38:
60:
283:
562:, apart from sitting together to iron out differences over such places," his assertion that the building was once a Sarasvatī temple is not supported by the evidence (see Inscriptions above, which show on balance more inscriptions related to Viṣṇu). Moreover, it is well known that Hindu sacred places have moved, a notable case being the image of Rām that was found in
45:
150:
The term Bhojśālā (also
Bhojshala or Bhoj Shala) became linked to the building in the early twentieth century. This name was based on the poetic inscriptions and incised geometric drawings found at the site by K. K. Lele, the Superintendent of State Education and head of the archaeology department in
224:
1000 and 1055 in central India, is considered one of the greatest kings in the Indian tradition. He was a celebrated patron of arts, and out of reverence for him, Hindu scholars that followed traditionally attributed a large number of
Sanskrit works on philosophy, astronomy, grammar medicine, yoga,
299:
in 1871. A fresh page was turned in 1903 when K. K. Lele, Superintendent of
Education in the Princely State of Dhār, reported a number of Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions in the walls and floor of the pillared hall at Kamāl Maula. Study of the inscriptions has been continued by various scholars to
549:
issuing rulings prior to
Independence. Since then, legal challenges to the status quo have been mounted periodically, most recently in 2024 in a writ to the Indore Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court. The court stated that "The detailed arguments at the Bar by all the contesting parties fortify
541:
falls on a Friday. The
Archaeological Survey of India attempts to assign hours to both Hindus and Muslims on such days. However, this been a source of communal friction and occasional disturbance when the religious group scheduled for the earlier time slot refuse to vacate the premises in time for
193:
in 1888 made no mention of the Bhojśālā, noting only the "Well of Wisdom" in front of the tomb of Kamāl al-Dīn, so called because of the number of Arabic books that had fallen into the well many years before. Kincaid was a cynical observer but he lived in Malwa for two decades and had significant
169:
of 1905-06. In this article, Hultzsch refers to a paper sent to him by Lele that described the discovery of the
Sanskrit and Prakrit inscriptions at the 'Bhoja Shala'. The usage became established at that point. A copy of Lele's paper was secured by S. K. Dikshit, who printed it in his study and
126:. While Hindus and Muslims sometimes claim the site and use it for their prayers, the Republic of India has ultimate juridiction. According to Archaeological Survey of India guidelines, Muslims may pray on Friday, while Hindus may pray on Tuesday and on the festival for goddess Sarasvatī, namely
361:
but the palaeography of the record itself suggests that this copy was engraved in the twelfth or thirteenth century. The text was published by
Richard Pischel in 1905–06, with a new version and translation appearing in 2003 by V. M. Kulkarni. The inscription is currently on display inside the
418:
The inscription on the sculpture mentions king Bhoja and Vāgdevī, another name for
Sarasvatī. The word 'Vāgdevī' literally means the goddess of speech, articulation and learning. However, later study of the inscription by Indian scholars of Sanskrit and Prakrit languages, notably
451:) of the Candranagarī and Vidyādharī , the apsaras for the easy removal , that Vararuci, having first fashioned Vāgdevī the mother afterwards a triad of Jinas, made this beautiful image of Ambā, ever abundant in fruit. Blessings! It was executed by Maṇathala, son of the
259:
1210-15). He and many others, in Hindu and Jain traditions, held Bhoja in such high regard that they stated or were revered as a reincarnation (rebirth) of Bhoja or Bhoja-like ruler. Centuries later, Bhoja remained a revered figure as evidenced by Merutuṅga's
393:
The building also contains two serpentine grammatical inscriptions. These records prompted K. K. Lele to describe the building as the Bhojśālā or Hall of Bhoja because king Bhoja was the author of a number of works on poetics and grammar, among them the
414:
in the
British Museum, announcing that it was Rāja Bhoja's Sarasvatī from Dhār. This analysis was broadly accepted and had a significant impact. The statue in the British Museum was often misidentified as Bhoja's Sarasvatī in the years that followed.
105:
and architecture are attributed. The architectural parts of the building proper are of different periods but mainly date the 12th century; the
Islamic domed tombs in the wider campus were added between the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
550:
the court's belief and assumption that the nature and character of the whole monument admittedly maintained by the Central government needs to be demystified and freed from the shackles of confusion." The decision was upheld by the
294:
mentioned Dhār in 1822, along with building projects such as the dams planned and completed by King Bhoja. The scholarly study on the inscriptions of Bhojśālā continued in the late nineteenth century with the efforts of
1375:
1329:
504:
dynasties took an aggressive attitude toward Dhār, sacking the city repeatedly in the dying days of the Paramāra regime. They removed libraries to western India where Paramara texts were copied and preserved, the
194:
antiquarian interests. The absence of the term Bhojśālā in his writing indicates was "no living tradition about the Bhojālā in the middle decades of the nineteenth century" among those with whom he interacted."
464:
The identification of the British Museum sculpture as Ambikā is confirmed by the iconographic features which conform to Ambikā images found elsewhere. A particularly close comparative example is the Ambikā in
63:
Dhār, Madhya Pradesh. Pillar arcade looking south. The pillars and other architectural parts date to the twelfth century, with the different designs showing they are re-cycled from a variety of buildings.
123:
274:
in the 17th century. This tradition continued, and in the 20th century, Hindu scholars described Bhoja as an example of the glorious past of their historic culture and a part of Hindu identity.
574:
was likewise brought from eastern India to Rajasthan, and the shifting of sacred images is found in Jainism. The practice has deep routes in India, going back to at least the fifth century.
477:
The inscription on the Ambikā statue shows that the Vāgdevī at Dhār was dedicated to the Jain form of Sarasvatī. However, the Vāgdevī mentioned is yet to be located or no longer exists.
427:
after the making of three Jinas and Vāgdevī. In other words, although Vāgdevī is mentioned, the inscription's main purpose is to record the making of an image of Ambikā, i.e. the
174:. Concurrently, Captain E. Barnes reported only that the mosque was "known among the Hindoo population as 'Raja Bhoja ka Madrassa', i.e. Raja Bhoja's school." C. E. Luard in his
469:
dating to the eleventh century. Like the Dhār sculpture, the Sehore image shows a youth riding a lion at the foot of the goddess and a figure with a beard standing at one side.
521:) sacred to Sarasvatī, suggesting that in addition to texts, the kings of Gujarat also removed the sacred image of Sarasvatī and built a new temple for her, not far from
559:
131:
178:
of 1908 also calls it Raja Bhoja's school, noting the term was a "misnomer." By the 1930s, however, the term Bhojśālā was well established, with rulings issued by
327:
1560:
1555:
1298:
554:. While the outcome of the scientific investigation is awaited, K. K. Muhammad attempted to pre-empt the court's decision in a press statement published in
485:, the eminent Jain author, showed Bhoja eulogistic tablets in the Sarasvatī temple that were engraved with his poem dedicated to the first Jain Tīrthaṃkara
537:. Both Hindus and Muslims have been granted permission to use the space for their prayers by the Archaeological Survey of India. Tensions arise when the
730:
Dhar State. Dhār Darbār धार दरबार. Vol. 57, No. 6. Saturday 24 August 1935. पार्ट १ एलान नं ९७३ भोजशाला मसजिद कमालमवलाना. Available online at: Zenodo.
385:. This suggests that the inscription could have come from the site of a Sarasvatī temple. The inscription is currently on display inside the building.
1446:
Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Inscription of the time of Bhoja on an image of the Jain goddess Ambikā dated saṃvat 1091, critical edition.
290:
The archaeological sites at Dhār, especially the inscriptions, attracted the early attention of colonial Indologists, historians and administrators.
300:
the present. The variety and size of the inscribed tablets at the site, among them two serpentine inscriptions giving grammatical rules of the
186:
1083:
993:
Harivallabh Chunilal Bhayani, Rāula-vela of Roḍa: a rare poem of c. twelfth century in early Indo-Aryan (Ahmedabad: Parshva Prakashan, 1994).
545:
Claims about the nature and history of the building have been ongoing since the early part of the twentieth century, with the authorities of
1467:
1302:
533:
As noted above, the building is a Protected Monument of national importance under the laws of India and is under the jurisdiction of the
1169:
M. Willis. "New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum," CoJS Newsletter 6 (2011): 34-36, available online:
1152:
M. Willis. "New Discoveries from Old Finds: A Jain Sculpture in the British Museum," CoJS Newsletter 6 (2011): 34-36, available online:
1441:
Dhār धार (District Dhār, Madhya Pradesh). Image of Ambikā with an inscription of Bhoja dated saṃvat 1091, photograph and further links.
1565:
1535:
1491:
1314:
For example, Dhar State. Dhār Darbār धार दरबार. Vol. 57, No. 6. Saturday 24 August 1935. पार्ट १ एलान नं ९७३ भोजशाला मसजिद कमालमवलाना
1462:
381:, Madana bore the title 'Bālasarasvatī'. The inscription reports that the play was performed before Arjunavarman in the temple of
984:(London, 1823). First published in Calcutta in 1821 then revised and expanded in two volumes for publication in London in 1823.
1156:. Also see Johan Levillain, "Donner corps à l'Inde médiévale. Les formes féminines dans la sculpture paramāra au XIe siècle,"
534:
115:
244:. If it had been completed to the extent he planned, the temple would have been double the size of the Hindu temples at the
323:
319:
248:. The temple was partially completed, and the epigraphical evidence confirms that Bhoja founded and built Hindu temples.
199:
245:
37:
1258:
1540:
1545:
715:
225:
architecture and other subjects to him. Of these, a well studied and influential text in the field of poetics is
318:
mentioned that he removed an inscribed panel from the Kamāl Maula. This is the inscripion now described as the
1361:"Supreme Court refuses to stay ASI survey of Bhojshala Temple-Kamal Maula Mosque complex in Madhya Pradesh,"
1187:
428:
411:
241:
1074:
84 (1964): 150-62; the poetic text with this title, rather than the grammatical one, has been published as
551:
134:
also impinges on the administration and regulation of the monument, with day-to-day rules set out in the
1479:
1177:(Dhar, ): iii, reports the sculpture was discovered in 1875 when the present city palace was being made.
1070:
R. Birwé, 'Nārāyaṇa Daṇḍanātha's Commentary on Rules III.2, 106-121 of Bhoja's Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa',
1376:"Bhojshala was Saraswati temple but both sides should abide by HC decision: Archaeologist KK Muhammed"
262:
420:
407:
304:
language, show that materials were brought from a wide area and a number of different structures.
963:
912:
856:
795:
618:
1435:
1450:
431:. Moreover, the inscription shows that the Sarasvatī at Dhār was the Jain form of the goddess.
1383:
1337:
1079:
558:. While he rightly noted that both sides "should abide by the court's decision and honour the
165:
77:: Bhojaśālā, sometimes Bhoj Shala, meaning 'Hall of Bhoja') is a historic building located in
1415:
1281:
1220:
1122:
1036:
955:
848:
787:
751:
683:
645:
610:
424:
94:
1472:
1299:
Bhojshala-Kamal Maula mosque row: What is the dispute over the temple-cum-mosque all about?
202:, now kept in Mumbai. Of the building itself, Malcolm only says that is a "ruined mosque."
538:
501:
322:, a unique poetic work in the earliest forms of Hindi. This inscription was kept first in
127:
59:
1301:, India Today, Shreya Biswas (February 12, 2016); "Indore celebrates Basant Panchmi">
1139:
Kirit Mankodi, 'A Paramāra Sculpture in the British Museum: Vāgdevī or Yakshī Ambikā?',
1550:
282:
82:
1530:
1524:
967:
860:
799:
622:
98:
662:
Eugen Hultzsch, "Dhar Prasasti of Arjunavarman: Parijatamanjari-Natika by Mandana,"
406:
In 1924, some two decades after Lele identified the Bhojaśālā with the Kamāl Maula,
185:
The term Bhojśālā cannot be in found sources from the nineteenth century or before.
378:
341:
Among the inscriptions found by K. K. Lele was a tablet with a series of verses in
315:
291:
252:
195:
160:
482:
382:
886:
E. Hultzsch, "Dhar Prasasti of Arjunavarman: Parijatamanjari-Natika by Mandana,"
1095:
O. C. Gangoly and K. N. Dikshit, 'An Image of Saraswati in the British Museum',
156:
101:, a patron of education and the arts, to whom major Sanskrit works on poetics,
959:
852:
791:
614:
571:
546:
179:
152:
1506:
1493:
1387:
1341:
118:
under the Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, otherwise known as the
497:
486:
478:
296:
119:
1419:
1285:
1224:
1126:
755:
649:
1411:
The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods
1315:
1115:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: From Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
1099:
17 (January, 1924): 1-2; evidence for the findspot was published later: ,
1040:
944:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
837:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
776:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
731:
687:
638:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: From Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
599:"Dhār, Bhoja and Sarasvatī: from Indology to Political Mythology and Back"
493:, has been preserved, the tablets, like the image, have not been located.
114:
Bhojshala is presently a Monument of National Importance protected by the
17:
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1440:
1170:
1153:
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271:
230:
1032:
Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī
679:
Pārijātamañjarī alias Vijayaśrī by Rāja-Guru Madana alias Bāla-Sarasvatī
563:
510:
342:
198:
visited Dhar and reports collecting an inscription there. This is the
1409:
1275:
1214:
1114:
745:
637:
567:
466:
423:, demonstrated that inscription records the making of a sculpture of
350:
286:
One of the serpentine inscriptions found by K. K. Lele at Kamāl Maula
1030:
943:
836:
775:
677:
598:
236:
Along with his literary and art support, Bhoja began constructing a
982:
A Memoir of Central India including Malwa, and Adjoining Provinces
373:
Another inscription found by K. K. Lele is part of a drama called
358:
346:
281:
237:
217:
211:
189:, in his "Rambles among Ruins in Central India," published in the
90:
86:
58:
136:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Rules 1959
102:
78:
74:
124:
List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West
455:
Sahira. It was written by Śivadeva the proficient. Year 1091.
1078:, 3 vols., ed. and trans., Sundari Siddhartha (Delhi, 2009)
1004:
233:
is the fundamental and motivating impulse in the universe.
1330:"Madhya Pradesh HC orders ASI survey of Bhojshala complex"
1103:
Dhar State. Historical record series, v. 1 (Dhar: ): iii.
155:. That the term Bhojśālā is due to K. K. Lele is shown by
954:(1). Cambridge University Press: 141–143 with footnotes.
266:
completed in the early fourteenth century, and Ballāla's
481:, writing in the early fourteenth century, reports that
744:
Temple, Richard Carnac; Fleet, J. F. (14 August 1888).
717:
Central India State Gazetteer Series Malwa Vol-v Part-a
932:, Siṅghī Jaina granthamālā, no. 30 (Bombay, 1959): 90.
919:, American Oriental Series, vol. 34 (New Haven, 1950).
513:
dated 1271 records the creation of a pleasure garden (
901:
The Prabandhacintāmaṇi or Wishing-stone of Narratives
702:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay Branch
439:The translation is given here for ready reference.
130:. The site is open to visitors on other days. The
122:. The building carries the number N-MP-117 in the
44:
1186:For the Sanskrit text and further analysis, see
560:Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
132:Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991
27:Historic building in Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India
89:. The name is derived from the celebrated king
1175:Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD
1158:Bulletin de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient
1101:Parmar Inscriptions in Dhar State, 875-1310 AD
509:among them. An inscription of Vīsaladeva from
328:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya
159:in his publication of the Dhār inscription of
8:
1277:Important inscriptions from the Baroda state
1005:"Search, Seek, and Discover Jain Literature"
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
700:Ernest Barnes, "Art. XI. - Dhar and Mandu,"
769:
767:
765:
592:
590:
588:
586:
1365:(01 April, 2024). Retrieved 01 April 2024.
847:(1). Cambridge University Press: 129–131.
786:(1). Cambridge University Press: 136–138.
609:(1). Cambridge University Press: 129–153.
377:composed by Madana. The preceptor of king
447:, King Bhoja's religious superintendent (
1072:Journal of the American Oriental Society
429:sculpture on which the record is incised
1316:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10827582
1260:An Of The Religious Literature Of India
917:The Narrative of Bhoja (Bhojaprabandha)
732:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10827582
582:
229:. The core premise of the work is that
1305:, The Times of India, February 2, 2017
1203:(New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1989).
816:, 2 vols. (London, 1824), 1: 28, note.
187:William Kincaid (Indian Civil Service)
1216:Sehore सीहोर (Madhya Pradesh). Ambikā
1171:http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721
1154:http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2544721
1076:Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇam of King Bhoja
529:Social tensions and present situation
7:
1561:Mosques converted from Hindu temples
1556:Tourist attractions in Dhar district
1119:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
948:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
841:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
780:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
642:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
603:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
349:or Tortoise incarnation of the god
251:One of Bhoja's successors was king
182:referring to it under this rubric.
1201:Ambikā in Jaina Art and Literature
25:
1059:Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy
1057:(1909-10): 13-14, pl. II, no. 2;
326:and was later transferred to the
1451:University of Tokyo, photo album
1328:Mishra, Ishita (11 March 2024).
1303:Indore celebrates Basant Panchmi
1274:Gadre, A. S. (9 December 1943).
1029:Dikshit, S. K. (11 March 1963).
676:Dikshit, S. K. (11 March 1963).
146:Emergence of Current Terminology
43:
36:
435:Ambikā Inscription: Translation
1436:Archaeological Survey of India
1113:Willis, M. (17 January 2018).
877:, 3rd rev. ed. (Madras, 1940).
747:The Indian Antiquary 17 (1888)
636:Willis, M. (17 January 2018).
535:Archaeological Survey of India
116:Archaeological Survey of India
1:
1463:Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog
1003:JaineLibrary, Anish Visaria.
473:Present location of Sarasvatī
324:The Asiatic Society of Mumbai
410:and K. N. Dikshit published
398:or 'Necklace of Sarasvatī'.
278:Exploration and Inscriptions
246:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
1478:Acharya, Merutunga (1902).
1408:Willis, M. (15 July 2014).
714:Luard C. E.captain (1908).
570:. The goddess Sila Devī in
1582:
1257:J.n.farquhar M.a. (1958).
209:
1566:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh
1536:History of Madhya Pradesh
1061:(1971-72): 81, no. D. 73.
960:10.1017/s1356186312000041
853:10.1017/s1356186312000041
814:A Memoir of Central India
792:10.1017/s1356186312000041
615:10.1017/s1356186312000041
51:Bhojshala, Madhya Pradesh
1213:Anon (2 February 2020),
942:Willis, Michael (2012).
835:Willis, Michael (2012).
774:Willis, Michael (2012).
597:Willis, Michael (2012).
389:Grammatical inscriptions
1188:Ambika Statue from Dhar
1420:10.5281/zenodo.1400173
1286:10.5281/zenodo.3568096
1225:10.5281/zenodo.3633937
1127:10.5281/zenodo.1154197
875:Bhoja's Śṛṅgaraprakāśa
873:Venkatarama Raghavan,
756:10.5281/zenodo.5233055
650:10.5281/zenodo.1154197
552:Supreme Court of India
489:. While the poem, the
457:
412:an inscribed sculpture
396:Sarasvatīkaṇṭhābharaṇa
357:is attributed to king
287:
64:
1041:10.5281/zenodo.375588
734:. Retrieved May 2024.
688:10.5281/zenodo.375588
441:
285:
62:
1143:9 (1980-81): 96-103.
890:8 (1905-06): 96-122.
666:8 (1905-06): 96-122.
220:, who ruled between
140:The Gazette of India
1507:22.5905°N 75.2950°E
1503: /
1160:107 (2021): 88-135.
930:Śṛṅgāramañjarīkathā
421:Harivallabh Bhayani
1484:. Asiatic Society.
1481:Prabandhacintamani
1457:Research Resources
1380:The Economic Times
1245:Prabandhacintāmaṇi
928:K. K. Munshi, ed.
888:Epigraphica Indica
704:21 (1904), p. 350.
556:The Economic Times
320:Rāüla vela of Roḍa
288:
263:Prabandhacintāmaṇi
200:Rāüla vela of Roḍa
65:
1541:Medieval Hinduism
1473:Internet Archives
1382:. 25 March 2024.
1199:M. N. P. Tiwari,
1084:978-81-208-3284-8
664:Epigraphia Indica
166:Epigraphia Indica
16:(Redirected from
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460:Iconography
355:Kūrmaśataka
336:Kūrmaśataka
330:in Mumbai.
157:E. Hultzsch
1525:Categories
1498:75°17′42″E
1495:22°35′26″N
1414:. Zenodo.
1280:. Zenodo.
1035:. Zenodo.
1009:jainqq.org
750:. Zenodo.
682:. Zenodo.
578:References
572:Amber Fort
547:Dhar State
542:the next.
453:sūtradhāra
449:Dharmmadhī
362:building.
309:Rāüla vela
240:temple at
206:King Bhoja
180:Dhar State
153:Dhar State
18:Bhoj Shala
1388:0013-0389
1342:0971-751X
1334:The Hindu
968:154892248
861:154892248
800:154892248
623:154892248
498:Chaulukya
483:Dhanapāla
479:Merutunga
402:Sarasvatī
383:Sarasvatī
297:Bhau Daji
176:Gazetteer
120:AMASR Act
71:Bhojshala
1393:27 March
1247:, p. 57.
1243:Tawney,
1141:Sambodhi
523:Somanath
487:Adinātha
445:Vararuci
302:Sanskrit
272:Varanasi
231:Sringara
564:Ayodhya
511:Kodinar
502:Vaghela
343:Prakrit
311:of Roḍa
242:Bhojpur
93:of the
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515:ketana
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425:Ambikā
353:. The
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1097:Rūpam
964:S2CID
857:S2CID
796:S2CID
619:S2CID
519:sadas
443:Auṃ.
359:Bhoja
351:Viṣṇu
347:Kūrma
257:circa
238:Shiva
222:circa
218:Bhoja
216:King
212:Bhoja
91:Bhoja
87:India
1531:Dhar
1395:2024
1384:ISSN
1349:2024
1338:ISSN
1232:2024
1173:. ,
1080:ISBN
1016:2024
500:and
496:The
366:The
334:The
103:yoga
79:Dhar
75:IAST
69:The
1416:doi
1282:doi
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