46:
774:, introduced a new bill officially contesting the declaration. According to the bill's authors the declaration and recognition of the 1989 ethnic cleansing would represent a "boost" for "'separatists'", presumably in reference to the nation's Turks and Muslims. This reasoning is in-line with that of Bulgarian nationalists more generally, who often cast the Turkish and Muslim minority in the "role of perennial anti-Bulgarian
2920:
576:". As a result, the number of Muslims crossing into Turkey dropped dramatically, though some Bulgarian expellees did obtain Turkish visas thereafter and subsequently cross the border. Indeed, some Bulgarian Muslims who had already packed to leave the country were unable to do so because of the closure. Around 25,000 were unable to cross into Turkey as a result of the closure.
345:
around 90% of victims were
Bulgarian Turks, but by another up to 111,000, approximately one third, of the victims of the "Big Excursion" were Pomaks despite official exclusion of Pomaks from the events. Since Pomaks and Turks traditionally lived in different parts of Bulgaria, authorities used individuals' place of origin to "impose a preferred ethnic category on a person."
722:
The "Big
Excursion" is less well-known than many of the other late-20th century ethnic cleansings in the Balkans. Even after the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, media organizations largely failed to report on the "Big Excursion". Even within Bulgaria, the events of 1989 are not particularly well
673:
Even before the ultimate end of the
Excursion, large numbers of expellees returned to Bulgaria, For some, the decision to return to Bulgaria was motivated by hard living conditions in Turkish refugee camps and difficulties adjusting to life in Turkey. The number of returnees accelerated after the end
739:
While the events of 1989 were not front-page news in the West, the allure and moderating influence of potential
European Union (EU) membership contributed to the subsequent re-integration of expellees into Bulgarian society. For instance, in 2000 the EU promulgated the "Race Equality Directive" and
898:
Including the family members of expellees who later joined them in exile, the total number of victims of the "Big
Excursion" reaches 360,000 people, though some scholars estimate that this second number was really closer to 400,000 people. More Turks and Muslims continued to flee the country in the
660:
In addition to the general economic malaise, the "Big
Excursion" itself contributed to popular economic hardship. Bulgarian Turks were themselves largely employed in the agricultural sector and the expulsions of the "Big Excursion" came about at the same time as the annual harvest. As a consequence
438:
Passports were restricted in all Soviet bloc nations. Typically, passports were only issued to a select group and had to be relinquished to government authorities. Passports were also usually not issued to entire families for travel to capitalist countries to reduce defection. On May 19th, however,
344:
among others) were also affected by the "Big
Excursion", Pomaks were often referred to as "Turks" and vica versa. As a result, the precise identity of victims can be difficult to determine. Estimates of the ethnic composition of victims of the "Big Excursion" thus vary. For example, by one estimate
460:
regime and
Bulgaria's Muslim population, the Bulgarian state increasingly cracked down, arresting many. The first 170 of the most "'problematic'" dissidents were deported soon after May 20th, 1989, followed by another 4,000–10,000 Muslims. The first 1,000 "ringleaders" of anti-regime protests were
515:
In response to international backlash, particularly from Turkey with the support of the United States, the
Communist Bulgarian regime insisted that the victims of the "Big Excursion" had left voluntarily on tourist visas and thus could not be properly referred to as deportees. It further insisted
503:
with Turkey, ostensibly "to allow tourists to visit the neighboring country," for three months at most. Large numbers of
Muslims, many of whom, like Rasim Ozgur, had already prepared to leave the country in the face of state intimidation, surged to the Turkish border. Turkey in-turn issued 90-day
528:
Though it sought an agreement with Bulgaria regarding the migration of Bulgarian Turks from the start, towards the beginning of the "Big Excursion" Turkey vowed to accept the entire estimated population of Bulgarian Turks if necessary and suggested it would be able to integrate the expellees.
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describes continued use of the term "Big Excursion" as tantamount to acceptance of General Secretary Zhivkov's propaganda, and some Bulgarian Muslims take offense to use of the term "Big Excursion". Conversely, those who wish to belittle the memory of the forced migration of 1989 often do not
404:
in the country stopped after this exhibition (from May 29). We are on the brink of a major exodus psychosis. How should we assess this psychosis? We need such psychosis, it is welcome. I'm going to tell you something that we keep secret. If we do not remove 200–300 thousand people from this
681:
The return of such a large number of recent expellees is attributed to Bulgaria's successful transition to democracy following the end of the exodus as well as moderation by both the democratic Bulgarian government and the Bulgarian Turkish community itself. For example, Bulgaria's first
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Bulgaria did not attempt to more directly expel its Muslim population in large numbers following the closure, even after Turkey re-opened its border with Bulgaria for Turks and Muslims with a valid Turkish visa a mere two weeks later on September 3. However, the repression of Muslims by
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origin. The term "ethnic cleansing" is consequently not always associated with the 1989 forced migration in Bulgaria of two years prior. Instead, the event is usually referred to by the official (and likewise euphemistic) terms employed by the regime of
571:
With no meeting set to materialize, on August 21, Turkey reinstated the visa requirement for Bulgarian passport holders, and a mere day later Turkey officially closed its border with Bulgaria to stop the flow of "Bulgarian citizens without a Turkish
417:
policies of the Bulgarian state towards its Muslim minority or the "Revival Process" in particular. It is treated as an endpoint. In contrast to assimilation campaigns, however, the "Big Excursion" was unprecedented before 1989. Similarly, the
632:
of the era. However, because records in both Russia and the United States remain sealed and the topic has received little scholarly attention, the precise role that the "Big Excursion" played in the larger context of the then-waning
591:
Even after closing its shared border with Bulgaria, Turkey continued to reiterate its desire for a diplomatic agreement to address the refugee crisis caused by the "Big Excursion". A diplomatic summit between Bulgaria and Turkey in
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officially condemned the "Big Excursion" and an international fact-finding mission was organized, albeit without participation from any Soviet Bloc nation. The Soviet Union, however, refused to mediate between Bulgaria and Turkey.
657:. Following Zhivkov's fall from power, it became known that economic data was far less favorable than previously thought. In line with the actual data, living conditions in Bulgaria worsened towards the end of the Communist era.
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that the flow of such people was the result of the relaxation of Bulgarian passport laws – the very same laws that Turkey had often wished for Bulgaria to relax – and that Bulgarian actions were simply in keeping with the
540:, attempting to allay concerns that Turkey posed a threat to Bulgaria. Soon thereafter, however, a crowd of over 100,000 fueled by false rumors of Soviet military actions against Bulgarian Turks and Muslims gathered in
305:) because officially the border with Turkey was allegedly opened "to allow tourists to visit the neighboring country," and the regime in Sofia claimed that victims had only left temporarily to visit relatives abroad.
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of all ethnicities seeking economic opportunity to Turkey following the fall of Communism blurred together with the "Big Excursion" in the eyes of many and bolstered the argument that the exodus had been voluntary.
626:
1686:
199:, the "Big Excursion" came to a genuine end, with the new government promising to restore the rights of Bulgarian Muslims. By the end of 1990, around 150,000 Bulgarian Muslims had returned from abroad.
794:
Even in Turkey, few accounts of excursion have been published. What books have been produced primarily regard the individual accounts of expellees, which have typically been printed in limited runs.
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continued until on December 29, 1989, exactly seven months since Zhivkov announced the opening of the Turkish border and just over one month after Zhivkov's resignation, when the government of
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and the state has not brought criminal charges against any individual involved in carrying out the "Big Excursion". Indeed, Bulgaria has even frequently commemorated the now-deceased
2044:
2646:
488:. Some DS officers directly commanded some Bulgarian Muslims to leave the country in fewer than two hours. The DS also ensured that expellees were allowed to take no more than 300
2574:
2427:
2518:
392:). While initially, the regime focused on heightened assimilationist policies, it eventually resolved towards ethnic cleansing. For example, on June 7, 1989 General Secretary
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on June 3 even to those without a visa. All expellees had to cross into Turkey via this single border crossing. This checkpoint is sometimes referred to as "Checkpoint Ali".
529:
However, Turkey soon experienced difficulties coping with the inflow of expellees from Bulgaria. For instance, this inflow caused an up-to 100% increase in rental prices in
1775:
755:, and called for the prosecution of those responsible. However, that recognition was largely ignored by scholars, and to date Bulgaria does not officially commemorate the
2451:
234:
552:" openly called for an invasion of Bulgaria. These (often warmongering) demonstrations and statements served to fuel the Bulgarian regime's anti-Turkish propaganda.
1975:
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The terminology used to refer to and describe the "Big Excursion" is controversial. While the Bulgarian forced migrations of 1989 are often viewed as amounting to "
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Less than a week after the 2012 recognition of the event as ethnic cleansing by the Bulgarian Parliament, the far-right ultranationalist political party,
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of the "Excursion" and the generally poor situation, Bulgaria experienced poor harvests leading to food rationing throughout the country, including in
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was opened later that month. Others who did not leave expediently enough were intimidated by agents of the Communist State Security organ known as the
2658:
2475:
1860:
Rensmann, Lars (2011). ""Against Globalism": Counter-Cosmopolitan Discontent and Antisemitism in Mobilizations of European Extreme Right Parties".
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Bulgaria substantially loosened its passport regime and allowed Bulgarian citizens to keep their travel documents at home. During May of 1989,
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transformed into simply the Bulgarian Republic, and around 150,000 Muslims had returned. By the end of 1991, as many as 200,000 had returned.
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The state also threatened individual Muslims. For instance, one Bulgarian Turk, Rasim Ozgur, recalled that in early May 1989, communist state
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2034:
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1968:
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worked to marginalize ultra-nationalist elements within the Turkish community and refrained from calling for autonomy or independence.
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told him that they would kill him if he was seen conversing with "'reported people,'" and they also told him that he "was about to
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675:
610:
365:
188:
113:
56:
1925:
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2004:
1948:
1827:
706:, and the state began to officially restore the previous names of Muslims which had been forcibly Bulgarianized throughout the
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announced that the rights of Muslims would be restored, though it would take two years for that promise to be fully fulfilled.
2009:
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1961:
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However, the 2012 declaration condemning the events of 1989 by the Bulgarian parliament was widely praised in Turkish media.
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was eventually held in October of 1989 and a follow-up meeting was held months after the fall of Zhivkov in January of 1990.
2688:
2463:
2900:
2876:
2664:
1687:"30 years ago, Zhivkov suggested: If we do not subtract 200–300 thousand Turks, in 15 years Bulgaria will be like Cyprus"
2790:
2512:
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2139:
500:
2694:
1903:
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increasingly leaned into Bulgarian nationalism and embarked on an assimilationist campaign known officially as the "
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constitute a substantial portion of both Bulgaria's Muslim population and the victims of the "Big Excursion". While
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1717:"Between Politics and Objectivity: The Non-Remembrance of the 1989 Ethnic Cleansing of Turks in Communist Bulgaria"
826:
549:
341:
2397:
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2019:
841:
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117:
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2187:
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2014:
1988:
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Meznik, Michael; Thieme, Tom (2012). "Against all Expectations: Right-Wing Extremism in Romania and Bulgaria".
771:
45:
1753:
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2550:
2409:
2331:
1803:
Kutlay, Muzaffer (2017). "The Turks of Bulgaria: An Outlier Case of Forced Migration and Voluntary Return".
686:, treated the Turkish political movement as political allies. Zhelev even worked to defend the then-nascent
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persisted until November 10 of that year when Zhivkov was removed from power. The subsequent government of
273:'s dissolution, the term "ethnic cleansing" has gained scholarly acceptance in spite of its own originally
2858:
2834:
2134:
2107:
2083:
2078:
131:
265:" dates back to the early 19th century, it is usually understood to have come into common usage with the
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2728:
2628:
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1984:
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reversed the heightened assimilation policies directed at Bulgarian Muslims on 29 December of that year.
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127:
269:, which began in earnest in 1991, two years after the start of the "Big Excursion". In the years since
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16:
This article is about the 1989 forced migration in Bulgaria. For the sport utility vehicle (SUV), see
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1776:"Words matter. Bulgaria and the 30th anniversary of the largest ethnic cleansing in cold war Europe"
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Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria
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2740:
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which could have led to the MRF's dissolution. In less than two years after the fall of Zhivkov,
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373:
286:
148:
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2500:
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310,000 – 322,000 were expelled from Bulgaria to Turkey between May 30 and August 22 of 1989.
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schools were re-opened across Bulgaria, a new national constitution was adopted guaranteeing
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2604:
2267:
2192:
2024:
1880:
1812:
1736:
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724:
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621:, such conflict over the "Big Excursion" had the potential to draw in the United States and
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By late August, over 300,000 Muslims had crossed the Bulgarian-Turkish border, leading to a
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In 2012, the Bulgarian government (then governed by a coalition headed by the center-right
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writes that "The generations of Bulgarians born after 1989 know next to nothing about the
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shouting anti-Bulgarian slogans. The Turkish ultranationalist organization known as the "
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The Declaration Condemning the Attempted Forced Assimilation of Bulgarian Muslims (2012)
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of the "Big Excursion". By the end of 1990, Communist rule had come to an end, with the
2592:
2481:
2469:
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2066:
2039:
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Politics and Resentment: Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the European Union
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later formally requested Bulgaria's compliance with the directive. Bulgaria ultimately
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17:
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in Turkey. The Turkish and Bulgarian foreign ministers repeatedly planned to meet in
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Some, however, have criticized the use of that official and highly ambiguous term.
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Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria
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1665:"Declaration condemning the attempted forcible assimilation of Bulgarian Muslims"
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The Bulgarian government described the forced migrations as the "Big Excursion" (
2361:
2177:
1676:"27 years since the "Great Excursion" - the communist plan for ethnic cleansing"
908:
In some sources, the date that the border was opened is instead given as June 2.
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629:
614:
573:
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visas on request to any holder of a Bulgarian passport. Turkey fully opened the
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No armed conflict between countries broke out over the "Big Excursion". As the
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1871:
Thum, Gregor (2010). "Review: Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Europe after 1945".
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in 2012. Though the Excursion is not as widely remembered in the West as the
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457:
419:
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In discourse, the "Big Excursion" is sometimes merged with the longstanding
195:. In late December 1989, a month after the resignation of General Secretary
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2445:
2182:
1926:"The astonishing oblivion of the ethnic cleansing of the Bulgarian Turks"
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Expulsions formally came to an end on August 22, 1989, but the regime of
634:
541:
477:
210:
781:
In support of the viewpoint of Bulgarian nationalists, the migration of
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even referring to Zhivkov as the "Great Daddy of the Bulgarian Nation."
1816:
1741:
836:
695:
462:
423:
329:
480:." He thus prepared to leave Bulgaria and did so once the border with
2242:
821:
593:
565:
481:
333:
192:
191:. In total, around 360,000 Bulgarian Muslims crossed the border into
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population, after 15 years Bulgaria will not exist. It will be like
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against a legal challenge from nationalists and the post-communist
2494:
1000:
998:
662:
492:(around $ 40 in 1989 United States Dollars) per person with them.
430:
campaigns which preceded it and is treated as such by historians.
401:
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was of a distinct and unprecedented character from the series of
748:
618:
1957:
1851:
The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives
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1601:
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on the anniversary of his birth, with former prime minister
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said the following of the necessity of the "Big Excursion":
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1317:
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for talks regarding the crisis, but they failed to do so.
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1371:
1369:
1017:
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931:
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issued passports to all those it considered to be Turks.
1706:"Why did the Bulgarian Turks return in the early 1990s?"
1489:
1487:
1485:
1448:
1446:
1444:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
536:
Turkey directly addressed Bulgarian rhetoric around the
1056:
1054:
387:
300:
162:
2647:
Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2575:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
2428:
Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction
1071:
1069:
456:
Following on from the simmering tensions between the
1004:
751:
party) officially recognized the "Big Excursion" as
2306:
2150:
1995:
1904:"Recalling the fate of Bulgaria's Turkish minority"
123:
109:
101:
84:
70:
62:
52:
30:
258:", that term is not always used to describe them.
950:
948:
946:
944:
398:
2326:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2320:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
202:The "Big Excursion" has been recognized as an
23:1989 ethnic cleansing of Muslims from Bulgaria
2507:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
2314:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
1969:
8:
2629:Violence against Hindus in independent India
1565:
229:, as of 1989 it was the largest instance of
206:, including by the democratic government of
2841:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh
2356:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
508:border crossing near the Bulgarian town of
1976:
1962:
1954:
1645:
1609:
1517:
1505:
1435:
1405:
1360:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1249:
1225:
1208:
1189:
1174:
1162:
1137:
1125:
1108:
1096:
1021:
977:
935:
653:The Zhivkov regime consistently falsified
44:
27:
2476:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1740:
1633:
1621:
1553:
1420:
1390:
1375:
1237:
1033:
854:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)
233:in Europe by number of victims since the
1828:"The "Big Excursion" of Bulgarian Turks"
1754:"Bulgaria: an unlikely personality cult"
1592:
1580:
1060:
989:
2440:French Revolutionary dechristianisation
1752:Kamusella, Tomasz (September 7, 2018).
921:
865:
366:authoritarian communist regime in Sofia
2386:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1853:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: 205–207.
1541:
1529:
1493:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1075:
2964:Racially motivated violence in Europe
2635:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
742:acceded to the European Union in 2007
321:Bulgarian Muslims and Bulgarian Turks
317:capitalize the term "Big Excursion".
7:
1045:
2779:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War
2729:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh
2641:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2434:Christianization of the Sámi people
954:
495:On May 29, 1989, General Secretary
1924:Valkov, Ilya (February 25, 2019).
899:face of discrimination thereafter.
682:democratically-elected president,
14:
2623:Violence against Muslims in India
2617:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan
2563:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
2918:
731:and the 1989 ethnic cleansing."
688:Movement for Rights and Freedoms
2895:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel
2865:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
261:Though modern use of the term "
2969:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe
2883:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
2853:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
2587:Communist Romanian persecution
1:
2974:Persecution of Turkish people
2901:2024 Istanbul church shooting
2877:Christchurch mosque shootings
2665:Religious violence in Nigeria
2659:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
1873:Contemporary European History
1733:10.1080/14623528.2020.1726649
1663:Bulgarian Parliament (2012).
676:People's Republic of Bulgaria
499:announced the opening of the
189:People's Republic of Bulgaria
114:People's Republic of Bulgaria
66:May – August or December 1989
2791:War crimes in the Kosovo War
2581:Communist Polish persecution
2452:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
2380:Crusades against schismatics
1721:Journal of Genocide Research
332:of non-Turkish ethnicities (
2979:Persecution of Balkan Turks
1792:Katsikas, Stefanos (2011).
1774:Kamusella, Tomasz (2019b).
1763:Kamusella, Tomasz (2019a).
669:Return of Bulgarian Muslims
617:and Turkey was a member of
388:
301:
221:(and subsequent return) of
163:
2995:
2959:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1902:Vaksberg, Tatiana (2014).
1715:Kamusella, Tomasz (2020).
1704:Kalinova, Evgenia (2008).
827:Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria
357:
15:
2915:
2823:South Thailand insurgency
2799:Walisongo school massacre
2767:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus
2416:Expulsion of the Moriscos
2392:European wars of religion
1885:10.1017/S0960777309990257
1005:Bulgarian Parliament 2012
842:Bulgarian Turks in Turkey
832:Romani people in Bulgaria
692:Bulgarian Socialist Party
377:
290:
152:
118:Bulgarian Communist Party
43:
35:
2213:Extrajudicial punishment
1566:Meznik & Thieme 2012
710:. Similarly, MRF leader
282:to describe the events.
2906:Crocus City Hall attack
2653:Persecution of Tibetans
2410:French Wars of Religion
2332:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1805:International Migration
241:between 1944 and 1950.
2859:Iraqi Turkmen genocide
2835:Maspero demonstrations
2683:Huế Phật Đản shootings
605:Impact on the Cold War
452:Start of the Excursion
411:
176:
132:Anti-Turkish sentiment
2829:Boko Haram insurgency
2488:Pontic Greek genocide
2398:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
2208:Extrajudicial killing
1985:Religious persecution
649:Economic Consequences
637:cannot be confirmed.
354:The "Revival Process"
267:breakup of Yugoslavia
169:1989 forced migration
128:Anti-Muslim sentiment
2811:September 11 attacks
2747:1984 anti-Sikh riots
2611:Rawalpindi massacres
2557:White Terror (Spain)
2368:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2253:Population cleansing
1826:Martino, Francesco.
642:United States Senate
625:, the two principal
613:was a member of the
556:End of the Excursion
389:Vazroditelen protses
302:Goliamata Ekskurziya
235:expulsion of Germans
164:Goliamata Ekskurziya
2723:Bangladesh genocide
2703:Cultural Revolution
2695:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
2458:Circassian genocide
2344:Rhineland massacres
2258:Population transfer
2223:Forced displacement
2035:Jehovah's Witnesses
704:freedom of religion
378:Възродителен процес
250:The "Big Excursion"
237:living east of the
96:Forced displacement
2949:Events in Bulgaria
2817:2002 Gujarat riots
2741:Cambodian genocide
2735:Lebanese Civil War
2513:Soviet persecution
2350:Jerusalem massacre
2263:Sectarian violence
2248:Political violence
1817:10.1111/imig.12381
1685:Faktor.bg (2019).
1674:Faktor.bg (2016).
1532:, p. 171-172.
1467:, p. 167-169.
582:Communist Bulgaria
441:Communist Bulgaria
291:Голямата екскурзия
187:government of the
153:Голямата екскурзия
2944:Bulgaria and NATO
2931:
2930:
2871:Rohingya genocide
2599:Direct Action Day
2551:Šahovići massacre
2501:Armenian genocide
2495:Assyrian genocide
2382:(13th–15th cent.)
2376:(12th–16th cent.)
2374:Northern Crusades
2218:Forced conversion
2168:Cultural genocide
2163:Communal violence
2045:post–Cold War era
2030:Eastern Orthodoxy
812:Bulgarian Muslims
386:
299:
223:Kosovar Albanians
181:Bulgarian Muslims
161:
141:
140:
105:310,000 – 400,000
75:Bulgarian Muslims
2986:
2954:Ethnic cleansing
2923:
2922:
2889:2020 Delhi riots
2805:Kosheh massacres
2785:Bosnian genocide
2605:1946 Bihar riots
2268:Social cleansing
2193:Ethnic cleansing
1978:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1896:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1820:
1797:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1768:
1757:
1746:
1744:
1709:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1668:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1348:, p. 69-70.
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1308:
1307:, p. 50-51.
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1212:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1178:
1177:, p. 46-47.
1172:
1166:
1160:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1008:
1002:
993:
987:
981:
975:
958:
952:
939:
933:
909:
906:
900:
896:
890:
887:
881:
870:
757:ethnic cleansing
753:ethnic cleansing
725:Tomasz Kamusella
723:known. Academic
700:Turkish-language
524:Turkish Response
518:Helsinki Accords
510:Kapitan Andreevo
391:
381:
379:
314:Tomasz Kamusella
304:
294:
292:
263:ethnic cleansing
256:ethnic cleansing
239:Oder–Neisse line
231:ethnic cleansing
215:Bosnian genocide
204:ethnic cleansing
177:1989 Zorunlu Göç
166:
156:
154:
136:Bulgarianisation
92:Ethnic cleansing
48:
28:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2911:
2847:Yazidi genocide
2753:Revival Process
2689:Thích Quảng Đức
2677:Buddhist crisis
2671:Istanbul pogrom
2539:1970–1987
2534:1958–1964
2529:1928–1941
2524:1921–1928
2519:1917–1921
2404:Goa Inquisition
2338:Battle of Tours
2328:(c.550–c. 1200)
2322:(c. 324–c. 491)
2302:
2203:Ethnic violence
2198:Ethnic conflict
2146:
2145:
2144:
1991:
1982:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1832:OBC Transeuropa
1825:
1802:
1791:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1762:
1751:
1714:
1708:(in Bulgarian).
1703:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1678:(in Bulgarian).
1673:
1667:(in Bulgarian).
1662:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1646:Kamusella 2019a
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1610:Kamusella 2019a
1608:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1518:Kamusella 2019a
1516:
1512:
1506:Kamusella 2019a
1504:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1436:Kamusella 2019a
1434:
1427:
1419:
1412:
1406:Kamusella 2019a
1404:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1361:Kamusella 2019a
1359:
1352:
1346:Kamusella 2019a
1344:
1340:
1334:Kamusella 2019a
1332:
1328:
1322:Kamusella 2019a
1320:
1311:
1305:Kamusella 2019a
1303:
1299:
1293:Kamusella 2019a
1291:
1287:
1281:Kamusella 2019a
1279:
1275:
1269:Kamusella 2019a
1267:
1256:
1250:Kamusella 2019a
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1226:Kamusella 2019a
1224:
1215:
1209:Kamusella 2019a
1207:
1196:
1190:Kamusella 2019a
1188:
1181:
1175:Kamusella 2019a
1173:
1169:
1163:Kamusella 2019a
1161:
1144:
1138:Kamusella 2019a
1136:
1132:
1126:Kamusella 2019a
1124:
1115:
1109:Kamusella 2019a
1107:
1103:
1097:Kamusella 2019a
1095:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1028:
1022:Kamusella 2019a
1020:
1011:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
978:Kamusella 2019b
976:
961:
953:
942:
936:Kamusella 2019a
934:
923:
918:
913:
912:
907:
903:
897:
893:
888:
884:
871:
867:
862:
850:
817:Bulgarian Turks
808:
803:
792:
737:
729:Revival Process
720:
708:Revival Process
671:
651:
607:
602:
558:
531:European Turkey
526:
454:
449:
436:
415:assimilationist
370:Revival Process
362:
360:Revival Process
356:
351:
326:Bulgarian Turks
323:
252:
247:
225:in neighboring
87:
79:Bulgarian Turks
38:Revival Process
31:"Big Excursion"
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2873:(2016–ongoing)
2868:
2867:(2014–ongoing)
2862:
2856:
2855:(2014–ongoing)
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2831:(2009–ongoing)
2826:
2825:(2004–ongoing)
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2731:(1971–ongoing)
2726:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2674:
2668:
2667:(1953–ongoing)
2662:
2656:
2655:(1950–ongoing)
2650:
2649:(1949–ongoing)
2644:
2638:
2632:
2631:(1947–ongoing)
2626:
2625:(1947–ongoing)
2620:
2619:(1947–ongoing)
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2593:Noakhali riots
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2482:Greek genocide
2479:
2473:
2470:Adana massacre
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:(c.184–c. 205)
2329:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2283:State religion
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2188:Discrimination
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:Zoroastrianism
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2067:Untouchability
2064:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1989:discrimination
1983:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:External links
1941:
1939:
1938:
1928:(in Bulgarian)
1920:
1919:
1898:
1897:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1822:
1821:
1799:
1798:
1796:. I.B. Tauris.
1788:
1787:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1689:(in Bulgarian)
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:, p. 115.
1638:
1634:Kamusella 2020
1626:
1624:, p. 4-5.
1622:Kamusella 2020
1614:
1612:, p. 117.
1597:
1595:, p. 133.
1585:
1570:
1558:
1554:Kamusella 2018
1546:
1544:, p. 172.
1534:
1522:
1510:
1498:
1496:, p. 170.
1481:
1479:, p. 169.
1469:
1457:
1455:, p. 168.
1440:
1425:
1421:Kamusella 2020
1410:
1395:
1391:Kamusella 2020
1380:
1376:Kamusella 2020
1365:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1254:
1242:
1238:Faktor.bg 2019
1230:
1213:
1194:
1179:
1167:
1142:
1140:, p. 4-5.
1130:
1113:
1101:
1080:
1065:
1050:
1038:
1034:Faktor.bg 2016
1026:
1009:
994:
982:
959:
940:
920:
919:
917:
914:
911:
910:
901:
891:
882:
878:Petar Mladenov
864:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
849:
846:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
791:
788:
736:
733:
719:
716:
670:
667:
650:
647:
606:
603:
601:
598:
586:Petar Mladenov
562:refugee crisis
557:
554:
538:Cyprus problem
525:
522:
490:Bulgarian levs
469:, and Sweden.
453:
450:
448:
445:
435:
432:
358:Main article:
355:
352:
350:
347:
322:
319:
251:
248:
246:
243:
139:
138:
125:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
88:
85:
82:
81:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
41:
40:
33:
32:
22:
18:Ford Excursion
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2991:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:Yugoslav Wars
2771:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2759:Big Excursion
2757:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:The Holocaust
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2464:Dungan Revolt
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:State atheism
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Deprogramming
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Protestantism
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:LDS or Mormon
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:, p. 10.
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:Rensmann 2011
1589:
1586:
1583:, p. 64.
1582:
1581:Katsikas 2011
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1508:, p. 67.
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:, p. 68.
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:, p. 70.
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:, p. 60.
1362:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1336:, p. 72.
1335:
1330:
1327:
1324:, p. 71.
1323:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:, p. 23.
1294:
1289:
1286:
1283:, p. 51.
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:, p. 58.
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:, p. 50.
1251:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1228:, p. 59.
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:, p. 49.
1210:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:, p. 47.
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1165:, p. 46.
1164:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:, p. 21.
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Vaksberg 2014
1057:
1055:
1051:
1048:, p. 75.
1047:
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1027:
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1016:
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990:Kalinova 2008
986:
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874:Todor Zhivkov
869:
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765:Boyko Borisov
762:
761:Todor Zhivkov
758:
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745:
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734:
732:
730:
726:
717:
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697:
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689:
685:
684:Zhelyu Zhelev
679:
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666:
664:
658:
656:
655:economic data
648:
646:
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631:
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627:nuclear-armed
624:
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583:
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546:Taksim Square
543:
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493:
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451:
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444:
442:
434:Legal Reforms
433:
431:
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425:
421:
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410:
409:or something.
408:
403:
397:
395:
394:Todor Zhivkov
390:
384:
375:
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364:In 1984, the
361:
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276:
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208:now-EU-member
205:
200:
198:
197:Todor Zhivkov
194:
190:
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145:Big Excursion
137:
133:
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122:
119:
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97:
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90:Persecution,
89:
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76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
42:
39:
34:
29:
26:
19:
2775:(1991–2001)
2758:
2755:(1984–1989)
2715:Famen Temple
2705:(1966–1976)
2515:(1922–1991)
2484:(1913–1922)
2020:Christianity
2010:Baháʼí Faith
1932:February 16,
1930:. Retrieved
1913:February 15,
1911:. Retrieved
1907:
1879:(1): 75–81.
1876:
1872:
1861:
1850:
1838:February 16,
1836:. Retrieved
1834:(in Italian)
1831:
1808:
1804:
1793:
1781:February 15,
1779:. Retrieved
1767:. Routledge.
1764:
1724:
1720:
1693:February 16,
1691:. Retrieved
1656:Bibliography
1641:
1629:
1617:
1588:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1520:, p. i.
1513:
1501:
1472:
1460:
1423:, p. 2.
1393:, p. 4.
1378:, p. 3.
1341:
1329:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1245:
1233:
1170:
1133:
1128:, p. 7.
1104:
1099:, p. 3.
1041:
1029:
1024:, p. 2.
985:
938:, p. 1.
904:
894:
885:
868:
796:
793:
780:
769:
746:
738:
721:
680:
672:
659:
652:
639:
623:Soviet Union
608:
590:
578:
570:
559:
535:
527:
514:
494:
471:
461:deported to
455:
437:
428:anti-semitic
412:
399:
363:
324:
307:
284:
260:
253:
201:
168:
144:
142:
110:Perpetrators
36:Part of the
25:
2861:(2014–2017)
2849:(2014–2017)
2843:(2013–2016)
2781:(1992–1996)
2743:(1975–1979)
2737:(1975–1990)
2643:(1948–1980)
2589:(1945–1989)
2583:(1945–1989)
2577:(1941–1945)
2571:(1939–1945)
2559:(1936–1975)
2544:legislation
2509:(1917–1990)
2503:(1915–1923)
2497:(1914–1924)
2478:(1912–1913)
2466:(1862–1877)
2448:(1857–1858)
2442:(1789–1801)
2430:(1683–1922)
2424:(1673–1829)
2418:(1609–1614)
2412:(1562–1598)
2406:(1561–1812)
2400:(1526–1791)
2394:(1522–1712)
2388:(1500–1526)
2364:(1184–1908)
2362:Inquisition
2273:Segregation
2238:Intolerance
2178:Desecration
2120:Neopaganism
2113:Persecution
2079:Persecution
2062:Persecution
2025:Catholicism
1742:10023/23778
1542:Kutlay 2017
1530:Kutlay 2017
1494:Kutlay 2017
1477:Kutlay 2017
1465:Kutlay 2017
1453:Kutlay 2017
1076:Valkov 2019
776:separatists
712:Ahmed Dogan
630:superpowers
615:Warsaw Pact
550:Grey Wolves
338:Muslim Roma
275:euphemistic
245:Terminology
86:Attack type
2938:Categories
2358:(643–1526)
2233:Iconoclasm
2228:Hate crime
2158:Censorship
2052:Falun Gong
916:References
783:Bulgarians
474:militiamen
467:Yugoslavia
349:Background
271:Yugoslavia
227:Yugoslavia
167:) was the
2709:Four Olds
2422:Test Acts
2288:Terrorism
2130:Rastafari
2084:Ahmadiyya
1893:145605508
1046:Thum 2010
696:religious
600:Aftermath
458:Communist
420:Holocaust
383:romanized
374:Bulgarian
312:academic
296:romanized
287:Bulgarian
219:expulsion
185:Communist
158:romanized
149:Bulgarian
2925:Religion
2446:Utah War
2316:(64–313)
2293:Violence
2183:Domicide
2135:Yazidism
2057:Hinduism
2015:Buddhism
1996:By group
1864:. Brill.
801:See also
735:Bulgaria
635:Cold War
611:Bulgaria
542:Istanbul
506:Kapıkule
478:emigrate
211:Bulgaria
57:Bulgaria
53:Location
2679:(1963)
2436:(1700s)
2151:Methods
2108:Judaism
2099:Sunnism
2089:Shi'ism
2005:Atheism
955:Martino
837:Muhacir
463:Austria
447:History
424:pogroms
385::
330:Muslims
298::
183:by the
173:Turkish
160::
102:Victims
2908:(2024)
2897:(2023)
2891:(2020)
2885:(2019)
2879:(2019)
2837:(2011)
2819:(2002)
2813:(2001)
2807:(2000)
2801:(2000)
2793:(1999)
2787:(1995)
2769:(1990)
2761:(1989)
2749:(1984)
2725:(1971)
2717:(1966)
2711:(1966)
2697:(1963)
2691:(1963)
2685:(1963)
2673:(1955)
2661:(1950)
2637:(1948)
2613:(1947)
2607:(1946)
2601:(1946)
2595:(1946)
2565:(1933)
2553:(1924)
2472:(1909)
2460:(1864)
2454:(1860)
2370:(1191)
2352:(1099)
2346:(1096)
2307:Events
2243:Pogrom
2094:Sufism
1908:DW.com
1891:
848:Events
822:Pomaks
806:Groups
790:Turkey
718:Legacy
594:Kuwait
566:Kuwait
501:border
482:Turkey
407:Cyprus
342:Tatars
340:, and
334:Pomaks
310:Polish
193:Turkey
124:Motive
71:Target
2340:(732)
2074:Islam
1889:S2CID
1811:(5).
1727:(4).
860:Notes
772:Ataka
663:Sofia
402:riots
179:) of
143:The "
1987:and
1934:2023
1915:2023
1840:2023
1783:2023
1695:2023
749:GERB
698:and
640:The
619:NATO
574:visa
426:and
400:The
217:and
77:and
63:Date
2298:War
1881:doi
1813:doi
1737:hdl
1729:doi
778:."
544:'s
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147:" (
2940::
1906:.
1887:.
1877:19
1875:.
1830:.
1809:55
1807:.
1735:.
1725:22
1723:.
1719:.
1600:^
1573:^
1484:^
1443:^
1428:^
1413:^
1398:^
1383:^
1368:^
1353:^
1312:^
1257:^
1216:^
1197:^
1182:^
1145:^
1116:^
1083:^
1068:^
1053:^
1012:^
997:^
962:^
943:^
924:^
744:.
665:.
533:.
520:.
486:DS
465:,
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376::
336:,
293:,
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130:,
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1977:e
1970:t
1963:v
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1917:.
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1819:.
1815::
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1745:.
1739::
1731::
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1556:.
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1063:.
1036:.
1007:.
992:.
980:.
957:.
171:(
20:.
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