1284:: Twenty-first century biblical archaeology is often conducted by international teams sponsored by universities and government institutions such as the Israel Antiquities Authority. Volunteers are recruited to participate in excavations conducted by a staff of professionals. Practitioners are making increasing efforts to relate the results of one excavation to others nearby in an attempt to create an ever-widening and increasingly detailed overview of the ancient history and culture of each region. Recent rapid advances in technology have facilitated more scientifically precise measurements in dozens of related fields as well as more timely and more broadly disseminated reports.
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Moses himself. Rather, I heard
Deuteronomy had been composed centuries later for quite specific purposes. Since I came from an orthodox Lutheran family, was deeply moved by what I heard—in particular, because it convinced me. so the same day I sought out my teacher during his hours and, in connection With the origin of Deuteronomy, let slip the remark, "So is the fifth book of Moses what might be called a forgery?" His answer was, "For God's sake, it may well be, but you can't say anything like that."
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archaeology has demonstrated the validity of many biblical references and data. It has continued to cast light, whether implicitly or explicitly, on many of the Bible's customs, cultures, and settings during various periods of history. On the other hand, archaeology has also given rise to some real problems with regard to its findings. Thus, its work is an ongoing one that cannot be foreclosed too quickly or used merely as a confirming device.
1178:, who has become known as the "father of Palestine archaeology". In Tell-el-Hesi, Petrie laid down the basis for methodical exploration by giving a great importance to the analysis of ceramics as archaeological markers. In effect, the recovered objects or fragments serve to fix the chronology with a degree of precision, as pottery was made in different ways and with specific characteristics during each epoch throughout history. In 1889 the
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use. Let those who cultivate biblical studies turn their attention with all due diligence towards this point and let them neglect none of those discoveries, whether in the domain of archaeology or in ancient history or literature, which serve to make better known the mentality of the ancient writers, as well as their manner and art of reasoning, narrating and writing.
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1535:, the great father of our discipline, often spoke of the "archaeological revolution." Well, the revolution has come but not in the way that Albright thought. The truth of the matter today is that archaeology raises more questions about the historicity of the Hebrew Bible and even the New Testament than it provides answers, and that's very disturbing to some people.
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of the text, a presumption tends to build that we should go with the text until definite contrary information is available. This methodology that says that the text is innocent until proven guilty is not only recommended as a good procedure for
American jurisprudence, but it is recommended in the area of examining the claims of the Scripture as well.
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monarchy of David and
Solomon, which is described by the Bible as a regional power, was at most a small tribal kingdom. And it will come as an unpleasant shock to many that the God of Israel, YHWH, had a female consort and that the early Israelite religion adopted monotheism only in the waning period of the monarchy and not at Mount Sinai.
1410:, with an inscription that translated to "Jacob, son of Joseph and brother of Jesus". In reality the artifact had been discovered twenty years before, after which it had exchanged hands a number of times and the inscription had been added. This was discovered because it did not correspond to the pattern of the epoch from which it dated.
1515:. In addition he considers that: "Underlying much scepticism in our own field [referring to the adaptation of the concepts and methods of a "new archaeology", one suspects the assumption (although unexpressed or even unconscious) that ancient Palestine, especially Israel during the biblical period, was unique, in some "
1511:. In this article he reiterates his perceptions of the negative effects of the close relationship that has existed between Syro-Palestinian archaeology and biblical archaeology, which has caused the archaeologists working in this field, particularly the American archaeologists, to resist adoption of the new methods of
1085:("New Archaeology") and faced issues that made it push aside the religious aspects of the research. This has led the American schools to shift away from biblical studies and focus on the archaeology of the region and its relation with the biblical text, rather than trying to prove or disprove the biblical account.
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This is the judgment of one of the more conservative historians of ancient Israel. To be sure, there are far more conservative historians who try to defend the historicity of the entire biblical account beginning with
Abraham, but their work rests on confessional presuppositions and is an exercise in
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This is what archaeologists have learned from their excavations in the Land of Israel: the
Israelites were never in Egypt, did not wander in the desert, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on to the 12 tribes of Israel. Perhaps even harder to swallow is that the united
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Dever found that Syro-Palestinian archaeology had been treated in
American institutions as a sub-discipline of bible studies, where it was expected that American archaeologists would try to "provide valid historical evidence of episodes from the biblical tradition". According to Dever "the most naĂŻve
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the interpreter must, as it were, go back wholly in spirit to those remote centuries of the East and with the aid of history, archaeology, ethnology, and other sciences, accurately determine what modes of writing, so to speak, the authors of that ancient period would be likely to use, and in fact did
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I wanted to use that quotation in order to show that the results of historical scholarship can be made known to the public—especially to believers—only with difficulty. Many
Christians feel threatened if they hear that most of what was written in the Bible is (in historical terms) untrue
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I wanted to use that quotation in order to show that the results of historical scholarship can be made known to the public—especially to believers—only with difficulty. Many
Christians feel threatened if they hear that most of what was written in the Bible is (in historical terms) untrue
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This is not to say that archaeology is a cure-all for all the challenges brought to the text—it is not! There are some monstrous problems that remain—some created by the archaeological data itself. But since we have seen so many specific challenges over the years yield to such specific data in favor
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he study of archaeology has helped illuminate the Bible by casting light on its historical and cultural location. With increasing clarity, the setting of the Bible appears more vividly within the framework of general history.... by fitting biblical history, persons, and events into general history,
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As a young student, I heard a series of lectures given by a famous liberal Old
Testament theologian on Old Testament introduction. And there one day learned that the fifth book of Moses (Deuteronomy) had not been written by Moses—although throughout it it claims to have been spoken and written by
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probably reflect some historical memories of people and places, but the 'larger than life' portraits of the Bible are unrealistic and contradicted by the archaeological evidence.... I am not reading the Bible as
Scripture... I am in fact not even a theist. My view all along—and especially in the
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Archaeological investigations carried out with scientific methods can offer useful data in fixing a chronology that helps to order the biblical stories. In certain cases these investigations can find the place where these narratives took place. In other cases they can confirm the veracity of the
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Archaeology certainly doesn't prove literal readings of the Bible...It calls them into question, and that's what bothers some people. Most people really think that archaeology is out there to prove the Bible. No archaeologist thinks so. From the beginnings of what we call biblical archaeology,
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There are some groups that take a more fundamentalist approach and which organize archaeological campaigns with the intention of finding proof that the Bible is factual and that its narratives should be understood as historical events. This is not the official position of the Catholic Church.
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period. Therefore, archaeology can provide insights where biblical historiography can't. The comparative study of the biblical text and archaeological discoveries help understand Ancient Near Eastern people and cultures. Although both the Hebrew Bible and the
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1198:. Many other similar organizations were founded at this time with the objective of furthering this nascent discipline, although the investigations of this epoch had the sole objective of proving the veracity of the biblical stories.
1666:"there is little that we can salvage from Joshua's stories of the rapid, wholesale destruction of Canaanite cities and the annihilation of the local population. It simply did not happen; the archeological evidence is indisputable."
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document or not. The two schools are not separate units but form a continuum, making it difficult to define different camps and limits. However, it is possible to define points of difference, although these differences seem to be
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stories. However, in other matters they can question events that have been taken as historical fact, providing arguments that show that certain stories are not historical narratives but belong to a different narrative genre.
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apologetics rather than historiography. Most biblical scholars have come to terms with the fact that much (not all!) of the biblical narrative is only loosely related to history and cannot be verified.
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Archaeology as it is practiced today must be able to challenge, as well as confirm, the Bible stories. Some things described there really did happen, but others did not. The biblical narratives about
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recent books—is first that the biblical narratives are indeed 'stories,' often fictional and almost always propagandistic, but that here and there they contain some valid historical information...
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in Palestine: The first archaeological explorations started in the 19th century initially by Europeans. There were many renowned archaeologists working at this time but one of the best known was
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Kaiser goes on to detail case after case in which the Bible, he says, "has aided in the identification of missing persons, missing peoples, missing customs and settings." He concludes:
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is that the reason and purpose of "biblical archaeology" (and, by extrapolation, of Syro-Palestinian archaeology) is simply to elucidate facts regarding the Bible and the Holy Land".
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The study of biblical archaeology started at the same time as general archaeology and obviously its development relates to the discovery of highly important ancient artifacts.
1621:, Finkelstein said that there is no archaeological evidence to prove it really existed. Professor Yoni Mizrahi, an independent archaeologist, agreed with Israel Finkelstein.
1483:"the purpose of biblical archaeology is the clarification and illumination of the biblical text and content through archaeological investigation of the biblical world."
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perhaps 150 years ago, scholars, mostly western scholars, have attempted to use archaeological data to prove the Bible. And for a long time it was thought to work.
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Bible, Map and Spade: The American Palestine Exploration Society, Frederick Jones Bliss and the Forgotten Story of Early American Biblical Archaeology
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and the entrance on the scene of the Israeli archaeologists. Initially their excavations were limited to the territory of the state, but after the
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Really, it’s a myth,... This is my career as an archaeologist. I should tell them the truth. If the people are upset, that is not my problem.
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Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2009),"Corrections and Updates to 'Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.
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Since this time archaeology has been considered to provide valuable assistance and as an indispensable tool of the biblical sciences.
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rather than a deity in her own right, and her association with Yahweh does not necessarily indicate a polytheistic belief system.
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is used by Israeli archaeologists for popular media or an English speaking audience, in reference to what is known in Hebrew as "
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Biblical archaeology emerged in the late 19th century, by British and American archaeologists, with the aim of confirming the
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and the 1960s, biblical archaeology became the dominant American school of Levantine archaeology, led by figures such as
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2762:– Anthropology Resources on the Internet : a web directory with over 3000 links grouped in specialised topics.
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that Jewish archaeologists have found no historical or archaeological evidence to back the biblical narrative on
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Biblical archaeology is the subject of ongoing debate. One of the sources of greatest dispute is the period when
1194:(German Oriental Society) was founded in Berlin, a number of its excavations were subsequently funded by Emperor
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1230:: 1948 marked the start of a new social and political era for the Holy Land with the foundation of the State of
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in Jordan and inscriptions in the Temple of Jerusalem. Another personality entered the scene in 1890, Sir
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and that none of the four New Testament Gospels was written by the author listed at the top of the text.
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and that none of the four New Testament Gospels was written by the author listed at the top of the text.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England & Wales and Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Scotland, 2005,
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Halevi, Masha, "Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places",
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Trigger, Bruce. 1990. "A History of Archaeological Thought". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Palestine Before the Hebrews: A History, From the Earliest Arrival of Man to the Conquest of Canaan
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The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts
1402:, which have been perpetrated for a variety of reasons. One of the most celebrated is that of the
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2179:"Senior Israeli archaeologist casts doubt on Jewish heritage of Jerusalem – Middle East Monitor"
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included a chapter entitled, "Does Archaeology Help the Case for Reliability?". Kaiser states:
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Jesus' Resurrection: Fact Or Figment?: A Debate Between William Lane Craig & Gerd Ludemann
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in 1947 and its subsequent excavation, which would in large part be directed by the Frenchman
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2542:, (Gorgias Press, 2006) Discusses American involvement in biblical archaeology before 1900.
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take archaeological findings into account in order to discern the literary genres used.
1307:. It is possible to define two loose schools of thought regarding these areas: biblical
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and L. H. Vincent stand out among the early archaeologists at the school. In 1898, the
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is the main source of information about the region of Palestine and mostly covers the
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Dever, William G. (March–April 2006). "The Western Cultural Tradition Is at Risk".
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SBL Academia Biblica series, no. 12. Atlanta, Ga.: Society of Biblical Literature.
1929:"Divino Afflante Spiritu Encyclical Of Pope Pius Xi On Promoting Biblical Studies"
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Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E.
1981:
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2154:"Ancient Israelite Polytheistic Inscriptions: Was Asherah Viewed as Yhwh's Wife"
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Archaeological Discoveries Relative to the Judaeo-Christians: Historical Survey
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The development of biblical archaeology has been marked by different periods:
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Craig, William Lane; LĂĽdemann, Gerd; Copan, Paul; Tacelli, Ronald K. (2000).
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1519:" way that was not governed by the normal principles of cultural evolution".
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are taken into account, the majority of the study centers around the former.
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Practicing Archaeology: A Training Manual for Cultural Resources Archaeology
2420:, "Archaeology and the Bible: Understanding their special relationship", in
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1170:, arrived in the Holy Land in order to study two notable inscriptions: the
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1872:"Oded Golan is not guilty of forgery. So is the 'James ossuary' for real?"
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2597:, no. 10. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press, 1970. Without ISBN or SBN
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The Gift of Scripture, Party Two, Section 14 The truth of Scripture, p17
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of forgery, but after a 7-year trial he was acquitted on the grounds of
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Regarding the Exodus of Israelites from Egypt, Egyptian archaeologist
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Biblical archaeology has also been the target of several celebrated
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Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum: Collectio minor
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as its patron. Large investigations were carried out around the
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R. Dennis Cole, "Recent Developments in Biblical Archaeology,"
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Detailed lists of objects can be found at the following pages:
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List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
2633:. New York, NY: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
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What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?
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List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
1038:. Biblical archaeology studies archaeological sites from the
2593:, trans. by G. Bushnell updated by the author. In series,
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The Old Testament Documents: Are They Reliable and Relevant?
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The Old Testament Documents: Are They Reliable and Relevant?
1246:. An important figure in the archaeology of this period was
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Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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In Search of 'Ancient Israel': A Study in Biblical Origins
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For the movement associated with William F. Albright, see
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The Biblical Pseudo-Archeologists Pillaging the West Bank
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Shifting sands: the rise and fall of Biblical archaeology
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Discovering Our Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology
2382:(Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1983).
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The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology
2330:(Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2001), 97–108.
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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East
1319:, depending on whether the Bible is considered to be a
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Catholic Church no longer swears by truth of the Bible
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Other scholars dispute these claims. In his 2001 book
1425:. Another item that came from the same dealer was the
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Summary of important archaeological sites and findings
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French Biblical and Archaeological School of Jerusalem
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Did the Red Sea Part? No Evidence, Archaeologists Say
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Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites
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published by the Archaeological Institute of America
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written by J.K. Eakins in a 1977 essay published in
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1505:contributed to the article on "Archaeology" in the
217:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2350:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1940)
1795:William G. Dever (2011). "Biblical Archaeology".
2777:– Directory of archaeological topics on the web.
2491:The Archaeology of Early Christianity. A History
1839:, 49 (Spring 1994): 51–64. Cited April 18, 2016.
2691:Cultural Resources Archaeology: An Introduction
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1146:who discovered a number of ancient cities. The
2697:, December, 2001, trade paperback, 256 pages,
1413:The object came by way of the antiques dealer
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2629:Negev, Avraham; Gibson, Shimon, eds. (2003).
2535:, Volume 48, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 249–267.
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2055:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 126.
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8:
2749:Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana
2631:Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land
2292:(in Dutch). InterVarsity Press. p. 43.
1744:List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
1662:Collins comments upon a statement by Dever:
1494:"Archaeology and the Bible, An Introduction"
1433:Biblical archaeology and the Catholic Church
1365:List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology
2663:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice
2378:Blaiklock, E. M., and R. K. Harrison, eds.
1849:Forgers "tried to rewrite biblical history"
75:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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3005:
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2689:Sanford, Robert M. and Thomas W. Neumann,
2637:Neumann, Thomas W. and Robert M. Sanford,
2607:(The Anchor Bible Reference Library, 1990)
2414:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
1824:"Find a dig: Biblical Archaeology Society"
1370:List of burial places of Abrahamic figures
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2942:List of burial places of biblical figures
2932:List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
2677:Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52
1262:. Crystal Bennett led the excavations at
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
2794:Archaeological work and volunteer pages.
2665:, Thames and Hudson, 4th edition, 2004.
2053:The Nature of Home: A Lexicon and Essays
1449:recommended that interpretations of the
2580:The Old Testament and The Archaeologist
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1749:Religiously motivated pseudoarchaeology
1202:During the British Mandate in Palestine
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2760:Anthropology Resources on the Internet
2644:, August, 2001, hardcover, 450 pages,
2451:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
2432:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
2375:. This has also been used as a source.
1030:is an academic school and a subset of
2927:Historical reliability of the Gospels
2548:"Deconstructing the walls of Jericho"
2398:Archaeology of the Bible Book By Book
2119:"Deconstructing the walls of Jericho"
2085:"Deconstructing the walls of Jericho"
7:
2810:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2781:The 2003- Iraq War & Archaeology
2731:. Philadelphia: Westminster, (1962).
2661:Renfrew, Colin & Bahn, Paul G.,
2605:Archaeology of the Land of the Bible
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1788:
1786:
215:adding citations to reliable sources
2870:History of ancient Israel and Judah
2679:, Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster.
2656:The Quest For The Historical Israel
2400:(New York: Harper & Row, 1989).
1734:History of ancient Israel and Judah
2783:Information about looting in Iraq.
2396:Cornfeld, G., and D. N. Freedman,
2360:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963).
2348:From the Stone Age to Christianity
2336:, "Archaeology", by William Dever.
2152:Doedens, Jacob JT (January 2013).
2017:Dever, William G. (January 2003).
1704:Archaeology and the Book of Mormon
1640:Evangelical Old Testament scholar
1613:, the Jews' wandering in Sinai or
1419:Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA)
1250:, who directed the excavations of
25:
2798:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2686:. Baker Publishing Group, (1978).
2511:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997
2083:Herzog, Ze'ev (29 October 1999).
1967:Bible gets a reality check, MSNBC
1065:. Between the 1920s, right after
157:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
56:This article has multiple issues.
3599:
3589:
3588:
2947:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
2888:
2475:, New York: Simon and Schuster,
2469:; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001),
2254:"Old Testament in a New Climate"
1584:Other scholars have argued that
1394:Biblical archeological forgeries
1375:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
969:
326:
191:
144:
86:
45:
2407:, Sheffield (JSOT Press, 1992).
2367:(New York: McGraw Hill, 2013).
2363:Ashmore, W. and Sharer, R. J.,
1759:Society of Biblical Archaeology
1176:William Matthew Flinders Petrie
1112:", and to avoid using the term
965:Outline of Bible-related topics
202:needs additional citations for
64:or discuss these issues on the
2880:Jesus in comparative mythology
2875:Quest for the historical Jesus
2755:Archaeology in Popular Culture
2695:Rowman and Littlefield Pub Inc
2642:Rowman and Littlefield Pub Inc
2610:Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004).
2546:Kafel, A. (October 29, 1999).
2489:Frend, William Hugh Clifford,
1927:Pius XII (30 September 1943).
1490:Benchmarks in Time and Culture
674:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
2957:List of New Testament uncials
2801:"Christian Archaeology"
2736:The Stones And The Scriptures
2684:Biblical Archaeology in Focus
2509:Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence
1526:Dever has also written that:
1383:List of New Testament uncials
801:Historical-grammatical method
27:Archaeological sub-discipline
3173:electrical resistance survey
2952:List of New Testament papyri
2023:The Bible and Interpretation
1729:Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries
1709:Biblical Archaeology Society
1379:List of New Testament papyri
1192:Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft
1069:, when Palestine came under
2422:Biblical Archaeology Review
2387:Archaeology & The Bible
2334:The Anchor Bible Dictionary
2000:Biblical Archaeology Review
1615:Joshua's conquest of Canaan
1295:Biblical archaeology school
36:Biblical Archaeology Review
32:Biblical archaeology school
3653:
3062:Johann Joachim Winckelmann
2493:, Geoffrey Chapman, 1997.
2447:Dever, William G. (2003).
2428:Dever, William G. (2002).
1982:The Bible's Buried Secrets
1855:, Friday 31 December 2004.
1765:The Bible's Buried Secrets
1588:may have been a symbol or
1292:
1282:Biblical archaeology today
1148:Palestine Exploration Fund
796:Allegorical interpretation
29:
3584:
3143:Philosophy of archaeology
2991:
2886:
2709:The Bible And Archaeology
2252:Collins, John J. (2008).
2183:www.middleeastmonitor.com
2160:(1–2): 41–54 – via
1417:, who was accused by the
1228:After the British Mandate
1150:was created in 1865 with
3632:Ancient Israel and Judah
2922:Historicity of the Bible
2711:, revised edition (1973)
2675:Robinson, Edward (1856)
2503:Frerichs, Ernest S. and
2385:Chapman, and J.N. Tubb,
2260:. Yale University: 4–7.
2224:Kaiser, 2001, p. 97-108.
2123:lib1.library.cornell.edu
1837:The Theological Educator
1492:and quoted in his essay
1305:historicity of the Bible
1206:William Foxwell Albright
1168:Charles Clermont-Ganneau
1063:historicity of the Bible
686:Novum Testamentum Graece
488:Composition of the Torah
170:may contain suggestions.
155:may need to be rewritten
34:. For the magazine, see
1826:. Cited April 18, 2016.
1801:Oxford University Press
1508:Anchor Bible Dictionary
1466:Divino Afflante Spiritu
1303:and more generally the
1238:they extended into the
1114:Palestinian archaeology
2978:Criticism of the Bible
2738:. London: IVP, (1973).
2625:16/1, pp. 49–132.
2533:Middle Eastern Studies
2520:Denver Seminary review
2326:Walter C. Kaiser Jr.,
1694:
1678:
1660:
1651:
1634:
1582:
1562:
1537:
1513:processual archaeology
1499:
1472:
1469:, paragraphs 35 and 40
1352:
1164:Charles William Wilson
1083:processual archaeology
1024:
949:Criticism of the Bible
692:Documentary hypothesis
226:"Biblical archaeology"
108:by rewriting it in an
3153:Archaeological ethics
3148:Archaeological diving
3138:Archaeological theory
2846:The Bible and history
2807:Catholic Encyclopedia
2775:Archaeology Directory
2424:16:3, (May/June 1990)
2346:William F. Albright,
2242:Kaiser, 2001, p. 108.
2047:Knopp, Lisa (2004) .
1771:The Bible and history
1655:
1646:
1630:
1577:
1541:
1528:
1463:Pius XII, Encyclical
1343:
1208:, C. S. Fischer, the
1196:William II of Germany
1036:Levantine archaeology
1015:
702:NT textual categories
3627:Biblical archaeology
3092:Augustus Pitt Rivers
3087:William Henry Holmes
3052:Archaeological sites
2910:Historicity of Jesus
2905:Biblical archaeology
2729:Biblical Archaeology
2682:Schoville, Keith N.
2573:The Bible as History
2233:Kaiser, 2001, p. 98.
1754:Scriptural geologist
1356:Selected discoveries
1330:decreasing over time
1240:occupied territories
1106:biblical archaeology
1028:Biblical archaeology
649:Internal consistency
555:Samaritan Pentateuch
211:improve this article
3082:John Lloyd Stephens
3072:Heinrich Schliemann
2467:Finkelstein, Israel
2158:Sárospataki Füzetek
2133:on 10 November 2001
2117:(29 October 1999).
1876:The Times of Israel
1565:Tel Aviv University
1478:Expert commentaries
1427:Jehoash Inscription
1156:Temple in Jerusalem
1110:Israeli archaeology
1075:William F. Albright
1042:and especially the
483:New Testament canon
478:Old Testament canon
406:Chapters and verses
18:Biblical archeology
3606:History portal
3168:geophysical survey
2983:Christ myth theory
2860:Biblical criticism
2654:Ramsey, George W.
2589:Mancini, Ignazio.
2558:on October 1, 2017
2525:2007-09-28 at the
2209:The New York Times
2185:. 20 February 2014
1851:, Conal Urquhart,
1642:Walter Kaiser, Jr.
1606:The Jerusalem Post
1601:Israel Finkelstein
1592:in the context of
1539:Dever also wrote:
1353:
1301:kings ruled Israel
1289:Schools of thought
1025:
954:Biblical authority
835:Capital punishment
711:Biblical criticism
680:Rahlfs' Septuagint
384:New Testament (NT)
379:Old Testament (OT)
110:encyclopedic style
97:is written like a
3614:
3613:
3532:
3531:
3514:Pseudoarchaeology
3131:Method and theory
3002:
3001:
2725:Wright, G. Ernest
2418:Dever, William G.
2299:978-0-8308-1569-2
2095:on 11 August 2021
2062:978-0-8032-7814-1
2006:(2): 26 & 76.
1905:, 5 October 2005,
1870:Friedman, Matti.
1619:Temple of Solomon
1617:. On the alleged
1040:Ancient Near East
1010:
1009:
825:Conspiracy theory
754:
753:
493:Mosaic authorship
305:
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159:quality standards
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3439:Archaeoastronomy
3406:Paleoethnobotany
3215:
3117:Alfred V. Kidder
3102:Mortimer Wheeler
3029:
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3015:
3006:
2962:Historical Jesus
2892:
2865:Biblical studies
2839:
2832:
2825:
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2803:
2792:Excavation Sites
2707:Thompson, J.A.,
2634:
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2571:Keller, Werner,
2567:
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2563:
2554:. Archived from
2505:Leonard H. Lesko
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1714:Biblical studies
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1503:William G. Dever
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1423:reasonable doubt
1214:Dead Sea Scrolls
1079:G. Ernest Wright
1032:Biblical studies
1002:
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988:
976:Bible portal
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2853:General studies
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2658:. London (1982)
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2545:
2527:Wayback Machine
2483:
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2410:Davis, Thomas,
2403:Davies, P. R.,
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2115:Herzog, Ze'ev
2110:
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2043:
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2029:on 2007-02-02
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2013:
2010:
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1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
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1957:Dever, p. 358
1954:
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1948:Dever, p. 357
1945:
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1899:Ruth Gledhill
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1691:Gerd LĂĽdemann
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1404:James Ossuary
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1099:New Testament
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267:February 2022
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228: –
227:
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222:Find sources:
216:
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206:
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200:This article
198:
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176:February 2022
169:
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69:
68:
63:
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57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3444:Archaeometry
3418:Experimental
3352:Near Eastern
3311:Near Eastern
3306:Mesopotamian
3260:Contemporary
3234:
3077:Arthur Evans
2995:Bible Portal
2993:
2904:
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2604:
2594:
2590:
2579:
2578:Lance, H.D.
2572:
2560:. Retrieved
2556:the original
2551:
2539:
2538:Hallote, R.
2532:
2508:
2490:
2471:
2448:
2429:
2421:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2379:
2364:
2357:
2347:
2333:
2327:
2310:
2303:. Retrieved
2288:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2207:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2162:Academia.edu
2157:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:the original
2122:
2109:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2088:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2052:
2042:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2022:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1977:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1922:
1910:
1902:
1890:
1879:. Retrieved
1875:
1853:The Guardian
1852:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1819:
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1598:
1583:
1578:
1569:Ze'ev Herzog
1563:
1542:
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1529:
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1136:
1131:
1123:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1090:Hebrew Bible
1087:
1071:British rule
1060:
1027:
1026:
908:Perspectives
769:Hermeneutics
684:
672:
627:
592:Luther Bible
587:Gothic Bible
576:Vetus Latina
574:
530:Translations
470:Hebrew canon
398:Antilegomena
393:Deuterocanon
291:
273:
264:
254:
247:
240:
233:
221:
209:Please help
204:verification
201:
173:
164:You can help
154:
124:
115:
96:
72:
65:
59:
58:Please help
55:
3524:Transgender
3449:Battlefield
3225:Prehistoric
3185:Burnt layer
3122:George Bass
3036:Archaeology
2898:Historicity
2767:Archaeology
2258:Reflections
1626:Zahi Hawass
1575:newspaper:
1236:Six-Day War
1182:opened the
1172:Mesha Stele
1158:in 1867 by
1137:Before the
1067:World War I
806:Inspiration
644:Historicity
602:by language
534:manuscripts
3621:Categories
3547:by country
3479:Industrial
3474:Indigenous
3423:Underwater
3369:Calceology
3291:Australian
3269:Geographic
3255:Historical
3190:Excavation
2189:28 October
2137:9 February
2099:13 January
2033:2007-02-12
1971:Alan Boyle
1934:6 February
1881:2022-12-06
1778:References
1611:the Exodus
1599:Professor
1415:Oded Golan
1316:maximalism
1310:minimalism
811:Literalism
721:Historical
628:Archeology
565:Septuagint
460:Authorship
448:Authorship
237:newspapers
61:improve it
3484:Landscape
3357:Osteology
3240:Classical
2971:Criticism
2601:Mazar, A.
2562:April 18,
2305:13 August
2266:0362-0611
2068:10 August
2049:"History"
1903:The Times
1451:scripture
1445:In 1943,
1400:forgeries
1325:religious
1260:Jerusalem
1244:West Bank
1104:The term
1044:Holy Land
936:Inerrancy
746:Canonical
741:Redaction
633:Artifacts
414:Apocrypha
343:and books
168:talk page
118:July 2020
67:talk page
3594:Category
3576:Journals
3494:Mortuary
3489:Maritime
3464:Funerary
3459:Feminist
3454:Conflict
3432:Thematic
3347:Medieval
3301:Egyptian
3296:Oceanian
3281:American
3245:Medieval
3235:Biblical
3112:Max Uhle
2769:magazine
2586:, (1983)
2552:Ha'aretz
2523:Archived
2393:, 1990).
2127:Ha'aretz
2089:Ha'aretz
1986:PBS Nova
1739:Iron Age
1697:See also
1689:—
1673:—
1486:—
1461:—
1350:Dead Sea
1254:and the
1094:Iron Age
1054:), from
885:Violence
870:Serpents
860:Prophecy
855:Muhammad
570:Peshitta
560:Targumim
312:a series
310:Part of
3554:Periods
3389:Virtual
3374:Digital
3276:African
3178:Sondage
3044:History
2915:sources
2575:, 1955.
2354:Anati E
2321:Sources
1594:Yahwism
1586:Asherah
1573:Haaretz
1557:Solomon
1545:Abraham
1408:ossuary
1272:citadel
1252:Jericho
1242:of the
1210:Jesuits
1120:History
925:Quranic
920:Islamic
915:Gnostic
890:Warfare
880:Slavery
820:Alcohol
782:Midrash
726:Textual
582:Vulgate
368:Ketuvim
363:Nevi'im
251:scholar
104:Please
3543:Sites
3469:Gender
3332:Aerial
3316:Nubian
3163:Survey
2718:
2701:
2669:
2648:
2623:Maarav
2584:London
2515:
2497:
2479:
2455:
2436:
2371:
2296:
2271:23 May
2264:
2059:
1988:, 2008
1807:
1628:said:
1553:Joshua
1346:Qumran
1232:Israel
1218:Qumran
1128:Stages
1052:Canaan
1022:Canaan
1018:Levant
850:Incest
830:Ethics
787:Pardes
777:Pesher
731:Source
660:Places
655:People
638:Dating
465:Dating
419:Jewish
353:Tanakh
341:Canons
314:on the
253:
246:
239:
232:
224:
166:. The
3537:Lists
3519:Queer
3499:Music
3286:Asian
2507:eds.
1603:told
1549:Moses
1268:Amman
1264:Petra
1256:Ophel
895:Women
845:Humor
665:Names
358:Torah
320:Bible
258:JSTOR
244:books
3504:Nazi
2716:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2564:2016
2513:ISBN
2495:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2307:2023
2294:ISBN
2273:2022
2262:ISSN
2191:2016
2139:2019
2101:2022
2070:2023
2057:ISBN
1936:2013
1805:ISBN
1590:icon
1555:and
1381:and
1313:and
1266:and
1162:and
1088:The
1077:and
1050:and
1034:and
1020:and
1016:The
865:Rape
736:Form
532:and
230:news
2621:",
1270:’s
1258:of
1216:at
875:Sex
213:by
3623::
2804:.
2727:,
2693:,
2603:,
2582:.
2550:.
2356:.
2309:.
2256:.
2217:^
2206:,
2181:.
2170:^
2156:.
2125:.
2121:.
2087:.
2051:.
2021:.
2004:32
2002:.
1984:,
1969:,
1901:,
1897:,
1874:.
1860:^
1803:.
1799:.
1785:^
1551:,
1547:,
1377:,
1332:.
1323:,
1274:,
1116:.
1058:.
429:NT
424:OT
70:.
3028:e
3021:t
3014:v
2838:e
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2824:v
2751:.
2619:'
2568:.
2566:.
2486:.
2461:.
2442:.
2389:(
2275:.
2193:.
2164:.
2141:.
2103:.
2072:.
2036:.
1938:.
1884:.
1813:.
1496:.
1224:.
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298:)
292:(
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274:(
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265:(
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