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the possibility for these trees to grow old and therefore maximize their carbon holding capacity. Compared to pulpwood, sawmill residues have lower net emissions: "Some types of biomass feedstock can be carbon-neutral, at least over a period of a few years, including in particular sawmill residues. These are wastes from other forest operations that imply no additional harvesting, and if otherwise burnt as waste or left to rot would release carbon to the atmosphere in any case."
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Almost all available sawmill residue is already being utilized for pellet production, so there is no room for expansion. For the bioenergy sector to significantly expand in the future, more of the harvested pulpwood must go to pellet mills. However, the harvest of pulpwood (tree thinnings) removes
754:
Approximately one-third of all wood used for traditional heating and cooking in tropical areas is harvested unsustainably. Bioenergy feedstocks typically require significant amounts of energy to harvest, dry, and transport; the energy usage for these processes may emit greenhouse gases. In some
173:'s Net Zero by 2050 scenario calls for traditional bioenergy to be phased out by 2030, with modern bioenergy's share increasing from 6.6% in 2020 to 13.1% in 2030 and 18.7% in 2050. Bioenergy has a significant climate change mitigation potential if implemented correctly. Most of the recommended
728:
Alternative system boundaries for assessing climate effects of forest-based bioenergy. Option 1 (black) considers only the stack emissions; Option 2 (green) considers only the forest carbon stock; Option 3 (blue) considers the bioenergy supply chain; Option 4 (red) covers the whole bioeconomy,
742:
The climate impact of bioenergy varies considerably depending on where biomass feedstocks come from and how they are grown. For example, burning wood for energy releases carbon dioxide; those emissions can be significantly offset if the trees that were harvested are replaced by new trees in a
597:
for biomass, wind, hydro and solar power production are 0.30 W/m, 1 W/m, 3 W/m and 5 W/m, respectively (power in the form of heat for biomass, and electricity for wind, hydro and solar). Lifecycle surface power density includes land used by all supporting infrastructure, manufacturing,
629:
from the atmosphere. However, BECCS can also result in net positive emissions depending on how the biomass material is grown, harvested, and transported. Deployment of BECCS at scales described in some climate change mitigation pathways would require converting large amounts of
1789:
Cowie, Annette L.; Berndes, Göran; Bentsen, Niclas Scott; Brandão, Miguel; Cherubini, Francesco; Egnell, Gustaf; George, Brendan; Gustavsson, Leif; Hanewinkel, Marc; Harris, Zoe M.; Johnsson, Filip; Junginger, Martin; Kline, Keith L.; Koponen, Kati; Koppejan, Jaap (2021).
812:. There is also agreement that local environmental impacts can be problematic. For example, increased biomass demand can create significant social and environmental pressure in the locations where the biomass is produced. The impact is primarily related to the low
350:
processes have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is composed, and many of these can be harnessed. In most cases, microorganisms are used to perform the conversion. The processes are called
709:. Wide deployment of BECCS is constrained by cost and availability of biomass. Since biomass production is land-intensive, deployment of BECCS can pose major risks to food production, human rights, and biodiversity.
2385:
Liu, Guangjian; Larson, Eric D.; Williams, Robert H.; Kreutz, Thomas G.; Guo, Xiangbo (2011-01-20). "Making
Fischer−Tropsch Fuels and Electricity from Coal and Biomass: Performance and Cost Analysis".
862:
Generally, bioenergy expansion fell by 50% in 2020. China and Europe are the only two regions that reported significant expansion in 2020, adding 2 GW and 1.2 GW of bioenergy capacity, respectively.
5163:
1166:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
1149:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
523:
but are byproducts of the main crop, or they are grown on marginal land. Waste from industry, agriculture, forestry and households can also be used for second-generation biofuels, using e.g.
5339:
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333:, these are separated mainly by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to proceed (mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature).
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1734:
Deprez, Alexandra; Leadley, Paul; Dooley, Kate; Williamson, Phil; Cramer, Wolfgang; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Rankovic, Aleksandar; Carlson, Eliot L.; Creutzig, Felix (2024-02-02).
1651:
1143:
Smith, P., J. Nkem, K. Calvin, D. Campbell, F. Cherubini, G. Grassi, V. Korotkov, A.L. Hoang, S. Lwasa, P. McElwee, E. Nkonya, N. Saigusa, J.-F. Soussana, M.A. Taboada, 2019:
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captures only a small fraction of the energy in sunlight, producing a given amount of bioenergy requires a large amount of land compared to other renewable energy sources.
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Long-distance transport of biomass have been criticised as wasteful and unsustainable, and there have been protests against forest biomass export in Sweden and Canada.
816:
of biomass. The low surface power density has the effect that much larger land areas are needed in order to produce the same amount of energy, compared to for instance
4411:
2999:
1188:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
563:
3158:
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2133:
1370:
1145:
Chapter 6: Interlinkages
Between Desertification, Land Degradation, Food Security and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Synergies, Trade-offs and Integrated Response Options
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Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of
Climate Change: Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4120:
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per year. As of 2019, five facilities around the world were actively using BECCS technologies and were capturing approximately 1.5 million tonnes per year of CO
743:
well-managed forest, as the new trees will absorb carbon dioxide from the air as they grow. However, the establishment and cultivation of bioenergy crops can
642:
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2501:"Risk Map: Primary forest and threatened caribou habitat overlap with preliminary estimated wood pellet haul zones for Pinnacle/Drax in British Columbia"
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635:
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1386:"The spatial extent of renewable and non-renewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the U.S."
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to produce heat. Biomass heating may be fully automated or semi-automated they may be pellet-fired, or they may be combined heat and power systems .
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Greenhouse gas emissions from bioenergy can be low because when vegetation is harvested for bioenergy, new vegetation can grow that will absorb CO
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315:. Upgrading raw biomass to higher grade fuels can be achieved by different methods, broadly classified as thermal, chemical, or biochemical:
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4343:
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2004:
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for bioenergy means "the combustion of wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and/or animal dung for cooking or heating in open fires or in
2348:
Akhtar, Ali; Krepl, Vladimir; Ivanova, Tatiana (2018-07-05). "A Combined
Overview of Combustion, Pyrolysis, and Gasification of Biomass".
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This article is about technology aspects to produce a type of renewable energy. For production of biomass for bioenergy generation, see
680:, etc.) as the biomass is utilized through combustion, fermentation, pyrolysis or other conversion methods. Using bioenergy releases CO
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are not regarded as biomass under this definition. Types of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, food crops such as corn,
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in this context as "organic material excluding the material that is fossilised or embedded in geological formations". This means that
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processes use heat as the dominant mechanism to upgrade biomass into a better and more practical fuel. The basic alternatives are
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The surface power production densities of a crop will determine how much land is required for production. The average lifecycle
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3415:
2313:
Pishvaee, Mir Saman; Mohseni, Shayan; Bairamzadeh, Samira (2021). "An overview of biomass feedstocks for biofuel production".
166:. The environmental impacts of biomass production can be problematic, depending on how the biomass is produced and harvested.
5292:
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4328:
759:, cultivation, and processing can result in higher overall carbon emissions for bioenergy compared to using fossil fuels.
5402:
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3713:
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3489:
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2069:
1047:"Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
601:
Another estimate puts the values at 0.08 W/m for biomass, 0.14 W/m for hydro, 1.84 W/m for wind, and 6.63 W/m for solar (
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Wood and wood residues is the largest biomass energy source today. Wood can be used as a fuel directly or processed into
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for ethanol production, and biodiesel can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.
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Wood chips in a storage hopper, in the middle an agitator to transport the material with a screw conveyor to the boiler
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2065:"Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing"
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2609:
Burning
Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children
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1792:"Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy"
888:
805:
769:, which requires a significant proportion of the harvest. In Malaysia and Indonesia, clearing forests to produce
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1677:"Biomass with capture: Negative emissions within social and environmental constraints: An editorial comment"
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is produced from the oils in for instance rapeseed or sugar beets and is the most common biofuel in Europe.
408:
174:
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that is used as input materials consists of recently living (but now dead) organisms, mainly plants. Thus,
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676:. After the biomass is harvested, energy ("bioenergy") is extracted in useful forms (electricity, heat,
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technology can be used to capture emissions from bioenergy power plants. This process is known as
519:
energy crops and agricultural residues/waste. The feedstock used to make the fuels either grow on
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1190:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.020
942:
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1855:
Correa, Diego F.; Beyer, Hawthorne L.; Fargione, Joseph E.; Hill, Jason D.; et al. (2019).
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163:
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IPCC (2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. (eds.).
2492:"Standing up for forests and against the Swedish forestry model: A letter to EC policymakers"
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1918:"The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated"
1870:
1819:
1811:
1747:
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1624:
1614:
1538:
1497:"The EPA Declared That Burning Wood Is Carbon Neutral. It's Actually a Lot More Complicated"
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583:
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266:
204:
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101:
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31:
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are classified broadly into two major categories, depending if food crops are used or not:
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2272:/newsroom/pressreleases/2021/Apr/World-Adds-Record-New-Renewable-Energy-Capacity-in-2020
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2483:"British Power Stations Are Burning Wood From US Forests – To Meet Renewables Target"
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2100:
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The potential range of negative emissions from BECCS was estimated to be zero to 22
543:, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is being developed as a
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2116:"Palm Oil Was Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe"
1716:
Fajardy, Mathilde; Köberle, Alexandre; Mac Dowell, Niall; Fantuzzi, Andrea (2019).
817:
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1121:"What does net-zero emissions by 2050 mean for bioenergy and land use? – Analysis"
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Since biomass can also be used as a fuel directly (e.g. wood logs), the terms
177:
include substantial contributions from bioenergy in 2050 (average at 200 EJ).
2594:
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2531:
2420:
Negative
Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda
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Negative
Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda
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or other forms of fuels. Other plants can also be used as fuel, for instance
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usually denotes the biological raw material the fuel is made of. The terms
64:
by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the
1336:
859:
combined. Most of the global bioenergy is produced from forest resources.
765:. In the United States, around 10% of motor gasoline has been replaced by
688:
is captured before it enters the atmosphere, and stored underground using
3464:
2967:
2932:
2857:
2847:
2790:
1456:"Removing Harmful Greenhouse Gases from the Air Using Energy from Plants"
832:
770:
344:. Like coal, biomass can be converted into multiple commodity chemicals.
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1815:
1619:
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1857:"Towards the implementation of sustainable biofuel production systems"
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Biomass to
Biofuel Supply Chain Design and Planning Under Uncertainty
702:
602:
536:
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478:
296:
254:
100:
using wood to supply 30,000 households in France with bioenergy as a
2428:
2063:
Ayompe, Lacour M.; Schaafsma, M.; Egoh, Benis N. (1 January 2021).
1542:
1338:
Power density : a key to understanding energy sources and uses
1201:"Biofuels explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
457:, an alcohol fuel which serves as an additive to gasoline, or in a
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are generally reserved for liquid or gaseous fuels respectively.
3335:
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2298:. Research Paper - Environment, Energy and Resources Department.
1107:"Biomass – Energy Explained, Your Guide To Understanding Energy"
699:
212:
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but in some cases the required biomass production can increase
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2296:
Woody
Biomass for Power and Heat Impacts on the Global Climate
1442:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2019
605:
values, with none of the renewable sources exceeding 10 W/m).
36:
5164:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1165:
1148:
2637:
441:
First-generation (or "conventional") biofuels are made from
245:
have sometimes been used interchangeably. However, the term
340:
are based on established coal-based processes, such as the
1531:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2018-10-24).
1341:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 26–27, 211, box 7.1.
1322:
751:, and consume water resources and synthetic fertilisers.
453:. Sugars present in this biomass are fermented to produce
5340:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2415:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
2268:"World Adds Record New Renewable Energy Capacity in 2020"
2190:
1975:
1109:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. June 21, 2018.
646:
Example of BECCS: Diagram of bioenergy power plant with
1959:
1957:
1266:
61:
1288:. Biomassenergycentre.org.uk. Retrieved on 2012-02-28.
5181:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2544:
Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives
1454:
Sanchez, Daniel L.; Kammen, Daniel M. (2015-09-24).
657:(BECCS) is the process of extracting bioenergy from
207:
or its metabolic by-products". It goes on to define
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2251:European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC),
1254:
761:Use of farmland for growing biomass can result in
692:technology. Under some conditions, BECCS can can
139:that is derived from plants and animal waste. The
2356:(7). American Chemical Society (ACS): 7294–7318.
2254:Brief on biomass for energy in the European Union
614:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
5381:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
661:and capturing and storing the carbon dioxide (CO
3000:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
2393:(1). American Chemical Society (ACS): 415–437.
2166:
1736:"Sustainability limits needed for CO 2 removal"
1178:
1176:
1174:
729:including wood products in addition to biomass.
564:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
4121:History of climate change policy and politics
3916:
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2216:"Energy Statistics Data Browser – Data Tools"
1723:. Grantham Institute Imperial College London.
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8:
2290:
2288:
2032:"It's Time to Rethink America's Corn System"
1384:Van Zalk, John; Behrens, Paul (2018-12-01).
1026:Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels
800:Biomass (energy) § Environmental impact
570:Comparison with other renewable energy types
4238:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2202:
2178:
1168:. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001
5462:
5450:
5209:
5198:
4917:
4903:
4652:
4639:
4207:
4194:
4106:
4000:
3987:
3939:
3923:
3909:
3901:
3318:
3159:
3145:
3137:
2660:
2646:
2638:
2510:Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options
1675:Rhodes, James S.; Keith, David W. (2008).
1593:Smith, Pete; Porter, John R. (July 2018).
1369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
896:
882:
874:
763:less land being available for growing food
511:(also called "advanced biofuels") utilize
219:is not a form of biomass in this context.
151:and waste from forests, yards, or farms.
5008:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
4146:United Nations Climate Change conferences
3005:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
2082:
1823:
1700:
1628:
1618:
1471:
1418:
1408:
655:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
636:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
623:bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
4712:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1862:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1323:Pishvaee, Mohseni & Bairamzadeh 2021
775:serious social and environmental effects
598:mining/harvesting and decommissioning.
5068:National Adaptation Programme of Action
4857:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2114:Lustgarten, Abrahm (20 November 2018).
1038:
445:sources grown on arable lands, such as
4717:Economics of climate change mitigation
4680:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
4026:Scientific consensus on climate change
1948:
1362:
5376:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2601:from the original on 26 January 2017.
2154:
1963:
835:) of energy, compared to 172 EJ from
7:
5398:Representative Concentration Pathway
4344:Tipping points in the climate system
4020:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
3073:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
2005:US Energy Information Administration
1987:
720:Energy crop § Carbon neutrality
203:as "energy derived from any form of
5169:Nationally determined contributions
4879:Individual action on climate change
4089:World energy supply and consumption
2044:from the original on 3 January 2020
1718:"BECCS deployment: a reality check"
1595:"Bioenergy in the IPCC Assessments"
1299:"Biochemical Conversion of Biomass"
493:. Bioethanol is widely used in the
187:Biomass (energy) § Terminology
5308:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
3837:Renewable energy commercialization
2632:from the original on 13 June 2021.
2606:World Health Organization (2016).
2490:Forest Defenders Alliance (2021).
2323:10.1016/b978-0-12-820640-9.00001-5
1226:"What Is Biomass Renewable Energy"
831:In 2020 bioenergy produced 58 EJ (
714:Climate and sustainability aspects
125:for bioenergy production in Brazil
27:Renewable energy made from biomass
25:
5235:Satellite temperature measurement
4840:forestry for carbon sequestration
4126:History of climate change science
2461:from the original on 25 May 2020.
1930:from the original on 30 June 2021
1897:from the original on 17 July 2021
1509:from the original on 30 June 2021
843:, 29 EJ from nuclear, 16 EJ from
584:Renewable energy § Bioenergy
5461:
5449:
5438:
5437:
5425:
5086:Climate Change Performance Index
4465:Destruction of cultural heritage
3885:
3884:
3305:
3121:
3120:
2240:GLOBAL BIOENERGY STATISTICS 2019
2136:from the original on 17 May 2019
2030:Foley, Jonathan (5 March 2013).
2011:from the original on 14 May 2021
1255:Akhtar, Krepl & Ivanova 2018
989:
975:
839:, 157 EJ from coal, 138 EJ from
777:, as these forests are critical
734:This section is an excerpt from
634:This section is an excerpt from
434:Based on the source of biomass,
377:This section is an excerpt from
175:pathways to limit global warming
111:
89:
41:
5225:Instrumental temperature record
5176:Sustainable Development Goal 13
2362:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01678
1657:from the original on 2020-03-31
1575:from the original on 2020-05-25
1063:from the original on 2019-04-12
578:Eucalyptus plantation in India.
515:-based biomass sources such as
5293:Climate variability and change
4329:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2579:. Cambridge University Press.
2466:Climate Central (2015-10-23).
2191:Forest Defenders Alliance 2021
1976:World Health Organization 2016
1916:Daley, Jason (24 April 2018).
1495:Daley, Jason (24 April 2018).
736:Sustainable energy § Bioenergy
625:(BECCS) and can result in net
1:
5403:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
4938:Climate emergency declaration
3832:Renewable Energy Certificates
3792:Cost of electricity by source
3714:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
3590:High-voltage shore connection
2084:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914
2070:Journal of Cleaner Production
2001:"Biofuels explained: Ethanol"
5386:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
4612:Middle East and North Africa
3847:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
3645:Transmission system operator
3605:Mains electricity by country
3182:Automatic generation control
1021:European Biomass Association
197:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
18:Biomass Fuelled Power Plants
3872:List of electricity sectors
3867:Electric energy consumption
3585:High-voltage direct current
3560:Electric power transmission
3550:Electric power distribution
3227:Energy return on investment
3103:Issues relating to biofuels
3093:Energy return on investment
2257:, Publications Office, 2019
2242:World Bioenergy Association
1410:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023
785:for diverse species. Since
745:displace natural ecosystems
303:feedstocks are wood waste,
5511:
5220:Global surface temperature
5111:Popular culture depictions
5023:Ecosystem-based adaptation
4753:Carbon capture and storage
4675:Carbon offsets and credits
3787:Carbon offsets and credits
3505:Three-phase electric power
2508:Tester, Jefferson (2012).
2499:STAND.earth (2021-03-23).
2481:IFL Science (2016-03-14).
2468:"Pulp Fiction, The Series"
1875:10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.005
808:(i.e. reduce) or increase
797:
733:
717:
690:carbon capture and storage
684:. In BECCS, some of the CO
648:carbon capture and storage
633:
619:Carbon capture and storage
581:
551:Production of liquid fuels
509:Second-generation biofuels
427:
424:Biofuel for transportation
376:
275:Biomass plant in Scotland.
264:
191:Biofuel § Terminology
184:
181:Definition and terminology
29:
5432:Climate change portal
5419:
5325:Extreme event attribution
5208:
5197:
4948:School Strike for Climate
4916:
4902:
4827:Climate-smart agriculture
4651:
4638:
4206:
4193:
4116:
4105:
3999:
3986:
3969:Climate change adaptation
3964:Climate change mitigation
3959:Effects of climate change
3949:
3938:
3880:
3842:Renewable Energy Payments
3331:Fossil fuel power station
3303:
3116:
3078:Energy content of biofuel
1702:10.1007/s10584-007-9387-4
1460:Frontiers for Young Minds
909:
773:for biodiesel has led to
696:from the atmosphere.
665:) that is produced.
539:or by direct combustion.
342:Fischer-Tropsch synthesis
156:climate change mitigation
56:toward certain viewpoints
5335:Global warming potential
5142:International agreements
4789:Preserving and enhancing
4228:Arctic methane emissions
4150:Years in climate change
4057:Greenhouse gas emissions
3954:Causes of climate change
3625:Single-wire earth return
3565:Electrical busbar system
3222:Energy demand management
3052:Thermal depolymerization
3025:Industrial biotechnology
1645:"BECCS 2019 perspective"
1162:Summary for Policymakers
810:greenhouse gas emissions
461:to produce electricity.
160:greenhouse gas emissions
154:Bioenergy can help with
5366:Climate change scenario
5018:Disaster risk reduction
4670:Carbon emission trading
4480:U.S. insurance industry
4455:Civilizational collapse
4302:sea surface temperature
3756:Residual-current device
3746:Power system protection
3736:Generator interlock kit
3020:Fischer–Tropsch process
3010:Biomass heating systems
1752:10.1126/science.adj6171
1473:10.3389/frym.2015.00014
1279:Conversion technologies
997:Renewable energy portal
827:Scale and future trends
595:surface power densities
409:combined heat and power
393:Biomass heating systems
5359:Research and modelling
5043:Nature-based solutions
4863:Nature-based solutions
4805:Carbon dioxide removal
4722:Fossil fuel divestment
4707:Climate risk insurance
4617:Small island countries
4233:Arctic sea ice decline
3540:Distributed generation
3212:Electric power quality
755:cases, the impacts of
730:
651:
627:carbon dioxide removal
579:
399:. The systems may use
390:
379:Biomass heating system
276:
5320:Earth's energy budget
5203:Background and theory
5091:Climate crisis (term)
4763:Fossil fuel phase-out
4657:Economics and finance
4622:by individual country
4564:By country and region
4539:Security and conflict
4534:Psychological impacts
4218:Abrupt climate change
4141:Charles David Keeling
3974:By country and region
3812:Fossil fuel phase-out
3580:Electricity retailing
3575:Electrical substation
3555:Electric power system
1335:Smil, Vaclav (2015).
814:surface power density
804:Bioenergy can either
794:Environmental impacts
727:
718:Further information:
694:remove carbon dioxide
672:from the air through
645:
582:Further information:
577:
388:
309:municipal solid waste
274:
5149:Glasgow Climate Pact
4810:Carbon sequestration
4380:Mass mortality event
3168:Electricity delivery
2167:Climate Central 2015
1923:Smithsonian Magazine
1502:Smithsonian Magazine
904:Bioenergy by country
609:Related technologies
338:chemical conversions
232:low-income countries
119:Sugarcane plantation
5288:Climate sensitivity
5063:The Adaptation Fund
4519:Infectious diseases
4421:Social and economic
3777:Availability factor
3729:Sulfur hexafluoride
3610:Overhead power line
3510:Virtual power plant
3485:Induction generator
3438:Sustainable biofuel
3247:Home energy storage
3237:Grid energy storage
3202:Droop speed control
3108:Sustainable biofuel
2037:Scientific American
1808:2021GCBBi..13.1210C
1693:2008ClCh...87..321R
1611:2018GCBBi..10..428S
1401:2018EnPol.123...83V
525:anaerobic digestion
413:anaerobic digestion
395:generate heat from
372:Biomass for heating
353:anaerobic digestion
313:manufacturing waste
224:traditional biomass
62:improve the article
4859:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
4831:Forest management
4815:Direct air capture
4780:Sustainable energy
4737:Net zero emissions
4732:Low-carbon economy
4727:Green Climate Fund
4514:Indigenous peoples
4412:Plant biodiversity
4200:Effects and issues
3651:Transmission tower
3262:Nameplate capacity
2548:Praeger Publishing
2387:Energy & Fuels
2350:Energy & Fuels
2294:Brack, D. (2017)
2121:The New York Times
1816:10.1111/gcbb.12844
1620:10.1111/gcbb.12514
1537:. pp. 10–13.
1284:2009-10-26 at the
1083:"Bioenergy Basics"
767:corn-based ethanol
731:
652:
580:
541:Cellulosic biomass
391:
319:Thermal conversion
305:agricultural waste
277:
228:inefficient stoves
5477:
5476:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5350:Radiative forcing
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5013:Adaptive capacity
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4758:Energy transition
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4349:Tropical cyclones
4275:Urban heat island
4189:
4188:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4062:Carbon accounting
4016:Greenhouse effect
3982:
3981:
3898:
3897:
3802:Environmental tax
3682:Cascading failure
3451:
3450:
3287:Utility frequency
3134:
3133:
3047:Sabatier reaction
2622:978-92-4-156523-3
2586:978-1-107-05821-7
2557:978-1-4408-5324-1
2523:978-0-262-01747-3
2438:978-0-309-48452-7
2399:10.1021/ef101184e
2332:978-0-12-820640-9
1746:(6682): 484–486.
1552:978-0-309-48452-7
1348:978-0-262-32692-6
1303:BioEnergy Consult
1230:Real World Energy
1186:. In IPCC, 2022:
1184:Annex I: Glossary
1011:Biomass to liquid
965:
964:
557:Biomass to liquid
417:aerobic digestion
401:direct combustion
164:biodiversity loss
162:or lead to local
98:CHP power station
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5502:
5465:
5464:
5453:
5452:
5441:
5440:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5393:Paleoclimatology
5210:
5199:
4960:Ecological grief
4943:Climate movement
4918:
4904:
4884:Plant-based diet
4775:Renewable energy
4653:
4640:
4475:Economic impacts
4402:Invasive species
4258:Coastal flooding
4208:
4195:
4131:Svante Arrhenius
4107:
4077:from agriculture
4067:Carbon footprint
4052:Greenhouse gases
4001:
3988:
3940:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3902:
3888:
3887:
3797:Energy subsidies
3751:Protective relay
3692:Rolling blackout
3319:
3309:
3277:Power-flow study
3217:Electrical fault
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3124:
3123:
2968:Pongamia pinnata
2662:
2655:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2614:
2602:
2569:
2535:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2462:
2410:
2381:
2344:
2299:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2203:STAND.earth 2021
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2179:IFL Science 2016
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2007:. 18 June 2020.
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1827:
1802:(8): 1210–1231.
1786:
1780:
1779:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1332:
1326:
1325:, pp. 1–20.
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1295:
1289:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1152:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1051:
1043:
999:
994:
993:
985:
980:
979:
898:
891:
884:
875:
589:Land requirement
267:Biomass (energy)
230:as is common in
137:renewable energy
115:
102:renewable energy
93:
78:
75:
69:
45:
44:
37:
32:biomass (energy)
21:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5426:
5424:
5407:
5354:
5345:Orbital forcing
5239:
5204:
5185:
5159:Paris Agreement
5137:
5133:Warming stripes
5072:
5038:Managed retreat
5033:Loss and damage
4994:
4928:Business action
4912:
4890:
4867:
4790:
4784:
4741:
4702:Climate finance
4647:
4626:
4558:
4416:
4392:Extinction risk
4368:Flora and fauna
4363:
4324:Permafrost thaw
4319:Ozone depletion
4248:Extreme weather
4202:
4185:
4112:
4093:
4030:
3995:
3978:
3945:
3934:
3929:
3899:
3894:
3876:
3860:
3858:
3851:
3782:Capacity factor
3770:
3768:
3761:
3741:Numerical relay
3719:Circuit breaker
3707:
3705:
3698:
3660:
3600:Load management
3570:Electrical grid
3535:Demand response
3528:
3523:
3514:
3495:Microgeneration
3447:
3362:
3310:
3301:
3297:Vehicle-to-grid
3170:
3165:
3135:
3130:
3112:
3088:Energy forestry
3056:
2988:
2950:Jatropha curcas
2911:
2904:
2812:Camelina sativa
2802:
2795:
2671:
2666:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2612:
2605:
2587:
2572:
2558:
2538:
2524:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2439:
2413:
2384:
2347:
2333:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1681:Climatic Change
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1576:
1553:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1349:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1286:Wayback Machine
1277:
1273:
1267:Liu et al. 2011
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1224:Darby, Thomas.
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1172:
1159:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
995:
988:
981:
974:
971:
966:
961:
905:
902:
872:
847:and 15 EJ from
829:
802:
796:
791:
790:
757:land-use change
739:
722:
716:
711:
710:
708:
687:
683:
671:
664:
639:
616:
611:
591:
586:
572:
553:
432:
426:
421:
420:
382:
374:
369:
269:
263:
261:Input materials
193:
183:
130:
129:
128:
127:
126:
116:
107:
106:
105:
94:
79:
73:
70:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5482:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5459:
5447:
5435:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5298:Cloud feedback
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5156:
5154:Kyoto Protocol
5151:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5106:Media coverage
5103:
5098:
5096:Climate spiral
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5004:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4985:Public opinion
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4935:
4933:Climate action
4930:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4845:REDD and REDD+
4842:
4837:
4829:
4824:
4822:Carbon farming
4819:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4554:Water security
4551:
4549:Water scarcity
4546:
4544:Urban flooding
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4397:Forest dieback
4394:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:Sea level rise
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4307:stratification
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Carbon leakage
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4011:Climate system
4007:
4005:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3932:Climate change
3930:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:Statistics and
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Feed-in tariff
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3595:Interconnector
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Dynamic demand
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Combined cycle
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Load-following
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Electric power
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2939:Chinese tallow
2936:
2929:
2924:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:Water hyacinth
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2603:
2585:
2570:
2556:
2536:
2522:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2478:
2463:
2437:
2429:10.17226/25259
2411:
2382:
2345:
2331:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2284:
2274:. 5 April 2021
2259:
2244:
2231:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2157:, p. 161.
2147:
2106:
2055:
2022:
1992:
1990:, p. 616.
1980:
1968:
1966:, p. 162.
1953:
1951:, p. 512.
1941:
1908:
1847:
1781:
1726:
1708:
1687:(3–4): 321–8.
1667:
1636:
1605:(7): 428–431.
1585:
1551:
1543:10.17226/25259
1520:
1487:
1446:
1434:
1376:
1347:
1327:
1315:
1290:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1216:
1192:
1170:
1153:
1136:
1112:
1098:
1074:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1001:
1000:
986:
970:
967:
963:
962:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
907:
906:
903:
901:
900:
893:
886:
878:
871:
868:
828:
825:
798:Main article:
795:
792:
787:photosynthesis
740:
732:
715:
712:
706:
685:
681:
674:photosynthesis
669:
662:
640:
632:
615:
612:
610:
607:
590:
587:
571:
568:
567:
566:
560:
559:
552:
549:
481:crops such as
469:, mostly from
428:Main article:
425:
422:
383:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
265:Main article:
262:
259:
182:
179:
117:
110:
109:
108:
95:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5507:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5470:
5469:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Climate model
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:Cloud forcing
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5200:
5196:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5078:Communication
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Vulnerability
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Flood control
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4901:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4850:reforestation
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:afforestation
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Nuclear power
4768:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Carbon budget
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4502:Mental health
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:United States
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4292:deoxygenation
4290:
4288:
4287:acidification
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4192:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4108:
4104:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:from wetlands
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4042:Deforestation
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3827:Pigouvian tax
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Earth-leakage
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:Failure modes
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Power station
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Rankine cycle
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3480:Cooling tower
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3323:Non-renewable
3320:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Grid strength
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Demand factor
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Food vs. fuel
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:vegetable oil
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1978:, p. 73.
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:10044/1/89123
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:GCB Bioenergy
1793:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:GCB Bioenergy
1596:
1589:
1586:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Energy Policy
1387:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1236:on 2014-06-08
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
987:
984:
983:Energy portal
978:
973:
968:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
908:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
880:
879:
876:
869:
867:
863:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
824:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
758:
752:
750:
749:degrade soils
746:
737:
726:
721:
713:
704:
701:
697:
695:
691:
679:
675:
666:
660:
656:
649:
644:
637:
631:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
606:
604:
599:
596:
588:
585:
576:
569:
565:
562:
561:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:United States
492:
491:sweet sorghum
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:carbohydrates
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
431:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
387:
380:
371:
366:
364:
362:
358:
354:
349:
345:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
273:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
192:
188:
180:
178:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:is a type of
134:
124:
120:
114:
103:
99:
92:
77:
67:
63:
57:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5423:
5256:Carbon cycle
5213:Measurements
4908:Society and
4792:carbon sinks
4697:Climate debt
4687:Carbon price
4509:Human rights
4339:Season creep
4297:heat content
4223:Anoxic event
4136:James Hansen
3822:Net metering
3769:and policies
3687:Power outage
3656:Utility pole
3620:Pumped hydro
3526:distribution
3521:Transmission
3470:Cogeneration
3272:Power factor
2966:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2931:
2927:Big bluestem
2919:
2912:energy crops
2867:
2810:
2668:
2608:
2575:
2543:
2540:Smil, Vaclav
2509:
2471:. Retrieved
2419:
2390:
2386:
2353:
2349:
2317:. Elsevier.
2314:
2276:. Retrieved
2271:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2046:. Retrieved
2035:
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:
1971:
1944:
1934:14 September
1932:. Retrieved
1921:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1866:
1860:
1850:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1711:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1639:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1577:. Retrieved
1533:
1513:14 September
1511:. Retrieved
1500:
1490:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1444:, p. 3.
1437:
1392:
1388:
1379:
1337:
1330:
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1305:. 2014-05-29
1302:
1293:
1274:
1262:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1229:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1182:IPCC, 2022:
1160:IPCC, 2019:
1156:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1053:
1041:
864:
861:
830:
822:
818:fossil fuels
803:
779:carbon sinks
753:
741:
667:
653:
617:
600:
592:
533:gasification
512:
507:
473:produced in
467:fermentation
442:
440:
433:
405:gasification
367:Applications
357:fermentation
347:
346:
337:
335:
331:gasification
323:torrefaction
318:
317:
278:
246:
242:
238:
236:
223:
221:
217:fossil fuels
208:
200:
194:
168:
153:
149:energy crops
145:fossil fuels
132:
131:
71:
51:
5283:Carbon sink
5261:atmospheric
5126:video games
4800:Blue carbon
4428:Agriculture
4407:Marine life
4354:Water cycle
4312:temperature
4047:Fossil fuel
3817:Load factor
3672:Black start
3640:Transformer
3341:Natural gas
3292:Variability
3267:Peak demand
3257:Merit order
3187:Backfeeding
3083:Energy crop
3030:Pellet fuel
3015:Biorefinery
2979:Switchgrass
2823:Coconut oil
2801:Energy from
2735:Cooking oil
2720:Biogasoline
2695:Babassu oil
2238:WBA (2019)
1949:Tester 2012
1869:: 250–263.
1205:www.eia.gov
1151:. In press.
1016:Biorefinery
841:natural gas
535:to produce
527:to produce
521:arable land
465:is made by
348:Biochemical
299:. The main
289:switchgrass
281:pellet fuel
121:to produce
5484:Categories
5315:Cryosphere
5276:permafrost
5048:Resilience
5000:Adaptation
4975:Litigation
4965:Governance
4910:adaptation
4692:Carbon tax
4645:Mitigation
4582:Antarctica
4470:Disability
3859:production
3704:Protective
3635:Super grid
3630:Smart grid
3457:Generation
3391:Geothermal
3282:Repowering
2993:Technology
2974:Salicornia
2957:Miscanthus
2880:Sugar beet
2752:cellulosic
2725:Bioliquids
2705:Biobutanol
2473:2022-02-12
2278:2021-11-22
2225:2022-12-27
2155:Smil 2017a
2077:: 123914.
1964:Smil 2017a
1901:7 February
1661:2019-06-11
1630:2164/10480
1579:2020-02-22
1420:1887/64883
1309:2016-10-18
1210:2023-01-23
1130:2023-01-19
1092:2023-05-25
1087:Energy.gov
1033:References
948:Kazakhstan
938:Costa Rica
870:By country
857:geothermal
463:Bioethanol
455:bioethanol
361:composting
293:miscanthus
185:See also:
54:unbalanced
5490:Bioenergy
5330:Feedbacks
5101:Education
4602:Caribbean
4597:Australia
4524:Migration
4487:Fisheries
4433:Livestock
4359:Wildfires
4265:Heat wave
3767:Economics
3490:Micro CHP
3368:Renewable
3351:Petroleum
3346:Oil shale
3232:Grid code
3192:Base load
3068:Agflation
2961:giganteus
2890:Sunflower
2885:Sugarcane
2803:foodstock
2710:Biodiesel
2669:Bioenergy
2595:892580682
2566:955778608
2542:(2017a).
2532:892554374
2514:MIT Press
2455:134196575
2407:0887-0624
2378:105089787
2370:0887-0624
2341:230567249
2130:0362-4331
2101:224853908
2093:0959-6526
1988:IPCC 2014
1891:117472901
1883:1364-0321
1842:235792241
1834:1757-1693
1776:267365599
1760:0036-8075
1569:134196575
1482:2296-6846
1429:0301-4215
1365:cite book
1357:927400712
837:crude oil
833:exajoules
630:cropland.
545:feedstock
517:perennial
503:Biodiesel
487:sugarcane
459:fuel cell
447:sugarcane
327:pyrolysis
222:The term
215:or other
201:bioenergy
133:Bioenergy
66:talk page
5495:Biofuels
5456:Glossary
5444:Category
5266:biologic
4980:Politics
4872:Personal
4577:Americas
4445:Children
4211:Physical
4004:Overview
3944:Overview
3890:Category
3677:Brownout
3465:AC power
3175:Concepts
3126:Category
3061:Concepts
2944:Duckweed
2933:Camelina
2910:Non-food
2858:Rapeseed
2848:Palm oil
2791:Wood gas
2764:Methanol
2757:mixtures
2677:Biofuels
2627:Archived
2599:Archived
2459:Archived
2447:31120708
2417:(2019).
2134:Archived
2042:Archived
2009:Archived
1928:Archived
1895:Archived
1768:38301011
1652:Archived
1573:Archived
1561:31120708
1507:Archived
1282:Archived
1058:Archived
1056:. 2012.
969:See also
933:Colombia
806:mitigate
783:habitats
771:palm oil
678:biofuels
513:non-food
436:biofuels
199:defines
74:May 2023
5271:oceanic
5121:fiction
4970:Justice
4921:Society
4529:Poverty
4243:Drought
4111:History
4035:Sources
3706:devices
3416:Thermal
3411:Osmotic
3406:Current
3386:Biomass
3376:Biofuel
3358:Nuclear
3315:Sources
2875:Soybean
2869:Sorghum
2818:Cassava
2747:Ethanol
2730:Biomass
2700:Bagasse
2685:Alcohol
2306:Sources
1804:Bibcode
1740:Science
1689:Bibcode
1607:Bibcode
1397:Bibcode
1240:12 June
1067:9 March
1006:Biochar
958:Ukraine
918:Austria
913:Armenia
659:biomass
497:and in
430:Biofuel
411:(CHP),
397:biomass
251:biofuel
247:biomass
243:biofuel
239:biomass
209:biomass
205:biomass
141:biomass
123:ethanol
60:Please
52:may be
5251:Albedo
5244:Theory
4955:Denial
4746:Energy
4607:Europe
4587:Arctic
4572:Africa
4497:Health
4492:Gender
4450:Cities
4375:Biomes
4282:Oceans
4270:Marine
3993:Causes
3401:Marine
3381:Biogas
2921:Arundo
2853:Potato
2769:Stover
2715:Biogas
2619:
2593:
2583:
2564:
2554:
2530:
2520:
2453:
2445:
2435:
2405:
2376:
2368:
2339:
2329:
2140:15 May
2128:
2099:
2091:
2048:16 May
2015:16 May
1889:
1881:
1840:
1832:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1567:
1559:
1549:
1480:
1427:
1395:: 86.
1355:
1345:
1164:. In:
1147:. In:
953:Turkey
923:Brazil
703:tonnes
603:median
537:syngas
529:biogas
499:Brazil
479:starch
359:, and
329:, and
311:, and
297:bamboo
255:biogas
189:, and
104:source
5468:Index
5230:Proxy
4990:Women
4460:Crime
4387:Birds
4253:Flood
3758:(GFI)
3647:(TSO)
3433:Solar
3421:Tidal
3396:Hydro
3040:stove
2895:Wheat
2838:Maize
2828:Grape
2781:Straw
2690:Algae
2630:(PDF)
2613:(PDF)
2451:S2CID
2374:S2CID
2337:S2CID
2097:S2CID
1887:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1772:S2CID
1721:(PDF)
1655:(PDF)
1648:(PDF)
1565:S2CID
1061:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
943:India
928:China
853:solar
845:hydro
489:, or
475:sugar
451:maize
336:Many
301:waste
285:maize
5053:Risk
4592:Asia
4179:2024
4174:2023
4169:2022
4164:2021
4159:2020
4154:2019
3524:and
3443:Wind
3426:Wave
3336:Coal
3035:mill
2984:Wood
2863:Rice
2833:Hemp
2774:corn
2617:ISBN
2591:OCLC
2581:ISBN
2562:OCLC
2552:ISBN
2528:OCLC
2518:ISBN
2443:PMID
2433:ISBN
2403:ISSN
2366:ISSN
2327:ISBN
2142:2019
2126:ISSN
2089:ISSN
2050:2021
2017:2021
1936:2021
1903:2021
1879:ISSN
1830:ISSN
1764:PMID
1756:ISSN
1557:PMID
1547:ISBN
1515:2021
1478:ISSN
1425:ISSN
1371:link
1353:OCLC
1343:ISBN
1242:2014
1069:2024
1054:IPCC
855:and
849:wind
781:and
700:giga
483:corn
449:and
443:food
295:and
241:and
213:coal
195:The
169:The
5116:art
2900:Yam
2843:Oat
2425:doi
2395:doi
2358:doi
2319:doi
2220:IEA
2079:doi
2075:278
1871:doi
1867:107
1820:hdl
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