betula megrelica
102:- Yellow birch (
21:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1002:
975:
968:Hunt, D. 1993.
958:
957:
943:
939:
938:
934:
921:Wehr, Wesley C.
920:
916:
915:
911:
897:
895:
891:
885:
870:
864:
863:
859:
854:
818:
766:Betula gmelinii
681:
679:- Dwarf birches
479:
441:Betula fargesii
429:- Chinese birch
409:- Radde's birch
406:Betula raddeana
398:Betula delavayi
390:Betula dahurica
349:- Erman's birch
337:septentrionalis
256:
245:- Monarch birch
229:Betula alnoides
222:Betula alnoides
214:
198:Betula insignis
139:Betula insignis
45:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1094:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1081:Lists of trees
1078:
1073:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1016:
984:(2): 357–365.
973:
966:
956:
955:
932:
917:Wolfe, Jack A.
909:
894:on 25 May 2017
883:
856:
855:
853:
850:
842:B. neoalaskana
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
802:
794:
786:
782:Betula humilis
778:
770:
762:
749:
748:
747:
739:
721:
720:
719:
711:
680:
673:
672:
671:
670:
669:
651:
650:
649:
645:Betula kenaica
631:
630:
629:
628:
627:
609:
591:
590:
589:
582:Betula pendula
573:
565:
558:Betula pendula
549:
537:
529:
528:
527:
509:
508:- Silver birch
505:Betula pendula
501:
478:
471:
470:
469:
468:
467:
455:
454:
453:
445:
432:
431:
430:
412:
411:
410:
402:
394:
376:
375:
374:
366:
350:
346:Betula ermanii
342:
341:
340:
312:
311:
310:
302:
294:
293:- Korean birch
290:Betula costata
286:
278:
255:
248:
247:
246:
238:
237:
236:
213:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
194:
186:
173:
172:
171:
153:
152:
151:
143:
135:
127:
109:
108:
107:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
44:
37:
35:(birch), are;
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1093:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
959:
952:
949:
936:
933:
929:
926:
913:
910:
905:
890:
886:
880:
876:
869:
868:
861:
858:
851:
849:
847:
846:B. papyrifera
843:
839:
838:B. cordifolia
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:Betula hallii
771:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
755:
754:
753:
750:
746:- Swamp birch
745:
744:
743:Betula pumila
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
729:
725:
722:
718:- Dwarf birch
717:
716:
712:
709:
705:
701:
700:
696:
695:
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
678:
674:
667:
666:
662:
661:
659:
655:
652:
648:- Kenai birch
647:
646:
642:
641:
639:
635:
632:
625:
621:
618:
617:
615:
614:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
599:
595:
592:
587:
583:
579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
559:
555:
554:
550:
547:
546:B. fontinalis
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
530:
525:
521:
518:
517:
515:
514:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
498:
494:
493:
491:
487:
484:
483:
482:
476:
472:
466:
465:
461:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
446:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
433:
428:
427:
423:
422:
420:
416:
413:
408:
407:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
387:
386:
384:
380:
377:
372:
371:
370:Betula utilis
367:
364:
360:
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:
343:
338:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
323:
322:
320:
316:
313:
308:
307:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
291:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
275:
271:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:
259:
253:
249:
244:
243:
239:
234:
230:
227:
226:
224:
223:
219:
218:
217:
211:
207:
200:
199:
195:
192:
191:
190:Betula grossa
187:
184:
183:
179:
178:
177:
174:
169:
168:
164:
163:
161:
157:
154:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
120:
119:
117:
113:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
93:
89:
86:
79:
75:
72:
71:
69:
68:
64:
63:
61:
57:
54:
53:
52:
50:
42:
38:
36:
34:
33:
27:
19:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1006:cite journal
981:
977:
969:
962:
950:
947:
944:Stockey R.A.
935:
927:
924:
912:
902:– via
896:. Retrieved
889:the original
866:
860:
845:
841:
837:
821:
819:
804:
796:
788:
780:
772:
764:
756:
751:
741:
735:Betula minor
733:
727:
723:
713:
707:
703:
697:
691:
687:
682:
677:Chamaebetula
676:
663:
657:
653:
643:
637:
633:
623:
619:
611:
603:
597:
593:
585:
581:
575:
572:- Gray birch
567:
561:
557:
551:
545:
539:
531:
523:
519:
511:
503:
495:
489:
485:
480:
474:
462:
457:
447:
439:
434:
424:
418:
414:
404:
396:
388:
382:
378:
368:
363:jacquemontii
362:
358:
352:
344:
336:
332:
324:
318:
314:
304:
298:Betula nigra
296:
288:
280:
272:
266:
262:
257:
251:
240:
232:
228:
220:
215:
209:
196:
188:
180:
175:
165:
159:
156:Duodecaploid
155:
145:
137:
129:
121:
115:
111:
103:
97:
91:
87:
77:
74:Betula lenta
73:
67:Betula lenta
65:
59:
55:
46:
40:
30:
28:
26:
1029:107: 73–76.
898:16 December
873:. Pocheon:
715:Betula nana
586:szechuanica
562:platyphylla
252:Neurobetula
1065:Categories
940:Crane P.R.
852:References
834:tetraploid
826:chromosome
724:Tetraploid
708:glandulosa
634:Pentaploid
594:Tetraploid
315:Tetraploid
233:luminifera
210:Betulaster
675:Subgenus
654:Hexaploid
473:Subgenus
415:Octoploid
379:Hexaploid
359:B. utilis
250:Subgenus
208:Subgenus
112:Decaploid
88:Hexaploid
41:Betulenta
39:Subgenus
1050:See also
998:85837009
828:number (
624:tortuosa
524:japonica
421:= 112).
162:= 168).
118:= 140).
104:B. lutea
830:diploid
730:= 56).
706:subsp.
704:B. nana
694:= 28).
688:Diploid
660:= 84).
640:= 70).
622:subsp.
600:= 56).
492:= 28).
486:Diploid
385:= 84).
361:subsp.
321:= 56).
269:= 28).
263:Diploid
231:subsp.
94:= 84).
76:subsp.
62:= 28).
56:Diploid
1071:Betula
1035:Betula
996:
942:&
919:&
881:
822:Betula
475:Betula
32:Betula
1056:Birch
994:S2CID
892:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
816:Notes
584:var.
560:var.
522:var.
335:var.
1012:link
928:1597
900:2016
879:ISBN
840:and
78:uber
986:doi
930::13
848:).
158:(12
114:(10
1067::
1008:}}
1004:{{
992:.
982:32
980:.
951:65
832:,
726:(4
690:(2
656:(6
636:(5
596:(4
488:(2
417:(8
381:(6
317:(4
265:(2
90:(6
58:(2
1037:.
1014:)
1000:.
988::
906:.
809:-
801:-
769:-
761:-
728:n
702:(
692:n
658:n
638:n
598:n
580:(
556:(
548:)
490:n
419:n
383:n
357:(
319:n
285:-
277:-
267:n
235:-
201:-
170:-
160:n
142:-
134:-
116:n
106:)
92:n
60:n
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.