331:
270:
195:
285:
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44:. These influences led to bionic architecture being used to draw society away from its anthropocentric environment, by creating landscapes that allow for the harmonious relationship between nature and society. This is achieved through having an in-depth understanding of the complex interactions between form, material, and structure in order to ensure that the building's design supports a more
236:, many theorists became concerned with the underlying implications of modern, technological advancements and thus, re-explored the idea of ‘nature-centred architecture’. Most bionic architectures built during this era can be seen drawing away from the common iron construction and instead, exploring more futuristic styles. For example,
300:(2003), which is heavily inspired by the 'Venus Flower Basket Sponge', a sea creature with a lattice-like exoskeleton and round shape that disperses force from water currents. The building's design features an aluminium coated steel diagrid structure. This allows for passive cooling, heating, ventilating and lighting.
457:. As this design is meant for sites that are ‘already a large hub for activity’, it will particularly be useful for high schools, colleges and grocery stores. The architectural design is also very compact and aims to increase the amount of green area, thereby allowing for the full advantage of space.
90:
In recent years, another new scientific direction has emerged in which bionics collaborates with architecture and building technics, namely architectural bionics. Using models of nature as samples, such as plant stems, living leaf nerve, eggshells, engineers create durable and beautiful architectural
28:
is a contemporary movement that studies the physiological, behavioural, and structural adaptions of biological organisms as a source of inspiration for designing and constructing expressive buildings. These structures are designed to be self-sufficient, being able to structurally modify themselves in
375:
in
Tunisia is a greenhouse project that is heavily inspired by the Namibian fog-basking beetle, which can regulate its body temperature and develop its own fresh water in arid climates. Like the beetle, this building features a saltwater evaporating, cooling and humidifying system that is suitable
57:
The word ‘bionic architecture’ is derived from the Greek word ‘bios’ (life) as well as the
English word ‘technics’ (to study). The term was originally used to describe the scientific trend of ‘transferring technologies into life-forms’. The term ‘bionic’ was first used in 1958 by U.S army colonel,
413:
With the rise of technological advancements, the full potential of Bionic
Architecture is still being explored. However, due to the rapidly growing demand for a more effective, ecologically sustainable design approach that does not compromise the needs of society, many ideas have been put forth:
95:
in 1983 and focused on the classical theory of architecture. It explored the possibility of studying the behaviours of different biological life forms and integrating these observations into building and design. He also theorised that bionic architecture would solve many problems associated with
112:
The built environment contributes to a majority of waste, material production, energy use and fossil fuel emissions. Thus, there is a responsibility to develop a more efficient and ecologically friendly construction design that still allows for daily activities in society to take place. This is
96:
design and construction because it would allow for the ‘perfect protection’ through mimicking the same survival mechanisms used by organisms. By the late 1980s, architectural bionics finally emerged as a new branch of architectural science and practice. This then influenced the creation of the
403:
in Harare, Zimbabwe had to follow a strict set of rules during its creation. Its engineers claimed that the outer walls must not be under direct sunlight, the window to wall ratio must be approximately 25% and the windows must be sealed with ventilation, in order to combat noise pollution and
293:
Due to growing concerns surrounding global warming and climate change, as well as the rise of technological improvements, architectural bionics became primarily focused on more efficient ways to achieve modern sustainability. An example of the modern architectural bionic movement includes the
211:
and was primarily focused upon anatomical observations. This is because the Greeks were fascinated by the features of the human body, which influenced the symmetrical design of their architecture. Bionic architecture can also be observed through their use of plant elements within their stucco
245:
interior design drew its inspiration from various shapes and patterns of plants while its pillars mirrored the structure of human bones. Such influences were based on Gaudi's realisation of the potential for mimicking nature in order to enhance the functionality of his buildings.
132:(1997), Janine Benyus formulated a set of questions that can be used to establish the level of bio mimicry within an architectural design. In order to ensure that an architectural design follows the principles of bionics, the answer must be ‘yes’ to the following questions:
430:
and micropal-radiolares in order to house different residential and office spaces. Its proposed design allows for the building to be self-sufficient and sustainable as it will aim to generate energy from various sources such as wind, biomass, solar energy, hydro energy and
314:), a form of plastic that provides a lighter steel frame and allows for more sunlight to enter the building in order to generate solar power. Its pillows are also built to be easily detachable from its steel frame should more efficient material be discovered in the future.
48:
environment. As a result, architects will rely upon the use of high-tech, artificial materials and techniques in order to conserve energy and materials, lower the consumption of construction and increase the practicality and reliability of their building structures.
66:
during an astronomer project that focused on research surrounding the field of robotics. In their project, both researchers initially recognised the concept of bionics as ‘the science of systems based on living creatures’. The idea was then expanded upon in 1997 by
260:
has also imitated the vein tissues found in water lilies and the human thighbone. This reduced the building's surface tension, thereby allowing it to carry more weight without the use of an excessive amount of materials.
469:
and can be changed based on the needs of the user. For example, the roof can be modified to be slanted in order to collect solar energy, pitched to collect rainwater, or smoothed in order to allow for better airflow.
435:. Moreover, as the ocean scraper is intended to be built on water, its designers are exploring the idea of extracting and generating electricity from new sources such as under-water volcanoes and earthquake power.
376:
for year-round cultivation. The evaporated air condenses to fresh water, allowing the greenhouse to remain heated at night.. The salt extracted from the evaporation process can also be crystallised into
465:
This idea focuses upon creating a set of interconnected living units that ‘can be networked together in order to share and benefit from one another’s utilities’. The design is also intended to be
216:’ students, who observed the acanthus leaves decorated on a Corinthian grave. This provided inspiration for the Corinthian column capital’s design, which was surrounded by an acanthus foliage.
362:
within its glass panels in order to be used as a resource for providing the building with energy and warmth. This produces zero carbon electricity, which is twice as effective as
173:
inspired by various crustaceans and skulls due to its ability to distribute internal force across its surface area. Buildings that employ this style are malleable and flexible.
590:
310:(2001) features a set of natural biomes with several geodesic domes inspired by bubbles joined together. These are made of three layers of Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene (
347:
environment through its reliance upon using renewable materials. This allows for an increase in monetary savings due to the increased energy efficiency. For example:
993:
932:
Kashkooli, Ali; Altan, Hasim; Zahiri, Sahar (2011). "The impact of bionic design in proposing energy efficient future: Case study of Ocean
Scraper 2050".
785:
36:
has existed since the early 18th century period, the movement only began to mature in the early 21st century, following society's growing concerns over
816:
393:
Bionic architecture has been heavily criticised for being difficult to maintain due to its tendency to be overly technical. For example:
898:
Kozlov, Dmitri (2019). "The heritage of the laboratory of architectural bionics and the latest trends in architectural morphogenesis".
443:
This idea explores the possibility of creating an area that requires less travel time between places, thereby reducing the amount of
185:
inspired by plantain leaves and its ability to regulate sunlight. Buildings with this design have the most abundant sunlight.
330:
561:
354:
in
Germany was designed by Splitterwerk Architects and SSC Strategic Science Consultants. It is completely powered by
269:
256:
also uses lattice grids in order to mimic the human bone structure and thus, create a more rigid structure. The
737:
Chen, Ling Ling (2012). "The
Application of Bionics Techniques in the Designing of Building Material Skin".
399:
194:
284:
251:
426:
and the shapes of various organisms. In particular, its internal structure will be based on the shape of
1047:
371:
233:
742:
616:
29:
response to the fluctuating internal and external forces such as changes in weather and temperature.
466:
20:
871:
754:
224:
766:
716:
526:
499:
489:
344:
240:
207:
Archaeological data suggests that the first forms of bionic architecture can be traced back to
812:
758:
686:
636:
556:
521:
432:
377:
301:
870:
Mehdi, Sadri; Kavandi, Mehdi; Alireza, Jozepiri; Teimouri, Sharareh; Fatemeh, Abbasi (2014).
1052:
850:
750:
676:
628:
615:
Yuan, Yanping; Yu, Xiaoping; Yang, Xiaojiao; Xiao, Yimin; Xiang, Bo; Wang, Yi (2017-07-01).
536:
995:
Bionics in architecture: Experiments with multi-agent systems in irregular folded structure
598:
International
Association of Societies of Design Research, Energy Conversion and Management
91:
structures: houses, bridges, movie theatres, etc." Later, J.S Lebedev published his book,
381:
79:
681:
664:
541:
237:
746:
322:
167:
inspired by an animal's spinal column, thereby creating a more stiff and rigid building.
448:
296:
208:
86:
in which the study of bionics was applied to architectural thinking, and claimed that:
59:
45:
41:
37:
1041:
838:
770:
551:
363:
247:
228:
The ceiling of the 'Sagrada
Familia', with patterns that mirror the shapes of flowers
68:
720:
305:
277:
101:
63:
33:
422:
This essentially involves creating floating buildings inspired by the buoyancy of
100:
which became the main research centre for the field of bionic architecture in the
951:
Fei, Chen; Sha, Sha (2005). "An introduction to bridge design based on bionics".
516:
213:
198:
A piece of the
Corinthian column capital which is decorated with acanthus leaves
114:
72:
784:
Mayatsykaya, Irina; Yazyev, Batyr; Yazyeva, Svetlana; Kulinich, Polina (2017).
632:
546:
359:
274:
122:
118:
762:
690:
640:
179:
inspired by plant and animal cells. It is mainly used for aesthetic purposes.
98:
Central
Research and Experimental Design Laboratory of Architectural Bionics,
934:
Conference: 10th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies
531:
511:
454:
617:"Bionic building energy efficiency and bionic green architecture: A review"
855:
494:
484:
444:
384:, which can be compressed into building blocks, thereby minimising waste.
479:
427:
423:
343:
The main advantage of bionic architecture is that it allows for a more
355:
75:’ which referred to ‘the conscious emulation of nature’s genius'.
1001:(Diploma thesis). Technische Universität Dresden. pp. 31–42.
311:
809:
The reality of the artificial: Nature, technology and naturoids
900:
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research
665:"Bionic architecture: back to the origins and a step forward"
212:
mouldings. This idea was said to have originated from one of
113:
achieved through the use of renewable energy sources such as
837:
Sugár, Viktória; Leczovics, Péter; Horkai, András (2017).
707:
Zakcharchuk, Anzhela (2012). "Bionics in architecture".
669:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
125:, and natural sources such as wood, soil and minerals.
288:'The Eden Project', which has solar-powered domes
786:"Building constructions: architecture and nature"
358:. It features a heat exchanger which cultivates
160:The classifications of bionic architecture are:
977:Nazareth, Aaron (2018). "Bionic architecture".
872:"Bionic architecture, forms and constructions"
8:
755:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1977
854:
680:
591:"Discussion on theories of bionic design"
589:Wan-Ting, Chiu; Shang-Chia, Chou (2009).
326:The BIQ House located in Hamburg, Germany
273:Artificial trees with "leaves" of light,
130:Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature
621:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
352:The BIQ (Bio-Intelligent Quotient) House
334:The Sahara Forest Project in development
329:
321:
283:
268:
223:
193:
981:. Unitec Institute of Technology: 1–69.
572:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1023:Huber, Ryan (2010). "Future bionic".
972:
970:
968:
966:
953:Southern African Transport Conference
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
893:
891:
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104:and a number of socialist countries.
7:
1025:Theses from the Architecture Program
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702:
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658:
656:
654:
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584:
582:
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136:Does its precedent relate to nature?
876:Research Journal of Recent Sciences
16:Contemporary architetonic movement
14:
506:Architects of Bionic architecture
53:History and theoretical framework
843:YBL Journal of Built Environment
811:. Germany: Springer Publishing.
84:The Encyclopedia of Cybernetics,
739:Applied Mechanics and Materials
709:Challenges of Modern Technology
682:10.1088/1757-899x/451/1/012145
1:
663:Vorobyeva, O I (2018-12-14).
156:Styles of bionic architecture
145:Does it fit form to function?
562:Jacques Rougerie (architect)
992:Felbrich, Benjamin (2014).
439:Supercentre Beehive Concept
1069:
807:Negrotti, Massimo (2012).
633:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.004
265:20th – 21st century period
232:Following the rise of the
18:
839:"Bionics in architecture"
790:MATEC Web of Conferences
203:Pre-18th Century Period
93:Architecture and Bionic
71:, who coined the term ‘
32:Although this style of
741:. 174–177: 1977–1980.
404:unpredictable weather.
335:
327:
289:
281:
229:
220:18 19th Century Period
199:
142:Is it self-sufficient?
62:and Soviet scientist,
856:10.1515/jbe-2017-0003
445:fossil fuel emissions
372:Sahara Forest Project
333:
325:
287:
272:
234:Industrial Revolution
227:
197:
171:Thin shell structure:
19:Further information:
190:Historical evolution
165:Arch form structure:
139:Is it solar-powered?
747:2012AMM...174.1977C
302:Nicholas Grimshaw's
82:published his book
26:Bionic architecture
21:Modern Architecture
527:Santiago Calatrava
418:Ocean Scraper 2050
345:sustainable living
336:
328:
290:
282:
230:
200:
177:Puffing structure:
148:Is it sustainable?
818:978-3-642-29679-6
557:Vincent Callebaut
522:Nicholas Grimshaw
461:Pod Housing Units
433:geothermal energy
378:calcium carbonate
242:Sagrada Familia’s
183:Spiral structure:
1060:
1033:
1032:
1020:
1003:
1002:
1000:
989:
983:
982:
979:Research Project
974:
961:
960:
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942:
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929:
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645:
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537:Daniel Libeskind
400:East Gate Centre
307:The Eden Project
151:Is it beautiful?
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648:
614:
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604:(1): 3625–3643.
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588:
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476:
467:self-sustaining
463:
452:
441:
420:
411:
391:
382:sodium chloride
341:
320:
292:
267:
248:Joseph Paxton's
238:Antonio Gaudi's
222:
205:
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158:
110:
80:Victor Glushkov
55:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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568:Reference list
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297:30 St Mary Axe
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258:Crystal Palace
253:Crystal Palace
221:
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209:ancient Greece
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60:Jack E. Steele
54:
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42:global warming
38:climate change
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13:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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906:(1): 366–371.
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552:Cecil Balmond
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474:Related terms
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389:Disadvantages
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364:photovoltaics
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128:In her book,
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107:
105:
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89:
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81:
76:
74:
70:
69:Janine Benyus
65:
61:
52:
50:
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43:
39:
35:
30:
27:
22:
1048:Architecture
1028:
1024:
994:
987:
978:
956:
952:
946:
937:
933:
903:
899:
879:
875:
865:
849:(1): 31–42.
846:
842:
808:
802:
793:
789:
779:
738:
715:(1): 50–53.
712:
708:
672:
668:
624:
620:
610:
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542:Jan Kaplický
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83:
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64:Otto Schmitt
56:
34:architecture
31:
25:
24:
1031:(98): 1–43.
882:(3): 93–98.
627:: 771–787.
517:Bates Smart
500:Biourbanism
490:Organi-tech
360:micro algae
214:Polykleitos
123:hydro power
119:wind energy
115:solar power
73:bio mimicry
46:sustainable
1042:Categories
959:: 951–958.
675:: 012145.
547:Moti Bodek
409:Future use
339:Advantages
318:Evaluation
275:Troparyovo
940:(1): 1–6.
771:110396017
763:1662-7482
691:1757-899X
641:1364-0321
532:Ken Yeang
512:Greg Lynn
455:pollution
78:In 1974,
721:93736300
495:Bio-tech
485:Eco-tech
428:beehives
424:icebergs
1053:Bionics
743:Bibcode
480:Bionics
280:station
108:Purpose
815:
796:: 1–9.
769:
761:
719:
689:
639:
999:(PDF)
767:S2CID
717:S2CID
594:(PDF)
356:algae
278:metro
813:ISBN
759:ISSN
687:ISSN
637:ISSN
447:and
398:The
380:and
370:The
312:ETFE
102:USSR
40:and
851:doi
794:106
751:doi
677:doi
673:451
629:doi
1044::
1027:.
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853::
847:5
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753::
745::
723:.
713:3
693:.
679::
643:.
631::
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