912:
720:
8037:
8047:
8057:
868:, who showed that despite the "composition of the Four", the "stable nucleus" of Koine Greek is Attic. In other words, Koine Greek can be regarded as Attic with the admixture of elements especially from Ionic, but also from other dialects. The degree of importance of the non-Attic linguistic elements on Koine can vary depending on the region of the Hellenistic world.
3343:περὶ ὧν Θισεῖς λόγους ἐποιήσαντο· περὶ τῶν καθ᾿ αὑοὺς πραγμάτων, οἵτινες ἐν τῇ φιλίᾳ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέμειναν, ὅπως αὐτοῖς δοθῶσιν ἷς τὰ καθ᾿ αὑτοὺς πράγματα ἐξηγήσωνται, περὶ τούτου τοῦ πράγματος οὕτως ἔδοξεν· ὅπως Κόιντος Μαίνιος στρατηγὸς τῶν ἐκ τῆς συνκλήτου έντε ἀποτάξῃ οἳ ἂν αὐτῷ ἐκ τῶν δημοσίων πραάτων καὶ τῆς ἰδίας πίστεως φαίνωνται.
3897:ˈen arˈkʰi in o ˈloɣos, ke o ˈloɣos im bros to(n) tʰeˈo(n), ke tʰeˈos in o ˈloɣos. ˈutos in en arˈkʰi pros to(n) tʰeˈo(n). ˈpanda di aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto, ke kʰoˈris aɸˈtu eˈʝeneto ude ˈen o ˈʝeɣonen. en aɸˈto zoˈi in, ke i zoˈi in to pʰos ton anˈtʰropon; ke to pʰos en di skoˈtia ˈpʰeni, ke i skoˈti(a) a(ɸ)ˈto u kaˈtelaβen
1151:
1869:
The Koine-period Greek in the table is taken from a reconstruction by
Benjamin Kantor of New Testament Judeo-Palestinian Koine Greek. The realizations of most phonemes reflect general changes around the Greek-speaking world, including vowel isochrony and monophthongization, but certain sound values
2856:
The following comments illustrate the phonological development within the period of Koine. The phonetic transcriptions are tentative and are intended to illustrate two different stages in the reconstructed development, an early conservative variety still relatively close to
Classical Attic, and a
3346:
peri hoːn tʰizbîːs lóɡuːs epojéːsanto; peri toːn katʰ hautùːs praːɡmátoːn, hoítines en tiː pʰilíaːi tiː heːmetéraːi enémiːnan, hópoːs autois dotʰôːsin hois ta katʰ hautùːs práːɡmata ekseːɡéːsoːntai, peri túːtuː tuː práːɡmatos húːtoːs édoksen; hópoːs ˈkʷintos ˈmainios strateːɡòs toːn ek teːs
1903:
have perhaps begun to develop voiced allophones after nasals. Initial aspiration has also likely become an optional sound for many speakers of the popular variety. Monophthongization (including the initial stage in the fortition of the second element in the αυ/ευ diphthongs) and the loss of
3350:
Concerning those matters about which the citizens of
Thisbae made representations. Concerning their own affairs: the following decision was taken concerning the proposal that those who remained true to our friendship should be given the facilities to conduct their own affairs; that our
3894:Ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λόγος, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος. οὗτος ἦν ἐν ἀρχῇ πρὸς τὸν θεόν. πάντα δι᾽ αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο, καὶ χωρὶς αὐτοῦ ἐγένετο οὐδὲ ἕν ὃ γέγονεν. ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἦν, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ἦν τὸ φῶς τῶν ἀνθρώπων. καὶ τὸ φῶς ἐν τῇ σκοτίᾳ φαίνει, καὶ ἡ σκοτία αὐτὸ οὐ κατέλαβεν.
1904:
vowel-timing distinctions are carried through. On the other hand, Kantor argues for certain vowel qualities differing from the rest of the Koine in the Judean dialect. Although it is impossible to know the exact realizations of vowels, it is tentatively argued that the mid-vowels
8717:
3364:, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a progressive popular variety of Koiné in the early Christian era. Modernizing features include the loss of vowel length distinction, monophthongization, transition to stress accent, and raising of
1430:
theologians in late antiquity. Christian writers in the earliest time tended to use a simple register of Koiné, relatively close to the spoken language of their time, following the model of the Bible. After the 4th century, when
Christianity became the
972:
Other sources can be based on random findings such as inscriptions on vases written by popular painters, mistakes made by
Atticists due to their imperfect knowledge of Attic Greek or even some surviving Greco-Latin glossaries of the Roman period, e.g.:
1327:
is merely used for designating the notion of meeting and gathering of men, without any particular character. Therefore, etymologizing this word could be needless, or even misleading, when it could guide to false meanings, for example that
4146:
in
Ancient Greek–not just η (c.f. όνερον, κοδέσπενα, λεχάρι for standard όνειρο, οικοδέσποινα, λυχάρι.) He therefore attributes this feature of East Greek to vowel weakening, paralleling the omission of unstressed vowels. Horrocks (2010:
3903:
He was in the beginning with God. All things were made by Him; and without Him was not anything made that was made. In Him was life, and the life was the light of men. And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended it
1409:
was evidence that heavy use of this verb tense is a feature of vernacular Koine, but other scholars have argued that the historical present can be a literary form to "denote semantic shifts to more prominent material."
1356:" tense is a term used for present tense verbs that are used in some narrative sections of the New Testament to describe events that are in the past with respect to the speaker. This is seen more in works attributed to
1374:
in passages where a reader might expect a past tense verb. Scholars have presented various explanations for this; in the early 20th century some scholars argued that the use of the historical present tense in
1383:, but this theory fell out of favor in the 1960s. Another group of scholars believed the historical present tense was used to heighten the dramatic effect, and this interpretation was favored in the
1278:
may be considered "good Koine". One issue debated by scholars is whether and how much the translation of the
Pentateuch influenced the rest of the Septuagint, including the translation of Isaiah.
2873:
in 170 BC, is rendered in a reconstructed pronunciation representing a hypothetical conservative variety of mainland Greek Koiné in the early Roman period. The transcription shows raising of
792:. The post-Classical period of Greek thus refers to the creation and evolution of Koine Greek throughout the entire Hellenistic and Roman eras of history until the start of the Middle Ages.
693:
When Koine Greek became a language of literature by the first century BC, some people distinguished two forms: written as the literary post-classical form (which should not be confused with
1259:
to denote "it came to pass". Some features of
Biblical Greek which are thought to have originally been non-standard elements eventually found their way into the main of the Greek language.
1856:. Finally ζ, which is still metrically categorised as a double consonant with ξ and ψ because it may have initially been pronounced as σδ or δσ , later acquired its modern-day value of
421:
Koine Greek included styles ranging from conservative literary forms to the spoken vernaculars of the time. As the dominant language of the
Byzantine Empire, it developed further into
773:, the post-Classical period of Greek is defined as beginning with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, when cultures under Greek sway in turn began to influence the language.
950:. The sources used on the studies of Koine have been numerous and of unequal reliability. The most significant ones are the inscriptions of the post-Classical periods and the
8907:
1496:
During the period generally designated as Koine Greek, a great deal of phonological change occurred. At the start of the period, the pronunciation was virtually identical to
3351:
praetor/governor
Quintus Maenius should delegate five members of the senate who seemed to him appropriate in the light of their public actions and individual good faith.
8760:
1142:
etc.). Linguistic phenomena like the above imply that those characteristics survived within Koine, which in turn had countless variations in the Greek-speaking world.
5184:
8656:
2853:
The following texts show differences from Attic Greek in all aspects – grammar, morphology, vocabulary and can be inferred to show differences in phonology.
1219:
There has been some debate to what degree Biblical Greek represents the mainstream of contemporary spoken Koine and to what extent it contains specifically
1519:
The ancient distinction between long and short vowels was gradually lost, and from the second century BC all vowels were isochronic (having equal length).
8488:
6784:
8727:
8093:
8932:
8922:
8692:
4637:
Exploring the Origins of the Bible (Acadia Studies in Bible and Theology): Canon Formation in Historical, Literary, and Theological Perspective
4991:
4954:
4721:
4669:
4644:
4613:
4578:
4537:
4419:
4374:
4341:
1818:, which they still are today, except when preceded by a nasal consonant (μ, ν); in that case, they retain their ancient pronunciations (e.g.
1198:
942:
began only in the early 19th century, where renowned scholars conducted a series of studies on the evolution of Koine throughout the entire
8753:
6172:
5091:
927:
The first scholars who studied Koine, both in Alexandrian and Early Modern times, were classicists whose prototype had been the literary
8952:
8917:
5177:
899:
characteristics, respectively. The literary Koine of the Hellenistic age resembles Attic in such a degree that it is often mentioned as
969:. The teaching of these texts was aimed at the most common people, and for that reason, they use the most popular language of the era.
460:. In this context, Koine Greek is also known as "Biblical", "New Testament", "ecclesiastical", or "patristic" Greek. The Roman Emperor
6794:
6484:
6177:
6111:
814:
1079:
form, which have preserved some of the ancient language's oral linguistic details which the written tradition has lost. For example,
8912:
6182:
6157:
4972:
4899:
4514:
4034:
3998:
3958:
7991:
6740:
6167:
6162:
4912:
1432:
4441:
8746:
8646:
6634:
6494:
6489:
5766:
2001:
8018:
6659:
5170:
4601:
7570:
5153:– Dictionaries, manuscripts of the Greek New Testament, and tools for applying linguistics to the study of Hellenistic Greek
4566:
1349:
The authors of the New Testament follow the Septuagint translations for over half their quotations from the Old Testament.
690:, while others used it to refer to any vernacular form of Greek speech which differed somewhat from the literary language.
8651:
8556:
8013:
7063:
6579:
6499:
6197:
5907:
5133:
4366:
1344:
1304:
1182:
8947:
8086:
7986:
6515:
5969:
1938:
as has been suggested for other varieties such as Egyptian. This is evidenced on the basis of Hebrew transcriptions of
8942:
8937:
8927:
8315:
7041:
6649:
6525:
6187:
6141:
6096:
5872:
5561:
911:
750:
7580:
7702:
7575:
6708:
6703:
6679:
6589:
6106:
5204:
4746:
8702:
8357:
8060:
8003:
6959:
6762:
6747:
6669:
6604:
6073:
5924:
5819:
5293:
5227:
4965:
he Pronunciation of New Testament Greek Judeo-Palestinian Greek Phonology and Orthography from Alexander to Islam
4552:
296:
8620:
8460:
6757:
6720:
6654:
6320:
6207:
1727:
1452:
406:
of much of the Mediterranean region and the Middle East during the following centuries. It was based mainly on
4602:"The dynamic semantic role of etymology in the meaning of Greek biblical words. The case of the word ἐκκλησία"
3347:
syŋkléːtuː pénte apotáksiː, hoi an autoːi ek toːn deːmosíoːn praːɡmátoːn kai teːs idíaːs písteoːs pʰaínoːntai
1234:
originals, or through the influence of the regional non-standard Greek spoken by originally Aramaic-speaking
506:
8682:
8630:
8561:
8480:
8079:
8040:
7164:
6964:
6949:
6752:
6735:
6715:
6684:
6584:
6520:
6136:
6121:
6091:
6052:
5929:
5781:
5283:
1497:
1487:
433:
267:
176:
4660:
Porter, Stanley E.; Pitts, Andrew (2013-02-21). "Markan Idiolect in the Study of the Greek New Testament".
8591:
8499:
8408:
8237:
7998:
7001:
6772:
6730:
6664:
6629:
6081:
6065:
5761:
5702:
5551:
5546:
4180:
4157:
4143:
4115:
4105:
4101:
4097:
3387:
3371:
2900:
2896:
2880:
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2816:
2792:
2768:
2744:
2677:
2673:
2649:
2625:
2601:
2577:
2553:
2529:
2505:
2481:
2457:
2433:
2409:
2385:
2361:
2337:
2313:
2289:
2265:
2241:
2217:
2193:
2169:
2145:
2121:
2097:
2073:
2049:
2025:
1965:
1955:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1768:
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1749:
1708:
1686:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1601:
1580:
1541:
1501:
1491:
769:
with an everyday form that people anywhere could understand. Though elements of Koine Greek took shape in
766:
38:
4160:, even if it was not commonly used in contemporary orthography. Parentheses denote the loss of the sound.
8707:
8595:
8515:
8494:
8445:
8050:
7279:
7269:
7259:
7244:
6934:
6674:
6644:
6599:
6594:
6225:
6192:
5994:
5899:
5885:
5541:
5412:
5376:
4229:
1483:
1223:
799:, most scholars thought of Koine as the result of the mixture of the four main Ancient Greek dialects, "
785:
475:
471:
159:
155:
5115:
4745:
A concise survey of the major differences between Attic and Koine Greek can be found in Reece, Steve, "
1241:
Some of the features discussed in this context are the Septuagint's normative absence of the particles
8902:
8832:
8697:
8677:
8625:
8525:
8484:
8154:
7522:
7516:
7502:
6986:
6944:
6916:
6801:
6614:
5844:
5640:
4411:
Orthodox Christianity in 21st Century Greece: The Role of Religion in Culture, Ethnicity and Politics
1527:
1523:
1512:
1508:
1507:
The three most significant changes were the loss of vowel length distinction, the replacement of the
1317:
refers to "the community called by God to constitute his People". Kyriakoula Papademetriou explains:
687:
222:
8672:
8520:
8300:
8258:
8126:
7653:
7623:
7011:
6906:
6901:
6338:
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5566:
5536:
5490:
5253:
5105:
1837:
1472:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1235:
896:
865:
746:
711:), or even the universal dialect of its time. Modern classicists have often used the former sense.
675:
399:
338:
8046:
935:. Koine Greek was therefore considered a decayed form of Greek which was not worthy of attention.
795:
The linguistic roots of the Common Greek dialect had been unclear since ancient times. During the
8450:
8385:
8347:
8136:
7870:
7767:
7673:
7317:
7234:
7122:
6624:
6448:
5964:
5944:
5801:
5672:
5556:
5351:
5278:
5141:– A unicode keyboard originally developed by Char Matejovsky for use by Westar Institute scholars
5138:
4694:
1427:
1385:
1353:
1214:
1106:
943:
796:
724:
387:
181:
76:
1226:
features. These could have been induced either through the practice of translating closely from
8576:
8541:
8403:
8379:
7945:
7532:
7081:
6929:
6881:
6725:
6694:
6639:
6556:
6433:
6305:
6126:
5959:
5912:
5852:
5726:
5708:
5684:
5666:
5576:
5571:
5222:
4987:
4968:
4950:
4895:
4717:
4665:
4640:
4609:
4574:
4533:
4415:
4370:
4337:
4202:
1220:
1084:
920:
754:
679:
664:
415:
379:
86:
31:
4331:
4224:
8612:
8581:
8455:
8324:
8146:
7875:
7407:
7372:
7189:
7046:
6924:
6811:
6806:
6131:
6086:
5917:
5824:
5440:
5273:
5258:
5248:
5035:
4789:
4409:
4011:
3975:
3969:
3935:
1231:
770:
599:
573:
547:
521:
395:
7915:
805:" (the composition of the Four). This view was supported in the early twentieth century by
8841:
8722:
8712:
8418:
8253:
8167:
8131:
8121:
7890:
7648:
7436:
7249:
6991:
6857:
6789:
6116:
5714:
5696:
5604:
5581:
5455:
5366:
5326:
5263:
4685:
Osburn, Carroll D. (1983). "The Historical Present in Mark as a Text-Critical Criterion".
4282:
3929:
2904:
1537:
1444:
1227:
880:
818:
806:
758:
461:
168:
151:
4075:
The Latin gloss in the source erroneously has "with me", while the Greek means "with us".
954:, for being two kinds of texts which have authentic content and can be studied directly.
8868:
8770:
8571:
8566:
8551:
8435:
8423:
8206:
8102:
7772:
7712:
7707:
7663:
7444:
7392:
7382:
7362:
7352:
7096:
7091:
7086:
6571:
6551:
5939:
5749:
5738:
5732:
5720:
5520:
5495:
5407:
5268:
5193:
4517:. St. John's Square, Clerkenwell: University of California at Los Angeles. p. 338.
4259:
4062:
1879:, with palatal allophone before front-vowels and a plosive allophone after nasals, and
1423:
1370:
1275:
1271:
1162:
939:
789:
781:
777:
742:
653:
644:
638:
628:
457:
422:
383:
246:
239:
186:
147:
98:
94:
17:
4932:
Grammar of Septuagint Greek: With Selected Readings, Vocabularies, and Updated Indexes
719:
312:
8896:
8850:
8687:
8586:
8413:
8398:
8366:
8310:
8305:
8280:
8180:
8008:
7925:
7900:
7590:
7512:
7194:
7137:
7036:
7026:
6996:
6978:
6852:
6004:
5786:
5678:
5634:
5596:
5435:
5356:
5039:
4234:
1784:
The consonants also preserved their ancient pronunciations to a great extent, except
1731:
1666:
1158:
966:
932:
916:
453:
403:
289:
227:
2857:
somewhat later, more progressive variety approaching Modern Greek in some respects.
8877:
8440:
8393:
8373:
8248:
8219:
8116:
7825:
7777:
7643:
7497:
7367:
7006:
6842:
6348:
6310:
6009:
4450:] (in Greek). Athens: Ελληνικό Λογοτεχνικό και Ιστορικό Αρχείο. pp. 88–93.
4426:"A proposal to introduce Modern Greek into the Divine Liturgy was rejected in 2002"
4362:
4277:
1922:
had a more open pronunciation than other Koine dialects, distinguished as open-mid
1897:
still preserve their ancient aspirated plosive values, while the unaspirated stops
1701:
came to be pronounced , but eventually lost its final element and also merged with
1553:
1194:
1080:
1072:
962:
947:
884:
649:
449:
426:
391:
80:
5110:
1136:), while others pronounce in many words υ as ου or preserve ancient double forms (
470:. Koine Greek continues to be used as the liturgical language of services in the
8292:
8275:
8270:
7845:
7737:
7717:
7550:
7545:
7031:
7021:
7016:
6939:
6896:
6443:
6353:
6343:
6230:
6220:
5984:
5361:
5336:
4108:
did not occur in this important region of the Roman Empire, Horrocks notes that
1626:
1545:
1116:
928:
892:
891:
characteristics than others and those of Laconia and Cyprus would preserve some
888:
858:
762:
633:
466:
411:
407:
195:
191:
4567:"Aspects of Polysemy in Biblical Greek: the Semantic Micro-Structure of Kρισις"
4390:
3901:
In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.
7782:
7752:
7747:
7732:
7618:
7585:
7254:
7224:
6891:
6619:
6453:
6295:
6290:
6280:
6265:
6250:
6240:
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5591:
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1974:. Influence of the Aramaic substrate could have also caused confusion between
1456:
1398:
1267:
1190:
1154:
1123:
958:
702:
698:
445:
4784:
Gignac, Francis T. (1970). "The Pronunciation of Greek Stops in the Papyri".
1649:
and then, with the loss of distinctive vowel length and openness distinction
8602:
7757:
7683:
7668:
7638:
7633:
7565:
7489:
7474:
7459:
7402:
7302:
6954:
6886:
6458:
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6408:
6403:
6398:
6363:
6358:
6328:
6275:
6235:
6014:
5880:
5834:
5814:
5621:
5445:
5316:
4925:
The Books and the Parchments: Some Chapters on the Transmission of the Bible
4197:
1460:
1394:
1308:
1071:
Finally, a very important source of information on the ancient Koine is the
305:
277:
259:
5018:
Translated and revised by R. W. Funk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4084:
On the other hand, not all scholars agree that the Pontic pronunciation of
1873:
More general Koine phonological developments include the spirantization of
4254:
4114:
can be written in certain contexts for any letter or digraph representing
857:, 'potent, virile') – considered Koine to be a simplified form of
8546:
7807:
7797:
7787:
7762:
7628:
7560:
7540:
7507:
7469:
7412:
7327:
7312:
7169:
7159:
7076:
7071:
6468:
6463:
6423:
6418:
6393:
6373:
6300:
6255:
6245:
6101:
5999:
5934:
5862:
5470:
4053:
3900:
3374:. Also seen here are the bilabial fricative pronunciation of diphthongs
1870:
differ from other Koine varieties such as Attic, Egyptian and Anatolian.
1778:
1549:
1533:
1406:
1402:
938:
The reconsideration on the historical and linguistic importance of Koine
876:
864:
The view accepted by most scholars today was given by the Greek linguist
694:
464:
wrote his private thoughts in Koine Greek in a work that is now known as
441:
437:
102:
65:
5125:
5016:
Greek grammar of the New Testament and other early Christian literature.
4698:
2865:
The following excerpt, from a decree of the Roman Senate to the town of
8430:
7950:
7940:
7895:
7885:
7880:
7865:
7855:
7840:
7835:
7722:
7610:
7600:
7479:
7454:
7449:
7422:
7417:
7397:
7387:
7377:
7342:
7332:
7322:
7274:
7264:
7239:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7174:
6827:
6609:
6270:
6260:
6019:
5989:
5979:
5974:
5954:
5949:
5829:
5776:
5690:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5460:
5450:
5144:
2870:
2866:
1670:
1448:
1380:
1166:
951:
90:
5128:
by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the
1130:, etc.), preserve the pronunciation of the double similar consonants (
7920:
7850:
7830:
7792:
7658:
7464:
7357:
7294:
7284:
7229:
6847:
6832:
6428:
6413:
6388:
6383:
6368:
6029:
6024:
5791:
5771:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5371:
5331:
5321:
5306:
5129:
4892:
Vox Graeca: a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek – 3rd ed.
4786:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
3361:
2833:
2809:
2785:
2761:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2666:
2642:
2618:
2594:
2570:
2546:
2522:
2498:
2474:
2450:
2426:
2402:
2378:
2354:
2330:
2306:
2282:
2258:
2234:
2210:
2186:
2162:
2138:
2114:
2090:
2066:
2042:
2018:
1557:
1393:, W.F. Howard argues that the heavy use of the historical present in
1312:
1287:
1127:
512:
498:
136:
118:
114:
110:
4793:
4662:
The Language of the New Testament: Context, History, and Development
4300:
Bubenik, V. (2007). "The rise of Koiné". In A. F. Christidis (ed.).
146:
300 BC – 600 AD (Byzantine official use until 1453); developed into
4096:
is an archaism. Apart from the improbability that the sound change
1679:), and it acquired this pronunciation also in Koine. The diphthong
1264:
A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint
7930:
7905:
7802:
7742:
7727:
7595:
7555:
7307:
7219:
7214:
7184:
7179:
7154:
6837:
6378:
6333:
6285:
5857:
5809:
5510:
5480:
5427:
5402:
5341:
5311:
5023:
A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity.
4604:. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.).
4569:. In Eberhard Bons; Jan Joosten; Regine Hunziker-Rodewald (eds.).
1836:). The latter three (Φ, Θ, Χ), which were initially pronounced as
872:
126:
122:
106:
8071:
5162:
5072:
New Testament Greek Intermediate: From Morphology to Translation.
5058:
A grammar of the Greek papyri of the Roman and Byzantine periods.
4302:
A history of Ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity
398:. It evolved from the spread of Greek following the conquests of
8738:
7935:
7910:
7860:
7347:
7337:
8742:
8075:
7975:
7117:
6546:
6050:
5397:
5217:
5166:
1122:
Dialects from the southern part of the Greek-speaking regions (
4017:
3984:
3944:
1639:
by the Boeotians since the 4th century BC and written η (e.g.
1150:
931:
of the Classical period and frowned upon any other variety of
731:
Dark blue: areas where Greek speakers probably were a majority
614:
608:
588:
579:
556:
527:
4913:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4109:
4085:
3397:
3391:
3381:
3375:
3365:
2890:
2884:
2874:
2826:
1986:, providing further evidence for the back vowel realization.
1831:
1825:
1819:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1743:
Simple vowels mostly preserved their ancient pronunciations.
1721:
1715:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1680:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1575:
1569:
1564:
1298:
1248:
1242:
1137:
1131:
1094:
1088:
800:
52:
5156:
5150:
4635:
Evans, Craig A.; Tov, Emanuel (2008-10-01). "Introduction".
414:
speech forms, with various admixtures brought about through
4026:
3990:
3950:
2899:, retention of pitch accent, and retention of word-initial
562:
536:
436:
Greek literary and scholarly writing, such as the works of
456:, and of most early Christian theological writing by the
331:
4927:. 3rd ed. Westwood, NJ: Revell, 1963. Chapters 2 and 5.
4185:
The Greek Orthodox Church: faith, history, and practice,
1435:, more learned registers of Koiné also came to be used.
753:, their newly formed common variety was spoken from the
4532:. New York: W.W. Norton& Company Inc. p. 202.
1281:
Another point that scholars have debated is the use of
5046:
London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
4515:"The British Critic, and Quarterly Theological Review"
1711:
in the 6th century BC, and remains so in Modern Greek.
1500:, whereas in the end, it had much more in common with
1204:
The Greek New Testament, composed originally in Greek.
871:
In that respect, the varieties of Koine spoken in the
4357:
Chritē, Maria; Arapopoulou, Maria (11 January 2007).
4156:
For convenience, the rough breathing mark represents
4035:
4023:
4014:
3999:
3987:
3981:
3959:
3947:
3941:
3402:, and partial post-nasal voicing of voiceless stops.
1293:
840:
828:
821:, based on the intense Ionic elements of the Koine –
611:
605:
585:
576:
559:
553:
533:
524:
2802:
2778:
2754:
2730:
2709:
2688:
2659:
2635:
2611:
2587:
2563:
2539:
2515:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2419:
2395:
2371:
2347:
2323:
2299:
2275:
2251:
2227:
2203:
2179:
2155:
2131:
2107:
2083:
2059:
2035:
2011:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1939:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1515:, and the monophthongization of several diphthongs:
1329:
1322:
1282:
1254:
1169:, with its 'most probable date' between 175 and 225.
734:
Light blue: areas that were significantly Hellenized
701:. Others chose to refer to Koine as "the dialect of
663:, "Hellenistic Koiné", in the sense of "Hellenistic
8665:
8639:
8611:
8534:
8508:
8473:
8356:
8333:
8236:
8229:
8145:
8109:
7816:
7693:
7682:
7609:
7531:
7488:
7435:
7293:
7145:
7136:
7062:
6977:
6915:
6870:
6820:
6771:
6693:
6570:
6508:
6477:
6319:
6206:
6150:
6072:
5898:
5871:
5843:
5800:
5748:
5590:
5529:
5426:
5292:
5241:
4712:Strickland, Michael; Young, David M. (2017-11-15).
4020:
3978:
3938:
1401:, compared with the relatively infrequent usage by
852:
846:
657:). In Modern Greek, the language is referred to as
602:
582:
550:
530:
303:
287:
275:
257:
252:
236:
215:
165:
142:
132:
72:
60:
46:
5030:A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.
2883:, partial (pre-consonantal/word-final) raising of
4939:Greek: A history of the language and its speakers
4859:Greek: A history of the language and its speakers
4408:Makrides, Vasilios N; Roudometof, Victor (2013).
4333:Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers
4317:Greek: a history of the language and its speakers
1735:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1389:translation. In Volume II of the 1929 edition of
1055:
1038:
1023:
1008:
992:
977:
834:
822:
706:
491:
325:
4304:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 342–345.
1583:were respectively simplified to the long vowels
518:) itself means "common". The word is pronounced
504:), meaning "the common dialect". The Greek word
1544:. Rough breathing had already been lost in the
1422:is sometimes used for the Greek written by the
1319:
1181:refers to the varieties of Koine Greek used in
1110:
975:
745:arose as a common dialect within the armies of
5014:Blass, Friedrich, and Albert Debrunner. 1961.
1726:came to be pronounced (via ), but are partly
1707:. The diphthong ου had been already raised to
1266:(1909), wrote that only the five books of the
674:in several different senses. Scholars such as
8754:
8087:
5178:
5159:A daily di-glot or tri-glot (Vulgate) reading
4747:Teaching Koine Greek in a Classics Department
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
1844:respectively), developed into the fricatives
1334:is a name used for the people of God, Israel.
1115:etc.) and the other local characteristics of
622:in UK English. The pronunciation of the word
448:(the 3rd century BC Greek translation of the
8:
8657:Institute for Language and Speech Processing
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4091:
1645:), became in Koine, too, first a long vowel
1193:, a 3rd century BC Greek translation of the
780:, is sometimes dated from the foundation of
402:in the fourth century BC, and served as the
283:(a proposal to use ecg was rejected in 2023)
37:"Koine" redirects here. For other uses, see
5044:Greek Scripts: An Illustrated Introduction.
4714:The Rhetoric of Jesus in the Gospel of Mark
4440:[Hellenistic Koine, Introduction].
1100:
1075:language with all its dialects and its own
1061:
1044:
1029:
1014:
998:
983:
776:The passage into the next period, known as
658:
337:
8908:Languages attested from the 3rd century BC
8779:
8761:
8747:
8739:
8233:
8094:
8080:
8072:
7972:
7690:
7142:
7133:
7114:
6874:
6777:
6567:
6543:
6060:
6047:
5754:
5423:
5394:
5238:
5214:
5185:
5171:
5163:
5049:Evans, T. V., and Dirk Obbink, eds. 2009.
5025:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5021:Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007.
5009:A companion to the Ancient Greek language.
1968:, dragged backwards due to the opening of
1964:perhaps had a back vowel pronunciation as
788:in 330 AD, but often only from the end of
43:
4295:
4293:
1439:Differences between Attic and Koine Greek
1185:and related texts. Its main sources are:
8728:Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries
5147:– An online community for Biblical Greek
4600:Papademetriou, Kyriakoula (2015-01-12).
4198:"Change Request Documentation: 2009-060"
1988:
1149:
910:
718:
682:(second century AD) maintained the term
5060:2 vols. Milan: Cisalpino-La Goliardica.
4930:Conybeare, F.C. and Stock, St. George.
4608:. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter.
4573:. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter.
4173:
3919:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3865:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
1635:, which had already been pronounced as
1087:preserved the ancient pronunciation of
4845:
4836:In example, c.f. Horrocks (2010), 167.
4824:
4771:
4414:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 8.
4061:
4052:
1199:texts not included in the Hebrew Bible
432:Literary Koine was the medium of much
64:
4606:Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek
4571:Biblical Lexicology: Hebrew and Greek
652:
643:
637:
627:
490:is derived from the Koine Greek term
27:Dialect of Greek in the ancient world
7:
7586:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
4894:, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
4272:
4270:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
1294:
697:), and vernacular as the day-to-day
444:. Koine is also the language of the
4918:: Koine Greek of Early Roman Period
3362:the beginning of the Gospel of John
1958:. Additionally, it is posited that
1802:, which were originally pronounced
1109:preserved the long α instead of η (
4315:Horrocks, Geoffrey (1997). "4–6".
3886:
3878:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3582:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
957:Other significant sources are the
815:Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff
25:
5081:Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.
5074:Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.
8055:
8045:
8036:
8035:
5032:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4010:
3974:
3934:
1653:, merging with ε. The diphthong
1522:From the second century BC, the
1443:Koine period Greek differs from
1433:state church of the Roman Empire
1292:as a translation for the Hebrew
1102:νύφη, συνήλικος, τίμησον, πηγάδι
1096:νύφε, συνέλικος, τίμεσον, πεγάδι
723:Greek-speaking areas during the
598:
572:
546:
520:
8811:300 BC – AD 600
8647:Hellenic Foundation for Culture
8056:
4054:[(h)e̝kyˈne̝diˈalektos]
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2919:
2911:
1669:, and by the 4th century BC in
1139:κρόμμυον – κρεμ-μυον, ράξ – ρώξ
961:, the Greek translation of the
670:Ancient scholars used the term
66:[(h)e̝kyˈne̝diˈalektos]
8933:Languages of ancient Macedonia
8923:Christian liturgical languages
5056:Gignac, Francis T. 1976–1981.
4937:Horrocks, Geoffrey C. (2010).
4861:, p. 87, cf. also pp. 105–109.
4565:Vergari, Romina (2015-01-12).
4283:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
4142:, which were never pronounced
3356:Sample 2 – Greek New Testament
1391:A Grammar of the New Testament
1368:. It is used 151 times in the
626:itself gradually changed from
386:spoken and written during the
1:
8816:
8808:
8800:
8792:
8784:
8652:Center for the Greek Language
8210:
8197:
8184:
8171:
8158:
5657:
5644:
5625:
5608:
5134:University of Texas at Austin
5007:Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010.
4941:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
4906:History of the Greek Language
4501:History of the Greek Language
4448:History of the Greek Language
4443:Ιστορία της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας
4367:Center for the Greek Language
1865:New Testament Greek phonology
1777:. These changes are known as
1756:) was raised and merged with
1737:θ, κ, ξ, π, σ, τ, φ, χ, and ψ
1345:Language of the New Testament
1183:Bible translations into Greek
6785:Funeral and burial practices
5970:Military of Mycenaean Greece
5116:Resources in other libraries
4986:, Harvard University Press,
4982:Smyth, Herbert Weir (1956),
4949:, Harvard University Press,
4530:Worlds Together Worlds Apart
2834:
2810:
2786:
2762:
2738:
2717:
2696:
2667:
2643:
2619:
2595:
2571:
2547:
2523:
2499:
2475:
2451:
2427:
2403:
2379:
2355:
2331:
2307:
2283:
2259:
2235:
2211:
2187:
2163:
2139:
2115:
2091:
2067:
2043:
2019:
1379:was due to the influence of
1313:
1299:
1288:
1157:is one of the oldest extant
705:" or "Alexandrian dialect" (
332:
5130:Linguistics Research Center
5079:New Testament Greek Primer.
5053:Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
5051:The language of the papyri.
4806:Horrocks (2010): 111, 170–1
4528:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015).
4438:Ελληνιστική Κοινή, Εισαγωγή
4330:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2009).
1025:Πρὸς φίλον ἡμέτερον Λύκιον.
1005:If you want, come with us.
994:Ἐὰν θέλεις, ἐλθὲ μεθ' ἡμῶν.
802:ἡ ἐκ τῶν τεττάρων συνεστῶσα
8969:
8953:Varieties of Ancient Greek
8918:Hellenism and Christianity
6709:Greek Revival architecture
5126:New Testament Greek Online
5067:London: Faber & Faber.
4914:
4885:Grammaire du grec biblique
4815:Horrocks (2010): 171, 179.
4359:A history of ancient Greek
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4110:
4092:
4086:
4063:[icyˈniðiˈalektos]
3398:
3392:
3382:
3376:
3366:
2891:
2885:
2875:
2827:
2803:
2779:
2755:
2731:
2710:
2689:
2660:
2636:
2612:
2588:
2564:
2540:
2516:
2492:
2468:
2444:
2420:
2396:
2372:
2348:
2324:
2300:
2276:
2252:
2228:
2204:
2180:
2156:
2132:
2108:
2084:
2060:
2036:
2012:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1940:
1930:, rather than as true-mid
1918:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1773:
1764:
1762:. In the 10th century AD,
1758:
1745:
1736:
1722:
1716:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1524:Ancient Greek pitch accent
1481:
1470:
1342:
1330:
1323:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1212:
1138:
1132:
1112:ἁμέρα, ἀστραπά, λίμνα, χοά
1111:
1099:for standard Modern Greek
1095:
1089:
1056:
1050:Indeed, what does he have?
1039:
1024:
1009:
993:
978:
887:) would have more intense
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
801:
749:. Under the leadership of
707:
505:
492:
486:The English-language name
380:common supra-regional form
326:
53:
36:
29:
8777:
8031:
7982:
7971:
7132:
7113:
6877:
6780:
6566:
6542:
6117:Attalid kings of Pergamon
6063:
6059:
6046:
5925:Antigonid Macedonian army
5757:
5422:
5393:
5237:
5213:
5200:
5139:Free Koine Greek Keyboard
5111:Resources in your library
5070:Stevens, Gerald L. 2009.
5063:Palmer, Leonard R. 1980.
5028:Colvin, Stephen C. 2007.
4963:Kantor, Benjamin (2023),
4736:Horrocks (1997: ch.5.11.)
4436:Κοπιδάκης, Μ.Ζ. (1999).
4260:Dictionary.com Unabridged
4181:Demetrios J. Constantelos
2861:Sample 1 – A Roman decree
1665:in the 5th century BC in
1133:ἄλ-λος, Ἑλ-λάδα, θάλασ-σα
1101:
1031:Ad amicum nostrum Lucium.
659:
425:, which then turned into
51:
8913:Hellenistic civilization
5145:The Biblical Greek Forum
5011:Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
4442:
4437:
1806:, became the fricatives
1771:unrounded to merge with
1752:(classically pronounced
1659:had already merged with
1303:. Old Testament scholar
811:Die Entstehung der Koine
678:(second century AD) and
30:Not to be confused with
8683:Greek language question
4904:Andriotis, Nikolaos P.
4499:Andriotis, Nikolaos P.
4336:. Wiley. p. xiii.
4118:in other dialects–e.g.
3390:, fricative values for
3360:The following excerpt,
1498:Ancient Greek phonology
1488:Ancient Greek phonology
765:. It replaced existing
708:ἡ Ἀλεξανδρέων διάλεκτος
476:Greek Catholic churches
160:Greek Catholic churches
89:, used in the Southern
18:Biblical Greek language
6151:Artists & scholars
6066:List of ancient Greeks
5703:Second Athenian League
5552:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
5377:Ancient Greek colonies
4945:Weir, Herbert (1956),
1502:Modern Greek phonology
1492:Modern Greek phonology
1467:Differences in grammar
1336:
1170:
1069:
1062:
1045:
1035:To our friend Lucius.
1030:
1015:
999:
984:
924:
915:Greek script from the
767:ancient Greek dialects
738:
665:supraregional language
418:with other varieties.
39:Koine (disambiguation)
7270:Sybaris on the Traeis
5995:Sacred Band of Thebes
5735:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
5249:Cycladic civilization
4230:CollinsDictionary.com
1484:Koine Greek phonology
1307:has been critical of
1153:
1052:What is it with him?
919:decree issued in the
914:
854:ἀρσενικός – ἀρρενικός
786:Constantine the Great
722:
472:Greek Orthodox Church
8693:Morphemes in English
8678:Eteocypriot language
8110:Origin and genealogy
6795:mythological figures
6516:Ancient Greek tribes
5641:Peloponnesian League
4923:Bruce, Frederick F.
4870:Horrocks (1997: 94).
4857:G. Horrocks (1997),
4762:Horrocks (2010: 162)
4753:93.4 (1998) 417–429.
4395:www.stoictherapy.com
1833:ἄγγελος > άγγελος
1821:γαμβρός > γαμπρός
1526:was replaced with a
1513:stress accent system
1424:Greek Church Fathers
1262:S. J. Thackeray, in
1197:(Old Testament) and
989:Good day, you came?
688:Proto-Greek language
105:, parts of Southern
77:Hellenistic Kingdoms
8948:Languages of Sicily
8698:Terms of endearment
8673:Eteocretan language
8640:Promotion and study
8127:Pre-Greek substrate
6907:Tunnel of Eupalinos
6902:Theatre of Dionysus
6526:Ancient Macedonians
6142:Tyrants of Syracuse
5654:Amphictyonic League
5254:Minoan civilization
5065:The Greek language.
4513:Gilbert, R (1823).
4187:Seabury Press, 1967
1509:pitch accent system
1473:Koine Greek grammar
1339:New Testament Greek
866:Georgios Hatzidakis
747:Alexander the Great
715:Origins and history
676:Apollonius Dyscolus
639:[koi̯.nɛ̌ː]
400:Alexander the Great
376:New Testament Greek
364:Alexandrian dialect
152:liturgical language
8943:Languages of Egypt
8938:Languages of Syria
8928:Standard languages
8795:1600–1100 BC
8718:Greek Language Day
8348:Jewish Koine Greek
8137:Hellenic languages
7581:Menestheus's Limin
7235:Pandosia (Lucania)
7123:Greek colonisation
6485:Athenian statesmen
6246:Diogenes of Sinope
6107:Kings of Macedonia
6097:Kings of Commagene
5965:Macedonian phalanx
5945:Hellenistic armies
5693:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
5557:Indo-Greek Kingdom
5279:Hellenistic Greece
5151:Greek-Language.com
4890:Allen, W. Sidney,
4716:. Fortress Press.
4639:. Baker Academic.
4319:. London: Longman.
4286:. Merriam-Webster.
3386:, loss of initial
2849:Sample Koine texts
1827:ἄνδρας > άντρας
1642:πῆς, χῆρε, μέμφομη
1386:New American Bible
1354:historical present
1321:He maintains that
1215:Jewish Koine Greek
1171:
1107:Tsakonian language
1000:Si vis, veni mecum
985:Bono die, venisti?
944:Hellenistic period
925:
797:Hellenistic period
739:
725:Hellenistic period
596:in US English and
500:hē koinḕ diálektos
388:Hellenistic period
349:the common dialect
333:hē koinḕ diálektos
150:, survives as the
8890:
8889:
8885:
8884:
8787:3rd millennium BC
8736:
8735:
8542:Cypriot syllabary
8469:
8468:
8343:Hellenistic Koine
8069:
8068:
8027:
8026:
7967:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7958:
7533:Iberian Peninsula
7465:Lipara/Meligounis
7431:
7430:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7082:Cypriot syllabary
6973:
6972:
6882:Athenian Treasury
6866:
6865:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6127:Ptolemaic dynasty
6087:Archons of Athens
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
5913:Athenian military
5894:
5893:
5727:League of Corinth
5709:Thessalian League
5685:Chalcidian League
5667:Acarnanian League
5577:Ptolemaic Kingdom
5389:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5092:Library resources
5036:Easterling, P. E.
4993:978-0-674-36250-5
4956:978-0-674-36250-5
4751:Classical Journal
4723:978-1-5064-3847-4
4671:978-90-04-23477-2
4646:978-1-58558-814-5
4615:978-3-11-031216-4
4580:978-3-11-031216-4
4539:978-0-393-91847-2
4421:978-1-4094-8075-4
4376:978-0-521-83307-3
4343:978-1-4443-1892-0
4203:SIL International
2846:
2845:
1253:, and the use of
1105:etc.), while the
1085:Cappadocian Greek
979:Καλήμερον, ἦλθες;
921:Ptolemaic Kingdom
851:, 'sea';
848:θάλασσα – θάλαττα
755:Ptolemaic Kingdom
680:Aelius Herodianus
660:Ελληνιστική Κοινή
493:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
452:), the Christian
416:dialect levelling
356:Hellenistic Greek
354:), also known as
327:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
319:
318:
87:Early Middle Ages
54:ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος
16:(Redirected from
8960:
8825:
8820:
8818:
8812:
8810:
8804:
8803:800–300 BC
8802:
8796:
8794:
8788:
8786:
8780:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8740:
8461:Greco-Australian
8234:
8215:
8212:
8202:
8199:
8189:
8186:
8176:
8173:
8163:
8160:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8073:
8059:
8058:
8049:
8039:
8038:
7973:
7691:
7190:Heraclea Lucania
7143:
7134:
7115:
6875:
6807:Twelve Olympians
6778:
6568:
6544:
6132:Seleucid dynasty
6112:Kings of Paionia
6061:
6048:
5918:Scythian archers
5825:Graphe paranomon
5755:
5662:
5659:
5649:
5646:
5630:
5627:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5424:
5395:
5274:Classical Greece
5259:Mycenaean Greece
5239:
5215:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5164:
4996:
4977:
4959:
4917:
4916:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4855:
4849:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4510:
4504:
4497:
4452:
4451:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4194:
4188:
4178:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4008:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3973:
3962:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3924:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3115:ekseːɡéːsoːntai,
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2699:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2574:
2567:
2566:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2518:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2422:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2302:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2230:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2158:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2014:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:β, γ, δ, φ, θ, χ
1776:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1695:. The diphthong
1694:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1543:
1463:(sound system).
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1209:Septuagint Greek
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1046:Quid enim habet?
1042:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1002:
996:
995:
987:
981:
980:
965:, and the Greek
923:, 2nd century BC
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
804:
803:
771:Classical Greece
757:of Egypt to the
710:
709:
686:to refer to the
662:
661:
656:
647:
641:
631:
629:[koinéː]
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
595:
594:
591:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
516:
509:
502:
495:
494:
396:Byzantine Empire
372:Septuagint Greek
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
335:
329:
328:
315:
299:
280:
271:
270:
262:
242:
171:
68:
56:
55:
44:
21:
8968:
8967:
8963:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8957:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8872:
8863:
8854:
8845:
8836:
8823:
8815:
8807:
8799:
8791:
8783:
8773:
8767:
8737:
8732:
8723:Trojan language
8713:Minoan language
8661:
8635:
8607:
8535:Writing systems
8530:
8526:Standard Modern
8504:
8500:Standard Modern
8465:
8419:Greco/Calabrian
8352:
8329:
8225:
8213:
8200:
8187:
8174:
8168:Mycenaean Greek
8161:
8141:
8132:Graeco-Phrygian
8122:Graeco-Armenian
8105:
8100:
8070:
8065:
8023:
7978:
7955:
7818:
7812:
7695:
7686:
7678:
7649:Melaina Korkyra
7605:
7527:
7484:
7437:Aeolian Islands
7427:
7289:
7147:
7128:
7127:
7101:
7058:
6969:
6911:
6862:
6816:
6767:
6689:
6680:Wedding customs
6562:
6561:
6530:
6521:Thracian Greeks
6504:
6495:Olympic victors
6473:
6315:
6202:
6146:
6137:Kings of Sparta
6122:Kings of Pontus
6092:Kings of Athens
6068:
6055:
6034:
5930:Army of Macedon
5890:
5867:
5839:
5796:
5744:
5717:(370–c. 230 BC)
5715:Arcadian League
5699:(c. 400–188 BC)
5697:Aetolian League
5691:Boeotian League
5673:Hellenic League
5660:
5647:
5637:(c. 650–404 BC)
5628:
5622:Italiote League
5615:
5611:
5605:Doric Hexapolis
5595:
5586:
5582:Seleucid Empire
5525:
5418:
5417:
5381:
5288:
5264:Greek Dark Ages
5233:
5232:
5209:
5196:
5191:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5100:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5004:
5002:Further reading
4994:
4981:
4975:
4962:
4957:
4944:
4915:Ἡ κοινὴ προφορά
4910:Buth, Randall,
4880:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4794:10.2307/2936047
4783:
4782:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4744:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4455:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4369:. p. 436.
4356:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4058:
4051:Pronunciation:
4050:
4046:
4037:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4000:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3926:Pronunciation:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3644:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3358:
3353:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3269:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2905:rough breathing
2863:
2851:
1998:transliteration
1867:
1730:to before the
1714:The diphthongs
1689:, merging with
1607:The diphthongs
1563:The diphthongs
1538:rough breathing
1494:
1482:Main articles:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1445:Classical Greek
1441:
1428:Early Christian
1420:patristic Greek
1416:
1414:Patristic Greek
1347:
1341:
1311:arguments that
1270:, parts of the
1236:Hellenized Jews
1228:Biblical Hebrew
1217:
1211:
1176:
1161:manuscripts in
1148:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1004:
997:
988:
982:
909:
819:Antoine Meillet
807:Paul Kretschmer
759:Seleucid Empire
737:
727:(323 to 31 BC)
717:
654:[ciˈni]
645:[cyˈni]
634:Classical Attic
601:
597:
575:
571:
549:
545:
523:
519:
484:
462:Marcus Aurelius
351:
348:
345:
342:
311:
295:
292:
276:
266:
265:
258:
243:
238:
232:
218:
211:
172:
169:Language family
167:
84:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8966:
8964:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8895:
8894:
8888:
8887:
8883:
8882:
8875:
8873:
8866:
8864:
8857:
8855:
8848:
8846:
8839:
8837:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8819:600–1453
8813:
8805:
8797:
8789:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8743:
8734:
8733:
8731:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8669:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8636:
8634:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8615:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8572:Greek numerals
8569:
8567:Attic numerals
8564:
8559:
8552:Greek alphabet
8549:
8544:
8538:
8536:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8477:
8475:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8411:
8409:Constantinople
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8377:
8370:
8362:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8339:
8337:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8295:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8273:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8251:
8242:
8240:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8217:
8207:Medieval Greek
8204:
8191:
8178:
8165:
8151:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8113:
8111:
8107:
8106:
8103:Greek language
8101:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8067:
8066:
8064:
8063:
8053:
8043:
8032:
8029:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8022:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7976:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7822:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7688:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7537:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7441:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7383:Megara Hyblaea
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7363:Hybla Gereatis
7360:
7355:
7353:Heraclea Minoa
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7299:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7151:
7149:
7140:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7097:Attic numerals
7094:
7092:Greek numerals
7089:
7087:Greek alphabet
7084:
7079:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6872:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6798:
6797:
6787:
6781:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6741:Musical system
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6700:
6698:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6481:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6173:Mathematicians
6170:
6165:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6082:Kings of Argos
6078:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5940:Cretan archers
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5742:
5739:Achaean League
5736:
5733:Euboean League
5730:
5724:
5721:Epirote League
5718:
5712:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5669:(c. 500–31 BC)
5664:
5651:
5638:
5632:
5619:
5601:
5599:
5597:Confederations
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5521:Lissus (Crete)
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Archaic Greece
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5194:Ancient Greece
5192:
5190:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5142:
5136:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:External links
5084:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4992:
4979:
4973:
4960:
4955:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4908:
4902:
4888:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4863:
4850:
4838:
4829:
4817:
4808:
4799:
4776:
4764:
4755:
4738:
4729:
4722:
4704:
4693:(4): 486–500.
4677:
4670:
4652:
4645:
4627:
4614:
4592:
4579:
4557:
4545:
4538:
4520:
4505:
4453:
4428:
4420:
4400:
4382:
4375:
4349:
4342:
4322:
4307:
4289:
4266:
4263:(Online). n.d.
4246:
4216:
4189:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4149:
4077:
4068:
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2496:
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2479:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1934:vs. close-mid
1926:vs. close-mid
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1782:
1741:
1712:
1605:
1561:
1531:
1520:
1479:
1476:
1471:Main article:
1468:
1465:
1453:word formation
1447:in many ways:
1440:
1437:
1415:
1412:
1371:Gospel of Mark
1343:Main article:
1340:
1337:
1276:Book of Isaiah
1272:Book of Joshua
1213:Main article:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1179:Biblical Koine
1175:
1174:Biblical Koine
1172:
1147:
1144:
908:
905:
813:(1901), while
790:late antiquity
782:Constantinople
778:Medieval Greek
736:
735:
732:
728:
716:
713:
648:(close to the
636:pronunciation
632:(close to the
483:
480:
458:Church Fathers
434:post-classical
423:Medieval Greek
394:and the early
368:Biblical Greek
317:
316:
309:
301:
300:
293:
288:
285:
284:
281:
273:
272:
263:
255:
254:
253:Language codes
250:
249:
247:Greek alphabet
244:
240:Writing system
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
221:
219:
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
175:
173:
166:
163:
162:
156:Greek Orthodox
148:Medieval Greek
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
99:Ionian Islands
95:Aegean Islands
74:
70:
69:
62:
58:
57:
49:
48:
32:Koiné language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8965:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8880:
8879:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8838:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8828:
8822:
8814:
8806:
8798:
8790:
8782:
8781:
8776:
8772:
8764:
8759:
8757:
8752:
8750:
8745:
8744:
8741:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8668:
8664:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8638:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8604:
8601:
8597:
8593:
8592:Cyrillization
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8562:Archaic forms
8560:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8472:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8425:
8424:Griko/Apulian
8422:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8288:
8282:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8260:
8259:Arcadocypriot
8257:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8228:
8221:
8218:
8208:
8205:
8201: 300 BC
8195:
8192:
8182:
8181:Ancient Greek
8179:
8169:
8166:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8144:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8092:
8090:
8085:
8083:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8062:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7981:
7974:
7970:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7821:
7815:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7561:Hemeroscopion
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7530:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7434:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7138:Magna Graecia
7135:
7131:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7012:Arcadocypriot
7010:
7008:
7005:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6966:
6965:Zeus, Olympia
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6950:Hera, Olympia
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6853:Mount Olympus
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:Sacred places
6819:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:Olympic Games
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:Homosexuality
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Seleucid army
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5679:Delian League
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5655:
5652:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5635:Ionian League
5633:
5623:
5620:
5616: 560 BC
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Magna Graecia
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5183:
5181:
5176:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5085:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5040:Carol Handley
5037:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4984:Greek Grammar
4980:
4976:
4974:9780802878311
4970:
4966:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4947:Greek Grammar
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:0-521-33555-8
4897:
4893:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4663:
4656:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4638:
4631:
4628:
4617:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4391:"Maintenance"
4386:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4247:
4236:
4235:HarperCollins
4232:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4167:
4153:
4150:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4031:
4005:
4004:
3995:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3955:
3931:
3923:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3683:
3680:
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3308:
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3300:
3297:
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3268:
3265:
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3257:
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3209:
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3201:
3196:
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3180:
3177:
3172:
3169:
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3148:
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3025:
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3017:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
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2988:
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2977:
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2969:
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2798:
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2569:
2562:
2559:
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2549:
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2538:
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2528:
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2521:
2514:
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2309:
2305:
2298:
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2288:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1954:
1947:
1871:
1864:
1839:
1783:
1780:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1713:
1672:
1668:
1628:
1606:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:varieties of
1547:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:stress accent
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1290:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1165:, written on
1164:
1160:
1159:New Testament
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1001:
990:
986:
974:
970:
968:
967:New Testament
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
933:Ancient Greek
930:
922:
918:
917:Rosetta Stone
913:
906:
904:
902:
898:
897:Arcadocypriot
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
820:
816:
812:
808:
798:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
733:
730:
729:
726:
721:
714:
712:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
655:
651:
646:
640:
635:
630:
625:
619:
593:
567:
541:
517:
515:
508:
503:
501:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:New Testament
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:lingua franca
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
340:
334:
323:
314:
310:
308:
307:
302:
298:
294:
291:
290:Linguist List
286:
282:
279:
274:
269:
264:
261:
256:
251:
248:
245:
241:
235:
229:
228:Ancient Greek
226:
225:
224:
220:
214:
202:
199:
198:
197:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
178:
177:Indo-European
174:
170:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
61:Pronunciation
59:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
8876:
8867:
8859:
8858:
8849:
8840:
8831:
8596:Romanization
8446:Romano-Greek
8436:Mariupolitan
8384:
8374:Katharevousa
8372:
8365:
8342:
8334:
8222:(since 1453)
8220:Modern Greek
8193:
8117:Graeco-Aryan
7856:Dionysopolis
7826:Abonoteichos
7778:Pantikapaion
7368:Hybla Heraea
7053:
6704:Architecture
6660:Prostitution
6349:Aristophanes
6208:Philosophers
6178:Philosophers
6010:Spartan army
5741:(280–146 BC)
5729:(338–322 BC)
5723:(370–168 BC)
5711:(374–196 BC)
5705:(378–355 BC)
5687:(430–348 BC)
5681:(478–404 BC)
5675:(499–449 BC)
5362:Peloponnesus
5284:Roman Greece
5106:Online books
5096:
5078:
5077:––––. 2009.
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4983:
4967:, Eerdmans,
4964:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4911:
4905:
4891:
4884:
4883:Abel, F.-M.
4878:Bibliography
4866:
4858:
4853:
4841:
4832:
4820:
4811:
4802:
4785:
4779:
4767:
4758:
4750:
4741:
4732:
4713:
4707:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4661:
4655:
4636:
4630:
4619:. Retrieved
4605:
4595:
4584:. Retrieved
4570:
4560:
4548:
4529:
4523:
4508:
4500:
4447:
4431:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4363:Thessaloniki
4358:
4352:
4332:
4325:
4316:
4310:
4301:
4281:
4258:
4249:
4238:. Retrieved
4228:
4219:
4207:. Retrieved
4201:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4152:
4080:
4071:
4047:
3922:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3359:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3112:ἐξηγήσωνται,
2987:praːɡmátoːn,
2947:epojéːsanto;
2864:
2855:
2852:
2428:s (-s-/-ss-)
2421:σ (-σ-/-σσ-)
1952:
1946:pataḥ/qamets
1945:
1872:
1868:
1627:monophthongs
1554:Aeolic Greek
1506:
1495:
1442:
1419:
1417:
1390:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1351:
1348:
1320:
1309:etymological
1280:
1263:
1261:
1240:
1218:
1195:Hebrew Bible
1178:
1177:
1121:
1076:
1073:modern Greek
1070:
1054:
1040:Τί γὰρ ἔχει;
1037:
1022:
1007:
991:
976:
971:
963:Hebrew Bible
956:
948:Roman Empire
937:
926:
901:Common Attic
900:
885:Pontic Greek
875:colonies of
870:
863:
810:
809:in his book
794:
775:
740:
692:
683:
671:
669:
650:Modern Greek
623:
513:
511:
499:
497:
487:
485:
474:and in some
465:
450:Hebrew Bible
431:
427:Modern Greek
420:
410:and related
392:Roman Empire
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:common Attic
359:
355:
321:
320:
304:
200:
113:, Byzantine
81:Roman Empire
8903:Koine Greek
8833:Proto-Greek
8703:Place names
8577:Orthography
8386:Misthiotika
8380:Cappadocian
8194:Koine Greek
8175: 1600
8162: 2900
8155:Proto-Greek
8004:Place names
7916:Salmydessus
7738:Kalos Limen
7718:Chersonesus
7708:Borysthenes
7413:Tauromenion
7225:Metapontion
6987:Proto-Greek
6940:Erechtheion
6935:Athena Nike
6897:Philippeion
6726:Mathematics
6697:and science
6580:Agriculture
6444:Stesichorus
6354:Bacchylides
6344:Archilochus
6231:Antisthenes
6221:Anaximander
6193:Seven Sages
6183:Playwrights
6163:Geographers
6158:Astronomers
5985:Pezhetairos
5612: 1100
5592:Federations
5491:Megalopolis
5428:City states
5403:City states
5097:Koine Greek
4846:Kantor 2023
4825:Kantor 2023
4772:Kantor 2023
4209:21 December
3786:anˈtʰropon;
3339:pʰaínoːntai
3299:praːɡmátoːn
3035:heːmetéraːi
2944:ἐποιήσαντο·
1953:tsere/segol
1734:consonants
1728:assimilated
1685:fronted to
1581:/aːieːioːi/
1546:Ionic Greek
1117:Doric Greek
929:Attic Greek
839:instead of
827:instead of
763:Mesopotamia
467:Meditations
322:Koine Greek
223:Proto-Greek
217:Early forms
201:Koine Greek
47:Koine Greek
8897:Categories
8824:Since 1453
8613:Literature
8582:Diacritics
8325:Pamphylian
8316:Macedonian
8297:Northwest
8214: 330
8188: 800
7906:Polemonion
7783:Phanagoria
7753:Kimmerikon
7748:Kerkinitis
7733:Hermonassa
7723:Dioscurias
7619:Aspalathos
7566:Kalathousa
7541:Akra Leuke
7470:Phoenicusa
7255:Scylletium
7240:Poseidonia
7160:Brentesion
7047:Pamphylian
7042:Macedonian
6960:Samothrace
6945:Hephaestus
6892:Long Walls
6871:Structures
6812:Underworld
6758:Technology
6721:Literature
6655:Philosophy
6620:Euergetism
6509:By culture
6454:Thucydides
6296:Pythagoras
6291:Protagoras
6281:Parmenides
6266:Heraclitus
6251:Empedocles
6241:Democritus
6226:Anaximenes
6216:Anaxagoras
6168:Historians
5661: 595
5648: 550
5629: 800
5614: – c.
5542:Cappadocia
5347:Ionian Sea
5337:Hellespont
5302:Aegean Sea
4621:2018-07-03
4586:2018-07-03
4365:, Greece:
4240:2014-09-24
3909:References
3890:kaˈtelaβen
3887:κατέλαβεν.
3336:φαίνωνται.
3291:deːmosíoːn
3243:apotáksiː,
3227:syŋkléːtuː
3195:strateːɡòs
3147:práːɡmatos
3043:enémiːnan,
3040:ἐνέμειναν,
2984:πραγμάτων,
1536:: loss of
1457:vocabulary
1399:Thucydides
1305:James Barr
1268:Pentateuch
1224:substratum
1191:Septuagint
1155:Papyrus 46
1124:Dodecanese
1067:He's sick.
959:Septuagint
703:Alexandria
699:vernacular
446:Septuagint
378:, was the
103:Asia Minor
8842:Mycenaean
8626:Byzantine
8603:Greeklish
8474:Phonology
8451:Tsakonian
8404:Himariote
8254:Mycenaean
8230:Varieties
8177:–1100 BC)
8164:–1600 BC)
7992:in Epirus
7941:Trapezous
7886:Mesambria
7871:Eupatoria
7841:Apollonia
7836:Anchialos
7798:Theodosia
7768:Nymphaion
7758:Myrmekion
7728:Gorgippia
7684:Black Sea
7669:Tragurion
7654:Nymphaion
7639:Epidauros
7634:Epidamnos
7624:Apollonia
7601:Zacynthos
7523:Ptolemais
7517:Apollonia
7490:Cyrenaica
7480:Therassía
7475:Strongyle
7455:Ereikousa
7378:Leontinoi
7318:Apollonia
7195:Hipponion
6992:Mycenaean
6955:Parthenon
6887:Lion Gate
6790:Mythology
6753:Sculpture
6716:Astronomy
6650:Pederasty
6625:Festivals
6610:Education
6490:Lawgivers
6459:Timocreon
6439:Sophocles
6434:Simonides
6409:Philocles
6404:Panyassis
6399:Mimnermus
6364:Herodotus
6359:Euripides
6329:Aeschylus
6276:Leucippus
6236:Aristotle
6015:Strategos
5881:Synedrion
5835:Ostracism
5815:Areopagus
5767:Free city
5562:Macedonia
5446:Byzantion
5352:Macedonia
5317:Cyrenaica
5294:Geography
5228:Geography
4664:. Brill.
4168:Citations
3866:skoˈti(a)
3783:ἀνθρώπων.
3690:ˈʝeɣonen.
3626:eˈʝeneto,
3594:tʰeˈo(n).
3498:tʰeˈo(n),
3224:συνκλήτου
3192:στρατηγὸς
3144:πράγματος
3107:práːɡmata
3067:dotʰôːsin
1838:aspirates
1732:voiceless
1478:Phonology
1461:phonology
1418:The term
1395:Herodotus
1063:Aegrotat.
1057:Ἀρρωστεῖ.
306:Glottolog
278:ISO 639-3
260:ISO 639-2
133:Ethnicity
8869:Medieval
8769:Ages of
8708:Proverbs
8547:Linear B
8489:teaching
8245:Central
8203:–AD 330)
8190:–300 BC)
8041:Category
8019:Theatres
7946:Tripolis
7881:Kerasous
7876:Heraclea
7808:Tyritake
7763:Nikonion
7674:Thronion
7596:Salauris
7551:Emporion
7508:Berenice
7498:Balagrae
7450:Euonymos
7423:Tyndaris
7408:Syracuse
7403:Selinous
7373:Kamarina
7328:Casmenae
7313:Akrillai
7230:Neápolis
7165:Caulonia
7146:Mainland
7077:Linear B
7072:Linear A
7002:Dialects
6979:Language
6773:Religion
6731:Medicine
6665:Religion
6630:Folklore
6615:Emporium
6590:Clothing
6585:Calendar
6469:Xenophon
6464:Tyrtaeus
6449:Theognis
6424:Polybius
6419:Plutarch
6394:Menander
6374:Hipponax
6301:Socrates
6256:Epicurus
6102:Diadochi
6000:Sciritae
5960:Hetairoi
5935:Ballista
5900:Military
5863:Gerousia
5853:Ekklesia
5820:Ecclesia
5802:Athenian
5750:Politics
5663:–279 BC)
5650:–366 BC)
5631:–389 BC)
5567:Pergamon
5537:Bithynia
5530:Kingdoms
5471:Pergamon
5413:Military
5408:Politics
5205:Timeline
5042:. 2001.
4774::345,764
4699:42707093
4553:Augsburg
3687:γέγονεν.
3658:eˈʝeneto
3623:ἐγένετο,
3331:písteoːs
3288:δημοσίων
3187:ˈmainios
3179:ˈkʷintos
3163:édoksen;
3104:πράγματα
3019:pʰilíaːi
2995:hoítines
2931:tʰizbîːs
1951:and not
1848:(via ),
1842:/pʰtʰkʰ/
1810:(via ),
1779:iotacism
1602:/aːeːoː/
1552:and the
1550:Anatolia
1534:Psilosis
1407:Xenophon
1403:Polybius
1331:ἐκκλησία
1324:ἐκκλησία
1314:ekklēsía
1289:ekklēsía
1284:ἐκκλησία
1274:and the
877:Anatolia
695:Atticism
442:Polybius
438:Plutarch
313:koin1234
182:Hellenic
158:and the
8851:Ancient
8688:Exonyms
8621:Ancient
8587:Braille
8557:History
8516:Ancient
8509:Grammar
8481:Ancient
8456:Yevanic
8414:Italiot
8399:Cypriot
8367:Demotic
8311:Locrian
8306:Epirote
8301:Achaean
8281:Homeric
8238:Ancient
8147:Periods
8061:Outline
8014:Temples
7951:Zaliche
7931:Thèrmae
7921:Sesamus
7891:Odessos
7866:Cytorus
7861:Cotyora
7611:Illyria
7576:Mainake
7571:Kypsela
7460:Hycesia
7418:Thermae
7398:Segesta
7388:Messana
7343:Helorus
7323:Calacte
7303:Akragas
7265:Sybaris
7250:Rhegion
7205:Krimisa
7155:Alision
7064:Writing
7037:Locrian
7027:Epirote
6997:Homeric
6930:Artemis
6917:Temples
6858:Olympia
6828:Eleusis
6763:Theatre
6748:Pottery
6675:Warfare
6670:Slavery
6605:Economy
6600:Cuisine
6595:Coinage
6572:Society
6557:Culture
6552:Society
6500:Tyrants
6339:Alcaeus
6321:Authors
6271:Hypatia
6261:Gorgias
6198:Writers
6020:Toxotai
5990:Sarissa
5980:Peltast
5975:Phalanx
5955:Hoplite
5950:Hippeis
5873:Macedon
5845:Spartan
5830:Heliaia
5777:Proxeny
5486:Larissa
5481:Kerkyra
5476:Eretria
5466:Miletus
5461:Ephesus
5456:Corinth
5451:Chalcis
5372:Taurica
5242:Periods
5223:History
5132:at the
4687:Biblica
4278:"Koine"
4255:"Koine"
4225:"Koine"
4102:/e̝(ː)/
3874:a(ɸ)ˈto
3842:ˈpʰeni,
3839:φαίνει,
3834:skoˈtia
3655:ἐγένετο
3642:kʰoˈris
3538:ˈloɣos.
3442:ˈloɣos,
3328:πίστεως
3296:πραάτων
3240:ἀποτάξῃ
3184:Μαίνιος
3176:Κόιντος
3160:ἔδοξεν·
3155:húːtoːs
3099:hautùːs
3064:δοθῶσιν
3032:ἡμετέρᾳ
2992:οἵτινες
2979:hautùːs
2871:Boeotia
2867:Thisbae
2464:Upsilon
2344:Omicron
2266:/l/((?)
2104:Epsilon
1900:π, τ, κ
1799:Β, Γ, Δ
1671:Corinth
1625:became
1449:grammar
1381:Aramaic
1256:ἐγένετο
1232:Aramaic
1221:Semitic
1167:papyrus
1020:Where?
907:Sources
751:Macedon
343:
297:grc-koi
154:of the
91:Balkans
85:By the
8878:Modern
8631:Modern
8485:accent
8441:Pontic
8431:Maniot
8394:Cretan
8358:Modern
8249:Aeolic
8216:–1453)
8051:Portal
7999:People
7987:Cities
7926:Sinope
7911:Rhizos
7901:Phasis
7851:Bathus
7846:Athina
7831:Amisos
7793:Tanais
7788:Pityus
7713:Charax
7664:Pharos
7659:Orikon
7556:Helike
7546:Alonis
7513:Cyrene
7445:Didyme
7358:Himera
7333:Catana
7295:Sicily
7285:Thurii
7280:Terina
7245:Pixous
7200:Hydrus
7175:Croton
7007:Aeolic
6925:Aphaea
6848:Dodona
6833:Delphi
6802:Temple
6478:Others
6429:Sappho
6414:Pindar
6389:Lucian
6384:Ibycus
6369:Hesiod
6306:Thales
6074:Rulers
6053:People
6030:Xyston
6025:Xiphos
5886:Koinon
5792:Tyrant
5782:Stasis
5772:Koinon
5572:Pontus
5547:Epirus
5516:Sparta
5506:Rhodes
5501:Megara
5496:Thebes
5441:Athens
5367:Pontus
5332:Epirus
5322:Cyprus
5307:Aeolis
5157:Diglot
5094:about
5038:, and
4990:
4971:
4953:
4898:
4720:
4697:
4668:
4643:
4612:
4577:
4536:
4418:
4373:
4340:
3863:σκοτία
3831:σκοτίᾳ
3602:ˈpanda
3570:arˈkʰi
3535:λόγος.
3514:tʰeˈos
3466:ˈloɣos
3439:λόγος,
3418:arˈkʰi
3323:idíaːs
3267:autoːi
3171:hópoːs
3131:túːtuː
3128:τούτου
3096:αὑτοὺς
3059:autois
3056:αὐτοῖς
3051:hópoːs
2939:lóɡuːs
2936:λόγους
2928:Θισεῖς
2804:ωι (ῳ)
2780:ηι (ῃ)
2756:αι (ᾳ)
2248:Lambda
1992:letter
1852:, and
1673:(e.g.
1619:, and
1558:Lesbos
1490:, and
1426:, the
1128:Cyprus
1093:as ε (
1081:Pontic
952:papyri
883:, cf.
881:Pontus
879:(e.g.
873:Ionian
741:Koine
390:, the
362:, the
137:Greeks
119:Levant
117:, the
115:Crimea
111:Sicily
73:Region
8860:Koine
8771:Greek
8666:Other
8521:Koine
8495:Koine
8335:Koine
8293:Doric
8289:West
8276:Ionic
8271:Attic
8267:East
8009:Stoae
7977:Lists
7896:Oinòe
7819:coast
7817:South
7803:Tyras
7773:Olbia
7743:Kepoi
7696:coast
7694:North
7687:basin
7629:Aulon
7591:Rhode
7503:Barca
7393:Naxos
7348:Henna
7308:Akrai
7275:Taras
7260:Siris
7220:Medma
7215:Locri
7180:Cumae
7170:Chone
7148:Italy
7054:Koine
7032:Ionic
7022:Doric
7017:Attic
6838:Delos
6736:Music
6379:Homer
6334:Aesop
6286:Plato
6188:Poets
5858:Ephor
5810:Agora
5787:Tagus
5762:Boule
5511:Samos
5436:Argos
5342:Ionia
5327:Doris
5312:Crete
4695:JSTOR
4446:[
4136:, or
4059:later
3914:Notes
3706:aɸˈto
3650:aɸˈtu
3647:αὐτοῦ
3639:χωρὶς
3618:aɸˈtu
3615:αὐτοῦ
3599:πάντα
3591:θεόν.
3586:to(n)
3546:ˈutos
3543:οὗτος
3495:θεόν,
3490:to(n)
3463:λόγος
3320:ἰδίας
3235:pénte
3152:οὕτως
3016:φιλίᾳ
2976:αὑοὺς
2903:(the
2841:(/h/)
2560:Omega
2458:/t/()
2434:/s/()
2416:Sigma
2386:/p/()
2314:/n/()
2242:/k/()
2224:Kappa
2176:Theta
2080:Delta
2074:/ɣ/()
2056:Gamma
2050:/b/()
2008:Alpha
1995:Greek
1944:with
1804:/bɡd/
1676:ΛΕΓΙΣ
1667:Argos
1511:by a
1364:than
1352:The "
1300:qāhāl
1295:קָהָל
1163:Greek
1146:Types
1077:Koine
940:Greek
893:Doric
889:Ionic
859:Ionic
743:Greek
684:koine
672:koine
642:) to
624:koine
570:, or
514:koinḗ
507:κοινή
488:Koine
412:Ionic
408:Attic
384:Greek
196:Ionic
192:Attic
187:Greek
127:Nubia
123:Egypt
107:Italy
8594:and
7936:Tium
7703:Akra
7644:Issa
7338:Gela
7210:Laüs
7185:Elea
6843:Dion
6695:Arts
6685:Wine
6311:Zeno
5908:Wars
4988:ISBN
4969:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4896:ISBN
4848::613
4827::613
4718:ISBN
4666:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4610:ISBN
4575:ISBN
4534:ISBN
4416:ISBN
4371:ISBN
4338:ISBN
4211:2023
4147:400)
4144:/ɛː/
4104:>
4100:>
4098:/ɛː/
4036:koy-
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3963:-nee
3904:not.
3871:αὐτὸ
3810:pʰos
3770:pʰos
3746:zoˈi
3714:zoˈi
3703:αὐτῷ
3663:οὐδὲ
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3575:πρὸς
3567:ἀρχῇ
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3482:bros
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3415:ἀρχῇ
3396:and
3380:and
3315:teːs
3283:toːn
3264:αὐτῷ
3232:έντε
3219:teːs
3203:toːn
3168:ὅπως
3123:peri
3120:περὶ
3091:katʰ
3088:καθ᾿
3075:hois
3048:ὅπως
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2968:καθ᾿
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2923:hoːn
2915:peri
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2897:/iː/
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2676:(or
2674:/yi/
2554:/ps/
2530:/kʰ/
2506:/pʰ/
2362:/o̞/
2338:/ks/
2200:Iota
2194:/tʰ/
2128:Zeta
2032:Beta
1980:and
1936:/e̝/
1932:/e̞/
1916:and
1891:and
1888:φ, θ
1885:.
1790:and
1765:υ/οι
1754:/ɛː/
1720:and
1647:/ɛː/
1637:/ɛː/
1459:and
1405:and
1397:and
1377:Mark
1366:Luke
1362:John
1360:and
1358:Mark
1247:and
1189:The
1083:and
1016:Ubi?
1010:Ποῦ;
946:and
895:and
833:and
817:and
667:").
482:Name
440:and
339:lit.
125:and
109:and
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6640:Law
4790:doi
4749:",
4158:/h/
4116:/i/
4106:/i/
4090:as
4038:NAY
4001:KOY
3961:KOY
3847:καὶ
3807:φῶς
3791:καὶ
3778:ton
3775:τῶν
3767:φῶς
3743:ζωὴ
3727:καὶ
3722:in,
3719:ἦν,
3711:ζωὴ
3674:ˈen
3666:ude
3631:καὶ
3607:δι᾽
3583:τὸν
3503:καὶ
3487:τὸν
3447:καὶ
3410:ˈen
3388:/h/
3372:/i/
3370:to
3312:τῆς
3307:kai
3304:καὶ
3280:τῶν
3251:hoi
3216:τῆς
3200:τῶν
3139:tuː
3136:τοῦ
3027:tiː
3011:tiː
2960:τῶν
2907:).
2901:/h/
2895:to
2879:to
2869:in
2817:/o/
2793:/i/
2769:/ɑ/
2745:/u/
2678:/y/
2650:/y/
2626:/i/
2602:/ɛ/
2578:/o/
2536:Psi
2512:Chi
2488:Phi
2482:/y/
2440:Tau
2410:/r/
2392:Rho
2290:/m/
2218:/i/
2170:/e/
2152:Eta
2146:/z/
2122:/ɛ/
2098:/d/
2026:/ɑ/
2002:IPA
1966:/ɑ/
1956:/e/
1949:/a/
1928:/e/
1924:/ɛ/
1858:/z/
1854:/x/
1850:/θ/
1846:/f/
1816:/ð/
1812:/ɣ/
1808:/v/
1769:/y/
1750:/e/
1709:/u/
1687:/y/
1651:/e/
1566:ᾱͅ,
1556:of
1542:/h/
1244:μέν
1230:or
784:by
761:of
382:of
374:or
268:grc
143:Era
8899::
8817:c.
8809:c.
8801:c.
8793:c.
8785:c.
8211:c.
8198:c.
8185:c.
8172:c.
8159:c.
5658:c.
5645:c.
5626:c.
5609:c.
4788:.
4691:64
4689:.
4456:^
4393:.
4361:.
4292:^
4280:.
4269:^
4257:.
4233:.
4227:.
4200:.
4183:,
4133:οι
4130:,
4127:ει
4124:,
4057:,
4027:eɪ
4018:ɔɪ
4007:or
3991:eɪ
3985:ɔɪ
3972::
3970:US
3966:,
3945:ɔɪ
3932::
3930:UK
3879:οὐ
3850:ke
3826:di
3823:τῇ
3818:en
3815:ἐν
3802:to
3799:τὸ
3794:ke
3762:to
3759:τὸ
3754:in
3751:ἦν
3730:ke
3698:en
3695:ἐν
3671:ἕν
3634:ke
3610:di
3562:en
3559:ἐν
3554:in
3551:ἦν
3522:in
3519:ἦν
3506:ke
3474:im
3471:ἦν
3450:ke
3426:in
3423:ἦν
3407:Ἐν
3383:ευ
3377:αυ
3275:ek
3272:ἐκ
3259:an
3256:ἂν
3248:οἳ
3211:ek
3208:ἐκ
3083:ta
3080:τὰ
3072:ἷς
3024:τῇ
3008:τῇ
3003:en
3000:ἐν
2920:ὧν
2892:ει
2811:ōi
2787:ēi
2763:āi
2739:ou
2732:ου
2718:eu
2711:ευ
2697:au
2690:αυ
2680:)
2668:yi
2661:υι
2644:oi
2637:οι
2620:ei
2613:ει
2596:ai
2589:αι
2548:ps
2524:ch
2500:ph
2368:Pi
2320:Xi
2296:Nu
2272:Mu
2188:th
1913:αι
1830:,
1824:,
1814:,
1796:.
1723:ευ
1717:αυ
1698:υι
1682:οι
1656:ει
1632:αι
1629:.
1622:οι
1616:ει
1613:,
1610:αι
1595:,
1589:,
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1540:,
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1486:,
1455:,
1451:,
1250:δέ
1238:.
1126:,
1119:.
903:.
861:.
842:ρρ
836:ρσ
830:ττ
824:σσ
615:iː
609:ɔɪ
589:iː
580:iː
563:eɪ
557:ɔɪ
544:,
537:eɪ
528:ɔɪ
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370:,
366:,
358:,
336:,
330:,
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101:,
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8755:t
8748:v
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3858:i
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2397:ρ
2380:p
2373:π
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2308:n
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2044:b
2037:β
2020:a
2013:α
1983:ο
1977:α
1971:ε
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1941:ε
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