501:
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654:
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31:
693:
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723:
631:
600:
305:
273:
662:
337:
432:, where procedure indicates a qualified majority vote, requires a double majority of at least 55% of EU member states and 65% of EU population to adopt Commission proposals. This increases to 72% of EU member states and 65% of EU population when the proposal originates from a member state.
488:
Since 1945, France and Great
Britain have often acted alone in defence policy matters while Germany and Italy have preferred to act within the framework of international organisations. For example, France, Germany, Italy and the UK were the EU countries represented in the
622:
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500:
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465:(1939–1945) saw the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, France and China fighting against Germany, Italy and Japan. The defeat of the
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to begin the process to leave the EU, which concluded on 31 January 2020. The G4 now consists of the UK and the new
1329:"Brexit: Germany, France, Italy vow no talks before Britain makes formal decision on EU - Brexit: UK EU Referendum"
1064:
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took place on
Thursday 23 June 2016 in the UK and resulted in an overall vote to leave the EU, by 51.9%. The
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477:
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The Quint
Acknowledging the Existence of a Big Four-US Directoire at the Heart of the European Union
814:
Routledge
Handbook on the European Union and International Institutions: Performance, Policy, Power
614:
219:
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1151:
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in Syria, while
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962:
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Global
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698:
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703:
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171:
147:
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EU Coordination in
International Institutions: Policy and Process in Gx Forums
718:
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1029:
McCain-Nelson, Colleen; Meichtry, Stacy; Thomas, Andrea (25 April 2014).
736:
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776:
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along with France, the United
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108:
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1008:"Obama discusses further Syrian intervention with European leaders"
951:. The Milwaukee Sentinel. International News Service. pp. 1–2.
131:. They have been referred to as the "Big Four of Europe" since the
811:
Jørgensen, Knud Erik; Laatikainen, Katie Verlin (1 January 2013).
667:
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1031:"Obama, Europe Leaders to Impose More Russia Sanctions -- Update"
170:
The leaders of the four countries usually have a series of joint
159:
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Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide
1230:
Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century
115:. France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom are considered
1335:. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 27 June 2016
1118:"British PM Cameron joins Ebola talks with US President Obama"
138:
The term G4 was used for the first time when French President
128:
963:"RFI - Rescue of German bank falls through, G4 summit closes"
461:, were involved in a policy of appeasement towards Germany.
154:
to consider the response to the financial crisis during the
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540:) is an informal decision-making group consisting of five
142:
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123:
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Refers to France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom
160:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
576:
that have retaken a leading role in Europe following
162:
describes them as the "Four Big European Countries".
1142:Stewart, Heather; Wintour, Patrick (4 March 2016).
804:"EU's 'big four' speak as one ahead of G7 in Tokyo"
1061:"Renzi calls for ceasefire as Italians flee Libya"
493:, but only France and the UK are directly bombing
548:of various entities such as NATO and the G7/G20.
445:(1919–1939), when the four countries signed the
1282:"EU divided on answer to Brexit 'wake up call'"
453:. Britain and France, permanent members of the
188:Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
1303:"Meet the (divided) committee to save Europe"
473:, where the five victorious countries of the
91:. France and the United Kingdom are official
8:
938:
936:
574:founding members of the European Communities
913:Kirchner, Emil J.; Sperling, James (2007).
566:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
833:"Leading indicators and tendency surveys"
457:' executive council along with Italy and
237:
1380:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
802:Mallinder, Lorraine (30 January 2008).
792:
587:
572:(Germany, France and Italy), the large
943:Hillman, William (30 September 1938).
578:the decision of the UK to leave the EU
20:
945:"Big Four of Europe Sign Munich Pact"
7:
1183:. General Secretariat of the Council
1116:Woodcock, Andrew (15 October 2014).
558:European Union membership referendum
226:, they discussed, for example, the
1006:Martinez, Michael (16 June 2013).
869:Lichfield, John (3 October 2008).
216:2014 American intervention in Iraq
186:, for example, they discussed the
14:
848:Debaere, Peter (11 August 2015).
469:resulted in the formation of the
1227:Nolan, Janne (1 December 2010).
762:Germany–United Kingdom relations
721:
691:
683:
660:
652:
629:
621:
598:
590:
424:
368:
335:
303:
271:
208:post-civil war violence in Libya
29:
1360:Geography of the European Union
1233:. Brookings Institution Press.
1177:"Voting calculator - Consilium"
1063:. M.thelocal.it. Archived from
752:France–United Kingdom relations
871:"EU 'Big Four' in bailout row"
767:Italy–United Kingdom relations
117:major European economic powers
1:
1254:Goldstein, Joshua S. (2011).
1370:Foreign relations of Germany
228:Vienna peace talks for Syria
212:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
200:Russian annexation of Crimea
1365:Foreign relations of France
1396:
1375:Foreign relations of Italy
919:. Routledge. p. 265.
584:Current government leaders
254:
240:
222:. With Russian President
198:during the conflict, the
146:, British Prime Minister
28:
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747:France–Germany relations
1181:www.consilium.europa.eu
1035:The Wall Street Journal
757:Germany–Italy relations
252:Share of EU population
204:international sanctions
113:referendum held in 2016
111:in 2020, pursuant to a
742:France–Italy relations
528:
172:video conference calls
150:and German Chancellor
729:European Union portal
503:
481:and took part in the
93:nuclear-weapon states
900:20 June 2012 at the
430:Council of EU voting
259:(2014-2020) (€ mil)
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109:ended its membership
220:Ebola virus disease
1097:on 19 October 2014
1067:on 28 January 2015
562:British government
529:
1333:mobile.abc.net.au
1091:Europa Quotidiano
526:2014 Wales summit
508:with EU4 leaders
491:Syria peace talks
455:League of Nations
433:
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144:Silvio Berlusconi
119:and they are the
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313:
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33:
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140:Nicolas Sarkozy
133:interwar period
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1309:. 27 June 2016
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1180:
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1148:The Guardian
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1095:the original
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1065:the original
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874:
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1260:. Penguin.
1203:"EU budget"
1122:Independent
1045:26 December
806:. Politico.
772:Great power
642:Olaf Scholz
524:during the
467:Axis powers
382:67,791,400
348:60,782,668
316:80,716,000
284:66,616,416
249:Population
1354:Categories
1101:13 October
1071:13 October
1014:13 October
991:13 October
969:13 October
880:13 October
839:13 October
835:. Oecd.org
788:References
646:Chancellor
564:triggered
538:NATO Quint
234:Statistics
180:NATO Quint
1339:7 October
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257:EU budget
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459:Japan
400:Total
343:Italy
178:(see
85:Italy
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1341:2016
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1262:ISBN
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1189:2020
1163:2016
1152:ISSN
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