933:
969:
957:
217:
75:
945:
31:
50:
985:
741:
297:. It is typically found at depths of 90–430 m (300–1,410 ft), though at night it may move towards the surface or into shallower water. The bignose shark is plain-colored and grows to at least 2.7–2.8 m (8.9–9.2 ft) in length. It has a long, broad snout with prominent nasal skin flaps, and tall, triangular upper teeth. Its
921:
are closely spaced but non-overlapping, such as that the skin shows between them; each is oval with three horizontal ridges leading to marginal teeth. The coloration is gray to bronze above, with a faint pale stripe on the flank, and white below; sometimes there is a green sheen along the gills. The
1175:
may be affected by multiple fisheries. It is listed as a "highly migratory species" under the 1995 UN Agreement on the
Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, but thus far this has not led to significant conservation measures. Regionally, the IUCN has
1166:
has listed the bignose shark as near threatened overall. The species is considered to be of concern, however, given it is slow-reproducing and faces widespread heavy fishing pressure. There is evidence that its numbers have recently declined in the
Maldives. Furthermore, most bignose shark bycatch
1180:
in the northwestern
Atlantic. Though specific data are lacking, it is suspected to have declined there because it is commonly misidentified as the sandbar shark, thus the known decline in sandbar shark numbers resulting from US longline fishing may represent a decline in bignose shark numbers, as
932:
888:
on either side and have tall, broad, triangular cusps with serrated edges; they are erect at the jaw center and become increasingly oblique towards the sides. The lower teeth number 14–15 rows on either side and have narrow, erect cusps with extremely fine serrations. The five pairs of
926:) are darker; this is most obvious in young sharks. Males and females grow to at least 2.7 m (8.9 ft) and 2.8 m (9.2 ft) long respectively; this species possibly reaches 3 m (9.8 ft) in length. The maximum weight on record is 168 kg (370 lb).
1084:
of approximately 10 months. A single litter may be sired by two or more males. Birthing has been reported to occur in August and
September in the Mediterranean, and in September and October off Madagascar. The newborns measure 70–90 cm (28–35 in) long. Males and females
904:
originates roughly over the rear of the pectoral fin bases; it is fairly tall and falcate (sickle-shaped), with a blunt apex and a long free rear tip. The second dorsal fin is relatively large with a short free rear tip, and is positioned slightly ahead of the
851:
at depths of 90–430 m (300–1,410 ft). Young sharks may venture into water as shallow as 25 m (82 ft). Night-time captures of this species from close to the surface suggest it may perform a
880:
Rather heavily built, the bignose shark has a long, broad, and blunt snout with the nostrils preceded by well-developed, triangular flaps of skin. The moderately large, circular eyes are equipped with
938:
Characteristic traits of the bignose shark include its prominent nasal flaps, the tall, triangular shape of its upper teeth, and the relatively anterior position of its first dorsal fin.
364:
may be used. The various fishing pressures within its range are cause for concern given its slow reproductive rate, and it may have already declined in the northwestern
2616:
2853:
1163:
2668:
1097:
While large enough to perhaps be dangerous, the bignose shark seldom comes into contact with humans due to its preference for deep water. This species is a
1683:
1545:
856:, moving from deep water upwards or toward the coast at night. In the northwestern Atlantic, the bignose shark conducts a poorly documented seasonal
2797:
2590:
1719:
1621:
2883:
2810:
2629:
1356:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result"
2863:
2694:
1335:
1270:
1080:
connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Females bear litters of three to 15 pups, with seven being typical, following a
1089:
at around 2.2 and 2.3 m (7.2 and 7.5 ft) long, respectively. The average age of reproductively active individuals is 21 years.
2784:
2564:
1671:
1604:
1566:
1488:
1436:
716:). The group consists of large, triangular-toothed sharks with a ridge between the dorsal fins. Gavin Naylor's 1992 study, based on
1155:, where it is listed as Prohibited Species under the 2007 Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic tunas, swordfish and sharks, or in
2823:
2730:
2878:
884:(protective third eyelids). The mouth is broadly curved and lacks obvious furrows at the corners. The upper teeth number 14–16
861:
2815:
2634:
2868:
1355:
1712:
968:
956:
74:
2538:
872:. Individual sharks have been recorded traveling distances between 1,600 and 3,200 km (1,000 and 2,000 mi).
748:
According to patchy records from around the world, the bignose shark appears to have a circumglobal distribution in
2673:
2391:
1952:
2873:
2382:
2355:
2069:
566:
1542:
2516:
2400:
518:
917:
margin. The caudal fin has a large lower lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe. The
2433:
2364:
1882:
1705:
1060:. In turn, juveniles may potentially fall prey to larger sharks. Like other requiem sharks, this species is
853:
600:
407:
2478:
1979:
2858:
2289:
2217:
2160:
1652:
1622:"Assessment of multiple paternity in single litters from three species of carcharhinid sharks in Hawaii"
944:
720:
sequences, upheld and further resolved this "ridge-backed" group. The bignose shark was found to be the
583:
485:
189:
1456:
2828:
2735:
2525:
2373:
2142:
2078:
2015:
1891:
1168:
881:
689:
2457:
2448:
1997:
542:
380:
39:
2660:
1236:
2124:
1644:
1396:
1022:
990:
817:
399:
388:
345:
317:
229:
69:
1692:
2621:
216:
2771:
2707:
2551:
1934:
1772:
1600:
1484:
1432:
1388:
1331:
1266:
844:
840:
833:
769:
294:
146:
2530:
2722:
2712:
2647:
2543:
2184:
2175:
2151:
1898:
1636:
1521:
1378:
1370:
1299:
1231:
1113:
1081:
685:
377:
337:
278:
248:
206:
30:
2681:
2424:
2265:
2256:
2060:
2042:
2033:
1943:
1925:
1828:
1801:
1792:
1549:
1481:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1177:
1128:
1086:
918:
910:
709:
617:
357:
54:
1287:
2337:
2208:
1988:
1970:
1819:
1760:
1754:
1729:
1552:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on June 30, 2011.
1374:
1148:
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865:
857:
757:
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349:
290:
126:
116:
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2232:
2024:
1873:
1864:
1562:
1222:
1182:
1152:
869:
801:
725:
424:
is an immature female 1.3 m (4.3 ft) long, caught off
Cosgrove Reef in the
421:
274:
156:
59:
1648:
1400:
1213:
2776:
2762:
2133:
1916:
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1837:
1783:
1106:
1031:
999:
897:
781:
777:
761:
681:
677:
425:
340:. Despite its size, this shark lives too deep to pose much danger to humans. It is
298:
166:
2556:
984:
1620:
Daly-Engel, T.S.; Grubbs, R.D.; Holland, K.N.; Toonen, R.J.; Bowen, B.W. (2006).
2655:
2603:
2510:
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2115:
2100:
2091:
2051:
2006:
1907:
1172:
829:
773:
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313:
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301:
are long and almost straight, and there is a ridge on its back between the two
2346:
2322:
2313:
1961:
1640:
1505:
1483:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 457–458.
1061:
1057:
1010:
1006:
923:
914:
901:
785:
671:
Phylogenetic relationships of the bignose shark, based on allozyme sequences.
325:
321:
302:
2789:
2569:
2415:
2280:
2199:
1156:
1144:
1116:
1002:
890:
885:
848:
809:
309:
224:
Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the bignose shark
86:
1506:"Review of information on diurnal vertical migration in the bignose shark (
1392:
740:
2686:
2756:
2577:
2495:
1748:
1575:
1383:
1136:
1132:
1077:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1040:
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906:
797:
749:
717:
365:
353:
333:
282:
106:
2802:
2595:
1693:
Species
Description of Carcharhinus altimus at www.shark-references.com
1110:
1102:
1098:
1027:
825:
821:
789:
436:
433:
341:
270:
2582:
1525:
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connection. Females bear litters of three to 15 pups after a 10-month
2608:
1742:
1678:
1303:
1065:
813:
765:
329:
96:
2472:
1457:
https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Carcharhinus_altimus.pdf
1766:
983:
805:
793:
739:
414:
361:
136:
1687:
2699:
1599:(second ed.). IKAN – Unterwasserarchiv. p. 132.
1124:
1120:
1069:
2476:
1701:
909:. A high midline ridge is present between the dorsal fins. The
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1185:
in
Australian waters, where it faces no significant threats.
832:, and rare off Brazil. It is now common in the south-western
1455:). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco.
420:("deep"), and refers to the shark's deepwater habits. The
1288:"A revision of North American sharks allied to the genus
900:
have pointed tips and nearly straight margins. The first
732:), with the two forming one of the group's two branches.
1688:
Florida Museum of
Natural History Ichthyology Department
1123:) in many parts of its range. It is regularly taken in
913:
has a crescent-shaped notch at the origin of the upper
432:
for this species is Knopp's shark, originally used by
293:
shark frequents deep waters around the edges of the
2746:
2485:
2446:
2413:
2335:
2311:
2278:
2254:
2230:
2197:
2173:
2113:
2089:
1781:
1597:Sharks & Rays: Elasmobranch Guide of the World
1451:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea (
1431:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320.
1265:. Princeton University Press. pp. 289–290.
1261:Compagno, L.J.V.; Dando, M.; Fowler, S. (2005).
1256:
1254:
1151:. The bignose shark is not used commercially in
994:) are included in the diet of the bignose shark.
839:The bignose shark is found near the edge of the
439:workers since before the species was described.
1417:. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194.
1212:Rigby, C.L.; Morgan, D.L.; Derrick, D. (2020).
1143:, the meat is consumed and the fins shipped to
744:The bignose shark mainly inhabits deeper water.
1164:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1713:
1330:. Oxford University Press. pp. 400–402.
1237:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161564A890724.en
8:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1413:Garrick, J.A.F. (1982). Sharks of the genus
824:. It is reportedly common off Florida, the
2473:
1720:
1706:
1698:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
215:
48:
29:
20:
1537:
1535:
1382:
1235:
281:Carcharhinidae. Distributed worldwide in
1349:
1347:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1181:well. This species has been assessed as
394:. Later authors have regarded the genus
1193:
928:
1504:Anderson, R.C.; Stevens, J.D. (1996).
348:in many parts of its range; the meat,
2854:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1429:Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes
7:
1223:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
692:, placed the bignose shark in the "
558:
534:
510:
460:
453:
446:
1684:Biological Profiles: Bignose Shark
1543:Biological Profiles: Bignose Shark
1375:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x
998:The bignose shark feeds mainly on
847:, generally swimming close to the
14:
1286:Springer, S. (February 9, 1950).
922:tips of the fins (except for the
967:
955:
943:
931:
73:
1629:Environmental Biology of Fishes
428:on April 2, 1947. An alternate
2884:Fish of the Dominican Republic
1514:Marine and Freshwater Research
1176:assessed the bignose shark as
1119:(particularly those targeting
1:
2864:Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
312:, the bignose shark feeds on
2392:Australian sharpnose shark (
1953:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
804:, it has been recorded from
332:are sustained to term via a
2383:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
2356:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
2070:Australian blacktip shark (
1328:The Sharks of North America
1127:waters and used to produce
2900:
2401:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
860:, spending summer off the
2434:Pacific spadenose shark (
2365:Pacific sharpnose shark (
1883:Pacific smalltail shark (
1737:
1641:10.1007/s10641-006-9008-5
1479:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
1427:Compagno, L.J.V. (1988).
1296:American Museum Novitates
614:
597:
580:
567:Carcharhinus galapagensis
563:
556:
539:
532:
515:
508:
482:
465:
458:
451:
392:American Museum Novitates
235:
228:
223:
214:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1980:Oceanic whitetip shark (
1595:Hennemann, R.M. (2001).
1565:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1139:. Elsewhere, such as in
1068:exhaust their supply of
736:Distribution and habitat
519:Carcharhinus falciformis
2290:Sicklefin lemon shark (
2218:Borneo broadfin shark (
2161:Irrawaddy river shark (
1354:Naylor, G.J.P. (1992).
854:diel vertical migration
601:Carcharhinus longimanus
387:in a 1950 issue of the
2879:Fish described in 1950
2374:Grey sharpnose shark (
2143:Northern river shark (
2016:Caribbean reef shark (
1064:: when the developing
995:
745:
372:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2458:Whitetip reef shark (
1998:Blacktip reef shark (
1326:Castro, J.I. (2011).
988:Dogfishes (pictured:
987:
893:are moderately long.
882:nictitating membranes
743:
680:studies published by
584:Carcharhinus obscurus
486:Carcharhinus plumbeus
383:the bignose shark as
308:Hunting close to the
2869:Fish of South Africa
2544:Carcharhinus_altimus
2531:Carcharhinus_altimus
2517:Carcharhinus altimus
2487:Carcharhinus altimus
2125:Borneo river shark (
1673:Carcharhinus altimus
1579:. July 2011 version.
1569:Carcharhinus altimus
1508:Carcharhinus altimus
1453:Carcharhinus altimus
1230:: e.T161564A890724.
1216:Carcharhinus altimus
1169:international waters
1076:is converted into a
1023:cartilaginous fishes
469:Carcharhinus altimus
413:is derived from the
346:commercial fisheries
318:cartilaginous fishes
266:Carcharhinus altimus
238:Carcharhinus radamae
199:Carcharhinus altimus
1935:Pondicherry shark (
1822:C. amblyrhynchoides
1263:Sharks of the World
980:Biology and ecology
843:and over the upper
543:Carcharhinus perezi
342:caught incidentally
40:Conservation status
2185:Daggernose shark (
2152:Speartooth shark (
1899:Whitecheek shark (
1548:2010-06-17 at the
1093:Human interactions
996:
991:Squalus mitsukurii
896:The long and wide
864:and winter in the
818:Gulf of California
746:
700:, centered on the
688:in 1988, based on
389:scientific journal
2839:
2838:
2708:Open Tree of Life
2479:Taxon identifiers
2470:
2469:
2425:Spadenose shark (
2266:Whitenose shark (
2061:Spot-tail shark (
2043:Blackspot shark (
2034:Smalltail shark (
1944:Finetooth shark (
1926:Galapagos shark (
1829:Grey reef shark (
1804:C. albimarginatus
1802:Silvertip shark (
1793:Blacknose shark (
1773:Carcharhiniformes
1526:10.1071/mf9960605
1337:978-0-19-539294-4
1272:978-0-691-12072-0
1171:, where a single
845:continental slope
841:continental shelf
834:Mediterranean Sea
780:, it is known in
770:Mediterranean Sea
760:, it occurs from
675:
674:
665:
664:
656:
655:
647:
646:
638:
637:
629:
628:
497:
496:
295:continental shelf
257:
256:
252:
242:
147:Carcharhiniformes
63:
2891:
2874:Pantropical fish
2832:
2831:
2819:
2818:
2806:
2805:
2793:
2792:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2739:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
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2689:
2677:
2676:
2664:
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2651:
2650:
2638:
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2624:
2612:
2611:
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2585:
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2572:
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2559:
2547:
2546:
2534:
2533:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2474:
2436:S. macrorhynchos
2209:Broadfin shark (
1989:Hardnose shark (
1971:Blacktip shark (
1928:C. galapagenisis
1831:C. amblyrhynchos
1820:Graceful shark (
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1651:. Archived from
1635:(2–4): 419–424.
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1592:
1581:
1580:
1559:
1553:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1501:
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1418:
1411:
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1342:
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1323:
1308:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1209:
1082:gestation period
971:
959:
947:
935:
919:dermal denticles
686:Leonard Compagno
559:
535:
511:
461:
454:
447:
442:
441:
408:specific epithet
378:Stewart Springer
338:gestation period
247:
241:Fourmanoir, 1961
240:
219:
201:
78:
77:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
16:Species of shark
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2898:
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2843:
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2682:Observation.org
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2537:
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2514:
2509:
2500:
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2494:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2442:
2409:
2331:
2307:
2301:N. brevirostris
2274:
2250:
2242:Sliteye shark (
2226:
2193:
2169:
2109:
2085:
2025:Sandbar shark (
2000:C. melanopterus
1919:C. fitzroyensis
1874:Nervous shark (
1865:Spinner shark (
1811:Bignose shark (
1777:
1733:
1726:
1675:, Bignose shark
1668:
1663:
1655:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1550:Wayback Machine
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1502:
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1195:
1191:
1178:Near Threatened
1109:, and deep-set
1095:
1087:mature sexually
1072:, the depleted
1000:bottom-dwelling
982:
975:
972:
963:
960:
951:
948:
939:
936:
911:caudal peduncle
878:
816:, and from the
756:waters. In the
738:
714:C. galapagensis
710:Galapagos shark
666:
657:
648:
639:
630:
618:Prionace glauca
498:
374:
368:and elsewhere.
243:
210:
203:
197:
184:
181:C. altimus
72:
64:
55:Near Threatened
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2887:
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2752:
2750:
2748:Eulamia altima
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2727:
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2704:
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299:pectoral fins
296:
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275:requiem shark
272:
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190:Binomial name
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133:Subdivision:
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76:
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61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2859:Carcharhinus
2841:
2747:
2486:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2376:R. oligolinx
2375:
2366:
2357:
2348:
2347:Milk shark (
2336:
2324:
2323:Blue shark (
2312:
2300:
2292:N. acutidens
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2220:L. tephrodes
2219:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2176:Isogomphodon
2174:
2163:G. siamensis
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2079:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1962:Bull shark (
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1795:C. acronotus
1794:
1784:Carcharhinus
1782:
1765:Subdivision
1672:
1653:the original
1632:
1628:
1615:
1596:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1480:
1452:
1447:
1428:
1422:
1415:Carcharhinus
1414:
1409:
1366:
1362:
1327:
1295:
1290:Carcharhinus
1289:
1281:
1262:
1241:. Retrieved
1227:
1221:
1215:
1161:
1107:bottom trawl
1096:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1007:lizardfishes
997:
989:
895:
879:
838:
782:South Africa
778:Indian Ocean
762:Delaware Bay
747:
729:
713:
705:
698:Carcharhinus
697:
693:
684:in 1982 and
682:Jack Garrick
678:Phylogenetic
676:
616:
615:
599:
598:
582:
581:
565:
564:
541:
540:
517:
516:
484:
483:
468:
467:
466:
426:Florida Keys
417:
410:
404:Carcharhinus
403:
395:
391:
384:
375:
307:
265:
264:
260:
258:
244:
237:
236:
198:
196:
180:
179:
168:Carcharhinus
167:
18:
2656:NatureServe
2604:iNaturalist
2511:Wikispecies
2367:R. longurio
2358:R. lalandii
2145:G. garricki
2127:G. fowlerae
2072:C. tilstoni
2054:C. signatus
2027:C. plumbeus
2009:C. obscurus
1973:C. limbatus
1937:C. hemiodon
1541:Bester, C.
1243:19 November
1058:cephalopods
1025:(including
1005:(including
1003:bony fishes
974:Lower teeth
962:Upper teeth
924:pelvic fins
876:Description
830:West Indies
774:West Africa
754:subtropical
730:C. plumbeus
706:C. obscurus
702:dusky shark
430:common name
322:cephalopods
303:dorsal fins
287:subtropical
249:S. Springer
207:S. Springer
2848:Categories
2763:Q107333088
2449:Triaenodon
2394:R. taylori
2385:R. porosus
2154:G. glyphis
2092:Galeocerdo
2080:C. tjutjot
2036:C. porosus
1991:C. macloti
1955:C. leiodon
1893:C. coatesi
1885:C. cerdale
1813:C. altimus
1363:Cladistics
1189:References
1167:occurs in
1062:viviparous
1015:flatfishes
915:caudal fin
902:dorsal fin
891:gill slits
828:, and the
796:, and the
786:Madagascar
772:, and off
708:) and the
696:group" of
690:morphology
326:viviparous
123:Subclass:
2460:T. obesus
2416:Scoliodon
2349:R. acutus
2325:P. glauca
2281:Negaprion
2257:Nasolamia
2200:Lamiopsis
2103:G. cuvier
2063:C. sorrah
2045:C. sealei
2018:C. perezi
1964:C. leucas
1946:C. isodon
1876:C. cautus
1759:Subclass
1304:2246/4236
1157:Australia
1145:East Asia
1129:liver oil
1117:fisheries
1078:placental
1054:chimaeras
1050:stingrays
1041:catsharks
1032:dogfishes
1019:batfishes
858:migration
849:sea floor
812:, around
810:Australia
800:. In the
776:. In the
768:, in the
381:described
358:liver oil
334:placental
310:sea floor
291:migratory
277:, in the
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2757:Wikidata
2661:2.101329
2622:11177319
2578:FishBase
2502:Q1118043
2496:Wikidata
2314:Prionace
2268:N. velox
1767:Selachii
1749:Chordata
1743:Animalia
1741:Kingdom
1679:FishBase
1649:23706406
1576:FishBase
1546:Archived
1401:39697113
1393:34929961
1137:fishmeal
1133:shagreen
1114:longline
1074:yolk sac
1046:Dasyatis
1011:croakers
907:anal fin
868:and the
798:Maldives
750:tropical
718:allozyme
694:obscurus
366:Atlantic
324:. It is
283:tropical
230:Synonyms
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2803:2418008
2596:2418002
2233:Loxodon
2116:Glyphis
1747:Phylum
1732:species
1728:Extant
1111:pelagic
1103:gillnet
1099:bycatch
1066:embryos
1056:), and
1028:Squalus
826:Bahamas
822:Ecuador
790:Red Sea
724:of the
437:fishery
434:Florida
411:altimus
400:synonym
396:Eulamia
330:embryos
271:species
269:) is a
209:, 1950)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2829:317956
2816:160309
2790:121632
2736:105787
2723:122882
2720:uBio:
2713:147235
2700:105787
2687:794278
2674:303933
2648:161564
2635:160307
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2785:EUNIS
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2565:EUNIS
1656:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
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1173:stock
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806:China
794:India
418:altus
415:Latin
398:as a
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2811:ITIS
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2669:NCBI
2643:IUCN
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