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grounds of his Suzhou estate, called the "According to Sutra Studio". They married in 1641, whilst on a river cruise; Qian bestowing upon his bride the new name of Hedong. Although he married her as a concubine, Qian treated Liu as his principal wife, and they were married in a formal wedding ceremony. Her affinity for cross-dressing persisted after they were married; she regularly wore men's clothing whilst in public and on occasion made calls on her husband's behalf whilst dressed in his
Confucian robes (this affectation earned her the nickname
28:
960:, and the Chongzhen Emperor committed suicide. Knowing that Wu Sangui's formidable army at Ningyuan posed a serious threat, Li immediately made overtures to gain Wu's allegiance. Li sent two letters to Wu, including one in the name of Wu's father, then held captive in Beijing. Before Wu Sangui could respond, he received word that his entire household had been slaughtered. Wu then wrote to the Qing regent,
591:
689:
She has been described as an ideal dutiful, sacrificing and loyal wife and daughter-in-law during her marriage to Mao
Bijiang, who as a loyalist of the Ming dynasty was persecuted after the Qing dynasty's rise to power in 1644. When Mao, Lady Su and Dong were forced to flee their home in 1644, Dong
565:
In 1640 Liu embarked on a campaign to marry the respected scholar Qian Qianyi. Dressed in men's clothing, she accosted Qian and requested his opinion on one of her poems. Qian apparently believed her to be a man, but later in the year he had established her at a specially built hermitage in the
665:
instead. After Chen was abducted by a noble associated with the imperial court, Mao visited Dong. Her mother had been dead for two weeks and Dong was quite ill. She proposed that she become his concubine and, refusing to take no for an answer, allegedly followed him for 27 days on his boat.
562:. An affair with the artist Wang Janming ended when Wang failed to attend an appointment with her at the Rainbow Pavilion. Another affair with Song Yuanwen, a government official, ended when his vacillations over marriage resulted in Liu smashing her lute and storming off in a fit of pique.
334:; 1535–1612). The poets would write poems inspired by her or for her, describing Ma as beautiful with a warm and welcoming personality. During their visits, Ma Shouzhen joined them in making paintings, poems, and plays. She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the
472:
she took. She was taught to dance, sing, paint, play music, and write poetry. Meixiang House was a favoured gelou of the literati and officials, with Li's adopted mother known for her generosity and chivalry. By age 13, Li was renowned for her singing and playing the
504:
802:
to Gong Dingzi and settled with him in the capital. His openly demonstrated love for her attracted much attention during their time, as it offended the norms of
Confucian ideals, and her influence over him became legendary. She is known to have saved the
457:
No written records from the time Li lived record where she was born, but popular modern theories suggest that she was the daughter of an official, who was demoted and his family either killed or sold. Li was adopted by the owner of a gelou in
363:
during the late Ming period. Born into an official family, the family hit hard times when her father died. Bian and her sister became singing girls to support themselves. Bian was adept at writing poetry, music, calligraphy and painting.
484:
Li met Hou Fangyu at
Meixiang House in 1648. Hou sent her poems and Li performed for him in return. When Hou left to sit the imperial examinations (which he failed), Li waited for him and refused to perform for the inspector general of
145:, who were often discouraged from cultivating talent, lest it undermine their virtue as wives and mothers, the Yijis were educated in painting, poetry, and music. In addition, they owned property and participated in the public scene.
286:. As a matriarch in Yiji society, she encouraged the education and training of Yijis in the arts. In order to maintain her reputation as an elite Yiji, she only allowed educated men or young student lords within her residence.
289:
At the age of 15, Ma
Shouzhen formally assumed the position of Yiji. Before this, she may have received education from a proprietor during her childhood. As Yiji matriarch, she befriended many poets and intellects such as
405:
870:), whom she married. The wedding was a lavish affair with 5,000 soldiers lining the route from Wuding Bridge to Zhu's home at Nei Bridge, but the marriage soon deteriorated. When the
916:
885:
The payment for Zhu's release was seen as her buying herself out of the marriage. She then lived the life of a Yiji, receiving poets and statesmen in her garden studio. The poet
2253:
791:
She fell in love with one of her patrons, Liu Fang, promised to marry him and to end her career as a Yiji. When she later changed her mind, Liu Fang committed suicide.
2341:
945:
opera scene. In 1642, she became the lover of the scholar and poet Mao Xiang. Subsequently, Chen was bought by the family of Tian Hongyu, father of one of the
558:) in 1635 and lived with him for about a year, eventually leaving after his family disapproved of their liaison. After leaving Chen, she managed a gelou in
548:. At seventeen, she had her first major love affair, with the painter Tang Shuda. Already a noted poet and painter herself at this early age, she met
2090:
Wang 王, Chen 晨 (2011). "秦淮河上真实的李香君——李香君身世与才貌考" [The real Li
Xiangjun of Qinhuai River: Consideration of Li Xiangjun's reality and talents].
2246:
2026:
2000:
1887:
1694:
2568:
2563:
2334:
964:, indicating his willingness to combine forces to oust the rebels from Beijing, thus setting the stage for the Qing conquest of China.
2558:
2239:
2081:
1960:
Merlin, Monica (2011). "The
Nanjing Courtesan Ma Shouzhen (1548–1604): Gender, Space and Painting in the Late Ming Pleasure Quarter".
1848:
2181:
2160:
1950:
1929:
1908:
1837:
1816:
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1639:
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1405:
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1919:
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1705:
661:), also known as Mao Bijiang, had attempted to meet with Dong several times, but had pursued a relationship with the Yiji
62:
40:
2171:
891:
1827:
74:
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1747:
2578:
1940:
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986:
93:). As well as possessing great beauty, they were all skilled in literature, poetry, fine arts, dancing and music.
2364:
544:). At the age of thirteen, a scandal led to her expulsion from Zhou's household, and she was sold to a gelou in
2527:
1808:
Sexual Life in
Ancient China: A Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D.
1770:
559:
902:) visited her in 1655 and wrote 3 poems for her. Kou was painted by many of the leading artists of the time.
949:'s concubines. She was then either purchased for Wu Sangui by his father, or given to Wu as a gift by Tian.
434:) in contemporary sources. In order to demonstrate respect for her, later scholars appended the character
2421:
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of her time, known for her beauty and talent in singing, needlework and the tea ceremony. She lived in
2491:
2426:
886:
667:
2016:
528:
325:
301:
134:) chose the eight most famous (in their view) Yijis of the period to be the subjects of the book.
2116:
2053:
1977:
1301:
770:
489:. Li's romance with Hou Fangyu has been called one of the greatest romances of Chinese history.
315:
854:
804:
774:
645:
291:
2177:
2156:
2138:
2077:
2070:
The Great
Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China
2022:
1996:
1990:
1946:
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798:, paid 1,000 ounces of silver for her services. In 1643, she left her profession to become a
765:
district of
Nanjing. In her Tower Meilou in Qinhuai district in Nanjing, she hosted a famous
2217:
2108:
2099:
Wetzel, Jean (2002). "Hidden connections: courtesans in the art world of the Ming Dynasty".
2065:
2045:
1969:
630:
360:
335:
2206:"Prostitutes and courtesans in the Confucian moral universe of Late Ming China (1550–1644)"
1860:
27:
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abandoned her more valuable belongings to save her writings and paintings. They stayed in
525:
486:
1065:
1522:
1203:
859:
766:
533:
233:
176:
2173:
A Modernity Set to a Pre-Modern Tune: Classical-Style Poetry of Modern Chinese Writers
503:
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2431:
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2120:
1981:
1973:
911:
839:
762:
662:
445:
283:
245:
78:
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2436:
2293:
871:
641:, Dong's moral qualities were emphasised among her admirers more than her talents.
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208:
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1806:
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and had her name struck from the musicians' register. She then lived with Mao in
2486:
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1752:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Volume 1: The Qing Period, 1644 – 1911
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695:
671:
549:
400:
368:
268:
188:
171:
161:
2129:
137:
During the late Ming dynasty, elite Yijis challenged the gender stereotypes of
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2303:
2222:
2205:
1879:
Teachers of the Inner Chambers: Women and Culture in Seventeenth-Century China
953:
595:
228:
2131:
Lotus Flowers Rising from the Dark Mud: Late Ming Courtesans and Their Poetry
1546:
1544:
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in 1645, Zhu was arrested and imprisoned. Kou brought his freedom for 20,000
779:
650:
282:) was born in Nanjing, and she lived in the entertainment district along the
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808:
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Dong's mother died in 1642, leaving her to struggle financially. The noble
498:
372:
198:
138:
2112:
1921:
Persons, Roles, and Minds: Identity in Peony Pavilion and Peach Blossom Fan
853:
and when she was 18 or 19 her indenture was bought out by a high official,
17:
1900:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911
590:
2496:
1206:[Li Xiangjun: the hard hear of the 'eight beauties of Qinhuai'].
703:
610:
376:
2319:
1707:
Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism
2501:
2057:
1672:"Women In Chinese Paintings: Courtesans, Concubines, and Willing Women"
957:
934:
875:
750:
699:
634:
521:
469:
459:
384:
380:
86:
82:
1652:
The Quest for Gentility in China: Negotiations Beyond Gender and Class
2451:
2446:
2400:
2390:
961:
942:
725:
691:
576:), "Confucian Gentleman", which also puns on her chosen name Rushi).
545:
388:
311:
218:
142:
48:
2049:
1992:
Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Early Twentieth Century
507:
1847 portrait of Liu Rushi, ink on paper, by Lu Ji and Cheng Tinglu
915:
683:
589:
502:
404:
379:
who from the 1630s to the 1660s wrote poems about Bian. After the
90:
26:
2537:
1704:
Chang, Kang-i Sun; Saussy, Haun; Kwong, Charles Yim-tze (1999).
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879:
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356:
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2323:
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2018:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set
807:
from execution, and to have been the benefactor of the artist
1750:. In Lily Xiao Hong Lee; Clara Lau; A.D. Stefanowska (eds.).
1631:
Women and the Literary World in Early Modern China, 1580-1700
1897:
Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A. D. (2015).
1686:
Dangerous Women: Warriors, Grannies, and Geishas of the Ming
716:) about jewellery, women's costumes, pavilions and parties.
2036:
Tseng, Yu-Ho (1993). "Women Painters of the Ming Dynasty".
1029:
1027:
1025:
670:, which he failed. In order to facilitate Dong's marriage,
1942:
Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century
1826:
Hammond, Kenneth James; Stapleton, Kristin Eileen (2008).
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
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1227:
1225:
1772:
Li Mingrui's private troupe and its spectators (1644-62)
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
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province, and on the death of her father, she became a
666:
Eventually, the two agreed to wait for Mao to pass the
1728:
The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature: From 1375
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
784:
among its guests. Yu Huai described Meilou (literally
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1321:
1319:
920:
Statue of Chen Yuanyuan in Gold Hall Park in Kunming
2515:
2414:
2383:
2357:
1012:
1010:
1008:
524:, Liu was sold by her family as a concubine to the
1185:
1183:
702:later in 1644. Soon after, the household moved to
1517:
1515:
1446:
1562:
1406:"Panel from Orchids and Rocks, Gu Mei, ca. 1644"
1102:
2155:(in Chinese). Jilin Publishing Group Co. Ltd.
686:as his concubine, alongside his wife Lady Su.
96:The name originates either from the 1693 book
2335:
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387:area. She later took her vows and became a
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2232:
1349:
2221:
2149:Count the talented women of ancient China
1787:Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work
1725:Chang, Kang-i Sun; Owen, Stephen (2010).
1683:Cass, Victoria Baldwin (1 January 1999).
1494:
1090:
367:She exchanged poems with author and poet
1586:
794:One of her patrons, the career official
141:values. In contrast to the women of the
31:A 17th-century portrait of Chen Yuanyuan
1610:
1598:
1233:
973:
625:Dong has been described as the famous
383:invaded in 1644, Bian moved around the
2210:International Review of Social History
1392:
1033:
941:. Chen became a leading figure in the
154:The Eight Great Courtesans of the Ming
1506:
1337:
1288:
1052:
838:; Mei was her given name, Baimen her
637:. Similar to other Yijis of the late
609:, poet and writer, also known by her
375:was amongst her patrons, as was poet
7:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1380:
1368:
1325:
1271:
1174:
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1138:
1114:
987:"The Elegant Eight of River Qinhuai"
706:, where Dong compiled a book titled
1829:The Human Tradition in Modern China
1574:
1189:
520:) is believed to have been born in
1989:Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2000),
1859:] (in Chinese). Archived from
1649:Berg, Daria; Starr, Chloe (2007).
1550:
1252:
1162:
1126:
1016:
933:) was born to a peasant family in
828:), born in 1624 and also known as
150:The Elegant Eight of River Qinhuai
122:), in which authors Zhang Jingqi (
25:
2094:(in Chinese) (6): 88–89 & 94.
991:Female Artists in Chinese History
952:In April 1644, the rebel army of
753:in 1619. At the beginning of the
112:), or from the 19th century book
1974:10.1111/j.1468-0424.2011.01660.x
422:) is also referred to as Li Ji (
2204:Zurndorfer, Harriet T. (2011).
1995:, East Gate, pp. 330–334,
1553:, Real Portraits of Courtesans.
1447:Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015
2074:University of California Press
1790:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1784:Ditmore, Melissa Hope (2006).
1777:University of British Columbia
1731:. Cambridge University Press.
1103:Chang, Saussy & Kwong 1999
678:, paid off her debts of 3,000
66:
53:
44:
1:
1945:. Stanford University Press.
1924:. Stanford University Press.
1882:. Stanford University Press.
1857:Zhuanghuitang Collected Works
1710:. Stanford University Press.
1202:Liu 刘, Lei 磊 (6 March 2009).
956:captured the Ming capital of
788:) as lavish and extravagant.
477:that her mistress charged 20
409:Painting of Li Xiangjun, 1817
2128:Xu, Sufeng (February 2007).
1851:[Tale of Woman Li].
1832:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1754:. Translated by S. M. Kwan.
1689:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1563:Hammond & Stapleton 2008
769:, which counted Chen Liang,
2569:17th-century Chinese people
2021:. Oxford University Press.
1769:Dai, Lianbin (April 2004).
75:Ming-Qing transition period
2605:
2564:17th-century Chinese women
2523:Gai Shanxi and Her Sisters
909:
723:
605:(1624–1651) was a Chinese
583:
496:
398:
324:; late 16th century), and
266:
2559:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
2442:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
2365:Prostitution in Hong Kong
2269:
2263:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
2223:10.1017/S0020859011000411
2015:Smith, Bonnie G. (2008).
1805:van Gulik, R. H. (1974).
1415:. Smithsonian Institution
929:
898:
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834:
824:
745:
735:
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674:, husband of fellow Yiji
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108:
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59:Eight Beauties of Jinling
37:Eight Beauties of Qinhuai
2528:Sex trafficking in China
2151:
846:known for her chivalry.
842:), was a famous Chinese
594:Dong Xiaowan painted by
2170:Yang, Haosheng (2016).
1847:Hou Fangyu 侯方域 (1712).
698:was crowned emperor in
462:called Meixiang House (
2113:10.1080/00497870214051
1746:Chen, Shengxi (1998).
1413:www.smithsonianofi.com
921:
599:
508:
481:per guest to see her.
410:
77:who resided along the
32:
2375:Prostitution in Tibet
2370:Prostitution in Macau
2351:Prostitution in China
2191:Yu 怀, Huai 怀 (1693).
1527:www.chinatriptips.com
1495:Berg & Starr 2007
1091:Chang & Owen 2010
1070:www.chinatriptips.com
919:
668:imperial examinations
593:
506:
408:
69:), were eight famous
30:
2427:Empress Dowager Bian
2066:Wakeman, Frederic Jr
1962:Gender & History
1939:Mann, Susan (1997).
1876:Ko, Dorothy (1994).
1863:on 13 September 2017
1628:Berg, Daria (2013).
1601:, pp. 291, 295.
1304:. Harvard University
786:house of bewitchment
114:Qinhuai Bayan Tuyong
2199:] (in Chinese).
2146:Yahui, Tao (2015).
1055:, pp. 249–261.
1036:, pp. 630–652.
444:) to her name. Her
73:or Geji during the
57:), also called the
2584:Ming dynasty Gējìs
2579:Chinese concubines
2197:Notes from Banqiao
1529:. 28 December 2015
1204:"李香君——"秦淮八艳"里的硬骨头"
1072:. 28 December 2015
993:. 6 September 2013
922:
757:, Gu Mei became a
600:
509:
411:
371:. Chinese general
258:The Eight Beauties
33:
2546:
2545:
2317:
2316:
2139:McGill University
2028:978-0-19-514890-9
2002:978-0-7656-0504-7
1918:Lu, Tina (2001).
1889:978-0-8047-2359-6
1696:978-0-8476-9395-5
1383:, pp. 32–33.
1350:Zurndorfer (2011)
1302:"56591: Dong Bai"
1291:, pp. 125–6.
1274:, pp. 40–44.
947:Chongzhen Emperor
739:), also known as
128:) and Ye Yanlan (
16:(Redirected from
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2014:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1811:Leiden: Brill.
1804:
1798:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1745:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1703:
1697:
1682:
1670:Cahill, James.
1669:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
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1557:
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1505:
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1418:
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1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1391:
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1379:
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1367:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1278:
1270:
1259:
1251:
1240:
1232:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1208:Nanjing Chenbao
1201:
1200:
1196:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1040:
1032:
1023:
1015:
1006:
996:
994:
985:
984:
975:
970:
914:
908:
889:
857:
817:
777:
755:Chongzhen reign
728:
722:
648:
598:after her death
588:
582:
531:
526:grand secretary
501:
495:
487:Huaiyang County
428:) or Li Xiang (
403:
397:
359:and painter in
344:
338:as her guests.
271:
265:
260:
231:
174:
81:in Nankin (now
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2550:
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2543:
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2540:
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2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2143:
2125:
2107:(5): 645–669.
2096:
2087:
2083:978-0520048041
2082:
2062:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2001:
1986:
1968:(3): 630–652.
1957:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1873:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1748:"Dong Xiaowan"
1743:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1667:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:, p. 300.
1603:
1591:
1579:
1577:, p. 140.
1567:
1555:
1540:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1485:, p. 117.
1475:
1473:, p. 260.
1463:
1451:
1426:
1397:
1395:, p. 656.
1385:
1373:
1354:
1352:, p. 211.
1342:
1340:, p. 291.
1330:
1315:
1293:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1236:, p. 255.
1221:
1194:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1129:, p. 163.
1119:
1107:
1105:, p. 331.
1095:
1093:, p. 180.
1083:
1057:
1038:
1021:
1019:, p. 252.
1004:
972:
971:
969:
966:
910:Main article:
907:
904:
816:
813:
767:literary salon
724:Main article:
721:
718:
584:Main article:
581:
578:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
448:was Shanzhui (
399:Main article:
396:
393:
343:
340:
310:; 1514–1595),
300:; 1505–1566),
267:Main article:
264:
261:
259:
256:
148:Also known as
106:) by Yu Huai (
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2601:
2590:
2589:Chinese Gējìs
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:Chen Yuanyuan
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2310:
2309:Chen Yuanyuan
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2183:9789004310803
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2162:9787553462493
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2038:Artibus Asiae
2034:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1952:9780804727440
1948:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1931:9780804742023
1927:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1910:9781317475873
1906:
1903:. Routledge.
1902:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1839:9780742554665
1835:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1818:9789004039179
1814:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1797:9780313329692
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1761:9780765600431
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1738:9780521855594
1734:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1717:9780804732314
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1662:9781134077045
1658:
1655:. Routledge.
1654:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1641:9781136290220
1637:
1634:. Routledge.
1633:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:Peterson 2000
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1565:, p. 29.
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1461:, p. 89.
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:Wetzel (2002)
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1371:, p. 32.
1370:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1328:, p. 31.
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:, p. 89.
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1141:, p. 88.
1140:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1117:, p. 73.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1066:"Bian Yujing"
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
992:
988:
982:
980:
978:
974:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
926:
925:Chen Yuanyuan
918:
913:
912:Chen Yuanyuan
906:Chen Yuanyuan
905:
903:
893:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
861:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
840:courtesy name
831:
821:
814:
812:
810:
806:
801:
797:
792:
789:
787:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:Qinhuai River
760:
756:
752:
742:
732:
727:
719:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
663:Chen Yuanyuan
652:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
615:
614:Dong Qinglian
612:
608:
604:
597:
592:
587:
579:
577:
569:
563:
561:
551:
547:
535:
530:
527:
523:
513:
505:
500:
492:
490:
488:
482:
480:
476:
471:
461:
455:
447:
446:courtesy name
437:
415:
407:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
362:
358:
348:
341:
339:
337:
327:
317:
314:(1521–1593),
313:
303:
293:
287:
285:
284:Qinhuai River
275:
270:
262:
257:
255:
247:
246:Chen Yuanyuan
235:
230:
220:
210:
200:
190:
178:
173:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
135:
115:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Qinhuai River
76:
72:
64:
60:
56:
54:Qínhuái Bāyàn
50:
42:
38:
29:
19:
2441:
2437:Dong Xiaowan
2294:Dong Xiaowan
2262:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2172:
2148:
2130:
2104:
2100:
2092:Yuwen Xuekan
2091:
2072:, Berkeley:
2069:
2041:
2037:
2017:
2006:, retrieved
1991:
1965:
1961:
1941:
1920:
1899:
1878:
1867:13 September
1865:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1856:
1852:
1828:
1807:
1786:
1771:
1751:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1675:
1651:
1630:
1621:Bibliography
1611:Wakeman 1986
1606:
1599:Wakeman 1986
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1531:. Retrieved
1526:
1523:"Kou Baimen"
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1454:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1345:
1338:Gulik (1974)
1333:
1306:. Retrieved
1296:
1234:Ditmore 2006
1214:12 September
1212:. Retrieved
1210:(in Chinese)
1207:
1197:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1069:
1060:
995:. Retrieved
990:
951:
924:
923:
884:
874:fell to the
872:Ming dynasty
848:
829:
819:
818:
793:
790:
785:
740:
730:
729:
707:
688:
643:
639:Ming Dynasty
624:
613:
603:Dong Xiaowan
602:
601:
586:Dong Xiaowan
580:Dong Xiaowan
567:
564:
529:Zhou Daodeng
511:
510:
483:
456:
435:
413:
412:
366:
346:
345:
326:Wang Zhideng
302:Zhou Tianqiu
288:
273:
272:
209:Dong Xiaowan
153:
149:
147:
136:
113:
98:Banqiao Zaji
97:
95:
58:
52:
36:
34:
2487:Su Xiaoxiao
2477:Ma Shouzhen
2462:Li Xiangjun
2384:Prostitutes
2284:Li Xiangjun
2279:Bian Yujing
2274:Ma Xianglan
2216:: 197–216.
2152:细数中国古代的那些才女
1381:Chen (1998)
1369:Chen (1998)
1326:Chen (1998)
1308:15 February
1034:Merlin 2011
890: [
858: [
796:Gong Dingzi
778: [
696:Zhu Yousong
672:Qian Qianyi
649: [
550:Chen Zilong
532: [
414:Li Xiangjun
401:Li Xiangjun
395:Li Xiangjun
391:priestess.
369:Qian Qianyi
347:Bian Yujing
342:Bian Yujing
274:Ma Xianglan
269:Ma Shouzhen
263:Ma Xianglan
232: [
189:Li Xiangjun
175: [
172:Bian Yujing
162:Ma Xianglan
18:Bian Yujing
2553:Categories
2482:Sai Jinhua
2415:Courtesans
2406:Lin Hei'er
2396:Ching Shih
2304:Kou Baimen
2137:(Thesis).
2008:2015-05-14
1775:(Thesis).
1533:18 January
1507:Yahui 2015
1419:13 January
1289:Smith 2008
1076:18 January
1053:Tseng 1993
997:17 January
968:References
954:Li Zicheng
849:Kou was a
820:Kou Baimen
815:Kou Baimen
771:Qian Lucan
680:gold taels
596:Yu Zhiding
479:gold taels
316:Xue Mingyi
229:Kou Baimen
89:Province,
2507:Yu Xuanji
2472:Liu Rushi
2457:Li Shishi
2422:Bai Mudan
2299:Gu Hengbo
2289:Liu Rushi
2176:. BRILL.
2141:, Canada.
2121:145231141
1982:141846753
1779:, Canada.
1483:Berg 2013
1471:Mann 1997
1459:Berg 2013
1272:Cass 1999
1175:Wang 2011
1151:Wang 2011
1139:Wang 2011
1115:Yang 2016
882:of gold.
855:Zhu Guobi
809:Zhu Yizun
805:Yan Ermei
800:concubine
775:Mao Xiang
731:Gu Hengbo
726:Gu Hengbo
720:Gu Hengbo
708:Liuyan Ji
676:Liu Rushi
646:Mao Xiang
512:Liu Rushi
499:Liu Rushi
493:Liu Rushi
468:), whose
373:Wu Sangui
292:Peng Nian
219:Gu Hengbo
199:Liu Rushi
139:Confucian
2497:Xue Susu
2492:Wang Wei
2068:(1986),
1575:Dai 2004
1190:Hou 1712
887:Fang Wen
704:Zhejiang
611:pen name
377:Wu Weiye
355:) was a
336:literati
2502:Xue Tao
2358:Regions
2058:3250517
1253:Ko 1994
1163:Yu 1693
1127:Lu 2001
1017:Xu 2007
958:Beijing
935:Jiangsu
876:Manchus
830:Kou Mei
761:in the
751:Nanjing
700:Nanjing
635:Nanjing
560:Wujiang
522:Jiaxing
470:surname
460:Nanjing
385:Yangtze
381:Manchus
361:Qinhuai
87:Jiangsu
83:Nanjing
63:Chinese
41:Chinese
2574:Octets
2452:Hongfu
2447:Gu Mei
2401:Du Zhu
2391:Ah Toy
2180:
2159:
2119:
2080:
2056:
2025:
1999:
1980:
1949:
1928:
1907:
1886:
1836:
1815:
1794:
1758:
1735:
1714:
1693:
1659:
1638:
1551:Cahill
962:Dorgon
943:Suzhou
741:Gu Mei
694:until
692:Huzhou
546:Suzhou
389:Daoist
312:Xu Wei
244:) and
156:, the
143:gentry
119:秦淮八豔圖詠
65::
51::
49:pinyin
43::
2516:Other
2467:Li Ye
2195:[
2135:(PDF)
2117:S2CID
2054:JSTOR
1978:S2CID
1855:[
1853:壮悔堂文集
1849:"李姬传"
1409:(PDF)
894:]
880:taels
862:]
782:]
684:Rugao
653:]
568:rushi
536:]
236:]
179:]
160:were
158:Yijis
91:China
2538:Yiji
2193:板桥杂记
2178:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1926:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1869:2017
1834:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1733:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1657:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1535:2019
1421:2019
1310:2017
1216:2017
1078:2019
999:2019
939:Yiji
851:Yiji
844:Yiji
773:and
759:Yiji
627:Yiji
607:Yiji
475:pipa
357:Yiji
152:and
103:板橋雜記
71:Yiji
67:金陵八艳
45:秦淮八艳
35:The
2218:doi
2109:doi
2046:doi
1970:doi
930:陳圓圓
867:朱國弼
825:寇白門
736:顧橫波
713:流宴集
633:of
622:).
619:董青蓮
555:陳子龍
541:周道登
517:柳如是
465:媚香樓
454:).
436:jun
419:李香君
352:卞玉京
331:王穉登
321:薛明益
307:周天球
279:馬湘蘭
254:).
251:陳圓圓
241:寇白門
227:),
224:顧橫波
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