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about improvements of their own, but only a few could manage to gain control of the "official" version. The system became quite conservative, a lot of suggestions were rejected, including some proposed by Bezenšek himself. Some suggestions were rejected without even being taken into consideration. The existing system was announced unique, official, compulsory, and "best in the world". Competition was banned — a participant in a shorthand competition was once disqualified for using an alternative system.
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was established. It kept on resisting reforms until the 1960s, when a contest was held. At first no propositions were accepted, which caused a scandal, so after re-examination four of them were approved. Unfortunately it was reported to the
Minister of Education, that the new speed results were worse
428:
As the system developed, it required corrections, which Bezenšek coped with well. In the following decades, however, improvements were more and more difficult to make, hindered by new teachers who had already published books, that were then expensive to re-print. Most of those book authors had ideas
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for
Bulgarian is disputed, as the system was created for the unrelated German language, and Bezenšek had become fluent in Bulgarian just shortly before he invented it. To a certain extent, this resulted in some waste of elegant natural strokes for infrequent sounds, and a redundancy of complex slow
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rule, and a government was formed. Initially, discussions in
Parliament were recorded by conventional scribes, and arguments about the accuracy of records were not uncommon. Slovenian linguist Bezenšek, who had already had experience with adapting shorthand to other
246:. The strokes are distinguishable by size, proportion, position (three of them: above, below, or on the base line), and shading (variation of thickness of strokes). Shading, normally used for marking an /a/ vowel, is nowadays difficult to achieve with a
400:, except for 5 and 7, which can be written without a horizontal bar; also, special notation is normally applied for hundreds, thousands, and millions. Abbreviation of whole phrases into a single connected sequence of strokes is allowed and encouraged.
198:
Bezenšek
Shorthand has features of a phonetic system, though Bulgarian writing almost identically represents the sounds in speech. It is acceptable to replace certain closely related sounds with each other, for the sake of simplicity and speed, e. g.
223:, etc. The system is not an alphabetic one, but closer to a syllabic one, though many syllables are normally skipped. Vowels are usually not recorded as separate strokes, but are
254:. Nevertheless, ambiguity is close to none, even when thickness is not marked, because words are easily recognizable from the context.
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111:
310:, but only the second sign is used as part of a word. Note, that /a/ is normally marked by shading of the preceding consonant.
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558:
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strokes for common sounds. Neither does the system fit well with the increasing number of loanwords from
English.
433:
452:. Presently, newer systems are taught at universities, but are not regulated and none of them is a monopoly.
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might lead to ambiguity, as the same sign can often mean different things when put at different positions.
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than before, so the old system once again survived. Another fruitless contest was held in the 1980s.
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421:, was invited. He accepted and came up with a solution, although he was not a proficient speaker of
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is difficult to express with a ballpoint pen. This also reduces readability for learners.
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372:), and recommends rules for forming free abbreviations. Punctuation consists only of a
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250:, but at the time of invention was convenient for marking, using the then-ubiquitous
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As a result, the 1923 version of Bezenšek-Gabelsberger remained official until the
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170:. (More precisely, Bezenšek Shorthand is based on a system by Heger — one of
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took power in 1944, all existing shorthand organizations were dismissed, and the
480:") require quite some time for a beginner to start using the system effectively.
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543:
143:
42:
376:, written as a small horizontal segment on the base line, because the dot,
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39:
26:
388:, and others, have special meaning and could be confused with words.
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are acceptable, especially for beginners. Digits are similar to the
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via modifying the preceding or following consonant, similarly to an
476:— the great number of consonantal blends and abbreviations ("
522:(in Bulgarian). "Narodna Prosveta" state publishing company.
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The system has a set of compulsory abbreviations, called
238:, as opposed to geometric or elliptical systems, such as
234:
The shorthand's form is based on borrowings from natural
518:
Georgi
Trapchev; Lyubomir Velchev; Georgi Botev (1971).
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can be used for an isolated (possibly an abbreviation)
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Several letters can be written in two different ways:
116:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
84:
79:
69:
59:
49:
33:
18:
130:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
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344:(в)се, повече, все повече, все повече и повече
8:
174:'s students, who adapted the system for the
338:even, more, even more, (even) more and more
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288:is used only in the beginning of a word.
185:
150:speech. The system was invented by the
299:can be used only in the end of a word.
15:
168:Gabelsberger–Bezenšek Shorthand
166:), so it is often referred to as the
7:
120:. For the distinction between ,
325:Йй and Ьь represent the same sound
321:may be omitted when part of a word.
146:system, used for rapidly recording
14:
329:, so they share the same stroke.
112:International Phonetic Alphabet
501:(in Bulgarian). Archived from
313:One of connecting lines of Аа
1:
446:National Shorthand Institute
438:National Shorthand Institute
273:can be used interchangeably.
261:The pairs of strokes for Ее
158:c. 1879. It is based on the
105: This article contains
194:, as written when isolated.
575:
364:
359:
291:The second stroke for Вв
103:
24:
276:The first stroke for Зз
499:"Shorthand in Bulgaria"
108:phonetic transcriptions
534:Gabelsberger shorthand
347:
195:
160:Gabelsberger shorthand
92:Gabelsberger shorthand
505:on September 28, 2007
408:In 1878 Bulgaria was
335:
190:The letters from the
189:
474:Steep learning curve
412:from a five-century
450:Democratic Bulgaria
302:Both stroke for Аа
432:Shortly after the
348:
196:
140:Bezenšek Shorthand
96:Bezenšek Shorthand
19:Bezenšek Shorthand
559:Shorthand systems
448:was shut down in
342:Сиглообразуване:
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419:Slavic languages
386:exclamation mark
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65:1923–today
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434:Communist party
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398:Arabic numerals
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192:Cyrillic script
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80:Related scripts
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539:Anton Bezenšek
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176:Czech language
156:Anton Bezenšek
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128:⟩, see
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86:Parent systems
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382:question mark
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507:. Retrieved
503:the original
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362:; singular:
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172:Gabelsberger
167:
139:
138:
124:and ⟨
106:
520:Stenografia
484:Suitability
468:Positioning
61:Time period
34:Script type
425:at first.
336:Phrasing:
162:(used for
544:Shorthand
509:27 August
456:Criticism
423:Bulgarian
410:liberated
356:Bulgarian
284:, and Уу
269:, and Тт
154:linguist
148:Bulgarian
144:shorthand
74:Bulgarian
70:Languages
43:Shorthand
553:Category
528:See also
236:longhand
182:Overview
122:/ /
118:Help:IPA
492:Sources
462:Shading
414:Ottoman
404:History
295:and Шш
252:pencils
229:abugida
152:Slovene
110:in the
50:Creator
40:abugida
38:script
390:Colons
374:period
317:or Лл
244:Pitman
225:marked
164:German
126:
478:sigli
378:comma
370:sigla
365:сигла
360:сигли
352:sigli
280:, Цц
265:, Фф
240:Gregg
142:is a
114:(IPA)
511:2006
392:and
282:/ts/
242:and
221:stvo
219:for
211:for
203:for
327:/j/
319:/l/
315:/a/
308:/a/
304:/a/
297:/ʃ/
293:/v/
286:/u/
278:/z/
271:/t/
267:/f/
263:/ɛ/
217:svo
178:.)
555::
384:,
380:,
368:,
358::
231:.
215:,
213:ya
207:,
513:.
354:(
346:.
340:.
209:e
205:z
201:s
132:.
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