198:
346:
324:. The meeting started on 10 March 1947. On 24 April 1947 it was reported that the meeting had ended, and the next meeting would be held in London. The foreign ministers had agreed to formally dissolve the state of Prussia but had failed to agree on peace treaties with Germany and Austria. In his closing speech Molotov replied to Marshall's accusation that Russia had caused the conference to fail. The foreign ministers again failed to agree on peace treaties with Germany and Austria at a meeting in London in November–December 1947.
553:(France). The purpose was to resolve issues such as the recent "guns for cotton" agreement between Czechoslovakia and Egypt, and the demands by Israel for arms from the Western powers. Dulles accused the USSR of wantonly flouting the spirit of Geneva. The ministers also discussed German reunification but made no progress. They were also unable to agree on disarmament.
24:
147:
organization. The conversations were held in two phases, since the
Soviets were unwilling to meet directly with the Chinese. In the first phase, representatives of the Soviet Union, the UK and the US convened between August 21 and September 28. In the second, representatives of Republic of China, the
520:
reciprocal arrangement where the US and USSR could each fly planes over the other's territory to observe military installations. On the last day the heads of state agreed on a follow-up conference in
October to discuss German reunification, European security, disarmament and east–west relations.
519:
of France. The
Russians took a conciliatory stance at this conference. The discussions covered subjects such as arms negotiations, trade barriers, diplomacy and nuclear warfare. They reflected the common goal of increased global security. Eisenhower floated an "Open Skies" proposal, suggesting a
561:
In July 1959 the foreign ministers met again in Geneva to try to resolve the escalating tensions over Berlin, but could not find a solution. However, they agreed to resume the disarmament talks that had been suspended since 1957. This led to the 7 September 1959 resolution by the UN to create a
233:
of the United States, Great
Britain and the USSR to make peace treaties with the countries that had opposed Germany. This group first met in London in 1945, where disputes over the US occupation of Japan prevented much being achieved. The council met again in Moscow later in 1945 and agreed to
533:
was less positive. He said "...the
President ... has shunned specifics like the plague and his only interventions in the debate today were general exhortations for everybody to get together." The next day he wrote "The Big Four conference is declining fast. What was advertised for weeks as a
479:
as
Premier of Russia on 8 February 1955. On 10 May 1955 the US, Britain and France proposed a Big Four conference of heads of state. Russia accepted on 14 May 1955. On 15 May 1955 the Big Four nations signed an Austrian peace treaty. The treaty was signed at a meeting of the Big Four foreign
446:
Eden managed to obtain agreement at the Berlin conference to hold a five-power conference, which would include China, to discuss Korea and
Indochina. Since the US refused to give China diplomatic recognition, this was changed into a Big Four conference on the Far East with China and the
242:
France was admitted to the council in 1946. A Big Four
Conference of foreign ministers in June–July 1946 involved much haggling between the Soviet and Western ministers. However, the attendees managed to agree on final treaties with Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland.
295:
was asked if there were plans for a conference of the big four heads of state but evaded the question. The ministers finalized the texts of the peace treaties with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and
Finland, for signature on 10 February 1947. The difficulties about the
562:
Ten-Nation
Committee on Disarmament with representatives from Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy, the United States, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania and the USSR. The Ten-Nation Committee convened on 15 March 1960, but was dissolved when the
534:
realistic private discussion of conflicting national interests, and started this week as a determined demonstration of international chumminess, developed today into a propaganda battle between the United States and the Soviet Union."
384:, the Prime Minister of Britain, threw his weight behind a conference of the foreign ministers of the Big Four that would discuss how to progress with peace talks, or at least find a way to stabilize the present situation. President
484:
1383:
332:
A meeting was held in Paris in September 1948 over the status of the former Italian colonies, where no agreement was reached. The foreign ministers met once more in Paris in May–June 1949 and agreed to lift the
142:
in August 1944, representatives of the UK, US, Soviet Union and China, although never meeting all together directly, held talks on peace and post-war security and established the framework for the post-war
589:
In June 1972 the foreign ministers signed an agreement that formalized the status of Berlin and laid the basis for East and West Germany to establish normal relations and to enter the United Nations.
577:
representatives of the Big Four powers met regularly in New York to try to promote Middle Eastern peace. The meetings were held on a rotating basis, in the apartments of United States UN Ambassador
463:, but formal peace in Korea remained elusive. On 23 October 1954 the Soviet Union proposed another Big Four conference to discuss reunification of Germany and withdrawal of the occupying forces.
439:. Little progress was made, except with Austria, from which the Soviets agreed to withdraw if it were made neutral. Molotov proposed a 50-year security pact for Europe as an alternative to
186:
185:, expected to guarantee world peace, comprising China, Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. With the addition of France, this concept came to fruition as the five
380:
in 1953. On 16 August 1953 the Soviet Union proposed a Big Four conference to discuss a German peace treaty that would reunite the nation. The French agreed, and in December 1953
523:
On 25 July 1955 President Eisenhower made a radio and television address to the American people on the Geneva Conference. He was guardedly optimistic about the results.
197:
1742:
291:
The conference was held in the private apartment of Waldorf chairman Lucius Boomer on the 37th story of the hotel. During the conference President
1076:
67:
After World War I the term "big four" referred to France, Britain, the United States and Italy. The heads of state of these countries met at the
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17:
1494:
Reston, James (1955-07-18). "Big Four Conference Opens Today; West's Chiefs Complete Strategy on Germany, Disarming, Security".
345:
127:
96:
1475:
131:. China, however, was not a party at the conference, at the request of the Soviet Union, and did not take part in the other
537:
A follow-up Big Four Conference was held in Geneva in October 1955 attended by the foreign ministers of the four powers:
230:
68:
1705:
570:
and subsequent break-down of the planned Big Four heads of state summit scheduled to start in Paris on 16 May 1960.
415:(Soviet Union). The ministers agreed to call a wider international conference to discuss a settlement to the recent
51:
may refer to one of several conferences between heads of state or foreign ministers of the victorious nations after
1204:
297:
281:
139:
80:
32:
586:
452:
396:
288:
was given exclusive rights to provide newsreel coverage, and furnished duplicates to other newsreel companies.
247:
106:
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of the US was in favor of such a conference, at least as a gesture of good will, while his Secretary of State
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84:
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36:
28:
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1409:
704:
503:, Switzerland between 18 and 23 July 1955, the first such meeting of heads of states since the
308:
In March 1947 the Big Four foreign ministers met in Moscow. They were British Foreign Minister
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but failed to reach agreement on issues of European security and the international status of
1530:
542:
512:
472:
456:
255:
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UK and the US held discussions between September 29 and October 7. The representatives were
399:(25 January – 18 February 1954) was a meeting in Berlin of the Big Four foreign ministers:
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72:
40:
1736:
1647:
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1946, Volume 2
1405:
1275:
Dumbarton Oaks: The Origins of the United Nations and the Search for Postwar Security
550:
373:
285:
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118:
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56:
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1162:
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1955
708:
662:
582:
563:
516:
52:
507:. Attendees included President Eisenhower of the United States, Prime Minister
809:
807:
416:
377:
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1600:
1421:
448:
424:
234:
prepare draft treaties with Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland.
369:
1384:"Molotov Reply To Marshall On Blame For Failure Ends Big 4 Parley Today"
653:
Reston, James B. (21 August 1944). "World Plan Talks Will Start Today".
460:
432:
428:
770:
768:
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500:
628:
23:
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participating as parties affected by the conflicts. The subsequent
160:, France Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (replaced by
1253:
Deadlock. East-West Tensions Stymie Geneva Meet, 1955/10/31 (1955)
483:
482:
344:
196:
105:" referred to the alliance of the US, UK, USSR and China. At the
1482:, Modern World History (Second ed.), New York: Facts On File
731:
729:
71:. The Big Four were also known as the Council of Four. They were
440:
269:
of the United Kingdom traveled to New York with his wife on the
1563:
C.D. Jackson: Cold War Propagandist for Democracy and Globalism
1506:
Concept and Controversy: Sixty Years of Taking Ideas to Market
813:
1143:"Third Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers, New York"
1059:
824:
822:
798:
250:
from 4 November to 12 December 1946. Soviet Foreign Minister
443:. The Western ministers rejected this proposal out of hand.
246:
Another conference of the foreign ministers was held in the
1079:. George C. Marshall Foundation. 1947-03-10. Archived from
581:, French UN Ambassador Armand BĂ©rard, Soviet UN Ambassador
201:
Foreign ministers at the Potsdam Conference 2 August 1945:
863:
861:
491:, main author of the "Open Skies" proposal, 22 March 1955
1302:
Churchill's Cold War: The Politics of Personal Diplomacy
455:(26 April – 20 July 1954) achieved a temporary peace in
337:. They could not agree on the reunification of Germany.
187:
permanent members of the United Nations Security Council
1329:
A Diplomacy of Hope: Canada and Disarmament, 1945-1988
1712:. Lake Success, NY: United Nations. 1947. p. 3.
1226:
The United Nations under Dag Hammarskjold, 1953-1961
759:
709:
Foreign Ministers, Council of ...Columbia University
774:
735:
265:liner from Southampton, England. Foreign Secretary
152:, US Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
1589:"Big Four Powers Begin Peace Talks in Washington"
372:tension relaxed after the death of Soviet leader
1474:Pubantz, Jerry; Moore, John Allphin Jr. (2008),
1118:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
1672:"USA: Big Four Conference on Middle East Opens"
1077:"At the Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers"
1047:
1035:
720:
109:in October 1943, Chinese Ambassador in Moscow
1359:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
1211:(6 ed.). Columbia University Press. 2012
435:, then under four-power occupation following
8:
1706:"The Moscow Declaration on general security"
616:
225:(17 July – 2 August 1945) immediately after
1116:Cold War Respite: The Geneva Summit of 1955
828:
640:
1326:Legault, Albert; Fortmann, Michel (1992).
999:
179:proposed a post-war council, labelled the
27:The Council of Four (from left to right):
748:FOREIGN MINISTER V. M. Molotov... Gaffney
604:
171:In the talks on the format of the future
1710:Yearbook of the United Nations 1946-1947
1476:"Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers"
927:
867:
675:
629:Yearbook of the United Nations 1946-1947
515:of the Soviet Union, and Prime Minister
22:
963:
597:
1443:
1433:
1023:
1011:
987:
975:
939:
915:
903:
891:
879:
840:
786:
69:Paris Peace Conference in January 1919
1272:Hilderbrand, Robert C. (2001-02-01).
1192:. Gaffney, South Carolina. 1946-10-22
951:
852:
156:, American Ambassador to the US, Sir
7:
1690:. Taylor & Francis. p. 51.
1209:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
18:Big Four Conference (disambiguation)
1743:20th-century diplomatic conferences
1187:"FOREIGN MINISTER V. M. Molotov..."
312:, United States Secretary of State
1480:Encyclopedia of the United Nations
814:Molotov Reply To Marshall ... 1947
14:
1362:. Random House Publishing Group.
1060:USA: Big Four Conference ... 1969
799:At the Moscow Conference ... 1947
1560:Stern, John Allen (2012-01-31).
168:, Chinese Ambassador to the US.
1566:. University Press of America.
1393:. Mount Vernon, N.Y. 1947-04-24
1332:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1223:Heller, Peter B. (2001-10-23).
1205:"Foreign Ministers, Council of"
566:members withdrew following the
511:of the United Kingdom, Premier
128:Declaration of the Four Nations
97:Declaration of the Four Nations
320:, and French Foreign Minister
101:During World War II the term "
55:(1914–18) or during and after
1:
1509:. University of Texas Press.
459:and France's withdrawal from
284:as representative of France.
280:, US Secretary of State, and
1688:Encyclopedia of the Cold War
1503:Rostow, W. W. (2010-01-01).
1455:Popular Photography (1947).
1416:. American Bar Association.
1141:Department of State (1946).
1123:CBS Radio News (July 1946).
585:, and British UN Ambassador
258:traveled to New York on the
231:Council of Foreign Ministers
1410:"American-Soviet Relations"
1048:Legault & Fortmann 1992
1036:Legault & Fortmann 1992
471:Former Minister of Defense
175:organisation, US President
1764:
1533:; Bone, Andrew G. (2003).
316:, Soviet Foreign Minister
254:and Vice Foreign Minister
164:for the second phase) and
94:
15:
1305:. Yale University Press.
1125:"Early Cold War Timeline"
335:Soviet blockage of Berlin
298:Free Territory of Trieste
282:Maurice Couve de Murville
140:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
113:joined foreign ministers
81:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
33:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
775:Popular Photography 1947
760:Bevin in New York, Pathe
736:Department of State 1946
617:Pubantz & Moore 2008
587:Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon
248:Waldorf Astoria New York
107:Second Moscow Conference
1686:van Dijk, Rund (2008).
1614:Time Inc (1955-05-30).
1587:Time Inc (1944-08-28).
829:Russell & Bone 2003
423:between France and the
276:. Other attendees were
238:1946 Paris and New York
1299:Larres, Klaus (2002).
568:U-2 spy plane incident
492:
467:1955 Vienna and Geneva
365:1954 Berlin and Geneva
361:
304:1947 Moscow and London
217:1945 London and Moscow
213:
125:(Soviet Union) in the
75:of the United States,
44:
1157:Eisenhower, Dwight D.
1100:, British Pathe, 1946
579:Charles Woodruff Yost
486:
480:ministers in Vienna.
348:
341:1954–55 Cold War thaw
221:It was agreed at the
200:
177:Franklin D. Roosevelt
26:
1539:. Psychology Press.
1536:Man's Peril, 1954-55
497:Geneva Summit (1955)
386:Dwight D. Eisenhower
300:were also resolved.
150:Edward R. Stettinius
16:For other uses, see
1461:Popular Photography
1354:MacMillan, Margaret
1278:. UNC Press Books.
1250:Heruhy, Ed (1955).
1229:. Scarecrow Press.
721:CBS Radio News 1946
376:and the end of the
133:Moscow Declarations
49:Big Four Conference
1258:Universal Newsreel
547:Vyacheslav Molotov
539:John Foster Dulles
530:The New York Times
505:Potsdam Conference
493:
413:Vyacheslav Molotov
401:John Foster Dulles
390:John Foster Dulles
362:
358:John Foster Dulles
318:Vyacheslav Molotov
252:Vyacheslav Molotov
223:Potsdam Conference
214:
203:Vyacheslav Molotov
123:Vyacheslav Molotov
85:Georges Clemenceau
77:David Lloyd George
45:
37:Georges Clemenceau
29:David Lloyd George
1697:978-0-415-97515-5
1674:. ITN. 1969-04-04
1657:978-1-62376-123-3
1650:. Best Books on.
1616:"Peace Prospects"
1573:978-0-7618-5730-3
1546:978-0-415-09424-5
1531:Russell, Bertrand
1516:978-0-292-77466-7
1406:Nixon, Richard M.
1369:978-0-307-43296-4
1339:978-0-7735-0955-9
1312:978-0-300-09438-1
1285:978-0-8078-4950-7
1236:978-1-4617-0209-2
1172:978-1-62376-830-0
1165:. Best Books on.
1097:Bevin in New York
573:In 1969-1971 the
453:Geneva Conference
397:Berlin Conference
382:Winston Churchill
229:to establish the
193:Post-World War II
158:Alexander Cadogan
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641:Hilderbrand 2001
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543:Harold Macmillan
513:Nikolai Bulganin
487:Eisenhower with
473:Nikolai Bulganin
457:French Indochina
419:and the ongoing
256:Andrey Vyshinsky
63:Post-World War I
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1391:The Daily Argus
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1000:Eisenhower 1959
998:
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986:
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958:
954:, p. 1016.
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559:
477:Georgy Malenkov
469:
409:Georges Bidault
367:
350:Georges Bidault
343:
330:
322:Georges Bidault
314:George Marshall
306:
293:Harry S. Truman
278:James F. Byrnes
262:Queen Elizabeth
240:
219:
207:James F. Byrnes
195:
111:Foo Ping-sheung
99:
93:
65:
21:
12:
11:
5:
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1644:(1962-01-01).
1638:
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1527:
1515:
1500:
1496:New York Times
1491:
1471:
1452:
1444:|journal=
1402:
1380:
1368:
1356:(2007-12-18).
1350:
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1311:
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1284:
1269:
1247:
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1201:
1190:Gaffney Ledger
1183:
1171:
1159:(1959-01-01).
1153:
1138:
1120:
1108:
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1052:
1050:, p. 171.
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1038:, p. 170.
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1002:, p. 726.
992:
990:, p. 187.
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908:
906:, p. 320.
896:
894:, p. 319.
884:
882:, p. 171.
872:
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845:
843:, p. 163.
833:
831:, p. 334.
818:
803:
791:
789:, p. 480.
779:
777:, p. 186.
764:
752:
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725:
713:
680:
668:
655:New York Times
645:
633:
621:
609:
605:MacMillan 2007
596:
594:
591:
575:United Nations
558:
557:Later meetings
555:
489:Harold Stassen
468:
465:
411:(France), and
366:
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329:
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305:
302:
239:
236:
218:
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194:
191:
182:Four Policemen
173:United Nations
154:Andrei Gromyko
145:United Nations
92:
89:
83:of Italy, and
73:Woodrow Wilson
64:
61:
41:Woodrow Wilson
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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43:in Versailles
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1721:. Retrieved
1709:
1687:
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1646:
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1622:. Time Inc.
1619:
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1595:. Time Inc.
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1505:
1495:
1484:, retrieved
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1373:. Retrieved
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1301:
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1274:
1263:February 22,
1261:. Retrieved
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1208:
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1115:
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1096:
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1081:the original
1055:
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1007:
995:
983:
971:
966:, p. 3.
964:Bischof 2000
959:
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911:
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794:
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716:
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624:
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549:(USSR), and
536:
528:
525:James Reston
522:
509:Anthony Eden
499:was held in
494:
470:
445:
437:World War II
405:Anthony Eden
394:
368:
354:Anthony Eden
331:
310:Ernest Bevin
307:
290:
272:
267:Ernest Bevin
261:
245:
241:
227:World War II
220:
211:Anthony Eden
180:
170:
162:Lord Halifax
137:
126:
119:Cordell Hull
115:Anthony Eden
100:
91:World War II
79:of Britain,
66:
57:World War II
48:
46:
1414:ABA Journal
1024:Heruhy 1955
1012:Rostow 2010
988:Heller 2001
976:Rostow 2010
940:Reston 1955
916:Heller 2001
904:Larres 2002
892:Larres 2002
880:Heller 2001
841:Heller 2001
787:Truman 1962
583:Yakov Malik
564:Warsaw Pact
517:Edgar Faure
166:Ku Wei-chĂĽn
87:of France.
59:(1939–45).
53:World War I
1737:Categories
1678:2015-01-20
1663:2015-01-21
1633:2015-01-21
1606:2015-01-21
1579:2015-01-21
1552:2015-01-20
1522:2015-01-21
1486:29 January
1466:2015-01-20
1427:2015-01-21
1397:2015-01-20
1375:2015-01-20
1345:2015-01-21
1318:2015-01-21
1291:2015-01-21
1242:2015-01-21
1215:2015-01-20
1196:2015-01-20
1178:2015-01-21
1148:2015-01-20
1133:2015-01-20
1104:2015-01-20
1087:2015-01-20
952:Nixon 1955
853:Stern 2012
593:References
475:succeeded
417:Korean War
378:Korean War
352:(France),
286:Pathé News
95:See also:
1718:243471225
1628:0024-3019
1601:0024-3019
1446:ignored (
1436:cite book
1422:0747-0088
663:106797230
449:Viet Minh
425:Viet Minh
356:(UK) and
273:Aquitania
271:RMS
260:RMS
121:(US) and
47:The term
1748:Quartets
1723:25 April
1408:(1955).
1114:(2000).
659:ProQuest
370:Cold War
103:Big Four
1457:"Press"
1069:Sources
461:Vietnam
433:Austria
429:Germany
138:At the
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545:(UK),
541:(US),
501:Geneva
407:(UK),
403:(US),
117:(UK),
1387:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
360:(US)
1725:2015
1714:OCLC
1692:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1624:ISSN
1620:LIFE
1597:ISSN
1593:LIFE
1568:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1488:2010
1448:help
1418:ISSN
1364:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1265:2012
1231:ISBN
1167:ISBN
495:The
441:NATO
431:and
395:The
39:and
527:of
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