311:. The exact number of naturalizations is unknown but it is estimated that up to 400,000 immigrants were unlawfully naturalized in Kuwait. The foreign Bedouin immigrants were mainly naturalized to alter the demographic makeup of the citizen population in a way that made the power of the Al Sabah ruling family more secure. As a result of the politically motivated naturalizations, the number of naturalized citizens exceeds the number of Bedoon in Kuwait. The Al Sabah ruling family actively encouraged foreign Bedouin immigrants to migrate to Kuwait. The Al Sabah ruling family favored naturalizing Bedouin immigrants because they were considered loyal to the ruling family, unlike the politically active Palestinian, Lebanese, and Syrian expats in Kuwait. The naturalized citizens were predominantly Sunni Saudi immigrants from southern tribes. Accordingly, none of the stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the Ajman tribe.
279:, a major reduction from their presence in the 1970s and 1980s. In 2013, the UK government estimated that there were 110,729 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait, without giving a total estimate, but noting that all stateless individuals in Kuwait remain at risk of persecution and human rights breaches. The Bedoon are generally categorized into three groups: stateless tribespeople, stateless police/military and the stateless children of Kuwaiti women who married Bedoon men. According to the Kuwaiti government, there are only 93,000 "documented" Bedoon in Kuwait. In 2018, the Kuwaiti government claimed that it would naturalize up to 4,000 stateless Bedoon per year but this is considered unlikely. In 2019, the Iranian embassy in Kuwait announced that it offers Iranian citizenship to stateless Bedoon of Iranian ancestry.
254:"The totality of the treatment of the Bedoons amounts to a policy of denationalization of native residents, relegating them to an apartheid-like existence in their own country. The Kuwaiti government policy of harassment and intimidation of the Bedoons and of denying them the right to lawful residence, employment, travel and movement, contravene basic principles of human rights. Denial of citizenship to the Bedoons clearly violates international law. Denying Bedoons the right to petition the courts to challenge governmental decisions regarding their claims to citizenship and lawful residence in the country violates the universal right to due process of law and equality before the law."
2089:"Human Rights Council, Forty-sixth session, 22 February–19 March 2021, Agenda item 3, Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development. Written statement* submitted by International Council. Supporting Fair Trial and Human Rights, a nongovernmental organization in special consultative status. The Secretary-General has received the following written statement which is circulated in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31"
1953:
307:, the Al Sabah ruling family naturalized hundreds of thousands of foreign Bedouin immigrants predominantly from Saudi Arabia. By 1980, as many as 200,000 immigrants were naturalized in Kuwait. Throughout the 1980s, the Al Sabah's politically motivated naturalization policy continued. The naturalizations were not regulated nor sanctioned by
315:
family persistently denies citizenship to most non-nationals, including those who fully satisfy the requirements for naturalization as stipulated in the state's official
Nationality Law. There is no official national census disclosing sectarian affiliation in Kuwait. However, it is estimated that 60-80% of Kuwait's Bedoon are
163:, the Bedoon were reclassified as "illegal residents" and denied Kuwaiti citizenship and its accompanying privileges. The Iran-Iraq War threatened Kuwait's internal stability and the authorities feared the sectarian background of the stateless Bedoon. The Bedoon issue in Kuwait "overlaps with historic sensitivities about
1945:
756:
266:"Of all the human rights atrocities committed by the ruling family in Kuwait, the worst and the greatest is that against the people known as the Bedoons. There are more than 300,000 Bedoons—one third of Kuwait's native population. Half of them—150,000—have been driven into refugee camps in the desert across the
270:
by the regime and left there to bake and to rot. The other 150,000 are treated not as second-class or even fifth-class citizens, but not as any sort of citizen. They are bereft of all rights. It is a scandal that almost no one in the world cares a thing about the plight of 300,000 people, 150,000 of
380:
many stateless Bedoon from Kuwait migrated to Iraq, most with no recognized nationality or official papers. There are currently tens of thousands of
Kuwaiti stateless Bedoon living in Iraq. The process of obtaining citizenship is much simpler in Iraq than in Kuwait owing to the presence of judicial
449:
Bedoon in Saudi Arabia are not considered Saudi citizens and therefore have no benefits. Saudi Arabia has revoked citizenship of certain Saudis in the past too, which means these people become Bedoon. However some of them have the right to education, free healthcare and access to jobs that are not
302:
ruling family it is not subject to any external regulatory supervision. The naturalization provisions within the
Nationality Law are arbitrarily implemented and lack transparency. The lack of transparency prevents non-nationals from receiving a fair opportunity to obtain citizenship. Consequently,
314:
The
Kuwaiti judicial system's lack of authority to rule on citizenship further complicates the Bedoon crisis, leaving Bedoon no access to the judiciary to present evidence and plead their case for citizenship. Although non-nationals constitute 70% of Kuwait's total population the Al Sabah ruling
2308:
How then do we explain the naturalizations that have occurred in the Gulf states in the past, such as the granting of citizenship to thousands of bedu (bedouin) by Kuwait in the 1960s and 1970s? Typically these naturalizations were imposed by the ruling families and were designed to alter the
1218:"The National Project to Resolve the Kuwaiti Bedoon Case (Kuwait) End Statelessness Foundation (Australia) - 1 February, 2019 Report to the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study - Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement"
411:, either because they have failed to demonstrate that they lived in the region before 1925, their roots cannot be traced back to the UAE region or because they arrived in the region after 1925. Stateless people are generally considered descendants of immigrants of Badia Arabs from
748:
910:
583:
and tribalism within newly emerging emirates striving to assert their legitimacy and authority. The majority of the Bedoon are in fact an extended branch of tribes across the borders between Iraq, Iran, Syria and Saudi Arabia and are largely of the
235:. As a result, many of the stateless Bedoon fled to Iraq, where they remain stateless people even today. The Kuwaiti government also stands accused of attempting to falsify their nationalities in official state documents. There have been reports of
323:
in nature. The
Kuwaiti authorities permit the forgery of hundreds of thousands of politically motivated naturalizations whilst simultaneously denying citizenship to the Bedoon. The politically motivated naturalizations were noted by the
2734:
139:
From 1965 until 1985, the Bedoon were treated as
Kuwaiti citizens and guaranteed citizenship: they had free access to education, health care and all the other privileges of citizenship. The stateless Bedoon constituted 80–90% of the
906:
458:
There are also stateless people in different provinces in the
Islamic Republic of Iran, known as Bedoon-e Shenasnameh, which means without having a birth certificate or ID. The majority of the stateless people in Iran are
1361:
2205:
To counter the strong influence of Arab nationalism in the decades after independence in 1961, Kuwait naturalized more than 200,000 Bedouin tribesmen to serve as a reliable pro-government bloc in parliament.
2565:
822:
2833:
1923:
812:
2413:
2684:
2552:
2630:
1892:
2730:
1600:
2599:
1392:
935:"Kuwait's Laws and Policies of Ethnic Discrimination, Erasure and Genocide Against The Bedoon Minority Submission on 'Human Rights Protections for Minorities Recognised in the UN System'"
2862:
1634:
336:'s politically motivated naturalization policy. Within the GCC countries, politically motivated naturalization policies are referred to as "political naturalization" (التجنيس السياسي).
350:
A large number of stateless Bedoon regularly immigrate to Europe as asylum seekers. The United
Kingdom is the most popular destination for Bedoon asylum seekers. According to the
355:
345:
1330:
2775:
1826:
1351:
2375:
88:, where there is a large population of stateless people who lack access to many of the country's basic services. It is widely believed that the Bedoon issue in Kuwait is
1775:
1556:
1522:
1658:
109:
tribal confederation. The linguist Bruce Ingham studied the northern tribes in Kuwait in the mid 20th century. A minority of stateless Bedoon in Kuwait belong to the
2531:
1662:
965:
Report to the UN Expert
Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples - Annual Study. Bedoon Indigenous Rights in the Context of Borders, Migration and Displacement
483:
Qatar has a number of stateless people living within its borders. Qatar has stripped the citizenship of and imprisoned many of the members of the Al-Ghufran tribe.
2651:
190:. The Bedoon also face many restrictions in employment, travel and education. They are not permitted to educate their children in state schools and universities.
1196:
2825:
2804:
1490:
1913:
2337:
1224:
976:
579:"The Kuwaiti Bedoon's continued exclusion from nationality can only be understood in the light of the power struggle in a system which was largely based on
2928:
2709:
2405:
2370:
2676:
3004:
2620:
105:
Kuwait has the largest number of stateless people in the entire region. Most stateless Bedoon of Kuwait belong to the northern tribes, especially the
1884:
1420:
298:
that grants non-nationals a legal pathway to obtaining citizenship. However, as access to citizenship in Kuwait is autocratically controlled by the
1590:
2589:
1382:
2969:
1485:
224:
2854:
1623:
647:
416:
689:
2193:
2049:
2295:
2247:
2098:
1164:
1094:
535:
231:
with minimal water, insufficient food and no basic shelter, and that they were threatened with death if they returned to their homes in
1120:
2621:"Refugee Council: Majority of asylum seekers crossing the Channel are likely to be recognised as being in genuine need of protection"
1686:
1320:
853:
303:
the Al Sabah ruling family have been able to manipulate naturalization for politically motivated reasons. In the three decades after
3009:
2289:
2241:
2187:
2043:
1158:
1088:
529:
2757:
1833:
567:
328:, political activists, scholars, researchers and even members of the Al Sabah family. It is widely considered a form of deliberate
1990:
614:
719:
715:
2999:
2891:
2523:
The Shia
Migration from Southwestern Iran to Kuwait: Push-Pull Factors during the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
2365:
464:
2088:
1804:
1765:
1543:
1514:
1715:
1551:
399:
According to Federal Law No 17 of the United Arab Emirates Citizenship and Passport Law of 1972, any Arab who resided in the
394:
1744:
2454:
1010:
2521:
2141:
1005:
1452:
2731:"Special report: Ten years on, the UAE's stateless people reflect on how life has improved and on the challenges ahead"
2655:
1192:
434:
227:
that the Al Sabah ruling family had deported 150,000 stateless Bedoon to refugee camps in the Kuwaiti desert near the
1860:
1296:
167:
influence inside Kuwait", with many of those denied Kuwaiti nationality being believed to have originated from Iraq.
2796:
1480:
197:
reported that there were 300,000 stateless Bedoon, and this number was formally repeated by the British government.
2979:
2959:
1254:"Kuwait Bedoon - Special Rapporteurs, United Nations, Requesting Investigation of Kuwait's Treatment of the Bedoon"
2327:
1217:
963:
371:
2984:
2954:
883:
790:
201:
441:
and enjoy certain citizenship privileges such as subsidized education and access to government jobs in the UAE.
2964:
2912:
2705:
2527:
1261:
942:
907:"Critical sociolinguistic ethnography as a lens to statelessness: a case from the Bidoon community in Kuwait"
271:
them cast out of the land in which they have lived many have lived in the Kuwaiti area for many centuries."
2994:
404:
329:
308:
295:
160:
117:
2498:
367:
267:
228:
170:
Since 1986, the Kuwaiti government has refused to grant any form of documentation to the Bedoon, including
1413:
55:
2309:
demographic makeup of the citizen society in a way that made the power of the ruling families more secure
2974:
1515:"Kuwait's humanitarian disaster Inter-generational erasure, ethnic cleansing and genocide of the Bedoon"
500:
419:
236:
2135:"Statelessness and Transnationalism in Northern Arabia: Biduns and State Building in Kuwait, 1959-2009"
716:"Exploring the perceptions of informed individuals about the education provisions of Bidoun in Kuwait"
2989:
491:
Like neighboring Qatar, Bahrain also has a number of stateless people, some of whom were dissidents.
183:
156:
136:
tribal ancestry cannot. As a result, many Bedoon in Kuwait feel pressured to hide their background.
1356:
1144:
67:
2762:
1985:
1770:
1448:
1387:
1325:
1059:
817:
472:
468:
247:
194:
2855:"Thousands left stateless in Iran amid ID card limbo - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East"
643:
152:
110:
679:
2920:
2767:
2285:
2237:
2183:
2177:
2039:
2033:
1652:
1154:
1084:
525:
430:
304:
299:
175:
171:
2448:"Non-indigenous citizens and "stateless" residents in the Gulf monarchies. The Kuwaiti bidun"
2279:
2231:
1148:
1078:
519:
1116:
1049:
408:
205:
2625:
2560:
2173:
1676:
843:
450:
exclusive to citizens. Most of these Bedoon are displaced from Yemen or Jordan and Syria.
385:
has been coordinating with Iraqi NGOs to help stateless Bedoon receive Iraqi citizenship.
259:
187:
46:
1980:
1038:"The Bedoun Archive: A public archive created for the northern tribes Bedouin of Kuwait"
563:
2332:
2093:
1681:
607:
460:
400:
325:
221:
121:
1080:
Arabic Dialectology: In Honour of Clive Holes on the Occasion of His Sixtieth Birthday
2948:
1624:"Report on the Human Rights Watch Report and Response to its Questions and Inquiries"
1063:
377:
179:
125:
77:
2883:
1117:"Between Two Deserts: Visual Vignettes from an Iranian-Kuwaiti Bidoon in New Mexico"
2594:
2275:
1796:
684:
580:
316:
276:
141:
133:
89:
2406:"Questioning Sectarianism in Bahrain and Beyond: An Interview with Justin Gengler"
1707:
17:
1736:
2447:
1885:"Assembly OKs bill on number of people to be granted Kuwaiti citizenship in '18"
1188:
1000:
423:
351:
240:
232:
106:
81:
2134:
1918:
1853:
1444:
1289:
1054:
1037:
660:
The Sunni ruling elite discriminate against the bidoon, many of whom are Shia.
585:
429:
All stateless people in the UAE unable to obtain any passport are offered the
412:
2924:
2771:
2409:
2281:
The Wages of Oil: Parliaments and Economic Development in Kuwait and the UAE
1914:"Iran offers citizenship to stateless people with 'Iranian roots' in Kuwait"
1481:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 23 Oct 1995 - Parliament Publications"
320:
2179:
Beyond Sunni and Shia: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East
120:
15/1959, all the Bedoon in Kuwait are eligible for Kuwaiti nationality by
1544:"EASO Country of Origin Information Report Iraq Targeting of Individuals"
213:
209:
145:
2884:"Doha rejects opportunity at UN to end its persecution of Qatari tribe"
2797:"Immolation in Riyadh exposes plight of Arab stateless in Saudi Arabia"
813:"The Gulf's Stateless People without Rights Decades after Independence"
438:
333:
283:
217:
31:
2553:"An analysis of Channel crossings & asylum outcomes November 2021"
1677:"Mideast situation – Middle East Watch Report – Letter from Palestine"
1589:
Charlie Dunmore and Edith Champagne in Basra, Iraq (10 October 2019).
875:
782:
319:
as a result, it is widely believed that the Bedoon issue in Kuwait is
212:
against the stateless Bedoon. The Kuwaiti Bedoon crisis resembles the
129:
85:
1383:"Kuwait City Journal; The Bedoons: Outcasts in the Land They Served"
1253:
934:
2590:"Most people who risk Channel boat crossings are refugees – report"
2758:"Opinion | Who Loses When a Country Puts Citizenship Up for Sale?"
1595:
1518:
972:
848:
521:
World Migration 2005 Costs and Benefits of International Migration
407:. Many stateless people who live in the UAE have failed to obtain
382:
2490:
164:
381:
court systems of reviewing citizenship. Since August 2017, the
2233:
Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State
2035:
Kuwait and Al-Sabah: Tribal Politics and Power in an Oil State
524:. International Organization for Migration. 2005. p. 53.
2826:"The 'Bidoon' of Saudi Arabia: Generations of discrimination"
1591:"Citizenship hopes become reality for Iraq's Bidoon minority"
422:
ancestry. The UAE also deported some Bedoon people after the
132:
can readily achieve Kuwaiti naturalization whilst Bedoon of
2652:"UAE Citizenship and Passport Law of Year 1972, Article 17"
2027:
1622:
Human Rights Watch, 350 Fifth Avenue 34th Floor, New York.
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1981:"IV. DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ORIGIN AND STATUS: THE BIDUN"
433:, free of charge, through a government initiative for a
354:, Kuwait is the eighth largest source of asylum seekers
2489:
Sheikh Sabah Al-Mohammad Al-Sabah (February 10, 2018).
2677:"UAE turns to deportation to silence regime's critics"
1321:"CAR BOMBER FAILS IN ATTEMPT TO KILL LEADER OF KUWAIT"
437:
deal worth millions of dollars with the government of
2156:
Extra-Legal Naturalisations and Population Statistics
1827:"Challenges of Security Sector Governance in Kuwait"
1445:"THE Bedoons of Kuwaiy Citizens without Citizenship"
60:
2366:"The Political Economy of Sectarianism in the Gulf"
1975:
1973:
1971:
275:By 2004, the Bedoon accounted for only 40% of the
2321:
2319:
2317:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1193:"Is Kuwait Serious About Bedoon Naturalization?"
783:"خمسة أسباب لاستمرار قضية البدون - جابر الشريفي"
346:English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present)
1737:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1992 - Kuwait"
1708:"Human Rights Watch World Report 1993 - Kuwait"
467:. A small minority of stateless people live in
1077:Enam al-Wer, Rudolf Erik de Jong, ed. (2009).
2168:
2166:
2164:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
1946:"طهران: مُستعدّون لتجنيس "البدون" الإيرانيين"
294:The State of Kuwait formally has an official
8:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2328:"The identity politics of Kuwait's election"
1657:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
1352:"Kuwaiti Ruler Eludes Attack By Car-Bomber"
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
356:crossing the English Channel on small boats
2371:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
1661:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1001:"Stateless Bedoons Are Shut Out of Kuwait"
844:"بدون الكويت: كرة ثلج تتدحرج منذ 40 عاماً"
749:"البدون فــي الكويـــت.. مواطنون بلا هوية"
124:. In practice, it is widely believed that
1848:
1846:
1139:
1137:
1053:
742:
740:
738:
736:
680:"כוויית: עושר רב לצד מתחים אתניים ודיכוי"
2756:Abrahamian, Atossa Araxia (2018-01-05).
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2182:. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
1083:. Vol. 53. Brill. pp. 99–100.
1031:
1029:
1027:
747:Eman Shams Aldeen (September 19, 2012).
27:Stateless people in the Arab Gulf States
2359:
2357:
2355:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1153:. Oxford University Press. p. 98.
674:
672:
670:
668:
511:
2491:"اتقوا الله وجنِّسوا الكويتيين البدون"
2061:Political naturalizations of tribesmen
1650:
1509:
1507:
1486:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
1248:
1246:
1244:
1183:
1181:
886:from the original on February 27, 2021
876:"أزمة الهوية الوطنية - د. فايز الفايز"
793:from the original on February 27, 2021
781:Jaber Al-Sharefee (January 26, 2021).
759:from the original on November 24, 2020
710:
708:
706:
558:
556:
554:
552:
72:'without nationality'), fully
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
1766:"In Kuwait, No Human-Rights Progress"
1603:from the original on 20 December 2021
638:
636:
634:
602:
600:
598:
596:
7:
2706:"Citizenship hope for UAE stateless"
2416:from the original on August 17, 2021
2340:from the original on January 8, 2021
1956:from the original on August 17, 2021
1926:from the original on August 17, 2021
1854:"United Kingdom Government - Bedoon"
1290:"United Kingdom Government - Bedoon"
929:
927:
776:
774:
650:from the original on 11 January 2021
204:, the State of Kuwait is committing
2326:Gwenn Okruhlik (February 8, 2012).
2298:from the original on 17 August 2021
1036:Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen (2018).
874:Fayez Alfayez (February 26, 2021).
50:
2737:from the original on 16 April 2019
2733:. The National. 5 September 2018.
2501:from the original on March 4, 2021
2378:from the original on March 4, 2021
2364:Justin Gengler (August 29, 2016).
1797:"Human Rights Developments Kuwait"
403:before 1925 is eligible to obtain
220:. In 1995, it was reported in the
25:
2101:from the original on 5 April 2021
463:people living in the province of
144:in the 1970s and 1980s until the
3005:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
2038:. Bloomsbury. pp. 100–110.
1952:(in Arabic). September 8, 2019.
1414:"Australian Government - Bedoon"
1150:The Human Rights of Non-citizens
286:among Bedoon has risen sharply.
2931:from the original on 2020-02-01
2894:from the original on 2019-10-09
2865:from the original on 2022-01-03
2836:from the original on 2019-06-27
2807:from the original on 2019-06-27
2778:from the original on 2019-06-27
2712:from the original on 2018-06-12
2687:from the original on 2019-11-11
2633:from the original on 2022-01-13
2602:from the original on 2022-01-13
2571:from the original on 2021-11-25
2564:. November 2021. pp. 3–4.
2534:from the original on 2016-12-27
2460:from the original on 2021-07-27
2250:from the original on 2021-08-17
2196:from the original on 2021-08-17
2147:from the original on 2021-07-27
2097:. 17 February 2021. p. 2.
2052:from the original on 2021-08-17
1993:from the original on 2021-05-06
1895:from the original on 2018-09-28
1866:from the original on 2013-08-20
1807:from the original on 2021-08-17
1778:from the original on 2021-08-17
1747:from the original on 2021-01-28
1718:from the original on 2022-06-07
1689:from the original on 2021-08-17
1640:from the original on 2021-07-27
1562:from the original on 2021-03-11
1525:from the original on 2021-05-14
1493:from the original on 2021-08-17
1455:from the original on 2021-02-23
1426:from the original on 2021-07-27
1395:from the original on 2021-08-17
1364:from the original on 2022-04-05
1333:from the original on 2022-01-13
1302:from the original on 2013-08-20
1264:from the original on 2021-08-17
1230:from the original on 2021-01-11
1199:from the original on 2021-02-28
1167:from the original on 2021-08-17
1123:from the original on 2021-02-25
1097:from the original on 2021-10-15
1013:from the original on 2015-01-12
982:from the original on 2021-01-11
945:from the original on 2021-08-17
913:from the original on 2021-02-25
856:from the original on 2022-01-13
825:from the original on 2022-01-13
722:from the original on 2021-01-11
692:from the original on 2021-07-21
620:from the original on 2021-01-11
570:from the original on 2020-12-28
538:from the original on 2021-11-21
84:countries, but particularly in
2404:John Warner (April 17, 2013).
1832:. pp. 5–6. Archived from
1552:European Asylum Support Office
1115:Ajam Media Collective (2018).
564:"Government of United Kingdom"
395:Comoros passport sales scandal
151:In 1985, at the height of the
1:
2970:Human rights abuses in Kuwait
1258:Un Special Procedures Request
1006:The Christian Science Monitor
905:Ahmad Jaber (February 2021).
282:In recent years, the rate of
2520:Mohammad E. Alhabib (2010).
2446:Andrzej Kapiszewski (2005).
2284:. Cornell University Press.
608:"State formation of Kuwait"
61:
3026:
2236:. Bloomsbury. p. 21.
939:Susan Kennedy Nour al Deen
392:
365:
343:
202:human rights organizations
29:
1825:Ghanim Al-Najjar (2004).
435:citizenship by investment
126:Sunnis of Persian descent
3010:Social history of Kuwait
2528:Georgia State University
1889:ARAB TIMES - KUWAIT NEWS
454:Islamic Republic of Iran
340:Asylum seekers in Europe
332:and has been likened to
30:Not to be confused with
2176:, ed. (February 2018).
1055:10.25159/1947-9417/3435
330:demographic engineering
290:Demographic engineering
161:Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah
116:Under the terms of the
3000:Human rights in Kuwait
2230:Rivka Azoulay (2020).
2032:Rivka Azoulay (2020).
975:. 2019. p. 1–63.
465:Sistan and Baluchestan
376:Immediately after the
273:
256:
118:Kuwait Nationality Law
2830:english.alarabiya.net
1922:. September 9, 2019.
644:"Stateless in Kuwait"
501:Non-citizens (Latvia)
393:Further information:
372:Iraq–Kuwait relations
264:
252:
237:forced disappearances
200:According to several
184:marriage certificates
157:assassination attempt
2278:(18 December 2014).
1555:. pp. 149–150.
586:Muslim Shi'ite faith
389:United Arab Emirates
305:independence in 1961
2495:Al-Shahed Newspaper
1357:The Washington Post
1145:David S. Weissbrodt
1042:Education as Change
852:(in Arabic). 2007.
646:. 14 January 2013.
2913:"The new unpeople"
2861:. 22 August 2018.
2859:www.al-monitor.com
2832:. 30 August 2014.
2763:The New York Times
2133:Claire Beaugrand.
1986:Human Rights Watch
1801:Human Rights Watch
1771:The New York Times
1741:Human Rights Watch
1712:Human Rights Watch
1631:Human Rights Watch
1449:Human Rights Watch
1388:The New York Times
1326:The New York Times
818:Human Rights First
368:Iraq–Kuwait border
248:Human Rights Watch
195:Human Rights Watch
176:death certificates
172:birth certificates
80:people in several
18:Bidoon (stateless)
2980:Genocides in Asia
2960:Society of Kuwait
2629:. November 2021.
2598:. November 2021.
753:As-Safir Al-Arabi
431:Comorian passport
409:Emirati passports
155:and following an
71:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3017:
2985:Ethnic cleansing
2955:Stateless people
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2708:. 31 July 2012.
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2654:. Archived from
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2586:
2580:
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2170:
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2146:
2139:
2130:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2085:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1881:
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1586:
1571:
1570:
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1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1489:. Oct 23, 1995.
1477:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1418:
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1400:
1379:
1373:
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1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1260:. January 2019.
1250:
1239:
1238:
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1229:
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1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1185:
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1103:
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931:
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919:
918:
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865:
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840:
834:
833:
831:
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809:
803:
802:
800:
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769:
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731:
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727:
712:
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676:
663:
662:
657:
655:
640:
629:
628:
626:
625:
619:
612:
604:
591:
590:
576:
575:
560:
547:
546:
544:
543:
516:
206:ethnic cleansing
188:driving licences
66:
64:
54:
52:
21:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2945:
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2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2681:The Independent
2675:
2674:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2626:Refugee Council
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2561:Refugee Council
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2504:
2502:
2488:
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2253:
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2229:
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2211:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2174:Frederic Wehrey
2172:
2171:
2162:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:. p. 137.
2137:
2132:
2131:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2086:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2031:
2030:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1883:
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1829:
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1810:
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1795:
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1779:
1764:
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1759:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1588:
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1565:
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1559:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1451:. August 1995.
1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
1381:
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1076:
1075:
1071:
1035:
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985:
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957:
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933:
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904:
903:
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873:
872:
868:
859:
857:
842:
841:
837:
828:
826:
811:
810:
806:
796:
794:
780:
779:
772:
762:
760:
746:
745:
734:
725:
723:
714:
713:
704:
695:
693:
678:
677:
666:
653:
651:
642:
641:
632:
623:
621:
617:
610:
606:
605:
594:
573:
571:
562:
561:
550:
541:
539:
532:
518:
517:
513:
509:
497:
489:
481:
456:
447:
405:UAE citizenship
397:
391:
374:
364:
348:
342:
296:Nationality Law
292:
260:George Galloway
250:report stated:
111:'Ajam community
103:
98:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Missing people
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2904:
2890:. 2019-10-09.
2875:
2846:
2817:
2803:. 2013-06-26.
2788:
2748:
2722:
2697:
2683:. 2012-06-07.
2668:
2643:
2612:
2581:
2544:
2530:. p. 46.
2512:
2470:
2453:. p. 70.
2427:
2389:
2351:
2333:Foreign Policy
2313:
2290:
2260:
2242:
2209:
2188:
2160:
2112:
2094:United Nations
2065:
2044:
2003:
1967:
1937:
1905:
1891:. 2018-03-21.
1876:
1842:
1839:on 2014-04-17.
1817:
1788:
1757:
1728:
1699:
1682:United Nations
1668:
1614:
1572:
1535:
1503:
1465:
1436:
1405:
1374:
1343:
1312:
1274:
1240:
1223:. p. 23.
1209:
1177:
1159:
1133:
1107:
1089:
1069:
1023:
992:
955:
923:
897:
866:
835:
804:
770:
732:
718:. p. 13.
702:
664:
630:
613:. p. 83.
592:
548:
530:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
496:
493:
488:
485:
480:
477:
455:
452:
446:
443:
401:Trucial States
390:
387:
363:
360:
341:
338:
326:United Nations
291:
288:
180:identity cards
122:naturalization
102:
99:
97:
94:
82:Middle Eastern
74:Bidoon jinsiya
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3022:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:The Economist
2914:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2658:on 2018-08-05
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
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2567:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2513:
2500:
2497:(in Arabic).
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2456:
2449:
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2291:9780801454684
2287:
2283:
2282:
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2267:
2265:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2243:9781838605063
2239:
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2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2189:9780190911195
2185:
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2161:
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2100:
2096:
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2090:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2045:9781838605063
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1862:
1859:. p. 2.
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1777:
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1709:
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1672:
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1654:
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1598:
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1504:
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1482:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1422:
1419:. p. 3.
1415:
1409:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
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1219:
1213:
1210:
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1190:
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1162:
1160:9780199547821
1156:
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1146:
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1134:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1096:
1092:
1090:9789047425595
1086:
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1073:
1070:
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1056:
1051:
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1043:
1039:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
993:
978:
974:
967:
966:
959:
956:
944:
940:
936:
930:
928:
924:
912:
908:
901:
898:
885:
882:(in Arabic).
881:
880:Platform Post
877:
870:
867:
855:
851:
850:
845:
839:
836:
824:
820:
819:
814:
808:
805:
792:
789:(in Arabic).
788:
787:Platform Post
784:
777:
775:
771:
758:
755:(in Arabic).
754:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
733:
721:
717:
711:
709:
707:
703:
691:
688:(in Hebrew).
687:
686:
681:
675:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
649:
645:
639:
637:
635:
631:
616:
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597:
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582:
569:
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533:
531:9788171885503
527:
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436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
396:
388:
386:
384:
379:
378:1991 Gulf War
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
312:
310:
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203:
198:
196:
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185:
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177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:Iran–Iraq War
149:
147:
143:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
100:
95:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
63:
62:Bidūn jinsiya
57:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2975:Sectarianism
2965:Anti-Shi'ism
2933:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2896:. Retrieved
2887:
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