Georges Clemenceau - Knowledge (XXG)

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Rhineland. On 28 April Poincaré sent Clemenceau a long letter detailing why he thought allied occupation should continue until Germany had paid all her reparations. Clemenceau replied that the alliance with America and Britain was of more value than an isolated France that held onto the Rhineland: "In fifteen years I will be dead, but if you do me the honour of visiting my tomb, you will be able to say that the Germans have not fulfilled all the clauses of the treaty, and that we are still on the Rhine." Clemenceau said to Lloyd George in June, "We need a barrier behind which, in the years to come, our people can work in security to rebuild its ruins. The barrier is the Rhine. I must take national feelings into account. That does not mean that I am afraid of losing office. I am quite indifferent on that point. But I will not, by giving up the occupation, do something which will break the willpower of our people." Later, he said to Jean Martel, "The policy of Foch and Poincaré was bad in principle. It was a policy no Frenchman, no republican Frenchman could accept for a moment, except in the hope of obtaining other guarantees, other advantages. We leave that sort of thing to

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defeated Germany. We are told that she will revive. All the more reason not to show her that we fear her ... M. Marin went to the heart of the question, when he turned to us and said in despairing tones, "You have reduced us to a policy of vigilance." Yes, M. Marin, do you think that one could make a treaty which would do away with the need for vigilance among the nations of Europe who only yesterday were pouring out their blood in battle? Life is a perpetual struggle in war, as in peace ... That struggle cannot be avoided. Yes, we must have vigilance, we must have a great deal of vigilance. I cannot say for how many years, perhaps I should say for how many centuries, the crisis which has begun will continue. Yes, this treaty will bring us burdens, troubles, miseries, difficulties, and that will continue for long years.

1834:. At home, the government had to deal with increasing demonstrations against the war, a scarcity of resources, and air raids that were causing huge physical damage to Paris as well as undermining the morale of its citizens. It also was believed that many politicians secretly wanted peace. It was a challenging situation for Clemenceau; after years of criticizing other men during the war, he suddenly found himself in a position of supreme power. He was isolated politically, however. He did not have close links with any parliamentary leaders (especially after he had antagonized them so relentlessly during the course of the war) and so, had to rely on himself and his own circle of friends. 1384: 2140:

previous law of December 1913, the eight-hour limit had only applied to workers employed underground. In August 1919, a similar limit was introduced for all those employed in French vessels. Another law passed in 1919 (which came into operation in October 1920) prohibited employment in bakeries between the hours of 10 P.M. and 4 A.M. A decree of May 1919 introduced the eight-hour day for workers on trams, railways, and in inland waterways, and a second of June 1919 extended this provision to the state railways. In April 1919, an enabling act was approved for an eight-hour day and a six-day work week, although farm workers were excluded from the act.

1158: 2008: 1298: 1236: 2020:. Clemenceau believed that Germany's possession of this territory left France without a natural frontier in the east and thus, was vulnerable to invasion. The British ambassador reported in December 1918 on Clemenceau's views on the future of the Rhineland: "He said that the Rhine was a natural boundary of Gaul and Germany and that it ought to be made the German boundary now, the territory between the Rhine and the French frontier being made into an Independent State whose neutrality should be guaranteed by the great powers." 1838:

few, began to grow throughout all the fighting men. They were encouraged by his many visits to the trenches. This confidence began to spread from the trenches to the home front and it was said, "We believed in Clemenceau rather in the way that our ancestors believed in Joan of Arc." After years of criticism against the French army for its conservatism and Catholicism, Clemenceau would need help to get along with the military leaders to achieve a sound strategic plan. He nominated General

2127:, had failed as a ruling class. It was now the turn of the working class to rule. He advocated national unity and a demographic revolution: "The treaty does not state that France will have many children, but it is the first thing that should have been written there. For if France does not have large families, it will be in vain that you put all the finest clauses in the treaty, that you take away all the Germans guns, France will be lost because there will be no more French". 750: 1873:

inspired confidence, as the public felt that for the first time in the war, action was being taken and they were being firmly governed. The claims that Clemenceau's "firm government" was a dictatorship found little support. Clemenceau was still held accountable to the people and media. He relaxed censorship on political views as he believed that newspapers had the right to criticize political figures: "The right to insult members of the government is inviolable."

2262: 1057: 2193: 2632: 2149: 135: 1865:, a former French prime minister, disagreed with Clemenceau's policies. He wanted to surrender to Germany and negotiate a peace, thus Clemenceau viewed Caillaux as a threat to national security. Unlike previous ministers, Clemenceau moved against Caillaux publicly. As a result, a parliamentary committee decided that Caillaux would be arrested and imprisoned for three years. Clemenceau believed, in the words of 980:, who thought the treaty was too lenient on Germany, prophetically stating: "This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years." Clemenceau obtained mutual defence treaties with the United Kingdom and the United States, to unite against possible future German aggression, but these never took effect due to the U.S. Senate's failure to ratify the treaty, which thus also nullified British obligation. 2175:, urged Clemenceau to stand for the presidency in the upcoming election and on 15 January 1920 he let Mandel announce that he would be prepared to serve if elected. However, Clemenceau did not intend to campaign for the post, instead he wished to be chosen by acclaim as a national symbol. The preliminary meeting of the republican caucus (a forerunner to the vote in the National Assembly) chose 4131: 25: 1972:. They became Clemenceau and four others who were his pawns. He excluded all military men, especially Foch. He excluded the president of France, Raymond Poincaré, keeping him in the dark on the progress of negotiations. He excluded all parliamentary deputies, saying he would negotiate the treaty and it would be parliament's duty to vote it up or down, after it was finished. 1810: 2168:(a coalition of right-wing parties) a majority. Clemenceau only intervened once in the election campaign, delivering a speech on 4 November at Strasbourg, praising the manifesto and men of the National Bloc and he urged that the victory in the war needed to be safeguarded by vigilance. In private he was concerned at this huge swing to the right. 2024:

on a clause allowing for the early withdrawal of allied troops if the Germans fulfilled the treaty; Clemenceau inserted Article 429 into the treaty that permitted allied occupation beyond the fifteen years if adequate guarantees for allied security against unprovoked aggression were not met. This was in case the U.S. Senate refused to ratify the

4161: 1033:. He became a leader of anti-clerical or "Radical" forces that battled against the Catholic Church in France and the Catholics in politics. He stopped short of the more extreme attacks. His position was that if church and state were kept rigidly separated, he would not support oppressive measures designed to further weaken the Catholic Church. 1806:. This was the main topic of discussion at the first meeting of the war committee on 6 December, at which Clemenceau stated, "Sarrail cannot remain there". The reason for Sarrail's dismissal was his links with the socialist politicians Joseph Caillaux and Louis Malvy (at that time suspected of treasonable contacts with the Germans) 1995:, was nearly lynched. Clemenceau's assistant found him pale, but conscious. "They shot me in the back", Clemenceau told him. "They didn't even dare to attack me from the front." One bullet hit Clemenceau between the ribs, just missing his vital organs. Too dangerous to remove, the bullet remained with him for the rest of his life. 2272:

During his last months, he wrote his memoirs, despite declaring previously that he would not write them. He was spurred into doing so by the appearance of Marshal Foch's memoirs, which were highly critical of Clemenceau, mainly for his policy at the Paris Peace Conference. Clemenceau only had time to

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and said to him that after the armistice he had become the enemy of France. Lloyd George replied, "Well, was not that always our traditional policy?" He was joking, but after reflection, Clemenceau took it seriously. After Lloyd George's fall from power in 1922 Clemenceau remarked, "As for France, it

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The treaty, with all its complex clauses, will only be worth what you are worth; it will be what you make it ... What you are going to vote to-day is not even a beginning, it is a beginning of a beginning. The ideas it contains will grow and bear fruit. You have won the power to impose them on a

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bill as large as possible. Generally, it was agreed that Germany should not pay more than it could afford, but the estimates of what it could afford varied greatly. Figures ranged between £2,000 million and £20,000 million. Clemenceau realised that any compromise would anger both the French

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both pressed repeatedly for an autonomous Rhineland state. Foch thought the Treaty of Versailles was too lenient on Germany, stating "This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years." At a cabinet meeting on 25 April Foch spoke against the deal Clemenceau had brokered and pushed for a separate

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The powers agreed that since the conference was being held in France, Clemenceau would be the most appropriate president. Also, he spoke both English and French, the official languages of the conference. Clemenceau had an unassailable position of full control of the French delegation. Parliament gave

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Clemenceau's assumption of power meant little to the men in the trenches at first. They thought of him as "just another politician", and the monthly assessment of troop morale found that only a minority found comfort in his appointment. Slowly, however, as time passed, the confidence he inspired in a

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and Aristide Briand (both the previous two prime ministers, of whom the latter was by far the more powerful politician who had been approached by a German diplomat) to agree in public that there would be no separate peace. For many years, Clemenceau was blamed for having blocked a possible compromise

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that dismantled Hungary. Rather than recognizing territories of the Austrian-Hungarian empire solely within the principles of self-determination, Clemenceau sought to weaken Hungary, just as Germany was, and to remove the threat of such a large power within Central Europe. The entire Czechoslovakian

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descent. His father, Benjamin Clemenceau (1810–1897), came from a long line of physicians, but lived off his lands and investments and did not practice medicine. Benjamin was a political activist; he was arrested and briefly held in 1851 and again in 1858. He instilled in his son a love of learning,

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Clemenceau's main speech on the treaty was delivered on 25 September. He said that he knew the treaty was not perfect, but that the war had been fought by a coalition and therefore, the treaty would express the lowest common denominator of those involved. He claimed criticisms of the details of the

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Finally, the issue was resolved when Lloyd George and Woodrow Wilson guaranteed immediate military assistance if Germany attacked without provocation. It also was decided that the allies would occupy the territory for fifteen years, and that Germany could never rearm the area. Lloyd George insisted

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began to push the Germans back, it became clear that the Germans could no longer win the war. Although they still occupied vast amounts of French territory, they did not have sufficient resources and manpower to continue their attack. As countries allied to Germany began to ask for an armistice, it

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Although Clemenceau had many mistresses, when his wife took a tutor of their children as her lover, Clemenceau had her put in jail for two weeks and then sent her back to the United States on a steamer in third class. The marriage ended in a contentious divorce in 1891. He obtained custody of their

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region. Clemenceau believed that France was entitled to the region and its coal mines after Germany deliberately damaged the coal mines in northern France. Wilson, however, resisted the French claim so firmly that Clemenceau accused him of being "pro-German". Lloyd George came to a compromise; the

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In his last speech to the cabinet on 18 January he said, "We must show the world the extent of our victory, and we must take up the mentality and habits of a victorious people, which once more takes its place at the head of Europe. But all that will now be placed in jeopardy ... It will take

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The Chamber of Deputies ratified the treaty by 372 votes to 53, with the Senate voting unanimously for its ratification. On 11 October Clemenceau gave his last parliamentary speech, addressed to the Senate. He said that any attempt to partition Germany would be self-defeating and that France must

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Clemenceau often joked about the "assassin's" bad marksmanship – "We have just won the most terrible war in history, yet here is a Frenchman who misses his target six out of seven times at point-blank range. Of course this fellow must be punished for the careless use of a dangerous weapon and for

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As the military situation worsened in early 1918, Clemenceau continued to support the policy of total war – "We present ourselves before you with the single thought of total war" – and the policy of "la guerre jusqu'au bout" (war until the end). His speech of 8 March advocating this policy was so

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Clemenceau also was well received by the media, because they felt that France was in need of strong leadership. It was widely recognized that throughout the war he was never discouraged and never stopped believing that France could achieve total victory. There were skeptics, however, who believed

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law passed in April 1919 amending the French Labour Code, and in June that year, existing legislation concerning the duration of the working day in the mining industry was amended by extending the eight-hour day to all classes of workers, "whether employed underground or on the surface". Under a

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seized power in March 1871, he tried unsuccessfully to find a compromise between the more radical leaders of the Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune declared that he had no legal authority to be mayor and seized the city hall of the 18th arrondissement. He ran for

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The arrest of Caillaux and others raised the issue of Clemenceau's harshness, who in turn argued that the only powers he assumed were those necessary for winning the war. The many trials and arrests aroused great public excitement. These trials, far from making the public fear the government,

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instead of Clemenceau by a vote of 408 to 389. In response, Clemenceau refused to be put forward for the vote in the National Assembly because he did not want to win by a small majority, but by a near-unanimous vote. Only then, he claimed, could he negotiate with confidence with the allies.

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The progress at the conference was much slower than anticipated and decisions were being tabled constantly. It was this slow pace that induced Clemenceau to give an interview showing his irritation to an American journalist. He said he believed that Germany had won the war industrially and

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He was a vehement critic of the wartime French government, asserting that it was not doing enough to win the war. His stance was driven by a will to regain the province of Alsace-Lorraine, a view shared by public opinion. The autumn of 1917 saw the disastrous Italian defeat at the

1278:, as well as a growing number of republicans, he supported several unsuccessful proposals. Finally a general amnesty was adopted on 11 July 1880. The "reconciliation" envisaged by Clemenceau could begin, as the remaining deported Communards returned to France, including his friend 1923:

would be beneficial to France, because he would make peace with Germany on advantageous terms. Clemenceau adamantly opposed these opinions and he gave an inspirational speech in the Chamber of Deputies; the chamber subsequently voted their confidence in him by 377 votes to 110.

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in the Freycinet cabinet as war minister. When General Boulanger revealed himself as an ambitious pretender, Clemenceau withdrew his support and became a vigorous opponent of the heterogeneous Boulangist movement, although the radical press continued to patronize the general.

2028:, thereby making null and void the British guarantee as well, since that was dependent on the Americans being part of it. This is, in fact, what did occur. Article 429 ensured that a refusal of the U.S. Senate to ratify the treaties of guarantee would not weaken them. 1825:

because it was believed that there should be limited attacks until the American support arrived. At this time, Italy was on the defensive, Russia virtually had stopped fighting – and it was believed that they would be making a separate peace with Germany

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In November 1917, at one of the darkest hours for the French war effort in World War I, Clemenceau was appointed to the prime ministership. Unlike his predecessors, he discouraged internal disagreement and called for peace among the senior politicians.

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peace, but it is now clear from examination of German documents that Germany had no serious intention of handing over Alsace-Lorraine. The prominence of his opposition made him the best known critic and the last man standing when the others had failed.

4008:"M. Clemenceau does not belong to the Socialist party, but is nevertheless a convinced atheist. He opposes zealously the idea of God, and preaches revolt against Him." Eugène Tavernier, 'The Religious Question in France. I. A French Catholic's View', 2108:

as a frontier. Clemenceau replied that he was sure the Senate would ratify both and that he had inserted Article 429 into the treaty, providing for "new arrangements concerning the Rhine". This interpretation of Article 429 was disputed by Barthou.

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After the fall of the commune, he was elected to the Paris municipal council on 23 July 1871 for the Clignancourt quarter and retained his seat until 1876. He first held the offices of secretary and vice-president, then he became president in 1875.

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of Italy being the fourth, although less weighty, member. This offered greater privacy and security and increased the efficiency of the decision-making process. Another major issue that the Council of Four discussed was the future of the German

1859:, who would make similar speeches upon becoming British prime minister in 1940. Clemenceau's war policy encompassed the promise of victory with justice, loyalty to the fighting men, and immediate and severe punishment of crimes against France. 1642:, the former president of the Council whose downfall Clemenceau had aided. Refusing to respond to Delcassé's technical questions, Clemenceau resigned after his proposal for the order of the day vote was rejected. He was succeeded as premier by 2079:

and British citizens and that the only option was to establish a reparations commission that would examine Germany's capacity for reparations. This meant that the French government was not directly involved in the issue of reparations.

1983:, as well as his intense dislike of President Poincaré. When negotiations reached a stalemate, Clemenceau had a habit of shouting at the other heads of state and storming out of the room rather than participating in further discussion. 1721:

In spite of the censorship imposed by the French government on Clemenceau's journalism at the beginning of World War I, he still wielded considerable political influence. As soon as the war started, Clemenceau advised Interior Minister

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Clemenceau resigned as prime minister as soon as the presidential election was held (17 January 1920) and took no further part in politics. In private, he condemned the unilateral occupation by French troops of the German city of

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Churchill later wrote that Clemenceau "looked like a wild animal pacing to and fro behind bars" in front of "an assembly which would have done anything to avoid putting him there, but, having put him there, felt they must obey".

1149:. From his time in America, he retained a strong faith in American democratic ideals as opposed to France's imperial regime, as well as a sense of political compromise that later would become a hallmark of his political career. 6239: 2043:

There was increasing discontent among Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and Woodrow Wilson about slow progress and information leaks surrounding the Council of Ten. They began to meet in a smaller group, called the Council of Four,

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One of Singapore's streets is named in honour of Clemenceau. See Clemenceau Avenue. Clemenceau was on an eastern tour in the 1920s, when he visited Singapore, and was invited to witness the foundation stone laying of a

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was signed on 28 June 1919. Clemenceau now had to defend the treaty against critics who viewed the compromises he had negotiated as inadequate for French national interests. The French Parliament debated the treaty and

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When Clemenceau returned to the Council of Ten on 1 March, he found that little had changed. One issue that had not changed at all was the long-running dispute over France's eastern frontier and control of the German

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was inclined to open negotiations with Germany. Clemenceau argued that even German restitution of Alsace-Lorraine and the liberation of Belgium would not be enough to justify France abandoning her allies. This forced

1588:, which resulted in the death of more than one thousand persons, threatened widespread disorder on 1 May 1906. Clemenceau ordered the military against the strikers and repressed the wine growers strike in the 4051: 4024:. Vol. 61. N.p.: Leonard Scott Publishing Company, 1907. Print. "When Georges Clemenceau arrived in Paris in 1862, to proceed with his medical studies, he was already both a Revolutionist and an atheist". 1948:, but the deliberations on which it was based were conducted in Paris, hence the name given to the meeting of the victorious heads of state that produced the treaties signed with the defeated powers: the 1976:

commercially as its factories were intact and soon its debts would be overcome through "manipulation". In a short time, he believed, the German economy would once again be much stronger than the French.

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gave the same advice, but the government did not follow it. In the end, 80% of the 2,501 people listed on Carnet B as subversives volunteered for service. In autumn 1914, Clemenceau declined to join the

1534: 1263:. Clemenceau led resistance to the anti-republican policy of which the incident of 16 May was a manifestation. In 1879, his demand for the indictment of the Broglie ministry brought him prominence. 6244: 2074:

pointed out, "he did not trouble his head to understand either the Indemnity or overwhelming financial difficulties", but he was under strong public and parliamentary pressure to make Germany's

1600:, leader of the SFIO, in June 1906. Clemenceau's speech positioned him as the strong man of the day in French politics; when the Sarrien ministry resigned in October, Clemenceau became premier. 2057:

Although Clemenceau had little knowledge of the defunct Austrian-Hungarian empire, he supported the causes of its smaller ethnic groups and his adamant stance led to the stringent terms in the

2576:. He was instrumental in persuading Monet to have a cataract operation in 1923. For more than a decade, Clemenceau encouraged Monet to complete his donation to the French state of the large 2305: 1888:

to France. This meant that victory would fulfil the war aim that was crucial for the French public. Clemenceau was sceptical about some other points, however, including those concerning the

1175:(1849–1922), in New York City. She had attended the school where he taught horseback riding and was one of his students. She was the daughter of Harriet A. Taylor and William Kelly Plummer. 4864: 1846:

that Clemenceau, like other war-time leaders, would have a short time in office. It was said, "Like everyone else ... Clemenceau will not last long – only long enough to clean up ."

6254: 5104: 5089: 5059: 2285:). He was critical of Foch and also of his successors who had allowed the Versailles Treaty to be undermined in the face of Germany's revival. He burned all of his private letters. 2531:

succeeds Clémentel as Minister of Merchant Marine, he remains Minister of Public Works and Transport, while Clémentel remains Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs

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from February to April 1920, then embarked for the Far East in September, returning to France in March 1921. In June, he visited England and received an honorary degree from the

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was obvious that Germany would soon follow. On 11 November 1918, an armistice with Germany was signed. Clemenceau was embraced in the streets and attracted many admiring crowds.

1371:. He chose to represent the latter in the Chamber of Deputies. Refusing to form a ministry to replace the one he had overthrown, he supported the right in keeping Prime Minister 2228:

In late 1922, Clemenceau gave a lecture tour in the major cities of the American northeast. He defended the policy of France, including war debts and reparations, and condemned

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To settle the international political issues left over from the conclusion of World War I, it was decided that a peace conference would be held in Paris, France. Famously, the

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coal mines were given to France and the territory placed under French administration for 15 years, after which a vote would determine whether the region would rejoin Germany.

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with Britain, which gave France a successful role in European politics. Difficulties with Germany and criticism by the Socialist party in connection with the handling of the

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The German line continued to advance and Clemenceau believed that the fall of Paris could not be ruled out. Public opinions arose that if "the Tiger", as well as Foch and

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for limited women's suffrage in local elections, Clemenceau published a pamphlet in 1907 in which he declared that if women were given the vote France would return to the

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Jackson, Peter. "A Tran-Atlantic Condominium of Democratic Power: the grand design for a post-war order at the heart of French policy at the Paris Peace Conference",

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He was graduated as a doctor of medicine on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of

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to be his military chief of staff. Mordacq helped to inspire trust and mutual respect from the army to the government which proved essential to the final victory.

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From 1876 to 1880, Clemenceau was one of the main defenders of the general amnesty of thousands of Communards, members of the revolutionary government of the 1871

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less time and less thought to destroy the edifice so patiently and painfully erected than it took to complete it. Poor France. The mistakes have begun already."

5784: 4857: 1680:("The Free Man") newspaper in Paris, for which he wrote a daily editorial. In these media, Clemenceau focused increasingly on foreign policy and condemned the 4146: 1649:

Between 1909 and 1912, Clemenceau dedicated his time to travel, conferences, and the treatment of his illness. He went to South America in 1910, traveling to

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For nearly a decade after his 1893 defeat, Clemenceau confined his political activities to journalism. His career was further clouded by the long-drawn-out

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fell as a result of civil disturbances provoked by the implementation of the law on the separation of church and state and the victory of radicals in the

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Following their marriage, the Clemenceaus moved to France. They had three children together, Madeleine (born in 1870), Thérèse (1872) and Michel (1873).

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Clemenceau was defeated on 20 July 1909 in a discussion in the Chamber of Deputies on the state of the navy, in which bitter words he exchanged with

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Clemenceau's final tenure as prime minister witnessed the implementation of various reforms aimed at regulating the hours of labour. A general

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had made a big impact on the war-weary French. At their first meeting, Clemenceau realized that Wilson was a man of principle and conscience.

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and an opponent of the anti-Semitic and nationalist campaigns. In all, during the affair Clemenceau published 665 articles defending Dreyfus.

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In Paris, the young Clemenceau became a political activist and writer. In December 1861, he and some friends co-founded a weekly newsletter,

1383: 5162: 4736: 1072:. On 23 February 1862, he was arrested by the imperial police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the 4459:

Soutou, Georges-Henri. "The French Peacemakers and Their Home Front", in Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser, eds,

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On 19 February 1919, as Clemenceau was leaving his apartment, a man fired several shots at the car. Clemenceau's assailant, anarchist

1708:("The Chained Man") and criticized the government for its lack of transparency and its ineffectiveness, while defending the patriotic 952:. Clemenceau stood for reparations, a transfer of colonies, strict rules to prevent a rearming process, as well as the restitution of 5172: 5137: 5068: 4786: 3827: 3770: 3541: 3197: 2229: 1429:

led to his being included in the general suspicion. In response to accusations of corruption levelled by the nationalist politician

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and insisted that his children should have no religious education. Clemenceau was interested in religious issues. He was a lifelong

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is a station on lines 1 and 13 of the Paris Métro in the 8th arrondissement. The stations platforms and access tunnels lie beneath

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by the government. It was suspended from 29 September 1914 to 7 October. In response, Clemenceau changed the newspaper's name to

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election to the Paris Commune council, but received fewer than eight hundred votes and took no part in its governance. He was in

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from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A physician turned journalist, he played a central role in the politics of the

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weakened his hand and its collapse meant that moderate republicans did not need his help. A further misfortune occurred in the

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that argued against France paying all its war debts: "France is not for sale, even to her friends". This appeal went unheard.

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Duval-Stalla, Alexandre, "Claude Monet - Georges Clemenceau : une histoire, deux cacactères", (Paris : Folio, 2013)

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from the presidency of France in 1887. He had declined Grévy's request to form a cabinet upon the downfall of the cabinet of

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find a way of living with sixty million Germans. He also said that the bourgeoisie, like the aristocracy before them in the

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bought an apartment in Paris for his friend Clemenceau in 1926 to use as a retirement home. This building later became the

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Clemenceau's famous line "War is too important to be left to the generals" is quoted by the character Gen. Jack Ripper in

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forces and ordered repressive policies toward the workers movement. He supported the formation of scientific police by

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him a vote of confidence on 30 December 1918, by a vote of 398 to 93. The rules of the conference allowed France five

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becomes Minister of Industrial Reconstitution, his office of Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing is abolished

1585: 972:("The Tiger"), he continued his harsh position against Germany in the 1920s, although not quite so much as President 4359:

Lentin, Antony. "‘Une aberration inexplicable’? Clemenceau and the abortive Anglo‐French guarantee treaty of 1919",

2225:

is a real enemy who disappears. Lloyd George did not hide it: at my last visit to London he cynically admitted it".

1235: 75: 5346: 5341: 5316: 4834: 4172: 3072: 2670: 2583: 1999:

poor marksmanship. I suggest that he be locked up for eight years, with intensive training in a shooting gallery."

1697: 1260: 1211: 1044:

of letters in 1858. He went to Paris to study medicine and eventually graduated with the completion of his thesis "

295: 2113:

treaty were misleading; that critics should look at the treaty as a whole and see how they could benefit from it:

1004:. The department was remote from Paris, rural, and poor. His mother, Sophie Eucharie Gautreau (1817–1903), was of 35: 5960: 5764: 5691: 5235: 4952: 4896: 4519: 4336: 2553: 1410:, Jules Ferry, nor Charles de Freycinet, Clemenceau was primarily responsible for the election of an "outsider", 1126:. He maintained a medical practice, but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper, 4533: 2524:

24 December 1918 – The office of Minister of Blockade is abolished, Lebrun remains Minister of Liberated Regions

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appointed Clemenceau as minister of the interior in the cabinet. On a domestic level, Clemenceau reformed the

4382:

Dawn of the Belle Epoque: The Paris of Monet, Zola, Bernhardt, Eiffel, Debussy, Clemenceau, and Their Friends

4176:. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 701–702. 3922: 3347: 1821:

When Clemenceau became prime minister in 1917 victory seemed to be elusive. There was little activity on the

5897: 5481: 3049: 2892: 2491: 2344: 2075: 1901: 1829: 1731: 1618:

developed Clemenceau at first dismissed the complaints, then sent in troops to keep the peace in June 1907.

1596:(SFIO) socialist party, from which he definitively broke in his notable reply in the Chamber of Deputies to 1529:, the journal that he had founded. In it, he led the campaign to revisit the Dreyfus affair and to create a 1437: 1001: 647: 5819: 5217: 4912: 3011: 2828: 2823: 2653: 2240: 2165: 1928: 1715: 1506:, as he considered it a strong-house of conservatism. He served as the senator for Draguignan until 1920. 1329: 1191: 655: 6010: 5000: 3038: 6035: 5965: 5937: 5303: 4944: 4696: 4354: 2612: 2281: 1628: 1444:, he was defeated for his seat in the Chamber of Deputies after having held it continuously since 1876. 1135: 914: 623: 5207: 5182: 4683: 1869:, that Caillaux's crime "was not to have believed in victory to have gambled on his nation's defeat". 1662: 711: 4678: 2676:, laid down in January 1939 and destroyed by Allied bombing in 1944, was to be named after Clemenceau. 2528: 2485: 2062:

state was seen a potential buffer from Communism and this encompassed majority Hungarian territories.

1363:, he advocated a strong radical programme and was returned both for his old seat in Paris and for the 6134: 6129: 6030: 5426: 5401: 5376: 5361: 5351: 5331: 5311: 5260: 5099: 5016: 4960: 4511:

Watson, D. R. "The Making of French Foreign Policy during the First Clemenceau Ministry, 1906-1909",

4301: 4220: 3568:

John McGroarty : The Gray Man of Christ: Generalissimo Foch (1919) Los Angeles, Walter A Abbott.

2997: 2880: 2692: 2636: 2401:

succeeds Briand as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. Briand remains Minister of Worship.

2217: 2101: 2088: 1945: 1941: 1701: 1632: 1589: 1510: 1430: 1388: 1372: 1364: 1336:, which he opposed on moral grounds and also as a form of diversion from the more important goal of " 1199: 993: 957: 922: 730: 663: 599: 3369: 953: 6249: 6060: 6015: 5726: 5681: 5666: 5661: 5616: 5586: 5571: 5521: 5446: 5386: 4815: 4651: 4634: 2816: 2647: 2071: 1866: 1795: 1744: 1570: 1349: 1317: 1244: 1195: 973: 219: 198: 174: 4296:

Jackson, Peter. "Great Britain in French Policy Conceptions at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919",

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Greenhalgh, Elizabeth, " David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and the 1918 Manpower Crisis",

3819: 2935: 2261: 1916: 82: 1056: 134: 6055: 6045: 5945: 5927: 5917: 5794: 5716: 5676: 5641: 5631: 5496: 5461: 5268: 5230: 5119: 5024: 4992: 4968: 4920: 4752: 4646: 4498: 4479: 4439: 4413: 4224: 4196: 4188: 3977: 3953:

__________. Monet: Le cycle des 'Nymphéas' (Paris : Musée national de l'Orangerie, 1999).

3823: 3766: 3537: 3242: 3193: 2916: 2837: 2779: 2608: 2549: 2425: 2320: 2058: 2037: 1969: 1961: 1889: 1856: 1666: 1554: 1514: 1202:. After returning to medical practice as a physician in Vendée, he was appointed mayor of the 1141:

As part of his journalistic activity, Clemenceau covered the country's recovery following the

1108: 1018: 997: 231: 4214: 3911:

Index biographique des membres et associés de l'Académie royale de Belgique (1769–2005). p 56

3531: 2586:. They are housed in specially constructed oval galleries that opened to the public in 1927. 2494:– Minister of Commerce, Industry, Maritime Transports, Merchant Marine, Posts, and Telegraphs 2288:

Clemenceau died on 24 November 1929 and was buried in a simple grave next to his father's at

2254:. He also penned a huge two-volume tome, covering philosophy, history, and science, entitled 6005: 5955: 5696: 5686: 5651: 5636: 5626: 5601: 5561: 5536: 5371: 5142: 4798: 4665: 4270: 3591: 3380: 3234: 2663: 2659: 2542: 2398: 2380: 2326: 2045: 1919:

stayed in power for even another week, France would be lost and that a government headed by

1760: 1665:

in northwest Argentina). There, he was amazed by the influence of French culture and of the

1623: 1522: 1498:

lasted until 15 March 1902. On 6 April 1902, he was elected senator for the Var district of

1305: 1165: 1010: 832: 826: 785: 536: 382: 186: 2192: 1398:, and by his personal plain speaking, Clemenceau contributed largely to the resignation of 1247:

dramatizes the main goal of Clemenceau and the French in general, to regain those provinces

716: 5922: 5852: 5804: 5621: 5606: 5581: 5576: 5556: 5551: 5541: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5491: 5456: 5436: 5416: 5411: 5381: 4769: 4690: 4584: 4557: 4540: 4523: 4392: 4343: 4326: 4308: 4277: 3376: 3108: 3006: 2954: 2753: 2748: 2631: 2497: 2461: 2449: 2394: 2356: 2332: 2233: 2205:

in 1920 and said if he had been in power, he would have persuaded the British to join it.

1957: 1920: 1885: 1881: 1862: 1799: 1765: 1752: 1681: 1643: 1604: 1546: 1503: 1436:

Clemenceau remained the leading spokesman for French radicalism, but his hostility to the

1422: 1407: 1403: 1353: 1240: 1077: 941: 905: 378: 243: 5950: 5546: 5486: 5466: 5431: 5250: 4976: 4670: 4597: 2656:, Arizona, U.S. was named in honor of Clemenceau by his friend James Douglas, Jr. in 1917 2338: 1992: 1736: 1710: 1518: 1465: 1103:

as the imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents and sending most of them to the

1041: 4605: 4589: 4075:

Exhibition of Kogo: Japanese Ceramic Incense Boxes from the George Clemenceau Collection

4037:. N.p.: Simon & Schuster UK, 2014. Print. "Georges Clemenceau, radical and atheist". 3810:

Cross, Gary S.; Cross, Distinguished Professor of Modern History Gary (1 January 1989).

3103: 6080: 6020: 5995: 5990: 5975: 5970: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5799: 5706: 5671: 5406: 5192: 5177: 5008: 4779: 4722: 4711: 4700: 3812: 3053: 2904: 2885: 2731: 2535: 2518: 2467: 2431: 2350: 2275: 2176: 2172: 2136: 2032: 1953: 1905: 1877: 1803: 1597: 1480: 1476: 1426: 1399: 1395: 1324:(1879–1887), he became widely known as a political critic and destroyer of ministries ( 1321: 977: 346: 4613: 4368:

France's Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe

2593:

against political opponents, Clemenceau knew the importance of exercise and practised

2148: 1513:

in the Senate and moderated his positions, although he still vigorously supported the

6118: 6075: 6025: 6000: 5985: 5980: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5827: 5531: 5476: 5471: 5451: 5441: 5421: 5396: 5240: 5129: 4550: 4253: 4142: 4137: 4106: 3603: 3077: 2560: 2511: 2409: 2374: 2153: 2093: 1909: 1581: 1558: 1457: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1215: 1145:, the workings of American democracy, and the racial questions related to the end of 1119: 1112: 1100: 1089: 949: 934: 603: 4319: 2778:. At that visit, he had the honour to mark the foundation of Clemenceau Avenue. The 1979:

France's leverage was jeopardized repeatedly by Clemenceau's mistrust of Wilson and

6050: 5774: 5759: 5746: 5731: 5701: 5646: 5511: 5326: 4904: 4265:

Greenhalgh, Elizabeth. "Marshal Ferdinand Foch versus Georges Clemenceau in 1919",

3973: 2868: 2844: 2710: 2578: 2573: 2251: 2221: 1453: 1172: 1161: 1096: 1085: 1073: 1021:(1861–1955) was his brother. His mother was a devout Protestant; his father was an 681: 5809: 5721: 5711: 1809: 4728: 4577: 4073: 3967: 3187: 1944:

between Germany and the Allied Powers to conclude the conflict was signed in the

956:, which had been annexed to Germany in 1871. He achieved these goals through the 6065: 5902: 5877: 5391: 5366: 5336: 5037: 4642: 2402: 2362: 2247: 2097: 1777:(Gentlemen, the Germans are still at Noyon) wrote Clemenceau's paper endlessly. 1756: 1723: 1693: 1608: 1471: 1333: 1275: 1014: 918: 24: 3765:

Keynes, John, Maynard, The Economic Consequences of Peace, Cosimo, Inc., 2005,

3238: 5907: 2455: 2437: 1499: 1418: 1368: 1337: 1207: 930: 725: 3595: 2702:

cigar brand once produced a size named the Clemenceau in his honour, and the

2572:

Clemenceau was a long-time friend and supporter of the impressionist painter

2070:

Clemenceau was not experienced in the fields of economics or finance, and as

1239:

An 1887 painting of a French child being taught about the "lost" province of

1076:. Around the same time, Clemenceau also visited the old French revolutionary 909:; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as 4842: 2873: 2856: 2289: 2266: 2202: 2017: 1658: 1005: 633: 4466:

Stevenson, David. "French war aims and the American challenge, 1914–1918",

4048:"Digital Museums Canada Decommissions the Virtual Museum of Canada Website" 3579: 2556:

succeeds Clémentel as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs

989: 2736:

Similarly, there is a street named Clemenceau in a southeastern suburb of

2317:

Georges Clemenceau – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior

1892:, as he believed that the latter could succeed only in a utopian society. 1577:("The Tiger's Brigades") after Clemenceau, who was nicknamed "The Tiger". 1259:, he was one of the republican majority who denounced the ministry of the 3533:

Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations

2786: 2775: 2762: 2737: 1727: 1345: 1220: 4107:"Le 19 juin 1907, la crise de la viticulture languedocienne débouche..." 1289:

Clemenceau giving a speech in the Parisian Fernando Circus, painting by

4155:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 482. 2798: 2601: 2594: 1654: 1494:, to which he practically was the sole contributor. The publication of 1146: 1026: 1022: 883: 4516: 3747:"Marshal Ferdinand Foch versus Georges Clemenceau in 1919". pp 458-497 2563:

succeeds Colliard as Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions

1502:, although he had previously called for the suppression of the French 1274:. Along with other radicals and figures such as poet and then-Senator 3343: 3043: 2741: 2727: 1650: 1341: 1037: 4375:

Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War

6205:

Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

6200:

Members of the 4th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

6195:

Members of the 3rd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

6190:

Members of the 2nd Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

6185:

Members of the 1st Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic

4723:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4712:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4701:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

2552:

succeeds Lafferre as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts,

2416: 1134:, and also taught and rode horseback at a private girls' school in 4216:

Feminism's Founding Fathers: The Men Who Fought for Women's Rights

4136:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

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in August 1914, Clemenceau's newspaper was one of the first to be

1382: 1296: 1284: 1234: 1156: 1055: 1030: 619: 140: 2422:

Georges Clemenceau – President of the Council and Minister of War

2243:

in 1923 as an undoing of the entente between France and Britain.

1525:

republican struggle. In June 1903, he undertook the direction of

1356:

contributed strongly to the fall of the Ferry cabinet that year.

6240:

Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers

2590: 2417:

Clemenceau's second ministry, 16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920

2258:. Writing this occupied most of his time between 1923 and 1927. 1798:. Almost his first act as prime minister was to relieve General 1425:, as Clemenceau's relations with the businessman and politician 1223:

when the commune was suppressed by the French Army in May 1871.

1190:

Clemenceau had returned to Paris after the French defeat at the

5041: 4846: 1676:

on 10 April 1910. Three years later, on 6 May 1913, he founded

1535:

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

1182:

children. He then had his wife stripped of French nationality.

2582:(Water Lilies) paintings that now are on display in the Paris 2514:

succeeds Jonnart as Minister of Liberated Regions and Blockade

2311: 940:

After about 1,400,000 French soldiers were killed between the

18: 3643:"Spotlight: The ironic fallout from the Treaty of Versailles" 1099:. After a failed love affair, Clemenceau left France for the 2273:

finish the first draft and it was published posthumously as

1884:, mainly because of its point that called for the return of 4182:

At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World 1841–1929

3303: 3301: 3299: 2312:

Clemenceau's first ministry, 25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909

892: 877: 862: 850: 844: 812: 803: 797: 3580:"Marshal Ferdinand Foch versus Georges Clemenceau in 1919" 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 2996:

that is normally required in French for the pronunciation

2306:

Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium

1375:

in power in 1886 and was responsible for the inclusion of

3004:. Clemenceau indeed preferred the spelling pronunciation 2921:

The Nature Vacations of Fantastic World of the Adventure

2405:

succeeds Doumergue as Minister of Commerce and Industry.

2359:– Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Worship 2246:

He wrote two short biographies, one of the Greek orator

4562:

Watson, David R. "Clemenceau's Contacts with England",

4282:

Hanks, Robert K. "Georges Clemenceau and the English",

2792:

A street in the centre of Bucharest is named after him.

2160:

In 1919, France adopted a new electoral system and the

4530:

Georges Clemenceau: France: Makers of the Modern World

1952:

of 1919. On 13 December 1918, United States president

1621:

During 1907 and 1908, he led the development of a new

1463:

On 13 January 1898, Clemenceau published Émile Zola's

4399:

Clemenceau: the events of his life as told by himself

2623:

held a special exhibition of his collection in 1978.

1876:

In 1918, Clemenceau thought that France should adopt

889: 871: 868: 859: 853: 838: 835: 809: 806: 791: 4461:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment 75 Years On

3509:

The Tiger: The Life of Georges Clemenceau, 1841–1929

2760:

It is also quoted in the 1994 episode "Mind Set" of

2538:

succeeds Boret as Minister of Agriculture and Supply

2104:

and therefore, it would have been wiser to have the

1456:, in which he took an active part as a supporter of 874: 841: 794: 6245:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

6089: 5936: 5818: 5783: 5745: 5302: 5282: 5259: 5216: 5128: 5075: 4291:

The Tiger: The Life of Georges Clemenceau 1841–1929

3338: 3336: 2709:A character named "George Clemenceau" portrayed by 2452:– Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions 2341:– Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions 886: 880: 856: 847: 800: 788: 756: 744: 736: 724: 707: 675: 640: 629: 609: 582: 577: 563: 553: 534: 506: 487: 477: 458: 448: 438: 419: 409: 399: 377: 352: 340: 319: 301: 289: 279: 267: 249: 237: 225: 215: 192: 180: 170: 152: 125: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4578:"De la génération des éléments anatomiques" (1865) 3811: 2100:would not vote for the Treaty of Guarantee or the 4593:by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org. In English. 2730:'s streets is named in honour of Clemenceau. See 2397:succeeds Guyot-Dessaigne as Minister of Justice. 2377:– Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs 16:Prime Minister of France, 1906–1909 and 1917–1920 3707:Spencer Tucker and Priscilla Mary Roberts, eds. 2782:(1920s) was a crossing over the Singapore River. 2607:He took an interest in Japanese art, especially 2545:succeeds Lebrun as Minister of Liberated Regions 1956:received an enthusiastic welcome in France. His 1900:On 21 March 1918, the Germans began their great 1794:Clemenceau governed from the Ministry of War on 1469:on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper, 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 1352:. In 1885, his criticism of the conduct of the 1320:. From this time, throughout the presidency of 1084:, in jail, further deepening his hatred of the 4410:L'année terrible – La Commune (mars-juin 1871) 3272:L'année terrible – La Commune (mars-juin 1871) 2470:– Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts 1759:might have engaged in treason. Prime Minister 5053: 4858: 4708:Governments, Parliaments and Parties (France) 3630:Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World 2434:– Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing 1855:effective that it left a vivid impression on 8: 4729:Newspaper clippings about Georges Clemenceau 4452:Roberts, John. "Clemenceau: The Politician" 4012:, 6 November 1909; p. 5; Issue 39110; col F. 3871: 3869: 3867: 3841:france The Eight-hour Act of April 23, 1919. 2500:– Minister of Liberated Regions and Blockade 2196:Clemenceau visited the United States in 1922 1594:French Section of the Workers' International 2597:every morning even when he was an old man. 1312:In 1880, Clemenceau started his newspaper, 263:16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920 166:16 November 1917 – 20 January 1920 5060: 5046: 5038: 4865: 4851: 4843: 4741: 3969:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 3818:. University of California Press. p. 3145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3010:, but current usage has adopted the vowel 1771:"Messieurs, les Allemands sont toujours à 1440:so increased his unpopularity that in the 1406:by advising his followers not to vote for 1122:during the years 1865–1869, following the 1052:Political activism and American experience 434:15 October 1885 – 14 October 1893 363: 133: 122: 6255:Activists from Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 6220:People associated with the Dreyfus affair 4719:War Aims and War Aims Discussion (France) 4547:Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography 4333:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 3406: 3328:Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography 3174:Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography 3161:Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography 1751:, and rumours that former Prime Minister 1046:De la génération des éléments anatomiques 549:28 November 1875 – 24 April 1876 502:12 February 1871 – 17 March 1871 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3307: 2898:The Life and Times of David Lloyd George 2488:– Minister of Public Works and Transport 2191: 2006: 1531:separation of church and state in France 6235:Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium 6180:Members of the National Assembly (1871) 3030: 2981: 2412:succeeds Thomson as Minister of Marine. 948:, he demanded a total victory over the 473:9 March 1876 – 14 October 1885 395:6 April 1902 – 10 January 1910 211:25 October 1906 – 24 July 1909 4674:by Henry Mayers Hyndman at archive.org 3420:Notes de voyage dans l'Amérique du Sud 3394: 3138: 2910:A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia 2768:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1813:Clemenceau as prime minister of France 1316:, which became the principal organ of 1214:for the 18th arrondissement. When the 6210:French senators of the Third Republic 6155:Republican Union (France) politicians 4168:"Clemenceau, Georges Eugène Benjamin" 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3005: 2988:Clemenceau's name is spelled with an 904: 315:14 March 1906 – 24 July 1909 7: 4929:François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis 4662:Works by or about Georges Clemenceau 4617:by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org 4609:by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org 4601:by Georges Clemenceau at archive.org 4237:from the original on 28 October 2023 4213:Gazdar, Kaevan (30 September 2016), 4184:(1993); emphasis on political milieu 4117:from the original on 13 October 2012 4082:from the original on 28 October 2023 4054:from the original on 21 January 2018 3990:from the original on 28 October 2023 3935:from the original on 12 October 2013 3921:Smith, Roberta (10 September 2009). 3610:from the original on 28 October 2023 3550:from the original on 28 October 2023 2476:– Minister of Agriculture and Supply 1749:Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia 1672:He published the first issue of the 1569:(French for "mobile squads") led by 1551:French legislative elections of 1906 1541:Cabinet and office of Prime Minister 1533:. The latter was implemented by the 1442:French legislative elections of 1893 1417:The split in the Radical Party over 1361:French legislative elections of 1885 47:adding citations to reliable sources 3350:from the original on 29 August 2019 3233:. Éditions Perrin. pp. 73–90. 2960:International relations (1919–1939) 2666:was named after Clemenceau in 1919. 2619:香合), which are now in museums. The 2611:. He collected approximately 3,000 2383:– Minister of Commerce and Industry 2276:Grandeurs et miseres d'une victoire 1616:revolt of the Languedoc winegrowers 976:or former Supreme Allied Commander 917:, particularly amid the end of the 6160:Radical Party (France) politicians 4478:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 4353:(Harvard UP, 1960), in 1918-1919. 4035:The First World War: A New History 3084:from the original on 9 August 2019 2716:The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles 1251:In 1876, Clemenceau stood for the 1036:After his studies in the Lycée in 14: 6230:Members of the Académie Française 6150:Politicians from Pays de la Loire 4316:Clemenceau and the Third Republic 3653:from the original on 3 March 2021 3133:Traité de prononciation française 2096:on 24 September claimed that the 1479:in the form of an open letter to 1210:, and he also was elected to the 1088:regime and advancing his fervent 1080:and another Republican activist, 1040:, Clemenceau received his French 906:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)bɛ̃ʒamɛ̃klemɑ̃so] 4672:Clemenceau, the Man and His Time 4293:, (London : Hamilton, 1976) 4159: 4129: 4022:The Nineteenth Century and After 3192:. E. Mellen Press. p. 526. 1646:, with a reconstructed cabinet. 929:, as well as the amnesty of the 831: 784: 748: 740:Physician, journalist, statesman 697: 23: 4515:(1971) 86#341 pp. 774–782 3135:(in French). Paris. p. 65. 2031:President Poincaré and Marshal 1631:in 1905–06 were settled at the 1603:After a proposal by the deputy 1545:In March 1906, the ministry of 1186:Beginning of the Third Republic 1164:in period costume. Portrait by 1132:Great Barrington, Massachusetts 1002:hotbed of monarchist sympathies 693: 34:needs additional citations for 3578:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2017). 3109:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2282:Grandeur and Misery of Victory 2250:and one of the French painter 2011:Clemenceau in his office, 1929 1573:. These squads were nicknamed 1302:Portrait of Georges Clemenceau 1029:with a sound knowledge of the 927:separation of church and state 1: 5069:Heads of government of France 4937:Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard 4599:The strongest (Les plus fort) 4438:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3344:"G.Clemenceau Museum – Paris" 2428:– Minister of Foreign Affairs 2323:– Minister of Foreign Affairs 1896:1918: German spring offensive 1781:Second term as prime minister 1061: 921:. He was a key figure of the 6225:French people of World War I 6215:Senators of Var (department) 4262:(2007) 50#2 pp. 397–421 4195:. Harvard University Press. 4166:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). 2679:The French aircraft carrier 2621:Montreal Museum of Fine Arts 1737:government of national unity 1592:. His actions alienated the 1387:Duel between Clemenceau and 1204:18th arrondissement of Paris 1171:On 23 June 1869, he married 4733:20th Century Press Archives 4652:Works by Georges Clemenceau 4643:Works by Georges Clemenceau 4098:Sources and further reading 3370:30 September 1906 discourse 3212:Clemenceau (1865), pp. 7–11 2941:The Tiger and the president 2862:The Unforgettable Year 1919 2689:Champs-Élysées – Clemenceau 2685:was named after Clemenceau. 1827: 1517:ministry of Prime Minister 1483:, the president of France. 996:. During the period of the 988:Clemenceau was a native of 780:Georges Benjamin Clemenceau 587:Georges Benjamin Clémenceau 6271: 6175:Ministers of war of France 4298:Diplomacy & Statecraft 3239:10.3917/perri.wino.2013.01 3073:Collins English Dictionary 2810:Clemenceau was played by: 2797:A street in the centre of 2785:A street in the centre of 2440:– Minister of the Interior 1490:to found a weekly review, 1486:In 1900, he withdrew from 1412:Marie François Sadi Carnot 6170:French interior ministers 6165:Prime ministers of France 4897:Paul-Philippe de Chaumont 4883: 4831: 4822: 4812: 4803: 4795: 4784: 4776: 4766: 4757: 4749: 4744: 4513:English Historical Review 4493:Tuchman, Barbara (1962). 4456:(Sep 1956) 6#9 pp 581–591 4428:Clemenceau: A Life at War 3709:World War I: Encyclopedia 3375:28 September 2007 at the 3261:Watson (1976), pp. 23–32. 3189:Clemenceau: A Life at War 3186:David S. Newhall (1991). 3014:by analogy with the name 2693:Avenue des Champs-Élysées 2365:– Minister of Agriculture 1929:allied counter-offensives 1661:(where he went as far as 1580:The miners strike in the 1270:who had been deported to 773: 573: 542: 530: 526: 522: 518: 495: 466: 427: 388: 373: 366: 362: 308: 256: 204: 159: 148: 132: 6097:Chief minister of France 4806:Prime Minister of France 4787:Minister of the Interior 4760:Prime Minister of France 4564:Diplomacy and Statecraft 4463:(1998), pp. 167–88. 4361:Diplomacy and Statecraft 4105:Castillon, René (2007), 3596:10.1177/0968344516640827 3536:. Springer. p. 69. 2613:small incense containers 2239:He condemned Poincaré's 1802:from his command of the 1586:Courrières mine disaster 1553:. The new government of 1509:Clemenceau sat with the 1377:Georges Ernest Boulanger 1340:" for the annexation of 1326:le Tombeur de ministères 1243:in the aftermath of the 1082:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 911:Prime Minister of France 303:Minister of the Interior 154:Prime Minister of France 4636:Encyclopædia Britannica 4583:28 October 2023 at the 4556:27 January 2012 at the 4534:excerpt and text search 4474:Terraine, John (1978). 4386:excerpt and text search 4342:28 October 2023 at the 4307:28 October 2023 at the 4276:28 October 2023 at the 4173:Encyclopædia Britannica 4152:Encyclopædia Britannica 4078:. Asahi Shimbun. 1978. 3229:Winock, Michel (2013). 3050:Oxford University Press 2635:Clemenceau portrait by 2369:Raphaël Milliès-Lacroix 1987:Attempted assassination 1908:would be appointed as " 1830:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1438:Franco-Russian Alliance 1394:By his exposure of the 1338:Revenge against Germany 1291:Jean-François Raffaëlli 964:(1919–1920). Nicknamed 4953:Étienne-Denis Pasquier 4913:Jacques-Louis de Valon 4607:The surprises of life 4497:. Constable & Co. 4408:Milza, Pierre (2009). 4351:Foch versus Clemenceau 4325:5 January 2005 at the 4269:24.4 (2017): 458-497. 2829:The Life of Emile Zola 2766:, but the writers use 2639: 2589:Having fought a dozen 2482:– Minister of Colonies 2371:– Minister of Colonies 2345:Edmond Guyot-Dessaigne 2269: 2265:Clemenceau's grave at 2241:occupation of the Ruhr 2197: 2157: 2120: 2012: 2003:Rhineland and the Saar 1950:Paris Peace Conference 1936:Paris Peace Conference 1814: 1755:and Interior Minister 1521:, who spearheaded the 1391: 1309: 1294: 1248: 1168: 1130:. He taught French in 1065: 1060:Clemenceau at age 24, 968:("Father Victory") or 962:Paris Peace Conference 368:Parliamentary offices 6103:Deputy Prime Minister 4945:Denis-Luc Frayssinous 4684:Dreyfus Rehabilitated 4679:Clemenceau's cartoons 4630:The Clemenceau museum 4576:Clemenceau, Georges. 4566:17.4 (2006): 715-730. 4470:22.4 (1979): 877-894. 4434:Palmer, Alan (1998). 4391:15 March 2021 at the 4373:MacMillan, Margaret. 4366:McDougall, Walter A. 4314:Jackson, J. Hampden. 4300:30.2 (2019): 358-397 3530:L. Ambrosius (2002). 3046:UK English Dictionary 3039:"Clemenceau, Georges" 2695:and Place Clemenceau. 2634: 2458:– Minister of Justice 2446:– Minister of Finance 2347:– Minister of Justice 2335:– Minister of Finance 2264: 2230:American isolationism 2208:He took a holiday in 2195: 2151: 2115: 2083:Defence of the treaty 2010: 1960:and the concept of a 1812: 1790:1917: return to power 1739:as justice minister. 1629:First Moroccan Crisis 1386: 1300: 1288: 1257:Crisis of 16 May 1877 1238: 1160: 1136:Stamford, Connecticut 1118:Clemenceau worked in 1059: 954:Alsace–Lorraine 925:, advocating for the 5017:Marguerite Yourcenar 4961:Jules Armand Dufaure 4835:André Joseph Lefèvre 4638:, Georges Clemenceau 4615:At the foot of Sinai 4591:South America To Day 4539:8 April 2021 at the 4522:8 March 2021 at the 4370:(Princeton UP, 1978) 4349:King, Jere Clemens. 4221:John Hunt Publishing 3902:Watson, pp. 390–391. 3756:Watson, pp. 349–350. 3720:Watson, pp. 351–352. 3628:Margaret MacMillan, 3449:Watson 1974, pp265-8 3056:on 2 September 2022. 2929:An Officer and a Spy 2814:Leonard Shephard in 2713:appears in the 1993 2584:Musée de l'Orangerie 2464:– Minister of Marine 2353:– Minister of Marine 2256:Au Soir de la Pensée 2218:University of Oxford 2162:legislative election 2102:Treaty of Versailles 2089:Treaty of Versailles 1946:Palace of Versailles 1942:Treaty of Versailles 1633:Algeciras Conference 1590:Languedoc-Roussillon 1511:Independent Radicals 1373:Charles de Freycinet 1200:Second French Empire 1198:and the fall of the 1000:, Vendée had been a 994:Mouilleron-en-Pareds 958:Treaty of Versailles 923:Independent Radicals 731:University of Nantes 696: 1869; 664:Independent Radicals 600:Mouilleron-en-Pareds 296:André Joseph Lefèvre 58:"Georges Clemenceau" 43:improve this article 4816:Alexandre Millerand 4697:Clemenceau, Georges 4689:15 May 2021 at the 4286:45.1 (2002): 53-77. 4147:Clemenceau, Georges 3964:MacMillan, Margaret 2926:Gérard Chaillou in 2801:is named after him. 2789:is named after him. 2706:variety still does. 2548:27 November 1919 – 2517:26 November 1918 – 2510:23 November 1917 – 2072:John Maynard Keynes 2026:Treaty of Guarantee 1796:Rue Saint-Dominique 1745:Battle of Caporetto 1692:At the outbreak of 1684:of the Socialists. 1663:Santa Ana (Tucuman) 1350:Franco-Prussian War 1318:Parisian Radicalism 1253:Chamber of Deputies 1245:Franco-Prussian War 1231:Chamber of Deputies 1196:Franco-Prussian War 1194:in 1870 during the 1153:Marriage and family 648:Radical Republicans 422:Chamber of Deputies 199:Alexandre Millerand 6140:People from Vendée 6125:Georges Clemenceau 4985:Georges Clemenceau 4889:Jacques de Serisay 4874:Académie française 4745:Political offices 4528:Watson, David R. 4468:Historical Journal 4426:Newhall, David S. 4363:8.2 (1997): 31-49. 4284:Historical Journal 4260:Historical Journal 4250:Georges Clemenceau 4189:Doughty, Robert A. 3928:The New York Times 3923:"Serenade in Blue" 3498:Terraine 1978, p25 3480:Doughty 2005, p403 3471:Tuchman 1962, p425 3460:Georges Clemenceau 3440:Tuchman 1962, p342 3131:P. Fouché (1956). 3007:[kləmɑ̃so] 2965:List of covers of 2644:James Douglas, Jr. 2640: 2600:Clemenceau was an 2559:2 December 1919 – 2541:6 November 1919 – 2444:Louis Lucien Klotz 2408:22 October 1908 – 2270: 2198: 2158: 2013: 1981:David Lloyd George 1815: 1640:Théophile Delcassé 1563:Alphonse Bertillon 1392: 1332:of Prime Minister 1310: 1295: 1249: 1173:Mary Eliza Plummer 1169: 1124:American Civil War 1066: 1013:, and a hatred of 682:Mary Eliza Plummer 405:Ernest Denormandie 127:Georges Clemenceau 6112: 6111: 5961:Couve de Murville 5035: 5034: 5025:Jean-Denis Bredin 4969:Victor Cherbuliez 4841: 4840: 4832:Succeeded by 4813:Succeeded by 4767:Succeeded by 4753:Ferdinand Sarrien 4647:Project Gutenberg 4545:Watson, David R. 4504:978-0-333-30516-4 4485:978-0-304-35321-7 4445:978-0-297-84124-1 4419:978-2-262-03073-5 4412:. Paris: Perrin. 4380:McAuliffe, Mary. 4230:978-1-78099-161-0 4202:978-0-674-02726-8 3983:978-1-4000-6855-5 3972:. New York City: 3489:Palmer 1998, p157 3431:Tuchman 1962, p93 3248:978-2-262-03878-6 3176:(1978) p 17, 152. 3163:(1976) pp. 16–22. 3112:. Merriam-Webster 2994:⟨é⟩ 2992:and not with the 2990:⟨e⟩ 2838:Tennessee Johnson 2835:Alberto Morin in 2806:Screen portrayals 2780:Clemenceau Bridge 2674:-class battleship 2609:Japanese ceramics 2492:Étienne Clémentel 2393:4 January 1908 – 2329:– Minister of War 2131:Domestic policies 2059:Treaty of Trianon 1970:plenipotentiaries 1962:League of Nations 1890:League of Nations 1857:Winston Churchill 1732:Prefect of Police 1669:on local elites. 1667:French Revolution 1575:Brigades du Tigre 1555:Ferdinand Sarrien 1515:Radical-Socialist 1308:, c. 1879–80 1212:National Assembly 1111:Penal System) in 1105:bagne de Cayennes 1019:Albert Clemenceau 998:French Revolution 823: 777: 776: 712:Michel Clemenceau 597:28 September 1841 569:Barthélemy Forest 535:President of the 514: 513: 490:National Assembly 328:Ferdinand Sarrien 232:Ferdinand Sarrien 119: 118: 111: 93: 6262: 6099:(pre-Revolution) 5913:Bourgès-Maunoury 5482:Waldeck-Rousseau 5286:National Defense 5274:Cousin-Montauban 5226:Dupont de l'Eure 5062: 5055: 5048: 5039: 5028: 5020: 5012: 5004: 5001:Jérôme Carcopino 4996: 4988: 4980: 4972: 4964: 4956: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4916: 4908: 4900: 4892: 4867: 4860: 4853: 4844: 4796:Preceded by 4777:Preceded by 4750:Preceded by 4742: 4717:Stéphane Tison: 4695:Vincent Laniol: 4666:Internet Archive 4508: 4489: 4449: 4423: 4248:Gottfried, Ted. 4245: 4244: 4242: 4206: 4180:Dallas, Gregor. 4177: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3817: 3814:A Quest for Time 3807: 3801: 3798: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3649:. 28 June 2020. 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3462:(1974) pp 249–72 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3422:, Hachette, 1911 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3381:La Roche-sur-Yon 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3311: 3305: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3226: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3052:. Archived from 3035: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2971:– 4 January 1926 2664:Canadian Rockies 2662:(3,658m) in the 2660:Mount Clemenceau 2648:Musée Clemenceau 2529:Albert Claveille 2486:Albert Claveille 2399:Gaston Doumergue 2381:Gaston Doumergue 2327:Georges Picquart 2304:: Member of the 2144:Presidential bid 2046:Vittorio Orlando 1902:spring offensive 1867:Jean Ybarnégaray 1833: 1706:L'Homme enchaîné 1624:Entente cordiale 1571:Célestin Hennion 1567:Brigades mobiles 1565:and founded the 1523:anti-clericalist 1414:, as president. 1166:Ferdinand Roybet 1063: 1011:radical politics 974:Raymond Poincaré 966:Père la Victoire 908: 903: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 865: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 837: 830: 821: 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 752: 720: 701: 699: 695: 668: 660: 652: 616: 613:24 November 1929 596: 594: 578:Personal details 566: 559:Pierre Marmottan 556: 547: 537:Council of Paris 500: 471: 451: 441: 432: 415:Gustave Fourment 412: 402: 393: 364: 358:Aristide Briand 355: 343: 322: 313: 292: 282: 270: 261: 240: 228: 220:Armand Fallières 209: 195: 183: 175:Raymond Poincaré 164: 137: 123: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6145:French atheists 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6085: 5932: 5820:Fourth Republic 5814: 5786: 5779: 5741: 5592:François-Marsal 5298: 5285: 5278: 5255: 5218:Second Republic 5212: 5124: 5071: 5066: 5036: 5031: 5023: 5015: 5007: 4999: 4991: 4983: 4975: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4943: 4935: 4927: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4887: 4879: 4871: 4837: 4828: 4825:Minister of War 4818: 4809: 4801: 4790: 4782: 4772: 4770:Aristide Briand 4763: 4755: 4706:Fabienne Bock: 4691:Wayback Machine 4626: 4621: 4585:Wayback Machine 4573: 4571:Primary sources 4558:Wayback Machine 4541:Wayback Machine 4524:Wayback Machine 4505: 4492: 4486: 4473: 4446: 4433: 4420: 4407: 4393:Wayback Machine 4344:Wayback Machine 4327:Wayback Machine 4309:Wayback Machine 4278:Wayback Machine 4240: 4238: 4231: 4212: 4203: 4193:Pyrrhic Victory 4187: 4165: 4160: 4145:, ed. (1910). " 4141: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4033:Strachan, Hew. 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3976:. p. 254. 3962: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893:Watson, p. 389. 3892: 3888: 3884:Watson, p. 388. 3883: 3879: 3875:Watson, p. 387. 3874: 3865: 3861:Watson, p. 386. 3860: 3856: 3852:Watson, p. 385. 3851: 3847: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3800:Watson, p. 362. 3799: 3795: 3791:Watson, p. 361. 3790: 3786: 3782:Watson, p. 360. 3781: 3777: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738:Watson, p. 353. 3737: 3733: 3729:Watson, p. 352. 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3702: 3698:Watson, p. 351. 3697: 3693: 3689:Watson, p. 350. 3688: 3684: 3680:Watson, p. 347. 3679: 3675: 3671:Watson, p. 337. 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3544: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3520:Holt, p 192-93. 3519: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3418:G. Clemenceau, 3417: 3413: 3405: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3377:Wayback Machine 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3342: 3341: 3334: 3325: 3314: 3306: 3277: 3270:Milza, Pierre, 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3022: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2955:Interwar France 2951: 2936:André Dussolier 2893:Michael Anthony 2808: 2754:Dr. Strangelove 2749:Stanley Kubrick 2721:Paris, May 1919 2700:Romeo y Julieta 2629: 2570: 2534:20 July 1919 – 2498:Charles Jonnart 2462:Georges Leygues 2450:Pierre Colliard 2419: 2395:Aristide Briand 2357:Aristide Briand 2333:Joseph Caillaux 2314: 2298: 2234:Calvin Coolidge 2190: 2146: 2133: 2085: 2068: 2005: 1989: 1958:Fourteen Points 1938: 1921:Aristide Briand 1917:Philippe Pétain 1898: 1886:Alsace-Lorraine 1882:Fourteen Points 1863:Joseph Caillaux 1852: 1850:1918: crackdown 1800:Maurice Sarrail 1792: 1783: 1766:Alexandre Ribot 1753:Joseph Caillaux 1690: 1688:First World War 1682:anti-militarism 1644:Aristide Briand 1605:Paul Dussaussoy 1547:Maurice Rouvier 1543: 1450: 1408:Charles Floquet 1404:Maurice Rouvier 1354:Sino-French War 1330:colonial policy 1241:Alsace-Lorraine 1233: 1192:Battle of Sedan 1188: 1162:Mary Clemenceau 1155: 1078:Auguste Blanqui 1054: 986: 942:German invasion 919:First World War 901: 867: 834: 825: 824: 787: 783: 769: 714: 703: 700: 1891) 691: 687: 684: 671: 666: 658: 650: 641:Political party 618: 614: 598: 592: 590: 589: 588: 564: 554: 548: 543: 501: 496: 472: 467: 449: 439: 433: 428: 410: 400: 394: 389: 369: 353: 341: 336: 320: 314: 309: 290: 280: 268: 262: 257: 251:Minister of War 244:Aristide Briand 238: 226: 210: 205: 193: 181: 165: 160: 144: 128: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 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4659: 4649: 4640: 4632: 4625: 4624:External links 4622: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4603: 4595: 4587: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4560: 4551:online edition 4543: 4532:(2009), 176pp 4526: 4509: 4503: 4490: 4484: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4444: 4431: 4424: 4418: 4405: 4397:Martet, Jean. 4395: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4357: 4347: 4329: 4320:online edition 4312: 4294: 4287: 4280: 4267:War in History 4263: 4256: 4246: 4229: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4185: 4178: 4157: 4143:Chisholm, Hugh 4126: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4039: 4026: 4014: 4001: 3982: 3955: 3946: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3863: 3854: 3845: 3828: 3802: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3634: 3621: 3590:(4): 458–497. 3584:War in History 3570: 3561: 3542: 3522: 3513: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3464: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3411: 3407:Castillon 2007 3399: 3387: 3361: 3332: 3312: 3310:, p. 482. 3275: 3263: 3254: 3247: 3214: 3205: 3198: 3178: 3172:David Watson, 3165: 3159:David Watson, 3152: 3123: 3095: 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2064: 2033:Ferdinand Foch 2004: 2001: 1988: 1985: 1954:Woodrow Wilson 1937: 1934: 1906:Ferdinand Foch 1897: 1894: 1878:Woodrow Wilson 1851: 1848: 1804:Salonika front 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1689: 1686: 1674:Journal du Var 1542: 1539: 1477:Dreyfus Affair 1449: 1448:Dreyfus Affair 1446: 1431:Paul Déroulède 1427:Cornelius Herz 1396:Wilson scandal 1389:Paul Déroulède 1367:, district of 1304:, painting by 1261:Duc de Broglie 1232: 1229: 1187: 1184: 1154: 1151: 1109:Devil's Island 1053: 1050: 985: 982: 978:Ferdinand Foch 960:signed at the 915:Third Republic 775: 774: 771: 770: 768: 767: 764: 763:Father Victory 760: 758: 754: 753: 746: 742: 741: 738: 734: 733: 728: 722: 721: 709: 705: 704: 689: 685: 680: 679: 677: 673: 672: 670: 669: 661: 653: 644: 642: 638: 637: 631: 627: 626: 617:(aged 88) 611: 607: 606: 586: 584: 580: 579: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 560: 557: 551: 550: 540: 539: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 504: 503: 493: 492: 488:Member of the 485: 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5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5261:Second Empire 5258: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173:V. de Broglie 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5138:V. de Broglie 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5130:July Monarchy 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4836: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4808: 4807: 4800: 4799:Paul Painlevé 4794: 4789: 4788: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4762: 4761: 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4169: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4138:public domain 4127: 4116: 4113:(in French), 4112: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3899: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3831: 3829:9780520065321 3825: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3806: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771:9781596052222 3768: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3632:(2003) p. 150 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3549: 3545: 3543:9781403970046 3539: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3511:(1976) p 192. 3510: 3507:Edgard Holt, 3504: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Chisholm 1910 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3199:9780889467859 3195: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3124: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3078:HarperCollins 3075: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3001: 2985: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2843: 2840: 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2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2166:National Bloc 2163: 2155: 2154:Cecilia Beaux 2150: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2125:ancien régime 2119: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Louis Barthou 2090: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2009: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1910:generalissimo 1907: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1840:Henri Mordacq 1835: 1831: 1824: 1823:western front 1819: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1787: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1761:Paul Painlevé 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1716:German Empire 1713: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678:L'Homme libre 1675: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:Pas de Calais 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:French police 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Panama affair 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1306:Édouard Manet 1303: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1280:Louise Michel 1277: 1273: 1272:New Caledonia 1269: 1268:Paris Commune 1264: 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The lawyer 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 983: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 950:German Empire 947: 943: 938: 936: 935:New Caledonia 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 897: 828: 817: 781: 772: 765: 762: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 729: 727: 723: 718: 713: 710: 706: 683: 678: 674: 665: 662: 657: 656:Radical Party 654: 649: 646: 645: 643: 639: 635: 632: 630:Resting place 628: 625: 621: 612: 608: 605: 601: 585: 581: 576: 572: 568: 562: 558: 552: 546: 541: 538: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 509: 505: 499: 494: 491: 486: 483: 480: 476: 470: 465: 461: 457: 453: 447: 443: 437: 431: 426: 423: 418: 414: 408: 404: 398: 392: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 365: 361: 357: 351: 348: 345: 339: 333: 330: 327: 326: 324: 318: 312: 307: 304: 300: 297: 294: 288: 285:Paul Painlevé 284: 278: 275: 272: 266: 260: 255: 252: 248: 245: 242: 236: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 214: 208: 203: 200: 197: 191: 188: 187:Paul Painlevé 185: 179: 176: 173: 169: 163: 158: 155: 151: 147: 142: 136: 131: 124: 121: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 5747:Vichy France 5662:Paul-Boncour 5566: 5501: 4984: 4977:Émile Faguet 4905:Louis Cousin 4823: 4804: 4785: 4758: 4671: 4635: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4563: 4546: 4529: 4512: 4494: 4476:To Win a War 4475: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4436:Victory 1918 4435: 4427: 4409: 4398: 4381: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4350: 4335:16.2 (2015) 4332: 4315: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4266: 4259: 4249: 4239:, retrieved 4215: 4192: 4181: 4171: 4150: 4119:, retrieved 4110: 4084:. 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Retrieved 3071: 3068:"Clemenceau" 3062: 3054:the original 3042: 3033: 3015: 2984: 2966: 2939: 2927: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2881:John Bennett 2872: 2869:Peter Illing 2860: 2848: 2845:Marcel Dalio 2836: 2827: 2815: 2809: 2761: 2752: 2720: 2714: 2711:Cyril Cusack 2681: 2671: 2616: 2606: 2599: 2588: 2579:Les Nymphéas 2577: 2574:Claude Monet 2571: 2554:Louis Dubois 2504: 2503: 2474:Victor Boret 2387: 2386: 2339:René Viviani 2301: 2287: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2255: 2252:Claude Monet 2245: 2238: 2227: 2222:Lloyd George 2207: 2199: 2182: 2171:His friend, 2170: 2159: 2134: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2086: 2069: 2056: 2042: 2030: 2022: 2014: 1997: 1993:Émile Cottin 1990: 1978: 1974: 1966: 1939: 1926: 1914: 1899: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1853: 1844: 1836: 1820: 1816: 1793: 1784: 1770: 1741: 1720: 1714:against the 1711:union sacrée 1709: 1705: 1691: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1648: 1637: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1602: 1579: 1574: 1566: 1544: 1526: 1519:Émile Combes 1508: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1485: 1470: 1466:J'Accuse...! 1464: 1462: 1454:Dreyfus case 1451: 1435: 1416: 1393: 1358: 1325: 1313: 1311: 1301: 1265: 1250: 1225: 1206:, including 1189: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1140: 1127: 1117: 1104: 1097:Napoleon III 1094: 1086:Napoleon III 1074:Mazas Prison 1069: 1067: 1045: 1035: 1009:devotion to 987: 969: 965: 939: 779: 778: 615:(1929-11-24) 565:Succeeded by 544: 507:Constituency 497: 478:Constituency 468: 459:Constituency 450:Succeeded by 429: 411:Succeeded by 390: 354:Succeeded by 331: 310: 291:Succeeded by 273: 258: 239:Succeeded by 206: 194:Succeeded by 161: 139:Portrait by 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 6135:1929 deaths 6130:1841 births 5785:Provisional 5077:Restoration 4495:August 1914 4241:12 December 4086:26 December 3994:1 September 3395:Gazdar 2016 3384:(in French) 2550:Léon Bérard 2480:Henry Simon 2403:Jean Cruppi 2363:Joseph Ruau 2248:Demosthenes 2098:U.S. Senate 2076:reparations 2066:Reparations 1757:Louis Malvy 1694:World War I 1609:Middle Ages 1598:Jean Jaurès 1481:Félix Faure 1400:Jules Grévy 1359:During the 1334:Jules Ferry 1322:Jules Grévy 1276:Victor Hugo 1048:" in 1865. 1015:Catholicism 984:Early years 715: [ 667:(1914–1929) 659:(1901–1914) 651:(1871–1901) 555:Preceded by 440:Preceded by 401:Preceded by 342:Preceded by 281:Preceded by 227:Preceded by 182:Preceded by 6250:Draguignan 6119:Categories 5787:Government 5567:Clemenceau 5502:Clemenceau 5357:Waddington 5347:Rochebouët 5085:Talleyrand 4829:1917–1920 4810:1917–1920 4791:1906–1909 4764:1906–1909 4656:Faded Page 4289:Holt, E., 4058:20 January 3647:The Herald 3554:8 November 3231:Clemenceau 3026:References 2698:The Cuban 2682:Clemenceau 2654:Clemenceau 2456:Louis Nail 2438:Jules Pams 2188:Last years 1828:(See also 1726:to invoke 1584:after the 1500:Draguignan 1488:La Justice 1458:Émile Zola 1419:Boulangism 1369:Draguignan 1348:after the 1314:La Justice 1208:Montmartre 1070:Le Travail 1064: 1865 992:, born in 933:exiled to 931:Communards 737:Profession 726:Alma mater 593:1841-09-28 99:March 2024 69:newspapers 6105:(defunct) 6056:Cazeneuve 6011:Bérégovoy 5946:De Gaulle 5928:De Gaulle 5795:De Gaulle 5717:Chautemps 5687:Doumergue 5677:Chautemps 5632:Chautemps 5572:Millerand 5537:Doumergue 5462:Bourgeois 5427:Freycinet 5402:Freycinet 5387:Fallières 5377:Freycinet 5362:Freycinet 5236:Cavaignac 5115:Martignac 5105:Richelieu 5095:Dessolles 5090:Richelieu 4010:The Times 3614:26 August 3604:157123715 3141:cite book 2917:Brian Cox 2874:I Accuse! 2857:Gnat Yura 2744:(Verdun). 2672:Richelieu 2627:Namesakes 2290:Mouchamps 2267:Mouchamps 2220:. 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