2314:
1603:, where dark energy is found through observations to account for roughly 68% of the total energy content of the universe. According to the Lambda-CDM model, the universe would need to have an average matter density roughly seventeen times greater than its measured value today in order for the effects of dark energy to be overcome and the universe to eventually collapse. This is in spite of the fact that, according to the Lambda-CDM model, any increase in matter density would result in
5791:
2386:
754:
2374:
1448:
5803:
687:
164:
4335:
1950:
1854:
51:
1413:, which in its simplest form is just a positive cosmological constant. In general, dark energy is a catch-all term for any hypothesized field with negative pressure, usually with a density that changes as the universe expands. Some cosmologists are studying whether dark energy which varies in time (due to a portion of it being caused by a scalar field in the early universe) can solve the
1273:â âââ essentially a constant energy density, unaffected by any expansion or contractionââ âââ whose role was to offset the effect of gravity on the universe as a whole in such a way that the universe would remain static. However, after Hubble announced his conclusion that the universe was expanding, Einstein would write that his cosmological constant was "the greatest blunder of my life."
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2003:
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into existence and had a finite density consistent with quantum mechanics, before evolving in a manner governed by classical physics. Also, if the universe is closed, this theory would predict that once this universe collapses it will spawn another universe in an event similar to the Big Bang after a
2014:
hypothesis is a symmetric view of the ultimate fate of the universe. Just as the theorized Big Bang started as a cosmological expansion, this theory assumes that the average density of the universe will be enough to stop its expansion and the universe will begin contracting. The result is unknown; a
2030:, which is also known as an oscillatory universe. The universe could then consist of an infinite sequence of finite universes, with each finite universe ending with a Big Crunch that is also the Big Bang of the next universe. A problem with the cyclic universe is that it does not reconcile with the
1833:
The heat death scenario is compatible with any of the three spatial models, but it requires that the universe reaches an eventual temperature minimum. Without dark energy, it could occur only under a flat or hyperbolic geometry. With a positive cosmological constant, it could also occur in a closed
1756:
The fate of the universe may be determined by its density. The preponderance of evidence to date, based on measurements of the rate of expansion and the mass density, favors a universe that will continue to expand indefinitely, resulting in the "Big Freeze" scenario below. However, observations are
1747:
In the absence of dark energy, a flat universe expands forever but at a continually decelerating rate, with expansion asymptotically approaching zero. With dark energy, the expansion rate of the universe initially slows, due to the effects of gravity, but eventually increases, and the ultimate fate
2105:
is true, the universe went through an episode dominated by a different form of dark energy in the first moments of the Big Bang, but inflation ended, indicating an equation of state more complex than those assumed for present-day dark energy. It is possible that the dark energy equation of state
1918:
defines a rate of acceleration of the universe not large enough to destroy local structures like galaxies, which are held together by gravity, but large enough to increase the space between them. A steady increase in the Hubble constant to infinity would result in all material objects in the
2106:
could change again, resulting in an event that would have consequences which are difficult to predict or parameterize. As the nature of dark energy and dark matter remain enigmatic, even hypothetical, the possibilities surrounding their coming role in the universe are unknown.
1674:
Even without dark energy, a negatively curved universe expands forever, with gravity negligibly slowing the rate of expansion. With dark energy, the expansion not only continues but accelerates. The ultimate fate of an open universe with dark energy is either universal
2072:
is a theorized scientific model related to the beginning of the known universe. It derives from the oscillatory universe or cyclic repetition interpretation of the Big Bang where the first cosmological event was the result of the collapse of a previous universe.
2180:
while the Big Slurp itself cannot expand faster than the speed of light. To place this in context, the size of the observable universe is currently about 46 billion light years in all directions from earth. The universe is thought to be that size or larger.
1667:, i.e., negatively curved like the surface of a saddle. The angles of a triangle sum to less than 180 degrees, and lines that do not meet are never equidistant; they have a point of least distance and otherwise grow apart. The geometry of such a universe is
1252:
radiation, a fact that is a straightforward prediction of the Big Bang theory, and one that the original Steady State theory could not account for. As a result, the Big Bang theory quickly became the most widely held view of the origin of the universe.
3895:
1558:, the geometry of space is closed like the surface of a sphere. The sum of the angles of a triangle exceeds 180 degrees and there are no parallel lines; all lines eventually meet. The geometry of the universe is, at least on a very large scale,
2139:, it varies in strength based upon its potential. A true vacuum exists so long as the universe exists in its lowest energy state, in which case the false vacuum theory is irrelevant. However, if the vacuum is not in its lowest energy state (a
1174:. General relativity can be employed to describe the universe on the largest possible scale. There are several possible solutions to the equations of general relativity, and each solution implies a possible ultimate fate of the universe.
2076:
According to one version of the Big Bang theory of cosmology, in the beginning the universe was infinitely dense. Such a description seems to be at odds with other more widely accepted theories, especially quantum mechanics and its
1433:) are expected to further develop our understanding of dark energy (specifically whether it is best understood as a constant energy intrinsic to space, as a time varying quantum field or as something else entirely).
2023:). Recent evidence suggests that this scenario is unlikely but has not been ruled out, as measurements have been available only over a relatively short period of time and could reverse in the future.
1565:
In a closed universe, gravity eventually stops the expansion of the universe, after which it starts to contract until all matter in the universe collapses to a point, a final singularity termed the "
2172:
However, only a portion of the universe would be destroyed by the Big Slurp while most of the universe would still be unaffected because galaxies located further than 4,200 megaparsecs (13 billion
288:
1135:
Factors that need to be considered in determining the universe's origin and ultimate fate include the average motions of galaxies, the shape and structure of the universe, and the amount of
1240:
in which the universe continually expanded but remained statistically unchanged as new matter is constantly created. These two theories were active contenders until the 1965 discovery, by
1078:
to be described and evaluated. Based on available observational evidence, deciding the fate and evolution of the universe has become a valid cosmological question, being beyond the mostly
1269:
equations could easily be solved in such a way as to allow the universe to be expanding at the present and contracting in the far future, he added to those equations what he called a
2114:
There are also some possible events, such as the Big Slurp, which would seriously harm the universe, although the universe as a whole would not be completely destroyed as a result.
2097:
Each possibility described so far is based on a simple form for the dark energy equation of state. However, as the name is meant to imply, little is now known about the physics of
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1930:, which has supposed negative kinetic energy that would result in a higher rate of acceleration than other cosmological constants predict, a more sudden big rip could occur.
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popular for much of the 20th century, there is a particular fate corresponding to each geometry. Hence cosmologists aimed to determine the fate of the universe by measuring
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1627:
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659:
1573:. If, however, the universe contains dark energy, then the resulting repulsive force may be sufficient to cause the expansion of the universe to continue foreverâeven if
1476:
4095:
2530:
3247:
Werlang, T.; Ribeiro, G. A. P.; Rigolin, Gustavo (2013). "Interplay
Between Quantum Phase Transitions and the Behavior of Quantum Correlations at Finite Temperatures".
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1520:
after the Big Bang, that the expansion rate of the universe has probably been increasing, commensurate with the Open
Universe theory. However, measurements made by the
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1923:, radiation and beyond. As the energy density, scale factor and expansion rate become infinite, the universe ends as what is effectively a singularity.
1113:
ever since. Confirmation of the Big Bang mostly depends on knowing the rate of expansion, average density of matter, and the physical properties of the
4453:
2526:"Expansion of the universe, A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulĂŠ"
1775:
The heat death of the universe, also known as the Big Freeze (or Big Chill), is a scenario under which continued expansion results in a universe that
1049:
5693:
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4038:
1086:. Several possible futures have been predicted by different scientific hypotheses, including that the universe might have existed for a finite and
4366:
2639:
5852:
4127:
1702:, which would correspond to a negative energy density and positive pressure, would cause even an open universe to re-collapse to a big crunch.
2495:(1927). "Un univers homogÚne de masse constante et de rayon croissant rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques".
2313:
2026:
This scenario allows the Big Bang to occur immediately after the Big Crunch of a preceding universe. If this happens repeatedly, it creates a
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3794:
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Caldwell, Robert R. (2002). "A phantom menace? Cosmological consequences of a dark energy component with super-negative equation of state".
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will be exhausted. As existing stars run out of fuel and cease to shine, the universe will slowly and inexorably grow darker. Eventually
1305:), defined as the average matter density of the universe divided by a critical value of that density. This selects one of three possible
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In simple terms, this theory states that the universe will continuously repeat the cycle of a Big Bang, followed by with a Big Crunch.
1740:, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees and parallel lines continuously maintain the same distance. Measurements from the
1508:
The current scientific consensus of most cosmologists is that the ultimate fate of the universe depends on its overall shape, how much
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94:
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Wang, Yun; Kratochvil, Jan
Michael; Linde, Andrei; Shmakova, Marina (2004). "Current observational constraints on cosmic doomsday".
1989:
1901:
1422:
1152:
672:
134:
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Caldwell, R. R.; Dave, R.; Steinhardt, P. J. (1998). "Cosmological
Imprint of an Energy Component with General Equation-of-State".
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722:
1409:. Subsequent cosmological theorizing has been designed so as to allow for this possible acceleration, nearly always by invoking
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2081:. Therefore, quantum mechanics has given rise to an alternative version of the Big Bang theory, specifically that the universe
1919:
universe, starting with galaxies and eventually (in a finite time) all forms, no matter how small, disintegrating into unbound
1766:
305:
101:
2189:
Choosing among these rival scenarios is done by 'weighing' the universe, for example, measuring the relative contributions of
2128:
This theory posits that the universe currently exists in a false vacuum and that it could become a true vacuum at any moment.
4655:
2019:
back into how the universe started with the Big Bang, but at these scales unknown quantum effects need to be considered (see
1971:
1879:
1683:" where the acceleration caused by dark energy eventually becomes so strong that it completely overwhelms the effects of the
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72:
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which determines how the dark energy density responds to the expansion of the universe. Recent observations conclude, from
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83:
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Adams, Fred C.; Laughlin, Gregory (1997). "A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects".
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during the 1930sâ1950s found that galaxies appeared to be moving away from each other, leading to the currently accepted
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5095:
4995:
3384:
Yurov, A. V.; Astashenok, A. V.; GonzĂĄlez-DĂaz, P. F. (2008). "Astronomical bounds on a future Big Freeze singularity".
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2042:. This has caused cosmologists to abandon the oscillating universe model. A somewhat similar idea is embraced by the
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Xing, Xiu-San; Steinhardt, Paul J.; Turok, Neil (2007). "Spontaneous entropy decrease and its statistical formula".
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1349:. These are called, respectively, the flat, open and closed universes. These three adjectives refer to the overall
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are expected to form normally for 10 to 10 (1â100 trillion) years, but eventually the supply of gas needed for
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set out a theory that has since come to be called the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. In 1948,
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Hawking, Stephen W. & Moss, I. G. (1982). "Supercooled phase transitions in the very early universe".
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Caldwell, Robert R.; Kamionkowski, Marc; Weinberg, Nevin N. (2003). "Phantom Energy and Cosmic
Doomsday".
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820:
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Linde, Andrei (2007). "Sinks in the landscape, Boltzmann brains and the cosmological constant problem".
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simple estimation would have all the matter and spacetime in the universe collapse into a dimensionless
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2169:. It is also possible that all structures will be destroyed instantaneously, without any forewarning.
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Vaas, Ruediger; Steinhardt, Paul J.; Turok, Neil (2007). "Dark Energy and Life's
Ultimate Future".
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Lehners, Jean-Luc; Steinhardt, Paul J.; Turok, Neil (2009). "The Return of the
Phoenix Universe".
2153:. This has the potential to fundamentally alter the universe: in some scenarios, even the various
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The theoretical scientific exploration of the ultimate fate of the universe became possible with
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Callan, C. & Coleman, S. (1977). "Fate of the false vacuum. II. First quantum corrections".
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Caldwell, R. R.; Kamionski, M.; Weinberg, N. N. (2003). "Phantom Energy and Cosmic
Doomsday".
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In order to best understand the false vacuum collapse theory, one must first understand the
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908:
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775:
703:
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505:
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Crane, Leah (29 June 2024). de Lange, Catherine (ed.). "How big is the universe, really?".
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The Big Crunch. The vertical axis can be considered as expansion or contraction with time.
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Glanz, James (1998). "Breakthrough of the year 1998. Astronomy: Cosmic Motion
Revealed".
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1927:
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1332:
1079:
988:
960:
835:
615:
575:
4073:
3567:
Frampton, P. H. (1977). "Consequences of Vacuum
Instability in Quantum Field Theory".
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Caldwell, Robert R.; Kamionkowski, Marc (2009). "The Physics of Cosmic Acceleration".
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temperature. Under this scenario, the universe eventually reaches a state of maximum
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Three Roads to Quantum Gravity: A New Understanding of Space, Time and the Universe
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universal singularity is reached or a repulsive quantum force causes re-expansion.
2043:
2034:, as entropy would build up from oscillation to oscillation and cause the eventual
2027:
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will dominate the universe, which themselves will disappear over time as they emit
1710:
If the average density of the universe exactly equals the critical density so that
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4426:
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4121:
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2829:
2640:"The 'least crazy' idea: Early dark energy could solve a cosmological conundrum"
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39:
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stars in distant galaxies, that the universe was expanding. From then on, the
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The ultimate fate of an expanding universe depends on the matter density
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2176:) away from each other are moving away from each other faster than the
2002:
1974: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1843:
1815:
1784:
1684:
1680:
1090:, or towards explaining the manner and circumstances of its beginning.
3596:
Coleman, S. (1977). "Fate of the false vacuum: Semiclassical theory".
2722:
Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality
163:
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2423:
2209:. More concretely, competing scenarios are evaluated against data on
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2158:
2038:
of the universe. Current evidence also indicates the universe is not
1402:
1365:). If the primary content of the universe is inert matter, as in the
30:"End of the universe" redirects here. For the physical location, see
3509:
Frampton, P. H. (1976). "Vacuum Instability and Higgs Scalar Mass".
2581:"Supernovae, an accelerating universe and the cosmological constant"
1389:, or equivalently the rate at which the expansion was decelerating.
2337:
2157:
could have different values, severely affecting the foundations of
1744:
have confirmed the universe is flat within a 0.4% margin of error.
5420:
5179:
3398:
3306:
3261:
3003:
2759:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2051:
2001:
1787:
in which everything is evenly distributed and there are no energy
1446:
1110:
1070:, whose theoretical restrictions allow possible scenarios for the
3806:
Masks of the Universe: Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos
3480:
Stone, M. (1976). "Lifetime and decay of excited vacuum states".
5764:
2419:
1799:
1792:
1524:
suggest that the universe is either flat or very close to flat.
1362:
4355:
4161:
3538:
Stone, M. (1977). "Semiclassical methods for unstable states".
1101:
theory. This suggests that the universe began very dense about
1943:
1847:
1748:
of the universe becomes the same as that of an open universe.
44:
3742:
The Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of Eternity
1281:
An important parameter in fate of the universe theory is the
1220:
have been the subjects of serious scientific investigation.
1795:. This scenario has gained ground as the most likely fate.
1757:
not conclusive, and alternative models are still possible.
1188:
in 1927. In some of these solutions, the universe has been
1405:
have been interpreted as consistent with a universe whose
2688:"Dark Energy, Dark Matter â Science Mission Directorate"
2054:
that dilutes entropy accumulated in the previous cycle.
1208:
published his conclusion, based on his observations of
3786:
Infinite in All Directions (the 1985 Gifford Lectures)
4583:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
2302:
1716:
1643:
1609:
1579:
1538:
1484:
1457:
1375:
1335:
1315:
1291:
4509:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
3442:"Quantum cosmology and the creation of the universe"
1132:
stay parallel) and will continue to expand forever.
5717:
5686:
5619:
5477:
5148:
5023:
4934:
4891:
4884:
4850:
4654:
4645:
4560:
4414:
4291:
4195:
3083:
3081:
2466:
2464:
1814:. Over infinite time, there could be a spontaneous
1736:, then the geometry of the universe is flat: as in
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3762:Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature
1728:
1655:
1621:
1591:
1550:
1497:
1470:
1381:
1341:
1321:
1297:
3828:The End of Everything: (Astrophysically Speaking)
3699:"How are galaxies moving away faster than light?"
2531:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
5637:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
3435:
3433:
3194:Tegmark, Max (May 2003). "Parallel Universes".
3090:Journal of Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics
2585:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2497:Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles
1357:caused by smaller clumps of mass (for example,
5535:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
3323:Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
2487:
2485:
1261:Einstein and his contemporaries believed in a
4540:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
4367:
4173:
4094:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
1599:. This is the case in the currently accepted
1043:
723:
8:
4154:. (Digital print version published in 2009).
4588:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2135:which permeates the universe. Much like an
1882:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4888:
4691:Climate change and civilizational collapse
4651:
4374:
4360:
4352:
4180:
4166:
4158:
2147:into a lower-energy state. This is called
1050:
1036:
741:
730:
716:
330:
204:
162:
146:
4108:
3996:
3946:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3397:
3352:
3334:
3305:
3260:
3249:International Journal of Modern Physics B
3207:
3154:
3101:
3002:
2991:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2917:
2864:
2811:
2758:
2614:
2604:
2551:
1990:Learn how and when to remove this message
1902:Learn how and when to remove this message
1715:
1642:
1608:
1578:
1537:
1489:
1483:
1462:
1456:
1374:
1334:
1314:
1290:
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
5694:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
5632:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
4118:A Brief History of the End of Everything
2709:. The Ohio State University. p. 56.
1329:is equal to, less than, or greater than
2410:Wollack, Edward J. (10 December 2010).
2402:
2309:
1431:next-generation ground-based telescopes
968:
868:
760:
744:
361:
333:
225:
154:
4087:
3740:Adams, Fred; Gregory Laughlin (2000).
2412:"Cosmology: The Study of the Universe"
1752:Theories about the end of the universe
1196:which was, essentially, the Big Bang.
27:Theories about the end of the universe
2579:Kirshner, Robert P. (13 April 1999).
2185:Observational constraints on theories
7:
4711:Tipping points in the climate system
2110:Other possible fates of the universe
1972:adding citations to reliable sources
1880:adding citations to reliable sources
1742:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
1522:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
73:adding citations to reliable sources
4706:Extinction risk from climate change
4605:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
1417:. Upcoming galaxy surveys from the
1084:mythological or theological beliefs
5666:List of fictional doomsday devices
4340:Graphical timeline of the Big Bang
3744:. Simon & Schuster Australia.
2777:10.1146/annurev-nucl-010709-151330
1717:
1644:
1610:
1580:
1539:
1498:{\displaystyle \Omega _{\Lambda }}
1490:
1486:
1459:
1397:Starting in 1998, observations of
1376:
1353:, and not to the local curving of
1316:
1292:
1224:Big Bang and Steady State theories
1120:There is a strong consensus among
458:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
36:End of the Universe (LEXX episode)
25:
4686:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
4139:The Ultimate Fate of the Universe
4074:10.1038/scientificamerican0910-84
3944:The Ultimate Fate of the Universe
3466:10.1038/scientificamerican1291-76
3226:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-40
2567:Did Einstein Predict Dark Energy?
2217:, and on the anisotropies in the
1437:Role of the shape of the universe
1216:of the universe and its possible
1153:Timeline of cosmological theories
673:Timeline of cosmological theories
438:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
38:. For religious conceptions, see
34:. For the TV series episode, see
5802:
5801:
5789:
4947:Decline in amphibian populations
4333:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
1948:
1852:
1429:space telescopes (and data from
752:
697:
686:
685:
49:
5298:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
4795:Land surface effects on climate
4768:Human impact on the environment
4399:Future of an expanding universe
4037:Hjalmarsdotter, Linnea, 2005, "
3876:. World Scientific Publishing.
3697:Cain, Fraser; Today, Universe.
2050:because of an expansion of the
1959:needs additional citations for
1767:Future of an expanding universe
1265:. When Einstein found that his
453:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
306:Future of an expanding universe
84:"Ultimate fate of the universe"
60:needs additional citations for
3808:. Cambridge University Press.
3064:10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a
2451:"WMAP â Shape of the Universe"
1695:binding forces. Conversely, a
668:History of the Big Bang theory
464:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
5853:Ultimate fate of the universe
5244:Interpretations of Revelation
5046:Cosmological phase transition
4952:Decline in insect populations
4404:Ultimate fate of the universe
4015:10.1103/physrevlett.91.071301
3363:10.1088/1475-7516/2007/01/022
3120:10.1088/1475-7516/2004/12/006
2966:"WMAP â Fate of the Universe"
2936:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301
2883:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02589-3
2472:"WMAP â Fate of the Universe"
2416:Universe 101: Big Bang Theory
1109:and (on average) become less
1064:ultimate fate of the universe
660:Discovery of cosmic microwave
311:Ultimate fate of the universe
5699:Future of Humanity Institute
5096:Potentially hazardous object
4996:Interplanetary contamination
3765:. Harvard University Press.
3684:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90946-7
3560:10.1016/0370-2693(77)90099-5
2032:second law of thermodynamics
1656:{\displaystyle \Omega <1}
1622:{\displaystyle \Omega >1}
1592:{\displaystyle \Omega >1}
1551:{\displaystyle \Omega >1}
1478:and the dark energy density
1143:that the universe contains.
5579:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
4728:Global terrestrial stilling
3919:. New York: Playboy Press.
3531:10.1103/PhysRevLett.37.1378
2830:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.1582
2219:cosmic microwave background
1820:Poincaré recurrence theorem
1663:, the geometry of space is
1471:{\displaystyle \Omega _{M}}
1250:cosmic microwave background
1009:Science fiction prototyping
941:Reference class forecasting
428:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
5874:
5091:Asteroid impact prediction
5066:Heat death of the universe
4476:Mutual assured destruction
4301:Heat death of the universe
4197:Chronology of the universe
4144:Cambridge University Press
2747:Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci
2292:Timeline of the far future
2121:
2061:
1937:
1841:
1771:Heat death of the universe
1764:
1440:
1157:Chronology of the universe
1150:
191:Chronology of the universe
29:
5783:
5709:Nuclear Threat Initiative
5642:List of apocalyptic films
5485:2011 end times prediction
5217:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
5212:Abomination of desolation
5086:Asteroid impact avoidance
4916:List of extinction events
4758:Environmental degradation
4545:Technological singularity
4389:
4383:Global catastrophic risks
4329:
3804:Harrison, Edward (2003).
3440:Halliwell, J. J. (1991).
3416:10.1134/S0202289308030018
3386:Gravitation and Cosmology
3279:10.1142/S021797921345032X
3173:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337
3143:Reviews of Modern Physics
3021:10.1142/S0218271809015977
2707:Introduction to Cosmology
1729:{\displaystyle \Omega =1}
1407:expansion is accelerating
1147:Emerging scientific basis
1074:and ultimate fate of the
284:Expansion of the universe
5704:Future of Life Institute
5606:Resurrection of the dead
5599:Post-tribulation rapture
4981:Colony collapse disorder
4257:Big Bang nucleosynthesis
4189:Timeline of the Big Bang
4039:Cosmological parameters.
3942:Islam, Jamal N. (1983).
3917:The fate of the universe
3915:Morris, Richard (1982).
3647:10.1103/physrevd.16.1762
3618:10.1103/physrevd.15.2929
3589:10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2922
3502:10.1103/PhysRevD.14.3568
2638:Falk, Dan (2023-10-05).
1761:Big Freeze or Heat Death
1351:geometry of the universe
1103:13.787 billion years ago
781:Global catastrophic risk
448:Planck space observatory
234:Gravitational wave (GWB)
4530:Artificial intelligence
4215:Grand unification epoch
4076:(inactive 2024-04-13).
3985:Physical Review Letters
3977:The End of the Universe
3759:Chaisson, Eric (2001).
3511:Physical Review Letters
2906:Physical Review Letters
2800:Physical Review Letters
2046:, but this idea evades
1926:In the special case of
1569:", the opposite of the
1512:it contains and on the
1382:{\displaystyle \Omega }
1322:{\displaystyle \Omega }
1298:{\displaystyle \Omega }
994:Exploratory engineering
884:Causal layered analysis
301:Inhomogeneous cosmology
5659:List of disaster films
5500:Apocalyptic literature
4600:Malthusian catastrophe
4526:Synthetic intelligence
4146:, Cambridge, England.
2606:10.1073/pnas.96.8.4224
2553:10.1093/mnras/91.5.483
2007:
1730:
1657:
1623:
1593:
1552:
1505:
1499:
1472:
1383:
1343:
1323:
1299:
1128:is considered "flat" (
821:Historical materialism
5041:Coronal mass ejection
4503:Electromagnetic pulse
4464:Kinetic energy weapon
2724:(1 ed.). Knopf.
2720:Tegmark, Max (2014).
2287:Shape of the universe
2137:electromagnetic field
2079:uncertainty principle
2005:
1731:
1700:cosmological constant
1658:
1624:
1594:
1553:
1500:
1473:
1450:
1443:Shape of the universe
1384:
1344:
1324:
1309:depending on whether
1300:
1271:cosmological constant
1257:Cosmological constant
1246:Robert Woodrow Wilson
1236:set out his opposing
1126:shape of the universe
1093:Observations made by
899:Cross impact analysis
392:Large-scale structure
370:Shape of the universe
32:Shape of the universe
5443:War of Gog and Magog
5120:Near-Earth supernova
4870:Human overpopulation
4674:Mass mortality event
4568:Anthropogenic hazard
4293:Fate of the universe
4128:Cosmology at Caltech
3789:. Harper Perennial.
2297:Zero-energy universe
2252:Cosmological horizon
1968:improve this article
1921:elementary particles
1876:improve this section
1824:thermal fluctuations
1714:
1641:
1607:
1577:
1536:
1482:
1455:
1373:
1333:
1313:
1289:
704:Astronomy portal
662:background radiation
639:List of cosmologists
69:improve this article
5515:Blood moon prophecy
5308:Number of the Beast
4906:Holocene extinction
4852:Earth Overshoot Day
4800:Ocean acidification
4763:Habitat destruction
4753:Ecological collapse
4459:Kinetic bombardment
4394:Future of the Earth
4066:2010SciAm.303c..84M
4054:Scientific American
4007:2003PhRvL..91g1301C
3854:. Alfred A. Knopf.
3851:The Road to Reality
3676:1982PhLB..110...35H
3639:1977PhRvD..16.1762C
3610:1977PhRvD..15.2929C
3581:1977PhRvD..15.2922F
3552:1977PhLB...67..186S
3523:1976PhRvL..37.1378F
3494:1976PhRvD..14.3568S
3458:1991SciAm.265f..28H
3446:Scientific American
3408:2008GrCo...14..205Y
3345:2007JCAP...01..022L
3271:2013IJMPB..2745032W
3218:2003SciAm.288e..40T
3196:Scientific American
3165:1997RvMP...69..337A
3112:2004JCAP...12..006W
3056:1998Sci...282.2156G
3050:(5397): 2156â2157.
3013:2009IJMPD..18.2231L
2928:2003PhRvL..91g1301C
2875:2002PhLB..545...23C
2822:1998PhRvL..80.1582C
2769:2009ARNPS..59..397C
2597:1999PNAS...96.4224K
2544:1931MNRAS..91..483L
2509:1927ASSB...47...49L
2242:Anthropic principle
2101:. If the theory of
1928:phantom dark energy
1828:fluctuation theorem
1415:crisis in cosmology
1238:Steady State theory
1178:Alexander Friedmann
1024:Technology scouting
771:Accelerating change
404:Structure formation
296:Friedmann equations
186:Age of the universe
150:Part of a series on
5858:Physical cosmology
5830:Doomsday scenarios
5396:Beast of the Earth
5288:Book of Revelation
5076:Virtual black hole
5056:False vacuum decay
5006:Pollinator decline
4969:Biological warfare
4959:Biotechnology risk
4810:Resource depletion
4224:Inflationary epoch
4134:Jamal Nazrul Islam
2644:Astronomy Magazine
2267:General relativity
2155:physical constants
2093:Cosmic uncertainty
2008:
1798:In this scenario,
1738:Euclidean geometry
1726:
1653:
1619:
1589:
1548:
1506:
1495:
1468:
1379:
1339:
1319:
1295:
1267:general relativity
1242:Arno Allan Penzias
1172:general relativity
1170:'s 1915 theory of
1068:physical cosmology
1014:Speculative design
894:Consensus forecast
889:Chain-linked model
851:Resource depletion
443:Dark Energy Survey
387:Large quasar group
156:Physical cosmology
5840:
5839:
5671:Zombie apocalypse
5572:Postmillennialism
5367:Great Tribulation
5140:Stellar collision
5101:Near-Earth object
5051:Geomagnetic storm
5019:
5018:
4942:Biodiversity loss
4926:Genetic pollution
4880:
4879:
4669:Biodiversity loss
4632:Societal collapse
4610:Nuclear holocaust
4595:Economic collapse
4578:Doomsday argument
4496:Antimatter weapon
4349:
4348:
4261:Matter domination
4220:Electroweak epoch
4152:978-0-521-11312-0
4050:"Could Time End?"
3975:Baez, J., 2004, "
3907:978-0-7538-1261-7
3883:978-981-238-508-6
3861:978-0-679-45443-4
3815:978-0-521-77351-5
3796:978-0-06-039081-5
3772:978-0-674-00342-2
3751:978-0-684-86576-8
3664:Physics Letters B
3627:Physical Review D
3598:Physical Review D
3569:Physical Review D
3517:(21): 1378â1380.
3488:(12): 3568â3573.
3482:Physical Review D
2997:(14): 2231â2235.
2970:map.gsfc.nasa.gov
2853:Physics Letters B
2664:"Euclid overview"
2569:, hubblesite.org.
2522:LemaĂźtre, Georges
2493:LemaĂźtre, Georges
2476:map.gsfc.nasa.gov
2455:map.gsfc.nasa.gov
2211:galaxy clustering
2000:
1999:
1992:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1812:Hawking radiation
1518:7.5 billion years
1514:equation of state
1423:Nancy Grace Roman
1342:{\displaystyle 1}
1283:density parameter
1277:Density parameter
1180:proposed several
1117:in the universe.
1088:infinite duration
1060:
1059:
946:Scenario planning
809:Space exploration
740:
739:
411:
410:
253:
252:
145:
144:
137:
119:
16:(Redirected from
5865:
5805:
5804:
5796:World portal
5794:
5793:
5755:Financial crisis
5584:Nibiru cataclysm
5562:Premillennialism
5406:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
5374:Son of perdition
5362:Olivet Discourse
5338:Whore of Babylon
4964:Biological agent
4911:Human extinction
4901:Extinction event
4889:
4860:Overexploitation
4790:Land consumption
4785:Land degradation
4652:
4514:Micro black hole
4422:Chemical warfare
4376:
4369:
4362:
4353:
4337:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4114:
4112:
4099:
4093:
4085:
4034:
4000:
3998:astro-ph/0302506
3965:
3938:
3911:
3887:
3874:Is Future Given?
3865:
3841:
3819:
3800:
3776:
3755:
3728:
3727:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3621:
3592:
3563:
3534:
3505:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3401:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3356:
3338:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3264:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3211:
3209:astro-ph/0302131
3191:
3185:
3184:
3158:
3156:astro-ph/9701131
3138:
3132:
3131:
3105:
3103:astro-ph/0409264
3085:
3076:
3075:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3006:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2921:
2919:astro-ph/0302506
2901:
2895:
2894:
2868:
2866:astro-ph/9908168
2848:
2842:
2841:
2815:
2813:astro-ph/9708069
2806:(8): 1582â1585.
2795:
2789:
2788:
2762:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2705:Ryden, Barbara.
2702:
2696:
2695:
2692:science.nasa.gov
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2591:(8): 4224â4227.
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2512:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2422:. Archived from
2407:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2308:
2207:critical density
1995:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1952:
1944:
1907:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1856:
1848:
1818:decrease by the
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1601:Lambda-CDM model
1598:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1230:Georges LemaĂźtre
1210:Cepheid variable
1192:from an initial
1186:Georges LemaĂźtre
1184:in 1922, as did
1052:
1045:
1038:
951:Systems analysis
936:Horizon scanning
909:Real-time Delphi
846:Population cycle
776:Cashless society
756:
742:
732:
725:
718:
702:
701:
700:
689:
688:
382:Galaxy formation
342:Lambda-CDM model
331:
323:Components
205:
166:
147:
140:
133:
129:
126:
120:
118:
77:
53:
45:
21:
5873:
5872:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5815:Future problems
5788:
5779:
5713:
5682:
5649:Climate fiction
5615:
5490:2012 phenomenon
5473:
5379:Sheep and Goats
5266:2 Thessalonians
5144:
5061:Gamma-ray burst
5015:
4930:
4921:Genetic erosion
4876:
4846:
4837:Water pollution
4805:Ozone depletion
4701:Desertification
4641:
4556:
4491:Doomsday device
4471:Nuclear warfare
4410:
4385:
4380:
4350:
4345:
4325:
4287:
4276:Habitable epoch
4191:
4186:
4110:physics/0703183
4102:
4086:
4044:
3982:
3972:
3954:
3941:
3927:
3914:
3908:
3890:
3884:
3870:Prigogine, Ilya
3868:
3862:
3844:
3838:
3822:
3816:
3803:
3797:
3779:
3773:
3758:
3752:
3739:
3736:
3734:Further reading
3731:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3624:
3604:(10): 2929â36.
3595:
3575:(10): 2922â28.
3566:
3537:
3508:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3354:10.1.1.266.8334
3320:
3319:
3315:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3041:
3040:
3036:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2520:
2516:A. S. Eddington
2491:
2490:
2483:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2277:Kardashev scale
2227:
2187:
2126:
2120:
2112:
2095:
2066:
2060:
2021:Quantum gravity
1996:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1965:
1953:
1942:
1936:
1916:Hubble constant
1908:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1873:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1773:
1765:Main articles:
1763:
1754:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1689:electromagnetic
1639:
1638:
1635:
1605:
1604:
1575:
1574:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:Closed universe
1485:
1480:
1479:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1395:
1393:Repulsive force
1371:
1370:
1331:
1330:
1311:
1310:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1263:static universe
1259:
1226:
1202:
1168:Albert Einstein
1164:
1159:
1149:
1082:constraints of
1056:
984:Critical design
931:Future workshop
831:Kardashev scale
826:Kondratiev wave
746:Futures studies
736:
698:
696:
678:
677:
664:
661:
654:
652:Subject history
644:
643:
635:
480:
472:
471:
468:
465:
423:
413:
412:
375:Galaxy filament
328:
316:
315:
267:
262:Expansion
255:
254:
239:Microwave (CMB)
218:Nucleosynthesis
202:
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5871:
5869:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5810:Apocalypticism
5799:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5721:
5719:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5668:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5654:Disaster films
5651:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5629:
5627:Alien invasion
5623:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5567:Amillennialism
5564:
5554:
5552:Millenarianism
5549:
5548:
5547:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5505:Apocalypticism
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5401:Dhu al-Qarnayn
5398:
5393:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:Great Apostasy
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5204:
5194:
5192:Last Judgement
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5154:
5152:
5150:Eschatological
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4865:Overpopulation
4862:
4856:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4842:Water scarcity
4839:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4817:
4815:Sea level rise
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:on marine life
4775:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Global warming
4730:
4725:
4723:Global dimming
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4681:Cascade effect
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4656:Climate change
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4486:Doomsday Clock
4483:
4478:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4437:Cyberterrorism
4434:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4131:
4125:
4115:
4100:
4046:Musser, George
4042:
4035:
3980:
3971:
3970:External links
3968:
3967:
3966:
3952:
3939:
3925:
3912:
3906:
3888:
3882:
3866:
3860:
3846:Penrose, Roger
3842:
3837:978-1982103545
3836:
3820:
3814:
3801:
3795:
3781:Dyson, Freeman
3777:
3771:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3714:
3689:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3633:(6): 1762â68.
3622:
3593:
3564:
3546:(2): 186â188.
3535:
3471:
3429:
3392:(3): 205â212.
3376:
3336:hep-th/0611043
3313:
3292:
3239:
3186:
3149:(2): 337â372.
3133:
3077:
3034:
2981:
2957:
2896:
2859:(1â2): 23â29.
2843:
2790:
2753:(1): 397â429.
2737:
2731:978-0307599803
2730:
2712:
2697:
2679:
2655:
2630:
2571:
2559:
2538:(5): 483â490.
2514:translated by
2481:
2460:
2437:
2426:on 14 May 2011
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2272:John D. Barrow
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2186:
2183:
2178:speed of light
2122:Main article:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2108:
2094:
2091:
2062:Main article:
2059:
2056:
1998:
1997:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1938:Main article:
1935:
1932:
1910:
1909:
1860:
1858:
1851:
1842:Main article:
1839:
1836:
1804:star formation
1777:asymptotically
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1707:
1704:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1631:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1529:
1526:
1492:
1488:
1465:
1461:
1438:
1435:
1394:
1391:
1378:
1338:
1318:
1294:
1278:
1275:
1258:
1255:
1225:
1222:
1201:
1198:
1163:
1160:
1148:
1145:
1130:parallel lines
1066:is a topic in
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Design fiction
986:
978:
977:
966:
965:
964:
963:
961:Trend analysis
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
912:
911:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
873:
872:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
783:
778:
773:
765:
764:
758:
757:
749:
748:
738:
737:
735:
734:
727:
720:
712:
709:
708:
707:
706:
694:
680:
679:
676:
675:
670:
665:
658:
655:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
462:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
408:
407:
406:
394:
389:
384:
372:
364:
363:
359:
358:
357:
356:
344:
336:
335:
329:
322:
321:
318:
317:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
286:
281:
268:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
250:
249:
248:
246:Neutrino (CNB)
236:
228:
227:
223:
222:
221:
220:
203:
201:Early universe
200:
199:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
168:
167:
159:
158:
152:
151:
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5870:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:Risk analysis
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:Social crisis
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:Organizations
5685:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5611:World to come
5609:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5557:Millennialism
5555:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5545:Messianic Age
5543:
5542:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:Gog and Magog
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Earth Changes
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:New Jerusalem
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:War in Heaven
5331:
5329:
5328:Two witnesses
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:Second Coming
5195:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Deforestation
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4637:World War III
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4552:Transhumanism
4550:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:Technological
4413:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4265:Recombination
4262:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3991:(7): 071301.
3990:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3953:0-521-24814-0
3949:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3926:0-87223-748-6
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3726:. p. 31.
3725:
3724:New Scientist
3718:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3540:Phys. Lett. B
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:(6): 76, 85.
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2912:(7): 071301.
2911:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:Freeman Dyson
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Arrow of time
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2004:
1994:
1991:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1957:This section
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1906:
1903:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:This section
1859:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:absolute zero
1778:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1723:
1720:
1706:Flat universe
1705:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:gravitational
1682:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1647:
1633:Open universe
1632:
1630:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1586:
1583:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1545:
1542:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1463:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1336:
1308:
1284:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:, and it has
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
979:
976:
972:
967:
962:
959:
957:
956:Threatcasting
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
926:Futures wheel
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
876:
875:
874:
871:
867:
862:
861:Swanson's law
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
733:
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
713:
711:
710:
705:
695:
693:
684:
683:
682:
681:
674:
671:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
648:
647:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
476:
475:
467:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
417:
416:
405:
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
352:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
332:
326:
320:
319:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
265:
259:
258:
247:
244:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
230:
229:
224:
219:
216:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
198:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
165:
161:
160:
157:
153:
149:
148:
139:
136:
128:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86: â
85:
81:
80:Find sources:
74:
70:
64:
63:
58:This article
56:
52:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5787:
5730:Cyberwarfare
5448:Third Temple
5303:Lake of fire
5113:Rogue planet
5081:Impact event
5071:Proton decay
5024:Astronomical
4974:Bioterrorism
4820:Supervolcano
4718:Flood basalt
4664:Anoxic event
4573:Collapsology
4561:Sociological
4432:Cyberwarfare
4403:
4338:
4292:
4283:Reionization
4253:Photon epoch
4248:Lepton epoch
4243:Hadron epoch
4232:Baryogenesis
4210:Planck epoch
4137:
4090:cite journal
4060:(3): 84â91.
4057:
4053:
3988:
3984:
3943:
3916:
3896:
3873:
3850:
3830:. Scribner.
3827:
3805:
3785:
3761:
3741:
3723:
3717:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:
3692:
3670:(1): 35â38.
3667:
3663:
3657:
3630:
3626:
3601:
3597:
3572:
3568:
3543:
3539:
3514:
3510:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3449:
3445:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3295:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3202:(5): 40â51.
3199:
3195:
3189:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3093:
3089:
3047:
3043:
3037:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2973:. Retrieved
2969:
2960:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2633:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2562:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2500:
2496:
2475:
2454:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2415:
2405:
2367:Solar System
2257:Cyclic model
2237:Andrei Linde
2213:and distant
2188:
2171:
2150:vacuum decay
2148:
2143:), it could
2141:false vacuum
2130:
2127:
2124:False vacuum
2113:
2096:
2088:
2075:
2067:
2044:cyclic model
2028:cyclic model
2025:
2009:
1986:
1977:
1966:Please help
1961:verification
1958:
1925:
1914:The current
1913:
1898:
1892:January 2024
1889:
1874:Please help
1862:
1832:
1797:
1774:
1755:
1746:
1709:
1696:
1673:
1636:
1564:
1531:
1507:
1396:
1280:
1260:
1227:
1217:
1213:
1206:Edwin Hubble
1203:
1176:
1165:
1134:
1122:cosmologists
1119:
1095:Edwin Hubble
1092:
1063:
1061:
921:Future-proof
813:
466:Probe (WMAP)
400:
397:Reionization
378:
350:
324:
310:
292:
275:
272:Hubble's law
263:
242:
214:
177:
131:
122:
112:
105:
98:
91:
79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
5806:Categories
5775:Survivalism
5462:Zoroastrian
5318:Seven seals
5313:Seven bowls
5239:Historicism
5135:Solar flare
5011:Overfishing
4986:Defaunation
4773:coral reefs
4535:AI takeover
4454:Nanoweapons
4442:Cybergeddon
4427:Cyberattack
4238:Quark epoch
4122:BBC Radio 4
3900:. Phoenix.
3892:Smolin, Lee
3824:Mack, Katie
3255:: 1345032.
3096:(12): 006.
2668:www.esa.int
2355:Outer space
2203:dark energy
2199:dark matter
2174:light-years
2133:Higgs field
2099:dark energy
2017:singularity
1808:black holes
1779:approaches
1510:dark energy
1411:dark energy
1401:in distant
1367:dust models
1200:Observation
1194:singularity
1141:dark energy
1137:dark matter
1115:massâenergy
975:forecasting
969:Technology
879:Backcasting
856:Singularity
836:Moore's law
794:Mathematics
421:Experiments
354:Dark matter
347:Dark energy
289:FLRW metric
226:Backgrounds
40:Eschatology
5847:Categories
5735:Depression
5725:Ransomware
5540:Messianism
5510:Armageddon
5495:Apocalypse
5283:Antichrist
5271:Man of sin
5168:Three Ages
5031:Big Crunch
4893:Extinction
4885:Biological
4647:Ecological
4519:Strangelet
4316:Big Bounce
4311:Big Crunch
3708:2023-06-15
3329:(1): 022.
2975:2023-06-15
2673:2023-11-14
2649:2023-11-14
2398:References
2282:Multiverse
2215:supernovas
2070:Big Bounce
2064:Big Bounce
2058:Big Bounce
2048:heat death
2036:heat death
2012:Big Crunch
1940:Big Crunch
1934:Big Crunch
1834:universe.
1826:, and the
1677:heat death
1669:hyperbolic
1567:Big Crunch
1441:See also:
1427:James Webb
1399:supernovas
1307:geometries
1234:Fred Hoyle
1151:See also:
1080:untestable
1004:Hype cycle
971:assessment
870:Techniques
501:Copernicus
479:Scientists
334:Components
95:newspapers
5620:Fictional
5467:Saoshyant
5352:New Earth
5323:The Beast
5256:Preterism
5229:Christian
5185:Kali Yuga
5130:Micronova
5125:Hypernova
4991:Dysgenics
4832:Verneshot
4738:Hypercane
4481:Dead Hand
4321:Big Slurp
4271:Dark ages
4228:Reheating
4031:119498512
3424:119265830
3399:0705.4108
3349:CiteSeerX
3307:0710.4624
3287:119264198
3262:1205.1046
3072:117807831
3029:119257111
3004:0910.0834
2952:119498512
2760:0903.0866
2503:: 49â56.
2331:Astronomy
2232:Alan Guth
2195:radiation
2167:spacetime
2118:Big Slurp
2103:inflation
1863:does not
1789:gradients
1718:Ω
1645:Ω
1611:Ω
1581:Ω
1540:Ω
1491:Λ
1487:Ω
1460:Ω
1377:Ω
1355:spacetime
1317:Ω
1293:Ω
1285:, omega (
1248:, of the
1228:In 1927,
1214:beginning
1204:In 1929,
1190:expanding
1182:solutions
1124:that the
1072:evolution
916:Foresight
631:Zeldovich
531:Friedmann
506:de Sitter
433:BOOMERanG
362:Structure
327:Structure
211:Inflation
125:June 2020
18:Big Slurp
5760:Pandemic
5745:Epidemic
5740:Droughts
5594:Prewrath
5525:End time
5391:Al-Qa'im
5276:Katechon
5261:2 Esdras
5251:Idealism
5234:Futurism
5163:Maitreya
5158:Buddhist
5001:Pandemic
4449:Gray goo
4205:Big Bang
4136:(1983):
4082:20812485
4048:(2010).
4023:12935004
3894:(2001).
3872:(2003).
3848:(2004).
3826:(2020).
3783:(2004).
3703:phys.org
3371:16984680
3234:12701329
3181:12173790
3128:56436935
2944:12935004
2785:16727077
2625:10200242
2524:(1931).
2430:27 April
2225:See also
2083:tunneled
1980:May 2024
1697:negative
1571:Big Bang
1560:elliptic
1403:galaxies
1359:galaxies
1107:expanded
1099:Big Bang
1076:universe
841:Peak oil
814:Universe
762:Concepts
692:Category
611:Suntzeff
571:LemaĂźtre
521:Einstein
486:Aaronson
279:Redshift
181:Universe
174:Big Bang
5820:Hazards
5718:General
5589:Rapture
5438:Messiah
5426:Sufyani
5416:Israfil
5386:Islamic
5224:Messiah
5202:1 Enoch
5036:Big Rip
4748:Ecocide
4743:Ice age
4306:Big Rip
4124:series.
4062:Bibcode
4003:Bibcode
3962:8728162
3935:7924027
3672:Bibcode
3635:Bibcode
3606:Bibcode
3577:Bibcode
3548:Bibcode
3519:Bibcode
3490:Bibcode
3454:Bibcode
3404:Bibcode
3341:Bibcode
3267:Bibcode
3214:Bibcode
3161:Bibcode
3108:Bibcode
3052:Bibcode
3044:Science
3009:Bibcode
2924:Bibcode
2891:9820570
2871:Bibcode
2818:Bibcode
2765:Bibcode
2593:Bibcode
2540:Bibcode
2505:Bibcode
2379:Science
2319:Physics
2305:Portals
2205:to the
1884:removed
1869:sources
1844:Big Rip
1838:Big Rip
1816:entropy
1785:entropy
1681:Big Rip
804:Climate
785:Future
616:Sunyaev
601:Schmidt
591:Penzias
586:Penrose
561:Huygens
551:Hawking
536:Galileo
109:scholar
5750:Famine
5676:Zombie
5478:Others
5433:Jewish
5411:Dajjal
5293:Events
5207:Daniel
5108:winter
4935:Others
4825:winter
4625:winter
4620:famine
4615:cobalt
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2191:matter
2165:, and
2163:energy
2159:matter
2145:tunnel
2052:branes
2040:closed
1693:strong
1679:or a "
1419:Euclid
1162:Theory
904:Delphi
690:
626:Wilson
621:Tolman
581:Newton
576:Mather
566:Kepler
556:Hubble
516:Ehlers
496:Alpher
491:Alfvén
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4505:(EMP)
4105:arXiv
4027:S2CID
3993:arXiv
3420:S2CID
3394:arXiv
3367:S2CID
3331:arXiv
3302:arXiv
3283:S2CID
3257:arXiv
3204:arXiv
3177:S2CID
3151:arXiv
3124:S2CID
3098:arXiv
3068:S2CID
3025:S2CID
2999:arXiv
2948:S2CID
2914:arXiv
2887:S2CID
2861:arXiv
2834:S2CID
2808:arXiv
2781:S2CID
2755:arXiv
2616:33557
2391:World
2343:Stars
1800:stars
1363:stars
1111:dense
789:Earth
606:Smoot
596:Rubin
541:Gamow
526:Ellis
511:Dicke
116:JSTOR
102:books
4148:ISBN
4120:, a
4096:link
4078:PMID
4019:PMID
3958:OCLC
3948:ISBN
3931:OCLC
3921:ISBN
3902:ISBN
3878:ISBN
3856:ISBN
3832:ISBN
3810:ISBN
3791:ISBN
3767:ISBN
3746:ISBN
3327:2007
3230:PMID
3094:2004
2940:PMID
2726:ISBN
2621:PMID
2432:2011
2420:NASA
2068:The
2010:The
1867:any
1865:cite
1793:life
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3169:doi
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3048:282
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2879:doi
2857:545
2826:doi
2773:doi
2611:PMC
2601:doi
2548:doi
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