883:. The use of helmets, in one form or another, is almost universal amongst mountain bikers. The three main types are; cross-country, rounded skateboarder style (nicknamed "half shells" or "skate style"), and full-face. Cross-country helmets tend to be light and well ventilated, and more comfortable to wear for long periods, especially while perspiring in hot weather. In XC competitions, most bikers tend to use the usual road-racing style helmets, for their lightweight and aerodynamic qualities. Skateboard helmets are simpler and usually more affordable than other helmet types; provide great coverage of the head and resist minor scrapes and knocks. Unlike road-biking helmets, skateboard helmets typically have a thicker, hard plastic shell which can take multiple impacts before it needs to be replaced. The trade-off for this is that they tend to be much heavier and less ventilated (sweatier), therefore not suitable for endurance-based riding. Full-face helmets (BMX-style) provide the highest level of protection and tend to be stronger than skateboarding style and includes a jaw guard to protect the face. The weight is the main issue with this type, but today they are often reasonably well-ventilated and made of lightweight materials such as carbon fiber. (Full-face helmets with detachable chin-guards are available in some locations, but there are compromises to keep in mind with these designs.) As all helmets should meet minimum standards, SNELL B.95 (American Standard) BS EN 1078:1997 (European Standard), DOT, or "motorized ratings" are making their way into the market. The choice of helmet often comes down to rider preference, the likelihood of crashing, and on what features or properties of a helmet they place emphasis. Helmets are mandatory at competitive events and almost without exception at bike parks, most organizations also stipulate when and where full-face helmets must be used.
1364:. Due to advancements in technology mountain bikers have begun to move onto trail networks once only accessible by hikers. The nature of their movement patterns also plays an important role as a vector for seed dispersal. Mountain bikes are not bound to any specific type of infrastructure and can therefore move freely between ecological environments acting as a connecting dispersal vector between habitats. Combined with their relatively long range and speeds they also contribute to long-range dispersal. In an effort to understand and assess the socio-ecological consequences of mountain bikes as a vector for seed dispersal Fabio Weiss, Tyler J. Brummer, and Gesine Pufal conducted an environmental impact study on forest trails in Freiburg, Germany. The results of the study found that although the majority of seeds detached from tires within the first 5β20 meters; small portions of seeds were still present after 200β500 meters contributing to moderate dispersal. The potential for long-distance dispersal was found through the transport of seeds on areas of the bike that did not come into frequent contact with the ground. The study also found that the majority of participants only cleaned their bikes on average every 70 km or every two rides. Rides executed in two different areas have the potential to connect previously unconnected habitats creating the potential for unwanted plant invasions.
889:, often referred to simply as "armor", are meant to protect limbs and body in the event of a crash. While initially made for and marketed for downhill riders, free-riders, and jump/street riders, body armor has trickled into other areas of mountain biking as trails have become steeper and more technically complex (hence bringing a commensurately higher injury risk). Armor ranges from simple neoprene sleeves for knees, and elbows to complex, articulated combinations of hard plastic shells and padding that cover a whole limb or the entire body. Some companies market body armor jackets and even full-body suits designed to provide greater protection through greater coverage of the body and more secure pad retention. Most upper-body protectors also include a spine protector that comprises plastic or metal reinforced plastic plates, over foam padding, which are joined so that they articulate and move with the back. Some mountain bikers also use BMX-style body armor, such as chest plates, abdomen protectors, and spine plates. New technology has seen an influx of integrated neck protectors that fit securely with full-face helmets, such as the
1190:; unpaved tracks, forest paths, etc. Trails may take the form of single routes or part of a larger complex, known as trail centers. Trail difficulty typically varies from gentle 'family' trails (green) through routes with increasingly technical features (blue and red) to those requiring high levels of fitness and skill (black) incorporating demanding ascents with steep technical descents comparable to less extreme downhill routes. As difficulty increases trails incorporate more technical trail features such as berms, rock gardens, uneven surfaces, drop offs and jumps. The most basic of bike designs can be used for less severe trails, but there are
280:, and some advanced trails are designed with jumps, berms, and drop-offs to add excitement to the trail. Riders with enduro and downhill bikes will often visit ski resorts that stay open in the summer to ride downhill-specific trails, using the ski lifts to return to the top with their bikes. Because riders are often far from civilization, there is a strong element of self-reliance in the sport. Riders learn to repair broken bikes and flat tires to avoid being stranded. Many riders carry a backpack, including water, food, tools for trailside repairs, and a first aid kit in case of injury. Group rides are common, especially on longer treks.
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with a 29-inch wheel in the front and a 27.5-inch wheel in the back. Another interesting trend in mountain bikes is outfitting dirt jump or urban bikes with rigid forks. These bikes normally use 4β5β³ travel suspension forks. The resulting product is used for the same purposes as the original bike. A commonly cited reason for making the change to a rigid fork is the enhancement of the rider's ability to transmit force to the ground, which is important for performing tricks. In the mid-first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of mountain bike-oriented resorts opened. Often, they are similar to or in the same complex as a
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410:, a motorbike trials rider, began experimenting with off-road bicycle designs. By 1979 he had developed a custom-built lightweight bicycle which was uniquely suited to the wet and muddy off-road conditions found in the south-east of England. They were designed around 2 inch Γ 650b Nokian snow tires though a 700x47c (28 in.) version was also produced. These were sold under the Cleland Cycles brand until late 1984. Bikes based on the Cleland design were also sold by English Cycles and Highpath Engineering until the early 1990s.
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descents can quickly wear out brake pads. Since the widespread adoption of hydraulic and mechanical disk brakes on most mountain bikes from the late 1990s, the issues of brake pad wear, misalignment with, or slippage of rim brake pads on rims designed for rim brakes or "V brakes", has become a non-issue. Thus, whereas a casual rider may only check over and maintain their bike every few months, a mountain biker will check and properly maintain the bike before and after every ride.
550:. Specialized was an American startup company that arranged for production of mountain bike frames from factories in Japan and Taiwan. First marketed in 1981, Specialized's mountain bike largely followed Tom Ritchey's frame geometry, but used TiG welding to join the frame tubes instead of fillet-brazing, a process better suited to mass production, and which helped to reduce labor and manufacturing cost. The bikes were configured with 15 gears using
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1112:"Slopestyle" type riding is an increasingly popular genre that combines big-air, stunt-ridden freeride with BMX style tricks. Slopestyle courses are usually constructed at already established mountain bike parks and include jumps, large drops, quarter-pipes, and other wooden obstacles. There are always multiple lines through a course and riders compete for judges' points by choosing lines that highlight their particular skills.
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1164:(or Freestyle BMX), in which riders perform tricks by riding on/over man-made objects. The bikes are the same as those used for Dirt Jumping, having 24β³ or 26β³ wheels. Also, they are very light, many in the range of 25β30 lb (11β14 kg), and are typically hardtails with between 0β100 millimeters of the front suspension. As with Dirt Jumping and Trials, style and execution are emphasized.
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Cross-country mountain bikers tend to wear lycra shorts and tight road style jerseys due to the need for comfort and efficiency. Downhill riders tend to wear heavier fabric baggy shorts or moto-cross style trousers to protect themselves from falls. All mountain/enduro riders tend to wear light fabric baggy shorts and jerseys as they can be in the saddle for long periods of time.
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1341:". Mountain biking can result in both soil and vegetation damage, which can be caused by skidding, but also by the construction of unauthorised features such as jumps and bridges, and trails themselves. Several studies have reported that a mountain bike's impact on a given length of trail surface is comparable to that of a hiker, and substantially less than that of an
460:, caused lesser branded coaster brakes to burn the grease inside, requiring the riders to "repack" the bearings after each race. The first organized series of downhill races in Fairfax, California, known as "Repack Races" triggered early innovations in mountain bike technology as well as the initial exposure of the sport to a Nation-wide audience through TV media's
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smaller and more maneuverable hardtails so that tricks such as backflips, whips, and tabletops, are easier to complete. The bikes are simpler so that when a crash occurs there are fewer components to break or cause the rider injury. Bikes are typically built from sturdier materials such as steel to handle repeated heavy impacts of crashes and bails.
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degrade plastic components. Accordingly, and as a rule of thumb, a bicycle helmet should be replaced every five years, or sooner if it appears damaged. Additionally, if the helmet has been involved in an accident or has otherwise incurred impact-type damage, then it should be replaced promptly, even if it does not appear to be visibly damaged.
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built specifically for downhill riding. They are characterized by 4β6 inches (100β150 millimetres) of fork travel. 29er bikes are those using 700c sized rims (as do most road bikes), but wider and suited for tires of two inches (50 mm) width or more; the increased diameter wheel is able to roll over obstacles better and offers a greater tire
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from abrasion on rough surfaces. Many different styles of gloves exist, with various fits, sizes, finger lengths, palm padding, and armor options available. Armoring knuckles and the backs of hands with plastic panels is common in more extreme types of mountain biking. Most of it depends on preference and necessity.
929:, and because kinetic energy increases with the square of the speed, effectively each doubling of speed can quadruple the injury risk. Similarly, each tripling of speed can be expected to bring a nine-fold increase in risk, and each quadrupling of speed means that a sixteen-fold risk increase must be anticipated.
893:. There is a general correlation between increased protection and increased weight/decreased mobility, although different styles balance these factors differently. Different levels of protection are deemed necessary/desirable by different riders in different circumstances. Backpack hydration systems such as
897:, where a water-filled bladder is held close to the spine, are used by some riders for their perceived protective value. More recently, with the increase in enduro racing, backpack hydration systems are also being sold with inbuilt spine protection. However, there is only anecdotal evidence of protection.
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Dirt
Jumping (DJ) is the practice of riding bikes over shaped mounds of dirt or soil and becoming airborne. The goal is that after riding over the 'lip' the rider will become airborne, and aim to land on the 'knuckle'. Dirt jumping can be done on almost any bicycle, but the bikes chosen are generally
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Enduro racing includes elements of DH racing, but Enduro races are much longer, sometimes taking a full day to complete, and incorporate climbing sections to connect the timed downhill descents (often referred to as stages). Typically, there is a maximum time limit for how long a rider takes to reach
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Following the growing trend in 29-inch wheels, there have been other trends in the mountain biking community involving tire size. Some riders prefer to have a larger wheel in the front than on the rear, such as on a motorcycle, to increase maneuverability. This is called a mullet bicycle, most common
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Lastly, maintenance of the rider's bike is carried out more frequently for mountain biking than for utility cycling or casual commuter biking. Mountain biking places higher demands on every part of the bike. Jumps and impacts can crack the frame or damage components or the tire rims, and steep, fast
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Protective equipment can protect against minor injuries and reduce the extent or seriousness of major impacts, but may not protect a rider from major impacts or accidents. To reduce the risk of injury, a rider will also take steps to minimize the risk of accidents, and thus the potential for injury;
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Cycling and green exercises have proven positive effects on self-esteem and total mood disturbance. Mountain biking is proven to improve mental health and well-being relating to coping abilities and reducing stress. There are strong links between outdoor environments and their therapeutic potential.
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Bikepacking is a self-supported style of lightly loaded single or multiple night mountain biking. Bikepacking is similar to bike touring, however the two sports generally use different bikes and the main difference is the method of carrying gear. Bikepacking generally involves carrying less gear and
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A "typical" freeride bike is hard to define, but typical specifications are 13β18 kilos (30β40 lbs) with 150β250 millimeters (5.9β9.8 inches) of suspension front and rear. Freeride bikes are generally heavier and more amply suspended than their XC counterparts, but usually, retain much of their
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can offer increased comfort while riding, by alleviating compression and friction, and can protect against superficial hand injuries. They provide protection in the event of strikes to the back or palm of the hand or when putting the hand out in a fall and can protect the hand, fingers, and knuckles
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The level of protection worn by individual riders varies greatly and is affected by speed, trail conditions, the weather, and numerous other factors, including personal choice. Protection becomes more important where these factors may be considered to increase the possibility or severity of a crash.
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and the one by drivetrain (though the first mass-produced 1x drivetrain was Sram's XX1 in 2012). "All-mountain bikes" were designed to descend and handle well in rough conditions, while still pedaling efficiently for climbing, and were intended to bridge the gap between cross-country bikes and those
236:. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain, such as air or coil-sprung shocks used as suspension, larger and wider wheels and tires, stronger frame materials, and mechanically or hydraulically actuated
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This opposition has led to the development of local, regional, and international mountain bike groups. The different groups that formed generally work to create new trails, maintain existing trails, and help existing trails that may have issues. Groups work with private and public entities from the
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Because of the extremely steep terrain (often located in summer at ski resorts), downhill mountain biking is one of the most extreme and dangerous cycling disciplines. Minimum body protection in a true downhill setting entails wearing knee pads and a full-face helmet with goggles, albeit riders and
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worldwide and represents more than 700 affiliated mountain biking groups. The group was originally formed to fight widespread trail closures. In 1988, five
California mountain bike clubs linked to form IMBA. The founding clubs were: Concerned Off-Road Bicyclists Association, Bicycle Trails Council
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or rough riding is a form of mountain-bike touring but involves cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route, with a single bicycle that is expected to be satisfactory for all segments. The recent surge in popularity of mixed-terrain touring is in part a reaction against the
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Downhill (DH) is, in the most general sense, riding mountain bikes downhill. Courses include large jumps (up to and including 12 meters (39 feet)), drops of 3+ meters (10+ feet), and are generally rough and steep from top to bottom. The rider commonly travels to the point of descent by other means
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Cross-Country (XC) generally means riding point-to-point or in a loop including climbs and descents on a variety of terrain. A typical XC bike weighs around 9β13 kilos (20β30 lbs), and has 0β125 millimeters (0.0β4.9 inches) of suspension travel front and sometimes rear. Cross country mountain
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A helmet and gloves are usually regarded as sufficient for the majority of non-technical riding. Full-face helmets, goggles and armored suits or jackets are frequently used in downhill mountain biking, where the extra bulk and weight may help mitigate the risks of bigger and more frequent crashes.
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Throughout the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, mountain biking moved from a little-known sport to a mainstream activity. Mountain bikes and mountain bike gear, once only available at specialty shops or via mail order, became available at standard bike stores. By the mid-first decade of
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was released, documenting mountain bike history during the formative period in
Northern California. Additionally, a group of mountain bikers called the Laguna Rads formed a club during the mid eighties and began a weekly ride, exploring the uncharted coastal hillsides of Laguna Beach, California.
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The first mountain bikes were basically road bicycle frames (with heavier tubing and different geometry) with a wider frame and fork to allow for a wider tire. The handlebars were also different in that they were a straight, transverse-mounted handlebar, rather than the dropped, curved handlebars
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Risk of injury is present when mountain biking, especially in the more extreme disciplines like downhill biking, free ride and dirt jumping. Injuries range from minor wounds, such as cuts and abrasions from falls on gravel or other surfaces, to major injuries such as broken bones, head or spinal
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Four-cross/Dual Slalom (4X) is a discipline in which riders compete either on separate tracks, as in Dual Slalom, or on a short slalom track, as in 4X. Most bikes used are light hard-tails, although the last World Cup was actually won on a full-suspension bike. The track is downhill and has dirt
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Downhill-specific bikes are universally equipped with front and rear suspension, large disc brakes, and use heavier frame tubing than other mountain bikes. Downhill bicycles now weigh around 16β20 kg (35β44 lb), while the most expensive professional downhill mountain bikes can weigh as
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bicycles retrofitted with better brakes and fat tires, were used for freewheeling down mountain trails in Marin in the late 1960s to-late 1970s. At the time, the bikes were comparatively primitive with single-speed coaster brakes. The earliest ancestors of modern mountain bikes were based around
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although street-trials (as opposed to competition-oriented trials) is much like Street and DJ, where doing tricks with style is the essence. Trials bikes look almost nothing like mountain bikes. They use either 20β³, 24β³ or 26β³ wheels and have very small, low frames, some types without a saddle.
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Trials riding consists of hopping and jumping bikes over obstacles, without touching a foot onto the ground. It can be performed either off-road or in an urban environment. This requires an excellent sense of balance. The emphasis is placed on techniques of effectively overcoming the obstacles,
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Historically, many long-distance XC races would use the descriptor "enduro" in their race names to indicate their endurance aspect. Some long-standing race events have maintained this custom, sometimes leading to confusion with the modern Enduro format, that has been adopted to the Enduro World
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In general, although protective gear cannot always prevent the occurrence of injuries, the use of such equipment is appropriate, as is maintaining it in serviceable condition. Because mountain biking takes place outdoors, ultraviolet radiation from sunlight is present, and UV rays are known to
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The sport requires endurance, core and back strength, balance, bike handling skills, and self-reliance. Advanced riders pursue both steep technical descents and high-incline climbs. In the case of freeride, downhill, and dirt jumping, aerial maneuvers are performed off both natural features and
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Freeride / Big Hit / Hucking, as the name suggests, is a 'do anything' discipline that encompasses everything from downhill racing without the clock to jumping, riding 'North Shore' style (elevated trails made of interconnecting bridges and logs), and generally riding trails and/or stunts that
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Protective gear cannot provide immunity against injuries. For example, concussions can still occur despite the use of helmets, and spinal injuries can still occur with the use of spinal padding and neck braces. The use of high-tech protective gear can result in a revenge effect, whereupon some
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kits are often carried by mountain bikers so that they are able to clean, dress cuts, abrasions, and splint broken limbs. Head, brain, and spinal injuries become more likely as speeds increase. All of these can bring permanent changes in quality of life. Experienced mountain bike guides may be
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is chosen for comfort during physical exertion in the backcountry, and its ability to withstand falls. Road touring clothes are often inappropriate due to their delicate fabrics and construction. Depending on the type of mountain biking, different types of clothes and styles are commonly worn.
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which balance climbing ability with good downhill performance, almost always having 120β150 mm of travel on a suspension fork, with either a hard tail or a similar travel rear suspension. Many more technical trails are also used as routes for cross country, enduro, and even downhill racing.
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Advocacy organizations work through numerous methods such as education, trail workdays, and trail patrols. Examples of the education an advocacy group can provide include: Educate local bicycle riders, property managers, and other user groups on the proper development of trails, and on the
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little as 15 kilograms (33 pounds), fully equipped with custom carbon fiber parts, air suspension, tubeless tires and more. Downhill frames have anywhere from 170β250 millimeters (6.7β9.8 inches) of travel and are usually equipped with a 200 millimeters (7.9 inches) travel dual-crown fork.
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Industry insiders suggest that this was the birth of the freeride movement, as they were cycling up and down hills and mountains where no cycling specific trail network prexisted. The Laguna Rads have also held the longest running downhill race once a year since 1986.
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while on the trail. Filtered lenses, whether yellow for cloudy days or shaded for sunny days, protect the eyes from strain. Downhill, freeride, and enduro mountain bikers often use goggles similar to motocross or snowboard goggles in unison with their full face
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580:, but also results in a longer wheelbase, making the bike less agile, and in less travel space for the suspension. The single-speed is considered a return to simplicity with no drivetrain components or shifters but thus requires a stronger rider.
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failed to see the significance of an all-terrain bicycle and the coming boom in 'adventure sports'. Instead, the first mass-produced mountain bikes were pioneered by new companies such as
MountainBikes (later, Fisher Mountain Bikes), Ritchey, and
495:. Tom Ritchey, a welder with skills in frame building, also built the original bikes. The company's three partners eventually dissolved their partnership, and the company became Fisher Mountain Bikes, while Tom Ritchey started his own frame shop.
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injuries resulting from impacts with rocks, trees or the terrain being ridden on. Another risk factor is that mountain biking often takes place in wilderness or remote areas so emergency response can be delayed in the event of sustained injury.
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Examples of trail work days can include: Flagging, cutting, and signing a new trail, or removing downed trees after a storm. A trail patrol is a bike rider who has had some training to help assist others (including non-cyclists), trail users.
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Grant, Darren, and
Stephen M. Rutner. "The Effect of Bicycle Helmet Legislation on Bicycling Fatalities." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 23, no. 3, 2004, pp. 595β611. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3326268. Accessed 10 May
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Enduro bikes tend to have moderate-travel suspension systems and components which are stronger than XC models, typically 160β180 mm of travel on a full suspension frame, but at a weight that is suitable for both climbing and descending.
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A critical literature review by Jason
Lathrop on the ecological impact of mountain biking notes that while recreational trail use in general is well studied, few studies explore the specific impact of mountain biking. He quotes the
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The environmental impacts of mountain biking can be greatly reduced by not riding on wet or sensitive trails, keeping speeds modest so as to minimize cornering forces and braking forces, not skidding, and by staying on the trail.
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the 21st century, even some department stores began selling inexpensive mountain bikes with full-suspension and disc brakes. In the first decade of the 21st century, trends in mountain bikes included the "all-mountain bike", the
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936:. Because higher speeds mean that the rider travels further during their reaction time, this leaves less travel distance within which to react safely. This, in turn, further multiplies the risk of an injurious crash.
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trails. Mountain bikes specific to bike-packing use a slightly taller frame to get the maximum frame bag capacity. This is achieved by using a longer headtube, a more horizontal top tube, and a reduced stem degree.
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or BMX-style handlebars, creating "klunkers". The term would also be used as a verb since the term "mountain biking" was not yet in use. The first person known to fit multiple speeds and drum brakes to a klunker is
1337:, the environmental impact of mountain biking, as a relatively new sport, is poorly understood. The review notes that "as with all recreational pursuits, it is clear that mountain biking contributes some degree of
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and other long-distance off-road biking trails, specially outfitted mountain bikes are increasingly being used for touring. Bike manufacturers like Salsa have even developed MTB touring bikes like the Fargo model.
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Pickering, Catherine Marina; Hill, Wendy; Newsome, David; Leung, Yu-Fai (2010). "Comparing hiking, mountain biking and horse riding impacts on vegetation and soils in
Australia and the United States of America".
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All-mountain bikes typically have front suspension travel of 140-150mm. They are less focused on speed and stability when riding down hills than enduro bikes, thereby increasing efficiency when riding up hills.
597:. Mountain bike parks which are operated as summer season activities at ski hills usually include chairlifts that are adapted to bikes, a number of trails of varying difficulty, and bicycle rental facilities.
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by choosing trails which fall within the range of their experience level, ensuring that they are fit enough to deal with the trail they have chosen, and keeping their bike in top mechanical condition.
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Enduro racing was commonly seen as a race for all abilities. While there are many recreational riders that do compete in Enduro races, the sport is increasingly attracting high-level riders such as
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1353:: "An estimated 13.5 million mountain bicyclists visit public lands each year to enjoy the variety of trails. What was once a low use activity that was easy to manage has become more complex".
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The IMBA is a non-profit advocacy group whose mission is to create, enhance and preserve trail opportunities for mountain bikers worldwide. IMBA serves as an umbrella organization for mountain
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Mountain bikers have faced land access issues from the beginnings of the sport. Some areas where the first mountain bikers have ridden have faced extreme restrictions or elimination of riding.
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increasing specialization of the bicycle industry. Mixed-terrain bicycle travel has a storied history of focusing on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and freedom of travel over varied surfaces.
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biking focuses on physical strength and endurance more than the other forms, which require greater technical skill. Cross country mountain biking is the only mountain biking discipline in the
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individual landowner to city parks departments, on up through the state level at the DNR, and into the federal level. Different groups will work individually or together to achieve results.
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differ from other bikes primarily in that they incorporate features aimed at increasing durability and improving performance in rough terrain. Most modern mountain bikes have some kind of
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in 1966, one
Chemeketan club member, D. Gwynn, built a rough terrain trail bicycle. He named it a "mountain bicycle" for its intended place of use. This may be the first use of that name.
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is normally credited with introducing the first purpose-built mountain bike in 1978. Tom
Ritchey then went on to make frames for a company called MountainBikes, a partnership between
439:, Colson and others. The Schwinn Excelsior was the frame of choice due to its geometry. These early bikes were eventually modified with multi-speed gearing, drum or rim brakes, and
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are important for mountain bikers in the backcountry, ranging from simple water bottles to water bags with drinking tubes in lightweight backpacks known as a hydration pack. (e.g.
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At the time, the bicycle industry was not impressed with the mountain bike, regarding mountain biking to be short-term fad. In particular, large manufacturers such as
Schwinn and
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and extra bike tubes are important, as mountain bikers frequently find themselves miles from help, with flat tires or other mechanical problems that must be handled by the rider.
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A typical bikepacking set-up includes a frame bag, handlebar roll, seat pack, and backpack and typical gear includes lightweight and basic camping gear, and a bike repair kit.
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as a means of keeping fit during the winter. Cyclo-cross eventually became a sport in its own right in the 1940s, with the first world championship taking place in 1950.
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521:, still under the name Gary Fisher, currently sold as Trek's "Gary Fisher Collection"). The first two mass-produced mountain bikes were sold in the early 1980s: the
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Adventure and Extreme Sports Injuries: Epidemiology, Treatment, Rehabilitation, and Prevention. By Omer Mei-Dan, Michael Carmont, Ed. Springer-Verlag, London, 2013.
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trained in dealing with suspected spinal injuries (e.g., immobilizing the victim and keeping the neck straight). Seriously injured people may need to be removed by
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generally have gripping soles similar to those of hiking boots for scrambling over un-ridable obstacles, unlike the smooth-bottomed shoes used in road cycling. The
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d) Encourage cooperation between mountain bikers and managing authorities (avoid condescending regulations, establishment of monitored designated riding areas).
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To mitigate the accidental dispersal of an unwanted invasive species, the authors of the study proposed the following measures to support conservation:
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There were several groups of riders in different areas of the U.S.A. who can make valid claims to playing a part in the birth of the sport. Riders in
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of mountain bike shoes is generally more flexible than road cycling shoes. Shoes compatible with clipless pedal systems are also frequently used.
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Papouchis, Christopher M.; Singer, Francis J.; Sloan, William B. (2001). "Responses of desert bighorn sheep to increased human recreation".
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Trail riding or trail biking is a varied and popular non-competitive form of mountain biking on recognized, and often waymarked and graded,
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Weiss, Fabio; Brummer, Tyler; Pufal, Gesine (2016). "Mountain bikes as seed dispersers and their potential socio-ecological consequences".
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a) Clean the bike between rides in different habitats, before traveling and especially before entering sensitive natural areas and regions.
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tend to concentrate either on downhill mountain biking or 4X/dual slalom because they are very different. However, some riders, such as
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that are typically installed on road racing bicycles. Also, some of the parts on early production mountain bicycles were taken from the
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Generally, bikepackers tend to cover anywhere from 25 to 75 miles (40 β 120 km) in a given day as the riding can be technical.
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than cycling, such as a ski lift or automobile, as the weight of the downhill mountain bike often precludes any serious climbing.
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604:, mountain bikes saw a surge in popularity in the US, with some vendors reporting that they were sold out of bikes under US$ 1000.
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2274:"Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning"
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c) Educate mountain bike riders about the potential dispersal of different species (good stewardship begets riding privileges).
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657:, 26, 27.5 or 29-inch diameter tires, usually between 1.7 and 2.5 inches in width, and a wider, flat or upwardly-rising
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climbing ability. It is up to the rider to build his or her bike to lean more toward a preferred level of aggressiveness.
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2328:"A Characterization of Mountain Bikers, Their Engagement Methods, and Perceived Links to Mental Health and Well-Being"
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Trail bikes typically have front suspension travel of 120-130mm. Mostly used for recreation not formal competitions.
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2513:"A Comparative Study of Impacts to Mountain Bike Trails in Five Common Ecological Regions of the Southwestern U.S."
1537:"1896 excursion from Fort Missoula, Mont., to Yellowstone National Park, riders of the 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps"
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2533:"Assessing and Understanding Trail Degradation: Results from Big South Fork National River and Recreational Area"
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Mountain Bike Touring or Marathon is long-distance touring on dirt roads and single track with a mountain bike.
464:. The fire road unofficially named "Repack" still exists and is rideable. The sport originated in California on
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Mountain bikes are generally used as many bike packing destinations are reached via forest-service roads or
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that allows a more upright riding position, giving the rider more control. They have a smaller, reinforced
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or they retrofit the concrete steps and platforms of an abandoned factory as an obstacle course, as with
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Sharma, Vinay K.; Rango, Juan; Connaughton, Alexander J.; Lombardo, Daniel J.; Sabesan, Vani J. (2015).
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693:, where the rider uses a specially equipped shoe with a cleat that engages mechanically into the pedal.
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and sold by their company called MountainBikes (later changed to Fisher Mountain Bikes, then bought by
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East Bay, Bicycle Trails Council Marin, Sacramento Rough Riders, and Responsible Organized Mountain.
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built the first regularly available mountain bike frame, which was accessorized by Gary Fisher and
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racers commonly wear various forms of full-body suits that include padding at selected locations.
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One of the first examples of bicycles modified specifically for off-road use is the expedition of
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Separate men's & women's championship although no restrictions on women competing against men.
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Pretty, Professor J.; Peacock, J.; Hine, R.; Sellens, M.; South, N.; Griffin, M. (Mar 9, 2007).
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No Hands : The Rise and Fall of the Schwinn Bicycle Company : An American Institution
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The Rough Stuff Fellowship was established in 1955 by off-road cyclists in the United Kingdom.
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the top of each climb, while finishers of the downhill portions are ranked by fastest times.
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2010:
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Kloss, F.R; Tuli, T; Haechl, O; Gassner, R (2006). "Trauma injuries sustained by cyclists".
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with little or no difference from those used in other cycling sports, help protect against
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companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials.
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1875:"Amid Cycling Surge, Sport Of Mountain Biking Is Seeing Increased Sales And Trail Usage"
426:, tinkered with bikes and adapted them to the rigors of off-road riding. Modified heavy
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2062:"Photodegradation and photostabilization of polymers, especially polystyrene: review"
1977:
Extreme Sports Provide Thrills But Also Increased Incidence of Head and Neck Injuries
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are sometimes added to the handlebars and are used to monitor progress on trails.
17:
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2223:"What Is A Bikepacking Bike? Is It Different To A Standard Bike? β CyclingAbout"
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A dual suspension or full suspension mountain bike, 'all-mountain' mountain bike
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Kronisch, R.L.; Pfeiffer, R.P. (2002). "Mountain biking injuries: An update".
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2455:"Environmental Impacts of Mountain Biking: Science Review and Best Practices"
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2006:
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1780:"The Laguna Rads | Marin Museum of Bicycling and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame"
914:
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277:
2720:
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2363:
2175:"What's the difference between cycle touring and bikepacking? | Cycling UK"
2097:
2039:
Why Thing Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences.
2024:
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Mountain biking has been demonstrated to act as a human-mediated form of
894:
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pedals, where the rider simply places the shoes on top of the pedals, to
601:
555:
240:. Mountain biking can generally be broken down into distinct categories:
2135:
Ten Things You Might Think You Need for a Long-Distance Tour, but Don't.
1484:
Mountain Biking: The Ultimate Guide to Mountain Biking For Beginners MTB
1373:
b) Control weeds and non-native species at trailheads and trail margins.
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2644:"Ecological Impacts of Mountain Biking: A Critical Literature Review"
2564:"Wildlife Responses to Recreation and Associated Visitor Perceptions"
559:
400:
232:
off-road, often over rough terrain, usually using specially designed
156:
2620:
1588:
1564:"HISTORY | Marin Museum of Bicycling and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame"
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917:, by a motor vehicle suitable for the terrain, or by helicopter.
4256:
4252:
3696:
3025:
2758:
2248:"Bikepacking Basics β Everything You Need To Start Bikepacking"
1991:"The Current State of Head and Neck Injuries in Extreme Sports"
1713:. Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. January 1, 2008.
665:, usually made of wide tubing. Tires usually have a pronounced
389:
Bicycles were ridden off-road by road racing cyclists who used
4673:
3931:
3479:
1161:
804:
500:
36:
677:
to facilitate climbing steep hills and traversing obstacles.
1900:"Mountain biking gains popularity during Covid-19 lockdown"
790:
based on LED technology, used for mountain biking at night.
3692:
1645:
Hadland llast2=Lessing, Tony |first2=Hans-Erhard (2014).
304:
A cross-country mountain biker climbs on an unpaved track
1445:
Outdoor Recreation: Environmental Impacts and Management
828:
2137:
Blog of Adventure Cycling Association, April 10, 2012.
1109:
require more skill and aggressive techniques than XC.
1237:
using smaller frame bags while bike touring will use
637:
Typical more stout all-mountain bike on rough terrain
475:
It was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that
284:
adds the skill of map navigation to mountain biking.
1849:"Mountain Biking Experiencing a Surge in Popularity"
5028:
5010:
4978:
4875:
4868:
4803:
4753:
4666:
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4608:
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4352:
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4032:
3917:
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3512:
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3414:
3361:
3287:
3212:
3169:
3059:
2943:
2792:
2326:Roberts, L.; Jones, G.; Brooks, R. (Sep 19, 2018).
865:, New Zealand, wearing a variety of protective gear
204:
199:
189:
184:
176:
163:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4199:List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies
180:Open to debate. Modern era began in the late 1970s
1927:. London: New HollandPublishers. pp. 40β61.
2278:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
531:was released, soon followed by others. In 2007,
272:Mountain bikers ride on off-road trails such as
4077:Bicycle transportation planning and engineering
1443:Huddart, Stott, David, Tim (October 25, 2019).
932:Higher speeds of travel also add danger due to
2457:. International Mountain Bicycling Association
1745:. Germany: Springer International Publishing.
1510:". Slickrock Foundation. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
1160:Urban/Street is essentially the same as urban
925:Because the key determinant of injury risk is
503:bicycle. Other contributors were Otis Guy and
276:, back-country roads, wider bike park trails,
4268:
3708:
3037:
2770:
1806:"Interview: Specialized founder Mike Sinyard"
8:
2674:International Mountain Bicycling Association
1685:"From the Mag: Roots β The Cupertino Riders"
1647:Bicycle Design : An Illustrated History
1467:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1335:International Mountain Bicycling Association
1310:International Mountain Bicycling Association
139:
1669:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1649:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
922:cyclists feel safe taking dangerous risks.
4872:
4579:
4466:
4312:
4275:
4261:
4253:
3715:
3701:
3693:
3044:
3030:
3022:
2777:
2763:
2755:
456:racing. Early downhill racing on mountain
138:
2750:International Mountain Biking Association
2429:
2353:
2343:
2087:
2077:
2014:
1741:Feletti, Francesco (September 19, 2016).
1171:Mountain bike trail riding (trail biking)
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
4219:List of films about bicycles and cycling
2694:
2692:
2690:
1587:. Rough Stuff Fellowship. Archived from
1435:
1333:According to a review published by the
269:specially constructed jumps and ramps.
2589:
2578:
1662:
1627:
1616:
1460:
4761:International Orienteering Federation
2453:Marion, Jeff; Wimpey, Jeremy (2007).
2145:
2143:
1995:Orthopedic Journal of Sports Medicine
673:. They also tend to have lower ratio
534:Klunkerz: A Film About Mountain Bikes
7:
4376:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
2418:"Mountain biking injuries: A review"
1557:
1555:
1553:
1414:List of professional mountain bikers
296:US 25th Infantry Bicycle Corps, 1897
65:adding citations to reliable sources
5065:
2701:Journal of Environmental Management
2479:Journal of Environmental Management
2199:"Bikepacking 101 - BIKEPACKING.com"
1830:, New York: Overlook Press (2001),
1828:Richard's 21st Century Bicycle Book
222:
2609:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1898:Stephenson, Brayden (2020-09-15).
1765:Crown, Judith, and Glenn Coleman.
1182:Trail riding: Mountain bike trails
329:Mountain bike touring in high Alps
25:
4204:List of BMX bicycle manufacturers
3801:History of cycling infrastructure
1447:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 7.
831:and remove advice or instruction.
525:and Univega Alpina Pro. In 1988,
452:, who used the resulting bike in
5064:
5055:
5054:
4237:
4236:
2736:
2387:10.2165/00007256-200232080-00004
2151:"How to Get Started Bikepacking"
809:
318:A mountain bike skills track in
145:
41:
4366:Amateur radio direction finding
4224:List of doping cases in cycling
4209:List of bicycle-sharing systems
2646:. Wildlands CPR. Archived from
2545:from the original on 2008-09-23
1925:Complete Mountain Biking Manual
1804:Rogers, Seb (23 October 2010).
1345:or motorized off-road vehicle.
528:The Great Mountain Biking Video
52:needs additional citations for
1710:The Birth of Dirt, 2nd Edition
1520:Slickrock Bike Trail Trailhead
1:
2713:10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.037
2491:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.025
1562:Vendetti, Marc (2014-01-07).
151:Mountain biker riding at the
4940:North American Championships
3053:Extreme and adventure sports
4300:List of orienteering events
2060:Yousif E, Haddad R (2013).
2041:Retrieved November 26, 2015
1219:Mixed Terrain Cycle-Touring
1206:With the popularity of the
337:Mountain biker gets air in
5117:
5012:Mountain bike orienteering
4658:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
4334:Mountain bike orienteering
3918:Sports-related cycling and
2112:"Bike Helmet Buying Guide"
1419:Mountain Bike Hall of Fame
1262:
1229:
1179:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1096:Freeride (mountain biking)
1093:
1055:
1022:
988:
952:
640:
357:; established in 1969 for
339:Mount Hood National Forest
282:Mountain bike orienteering
26:
5050:
4290:
4232:
4062:Bicycle poverty reduction
3730:
3530:Aggressive inline skating
2298:10.1080/09640560601156466
1769:. 1st ed., H. Holt, 1996.
1524:Bureau of Land Management
1351:Bureau of Land Management
1339:environmental degradation
144:
4963:Kainuu Orienteering Week
4097:Bike Week (Bicycle Week)
2422:British Medical Bulletin
2345:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01642
2007:10.1177/2325967114564358
1966:: 83 – via Scopus.
1482:Barfe, Marion B (2019).
1404:Enduro (mountain biking)
1399:Downhill mountain biking
1071:jumps, berms, and gaps.
1034:Downhill mountain biking
1025:Downhill mountain biking
991:Enduro (mountain biking)
621:A hardtail mountain bike
420:Marin County, California
27:Not to be confused with
4968:Jan KjellstrΓΆm Festival
4853:Scoutcraft orienteering
4616:OpenOrienteering Mapper
4295:History of orienteering
2670:"Minimum Impact Riding"
2079:10.1186/2193-1801-2-398
2001:(1): 2325967114564358.
1743:Extreme Sports Medicine
1613:(9). September 1966: 4.
1526:. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
1078:gravity mountain biking
861:Mountain bikers in the
767:Inflator with Cartridge
523:Specialized Stumpjumper
424:Crested Butte, Colorado
228:) is a sport of riding
4923:European Championships
4653:Suunnistussimulaattori
4132:Protected intersection
4112:Cycling infrastructure
3854:Bicycle-sharing system
3796:History of the bicycle
2920:Ultralight backpacking
2416:Carmont, M.R. (2008).
2381:. 32, 8 (8): 523β537.
1626:Cite journal requires
1508:It all started when...
1380:
1296:Advocacy organizations
1172:
1105:
1067:
1052:Four-cross/Dual Slalom
1036:
866:
638:
630:
622:
361:
342:
330:
322:
305:
297:
4754:Organisations / lists
4194:List of bicycle types
4178:Sustainable transport
3937:Cross-country cycling
3920:fast-paced recreation
3759:General and technical
3406:Parachuting/Skydiving
2745:at Wikimedia Commons
2252:bicycletouringpro.com
1826:Ballantine, Richard,
1369:
1314:"Rules of the Trail."
1170:
1103:
1065:
1032:
955:Cross-country cycling
949:Cross-country cycling
860:
770:to inflate a tube or
671:hydraulic disc brakes
636:
628:
620:
595:Ray's MTB Indoor Park
562:with five sprockets.
450:Cupertino, California
430:, old 1930s and '40s
348:
336:
328:
317:
303:
295:
4556:Satellite navigation
4409:Mounted orienteering
3520:Freestyle scootering
3346:Traditional climbing
2825:Backpacking (hiking)
2820:Backpacking (travel)
2810:Adventure recreation
1394:Mountain bike racing
1329:Environmental impact
1192:"trail bike" designs
1141:Mountain bike trials
962:Summer Olympic Games
829:rewrite this section
406:In England in 1968,
349:Mountain biking the
153:2012 Summer Olympics
61:improve this article
5038:World Championships
5020:World Championships
4988:World Championships
4885:World Championships
4836:Location-based game
4450:Transmitter hunting
4004:Road bicycle racing
3874:Cold-weather biking
3849:Bicycle rental/hire
3786:Bicycle performance
3447:Powered paragliding
3274:Whitewater kayaking
3269:Whitewater canoeing
2805:Adjectival tourisms
2442:– via Scopus.
2405:– via Scopus.
2290:2007JEPM...50..211P
1923:Brink, Tim (2007).
1424:Glossary of cycling
887:Body armor and pads
166:governing body
141:
5030:Trail orienteering
4778:List of orienteers
4691:cardinal direction
4394:Canoe orienteering
4344:Trail orienteering
4158:Bicycle collecting
4033:Health, safety and
3578:Ski mountaineering
3341:Free solo climbing
3279:Whitewater rafting
2800:Accessible tourism
2650:on 12 October 2007
2431:10.1093/bmb/ldn009
2424:. 85, 1: 101β112.
1609:"The Chemeketan".
1585:"Off Road Origins"
1539:. 30 November 2012
1208:Great Divide Trail
1173:
1106:
1068:
1037:
1013:Isabeau Courdurier
867:
639:
631:
623:
362:
343:
331:
323:
306:
298:
5078:
5077:
5046:
5045:
4996:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4877:Foot orienteering
4804:Non-sport related
4648:Catching Features
4634:
4633:
4569:
4568:
4458:
4457:
4404:Mountain marathon
4329:Foot orienteering
4309:Sport disciplines
4250:
4249:
4142:Vehicular cycling
3909:Vehicular cycling
3844:Bicycle messenger
3839:Bicycle commuting
3690:
3689:
3336:Big wall climbing
3084:Kite landboarding
3019:
3018:
2925:Urban exploration
2741:Media related to
2254:. 12 January 2018
2179:www.cyclinguk.org
1720:978-1-892495-61-7
1074:Professionals in
858:
846:
845:
822:a manual or guide
787:High-power lights
758:to inflate tires.
735:Hydration systems
681:vary from simple
375:Missoula, Montana
315:
216:
215:
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Mountain biking"
18:Bicycling/Offroad
16:(Redirected from
5108:
5096:Adventure travel
5068:
5067:
5058:
5057:
4992:
4980:Ski orienteering
4903:
4896:
4889:
4873:
4811:Adventure travel
4679:orienteering map
4580:
4467:
4430:Adventure racing
4399:Car orienteering
4339:Ski orienteering
4313:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4240:
4239:
4214:List of cyclists
4107:Cycling advocacy
4092:Bike-to-Work Day
4047:Bicycle-friendly
3927:Artistic cycling
3869:Challenge riding
3830:Utility and slow
3791:Electric bicycle
3781:Bicycle geometry
3776:Bicycle dynamics
3717:
3710:
3703:
3694:
3627:Adventure racing
3601:Extreme sledding
3568:Freestyle skiing
3379:Ski-BASE jumping
3252:Technical diving
3099:Mountainboarding
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
2935:Wildlife tourism
2930:Volunteer travel
2840:Cultural tourism
2786:Adventure travel
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2740:
2725:
2724:
2696:
2685:
2684:
2682:
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2659:
2657:
2655:
2642:Lathrop, Jason.
2639:
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2122:
2116:Consumer Reports
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2081:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2037:Tenner, Edward.
2035:
2029:
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2018:
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1583:Steve Griffith.
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1080:
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859:
841:
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820:is written like
813:
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805:
600:In 2020, due to
462:Evening Magazine
428:cruiser bicycles
381:in August 1896.
371:Buffalo Soldiers
316:
248:, all mountain,
224:
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132:
125:
121:
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110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
5116:
5115:
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5110:
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5107:
5106:
5105:
5091:Mountain biking
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5042:
5024:
5006:
4974:
4864:
4816:Bicycle touring
4799:
4749:
4743:mountain biking
4662:
4630:
4604:
4565:
4539:
4491:
4454:
4418:
4382:
4348:
4304:
4286:
4281:
4251:
4246:
4228:
4182:
4146:
4057:Bicycle parking
4042:Active mobility
4034:
4028:
4024:Unicycle trials
4019:Unicycle hockey
3982:Mountain biking
3919:
3913:
3904:Utility cycling
3899:Utility bicycle
3859:Bicycle touring
3831:
3825:
3771:Bicycle culture
3754:
3726:
3721:
3691:
3686:
3657:Obstacle racing
3642:Extreme ironing
3615:
3582:
3546:
3508:
3497:Mountain biking
3468:
3464:Wingsuit flying
3410:
3357:
3324:Alpine climbing
3283:
3208:
3165:
3055:
3050:
3020:
3015:
2986:Nude recreation
2971:Mountain biking
2939:
2850:Extreme tourism
2830:Bicycle touring
2788:
2783:
2743:Mountain biking
2734:
2729:
2728:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2668:
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2663:
2653:
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2640:
2636:
2621:10.2307/3803110
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2379:Sports Medicine
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2255:
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2203:BIKEPACKING.com
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1798:
1789:
1787:
1786:. 26 March 2014
1778:
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1441:
1437:
1432:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1331:
1322:biking advocacy
1298:
1281:
1272:
1270:Health Benefits
1267:
1261:
1234:
1228:
1201:
1184:
1178:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1098:
1092:
1077:
1076:
1066:Four-cross race
1060:
1054:
1027:
1021:
993:
987:
978:
970:
957:
951:
946:
848:
842:
836:
833:
826:
814:
810:
803:
801:Protective gear
795:protective case
766:
700:
645:
615:
610:
586:
568:
505:Keith Bontrager
470:Mount Tamalpais
435:frames made by
416:
387:
367:
351:Slickrock Trail
308:
290:
266:
219:Mountain biking
185:Characteristics
159:
140:Mountain biking
133:
122:
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113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4798:
4797:
4795:List of events
4792:
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4545:
4541:
4540:
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4532:
4527:
4525:Eye protectors
4522:
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4230:
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4175:
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4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4137:Tegelijk groen
4134:
4129:
4127:Lane splitting
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Bicycle safety
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4035:infrastructure
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3979:
3977:Gravel cycling
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Cycle speedway
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Indoor cycling
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Tandem bicycle
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
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3762:
3760:
3756:
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3697:
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3685:
3684:
3679:
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3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Cheese rolling
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
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3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Extreme skiing
3554:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3542:Roller skating
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3525:Inline skating
3522:
3516:
3514:
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3509:
3507:
3506:
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3494:
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3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3386:Bungee jumping
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3319:Mountaineering
3316:
3315:
3314:
3312:Mixed climbing
3304:
3302:Crane climbing
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
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3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
3001:River trekking
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2976:Mountaineering
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
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2932:
2927:
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2907:
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2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Jungle tourism
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2855:Freighthopping
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
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2733:
2732:External links
2730:
2727:
2726:
2686:
2661:
2634:
2615:(3): 573β582.
2599:
2555:
2524:
2504:
2485:(3): 551β562.
2468:
2445:
2408:
2369:
2318:
2284:(2): 211β231.
2264:
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2190:
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2139:
2127:
2103:
2052:
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2030:
1981:
1969:
1950:
1940:
1934:978-1845372941
1933:
1915:
1890:
1873:Newcomb, Tim.
1865:
1855:. 24 June 2020
1840:
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1628:|journal=
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1493:978-1982747824
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1384:
1381:
1362:seed dispersal
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1327:
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1280:
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1271:
1268:
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1257:
1227:
1224:
1212:Colorado Trail
1200:
1197:
1180:Main article:
1177:
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1154:Main article:
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1139:Main article:
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1124:Main article:
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989:Main article:
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953:Main article:
950:
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927:kinetic energy
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650:Mountain bikes
641:Main article:
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4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:List of clubs
4771:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4600:SportSoftware
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Control point
4475:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4435:Alleycat race
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4271:
4266:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4243:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4087:Bike registry
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4067:Bicycle rodeo
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4009:Track cycling
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Cyclosportive
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Randonneuring
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Ultramarathon
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:Freestyle BMX
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Cliff jumping
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3331:Rock climbing
3329:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:River surfing
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Street luging
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:Skateboarding
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Riverboarding
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Bellyboarding
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2582:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2541:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Front Psychol
2329:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:1-58567-112-6
1833:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1752:9783319282657
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1656:9780262026758
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1620:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1591:on 2010-07-21
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1456:
1454:9783319977577
1450:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Mountain bike
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1157:
1156:Freestyle BMX
1149:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:Cedric Gracia
1081:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
984:
982:
975:
973:
967:
965:
963:
956:
948:
943:
941:
937:
935:
934:reaction time
930:
928:
923:
916:
911:
908:
904:
903:
899:
896:
892:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
876:
875:
871:
864:
840:
837:February 2016
830:
825:
823:
818:This section
816:
807:
806:
800:
796:
793:Some sort of
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
772:tubeless tire
769:
768:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
737:
736:
732:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
701:
697:
692:
691:
686:
685:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:
647:
646:
644:
643:Mountain bike
635:
627:
619:
612:
607:
605:
603:
598:
596:
592:
583:
581:
579:
578:contact patch
574:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
539:
536:
535:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
515:Charlie Kelly
512:
508:
506:
502:
496:
494:
490:
489:Charlie Kelly
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
394:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
340:
335:
327:
321:
302:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
270:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
242:cross country
239:
235:
231:
227:
220:
212:
209:
207:
203:
198:
194:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
172:
169:
167:
162:
158:
154:
148:
143:
131:
128:
120:
117:February 2016
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: β
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
34:Bicycle sport
30:
19:
4944:Open events
4869:Competitions
4742:
4701:route choice
4667:Fundamentals
4440:Fell running
4387:Other sports
4284:Orienteering
4117:Hand signals
3981:
3894:Road cycling
3806:Balance bike
3667:Powerbocking
3662:Orienteering
3652:Fell running
3647:Extreme Pogo
3573:Speed skiing
3535:Vert skating
3496:
3459:Speed flying
3437:Hang gliding
3391:Cliff-diving
3369:BASE jumping
3307:Ice climbing
3264:Water skiing
3242:Scuba diving
3214:Water sports
3156:Wakeboarding
3129:Snowboarding
3119:Skimboarding
3109:Sandboarding
3094:Longboarding
3089:Kiteboarding
3074:Bodyboarding
3006:Scuba diving
2970:
2966:Hang gliding
2905:Slum tourism
2735:
2704:
2700:
2677:. Retrieved
2673:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2637:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2570:. Retrieved
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2527:
2507:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2459:. Retrieved
2448:
2421:
2411:
2378:
2372:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2281:
2277:
2267:
2256:. Retrieved
2251:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2229:. 2017-06-05
2227:CyclingAbout
2226:
2217:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:
2193:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2130:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2072:(398): 398.
2069:
2066:SpringerPlus
2065:
2055:
2046:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1924:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1838:, pp. 25, 50
1827:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1766:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1709:
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1646:
1640:
1619:cite journal
1610:
1604:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:the original
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1541:. Retrieved
1531:
1515:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1444:
1438:
1370:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1332:
1319:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1273:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1217:
1205:
1202:
1185:
1176:Trail riding
1159:
1150:Urban/Street
1144:
1129:
1126:Dirt jumping
1120:Dirt Jumping
1114:
1111:
1107:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
979:
976:All-mountain
971:
958:
938:
931:
924:
920:
909:
900:
886:
878:
872:
868:
834:
827:Please help
819:
794:
785:
777:
761:
753:
745:
733:
726:
714:
703:
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477:road bicycle
474:
466:Marin County
417:
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368:
359:motorcycling
271:
267:
225:
218:
217:
177:First played
123:
114:
104:
97:
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83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5101:Cycle sport
5070:WikiProject
4918:World Games
4640:Video games
4609:Open-source
4583:Proprietary
4551:Backpacking
4173:Quadracycle
4163:Cycling kit
4102:Cyclability
4052:Bicycle law
3952:Cyclo-cross
3947:Cycle sport
3672:Slacklining
3454:Parasailing
3442:Paragliding
3401:Tombstoning
3247:Cave diving
3232:High diving
3222:Coasteering
3171:Motorsports
3161:Windsurfing
3134:Snowskating
3079:Dirtsurfing
3061:Boardsports
2991:Paragliding
2885:Overlanding
2870:Hitchhiking
2815:Agritourism
2707:: 326β332.
1904:Eagle's Eye
1808:. BikeRadar
1409:Singletrack
1312:'s (IMBA),
1249:singletrack
1232:Overlanding
1226:Bikepacking
891:Leatt-Brace
747:GPS systems
698:Accessories
584:2000sβ2020s
566:1990sβ2000s
554:, a triple
552:derailleurs
548:Specialized
511:Tom Ritchey
493:Tom Ritchey
485:Gary Fisher
454:cyclo-cross
414:1970sβ1980s
385:1900sβ1960s
379:Yellowstone
274:singletrack
238:disc brakes
5085:Categories
4933:University
4905:University
4858:wilderness
4841:geocaching
4788:innovators
4783:by country
4706:wayfinding
4686:Navigation
4621:Purple Pen
4544:Exceptions
4513:protractor
4445:Relay race
4168:Pentacycle
4122:Idaho stop
3999:Pump track
3972:Goldsprint
3884:Rail trail
3864:Cargo bike
3832:recreation
3682:Zip-lining
3563:Freeriding
3485:BMX racing
3427:Air racing
3422:Aerobatics
3353:Skyrunning
3259:Snorkeling
3237:Jet Skiing
3227:Freediving
3199:Rally raid
3189:Rallycross
3124:Skysurfing
3011:Zip-lining
2961:Geohashing
2956:Geocaching
2944:Activities
2845:Ecotourism
2590:|url=
2572:2015-02-27
2549:2015-02-27
2518:2015-02-27
2516:Retrieved
2258:2018-03-22
2233:2018-03-22
2208:2018-03-22
2184:2018-03-22
2160:2018-03-22
2121:2020-05-09
1909:2021-01-12
1884:2021-01-12
1859:2021-01-12
1812:2 December
1790:2020-05-04
1784:mmbhof.org
1694:2022-05-22
1595:2010-06-18
1569:2023-05-01
1543:2020-04-21
1430:References
1343:equestrian
1263:See also:
1230:See also:
1058:Four-cross
944:Categories
863:Port Hills
779:Bike tools
655:suspension
591:ski resort
481:Joe Breeze
458:fire roads
446:Russ Mahon
408:Geoff Apps
391:cyclocross
365:Late 1800s
355:Moab, Utah
278:fire roads
211:Since 1996
87:newspapers
5002:World Cup
4913:World Cup
4846:poker run
4696:resection
4463:Equipment
4414:Rogaining
4371:Fox Oring
4082:Bike rage
4014:Triathlon
3962:Fatbiking
3739:Outlines
3596:Bobsleigh
3374:Free BASE
3297:Canyoning
3184:Motocross
2895:Rogaining
2654:12 August
2461:12 August
1979:AAOS News
1853:The Laker
1665:cite book
1463:cite book
1259:Fatbiking
915:stretcher
910:First aid
895:Camelbaks
740:CamelBaks
659:handlebar
608:Equipment
556:chainring
441:motocross
191:Mixed-sex
5060:Category
4948:O-Ringen
4821:Climbing
4711:waypoint
4575:Software
4535:Headlamp
4496:Personal
4358:governed
4321:governed
4242:Category
3987:Downhill
3967:Freeride
3821:Unicycle
3816:Tricycle
3743:Bicycles
3735:Glossary
3611:Skeleton
3588:Sledding
3502:Downhill
3289:Climbing
3204:Snocross
3194:Rallying
3179:Drifting
2981:Naturism
2951:Climbing
2910:Tramping
2880:Kloofing
2860:Glamping
2721:27379751
2581:cite web
2540:Archived
2499:19864052
2440:18296453
2403:33565397
2395:12076178
2364:30283372
2338:: 1642.
2306:54179127
2098:25674392
2025:26535369
1383:See also
1239:panniers
1199:Marathon
1104:Freeride
1090:Freeride
1019:Downhill
1009:Sam Hill
1004:Series.
727:Clothing
711:helmets.
690:clipless
684:platform
602:COVID-19
558:, and a
258:freeride
254:downhill
230:bicycles
200:Presence
164:Highest
4958:Tiomila
4898:Masters
4831:Hunting
4766:members
4733:walking
4728:running
4561:Whistle
4530:Gaiters
4503:Compass
4423:Related
3766:Bicycle
3748:Cycling
3724:Cycling
3513:Rolling
3473:Cycling
3432:Gliding
3362:Falling
3144:Surfing
2996:Rafting
2835:Camping
2679:23 July
2629:3803110
2592:value (
2355:6156442
2286:Bibcode
2089:4320144
2016:4555583
1726:May 29,
1265:Fatbike
704:Glasses
437:Schwinn
432:Schwinn
288:History
206:Olympic
101:scholar
4994:Junior
4953:Jukola
4891:Junior
4826:Hiking
4738:skiing
4723:hiking
4718:Racing
4595:Condes
4482:Course
3992:Trials
3632:Caving
3620:Others
3551:Skiing
3415:Flying
2915:Travel
2900:Safari
2890:Picnic
2865:Hiking
2719:
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2588:Check
2497:
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2311:8 June
2304:
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2013:
1960:Trauma
1931:
1879:Forbes
1834:
1749:
1717:
1653:
1490:
1451:
1210:, the
1188:trails
1135:Trials
985:Enduro
902:Gloves
880:Helmet
708:debris
679:Pedals
560:cogset
401:Oregon
250:enduro
157:London
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
4928:Youth
4518:thumb
4470:Event
4187:Lists
4151:Other
2793:Types
2625:JSTOR
2567:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
2536:(PDF)
2399:S2CID
2302:S2CID
1948:2020.
1279:Risks
968:Trail
721:shank
716:Shoes
675:gears
667:tread
663:frame
377:, to
373:from
353:near
320:Wales
264:About
246:trail
223:abbr.
108:JSTOR
94:books
4626:MeOS
4590:OCAD
4508:hand
4354:IARU
3606:Luge
2717:PMID
2681:2017
2656:2015
2594:help
2495:PMID
2463:2015
2436:PMID
2391:PMID
2360:PMID
2313:2023
2094:PMID
2021:PMID
1964:8, 2
1929:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1814:2010
1747:ISBN
1728:2017
1715:ISBN
1689:Dirt
1671:link
1651:ISBN
1632:help
1488:ISBN
1469:link
1449:ISBN
755:Pump
613:Bike
573:29er
543:Fuji
519:Trek
491:and
422:and
256:and
80:news
4674:Map
4487:Map
4317:IOF
3932:BMX
3480:BMX
2709:doi
2705:181
2617:doi
2487:doi
2426:doi
2383:doi
2350:PMC
2340:doi
2294:doi
2155:REI
2084:PMC
2074:doi
2011:PMC
2003:doi
1522:".
1162:BMX
1011:or
501:BMX
468:'s
448:of
399:In
226:MTB
171:UCI
155:in
63:by
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