1986:
1901:
1176:
1874:
1526:
1592:
1059:
1811:
1090:
1191:, which represent 90% of the ocean's biomass. Work in recent years has largely focused on cycling of carbon and macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicate: other important elements such as sulfur or trace elements have been less studied, reflecting associated technical and logistical issues. Increasingly, these marine areas, and the taxa that form their ecosystems, are subject to significant anthropogenic pressure, impacting marine life and recycling of energy and nutrients. A key example is that of
1741:
1958:
870:
1718:(rRNA) gene sequences. Recent estimates show that <8% of 16S rRNA sequences in public databases derive from subsurface organisms and only a small fraction of those are represented by genomes or isolates. Thus, there is remarkably little reliable information about microbial metabolism in the subsurface. Further, little is known about how organisms in subsurface ecosystems are metabolically interconnected. Some cultivation-based studies of
1071:
1726:
networks that underpin them. This restricts the ability of biogeochemical models to capture key aspects of the carbon and other nutrient cycles. New approaches such as genome-resolved metagenomics, an approach that can yield a comprehensive set of draft and even complete genomes for organisms without the requirement for laboratory isolation have the potential to provide this critical level of understanding of biogeochemical processes.
862:
1825:
5032:
595:
1839:
1387:
47:
1588:) settle through the ocean interior. Only 2 Pg eventually arrives at the seafloor, while the other 8 Pg is respired in the dark ocean. In sediments, the time scale available for degradation increases by orders of magnitude with the result that 90% of the organic carbon delivered is degraded and only 0.2 Pg C yr is eventually buried and transferred from the biosphere to the geosphere.
1755:
1972:
1783:
1769:
1625:
1165:
885:. However, the matter that makes up living organisms is conserved and recycled. The six most common elements associated with organic molecules — carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur — take a variety of chemical forms and may exist for long periods in the atmosphere, on land, in water, or beneath the Earth's surface. Geologic processes, such as
3168:
1616:
4347:
3583:
3279:
3218:
3048:
2388:
2284:
2222:
2151:
2110:
943:) have many biogeochemical cycles operating as a part of the system, for example, the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, etc. All chemical elements occurring in organisms are part of biogeochemical cycles. In addition to being a part of living organisms, these chemical elements also cycle through abiotic factors of ecosystems such as water (
936:. Sulfur is critical to the three-dimensional shape of proteins. The cycling of these elements is interconnected. For example, the movement of water is critical for leaching sulfur and phosphorus into rivers which can then flow into oceans. Minerals cycle through the biosphere between the biotic and abiotic components and from one organism to another.
1607:. The red arrows (and associated numbers) indicate the annual flux changes due to anthropogenic activities, averaged over the 2000–2009 time period. They represent how the carbon cycle has changed since 1750. Red numbers in the reservoirs represent the cumulative changes in anthropogenic carbon since the start of the Industrial Period, 1750–2011.
1402:(flows). Simple box models have a small number of boxes with properties, such as volume, that do not change with time. The boxes are assumed to behave as if they were mixed homogeneously. These models are often used to derive analytical formulas describing the dynamics and steady-state abundance of the chemical species involved.
3412:
2475:
Jickells, T. D.; Buitenhuis, E.; Altieri, K.; Baker, A. R.; Capone, D.; Duce, R. A.; Dentener, F.; Fennel, K.; Kanakidou, M.; Laroche, J.; Lee, K.; Liss, P.; Middelburg, J. J.; Moore, J. K.; Okin, G.; Oschlies, A.; Sarin, M.; Seitzinger, S.; Sharples, J.; Singh, A.; Suntharalingam, P.; Uematsu, M.;
1694:
of calcium ions. In a given year between 10 and 100 million tonnes of carbon moves around this slow cycle. This includes volcanoes returning geologic carbon directly to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. However, this is less than one percent of the carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere
843:
essential for the cycling of nutrients and chemicals throughout global ecosystems. Without microorganisms many of these processes would not occur, with significant impact on the functioning of land and ocean ecosystems and the planet's biogeochemical cycles as a whole. Changes to cycles can impact
2632:
Breitburg, Denise; Levin, Lisa A.; Oschlies, Andreas; Grégoire, Marilaure; Chavez, Francisco P.; Conley, Daniel J.; Garçon, Véronique; Gilbert, Denis; Gutiérrez, Dimitri; Isensee, Kirsten; Jacinto, Gil S.; Limburg, Karin E.; Montes, Ivonne; Naqvi, S. W. A.; Pitcher, Grant C.; Rabalais, Nancy N.;
1310:
S, have a negative impact for marine resources like fisheries and coastal aquaculture. While global change has accelerated, there has been a parallel increase in awareness of the complexity of marine ecosystems, and especially the fundamental role of microbes as drivers of ecosystem functioning.
1725:
and small-scale metagenomic analyses of natural communities suggest that organisms are linked via metabolic handoffs: the transfer of redox reaction products of one organism to another. However, no complex environments have been dissected completely enough to resolve the metabolic interaction
1104:
Although the Earth constantly receives energy from the Sun, its chemical composition is essentially fixed, as the additional matter is only occasionally added by meteorites. Because this chemical composition is not replenished like energy, all processes that depend on these chemicals must be
1363:
Plants and animals utilize carbon to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can then be used to build their internal structures or to obtain energy. Plants and animals temporarily use carbon in their systems and then release it back into the air or surrounding medium. Generally,
1797:
1916:
4296:
Anantharaman, Karthik; Brown, Christopher T.; Hug, Laura A.; Sharon, Itai; Castelle, Cindy J.; Probst, Alexander J.; Thomas, Brian C.; Singh, Andrea; Wilkins, Michael J.; Karaoz, Ulas; Brodie, Eoin L.; Williams, Kenneth H.; Hubbard, Susan S.; Banfield, Jillian F. (2016).
993:
plays an important role. Matter from the Earth's interior is released by volcanoes. The atmosphere exchanges some compounds and elements rapidly with the biota and oceans. Exchanges of materials between rocks, soils, and the oceans are generally slower by comparison.
1603:, measured in Pg C. Carbon exchange fluxes, measured in Pg C yr, occur between the atmosphere and its two major sinks, the land and the ocean. The black numbers and arrows indicate the reservoir mass and exchange fluxes estimated for the year 1750, just before the
1655:. The fast cycle includes annual cycles involving photosynthesis and decadal cycles involving vegetative growth and decomposition. The reactions of the fast carbon cycle to human activities will determine many of the more immediate impacts of climate change.
852:
and other organisms, and maintaining the health of ecosystems generally. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and using large amounts of fertilizer can disrupt cycles, contributing to climate change, pollution, and other environmental problems.
4252:
Alneberg, Johannes; Bjarnason, Brynjar Smári; De Bruijn, Ino; Schirmer, Melanie; Quick, Joshua; Ijaz, Umer Z.; Lahti, Leo; Loman, Nicholas J.; Andersson, Anders F.; Quince, Christopher (2014). "Binning metagenomic contigs by coverage and composition".
1713:
of carbon and 2–19% of all biomass. Microorganisms drive organic and inorganic compound transformations in this environment and thereby control biogeochemical cycles. Current knowledge of the microbial ecology of the subsurface is primarily based on
659:. In each cycle, the chemical element or molecule is transformed and cycled by living organisms and through various geological forms and reservoirs, including the atmosphere, the soil and the oceans. It can be thought of as the pathway by which a
1432:
The residence or turnover time is the average time material spends resident in the reservoir. If the reservoir is in a steady state, this is the same as the time it takes to fill or drain the reservoir. Thus, if Ď„ is the turnover time, then Ď„ =
1619:
The fast cycle operates through the biosphere, including exchanges between land, atmosphere, and oceans. The yellow numbers are natural fluxes of carbon in billions of tons (gigatons) per year. Red are human contributions and white are stored
1364:
reservoirs are abiotic factors whereas exchange pools are biotic factors. Carbon is held for a relatively short time in plants and animals in comparison to coal deposits. The amount of time that a chemical is held in one place is called its
2247:
Henley, Sian F.; Cavan, Emma L.; Fawcett, Sarah E.; Kerr, Rodrigo; Monteiro, Thiago; Sherrell, Robert M.; Bowie, Andrew R.; Boyd, Philip W.; Barnes, David K. A.; Schloss, Irene R.; Marshall, Tanya; Flynn, Raquel; Smith, Shantelle (2020).
3477:
1640:. Fast or biological cycles can complete within years, moving substances from atmosphere to biosphere, then back to the atmosphere. Slow or geological cycles can take millions of years to complete, moving substances through the Earth's
1294:, reviewed by Breitburg in 2018, due to the increase in global temperature, ocean stratification and deoxygenation, driving as much as 25 to 50% of nitrogen loss from the ocean to the atmosphere in the so-called
1926:
Biogeochemical cycles always involve active equilibrium states: a balance in the cycling of the element between compartments. However, overall balance may involve compartments distributed on a global scale.
1285:
communities, principally through effects on calcifying taxa. There is also evidence for shifts in the production of key intermediary volatile products, some of which have marked greenhouse effects (e.g.,
1513:
1089:
3445:
3976:
Hug, Laura A.; Thomas, Brian C.; Sharon, Itai; Brown, Christopher T.; Sharma, Ritin; Hettich, Robert L.; Wilkins, Michael J.; Williams, Kenneth H.; Singh, Andrea; Banfield, Jillian F. (2016).
1873:
1651:
processes between the environment and living organisms in the biosphere. It includes movements of carbon between the atmosphere and terrestrial and marine ecosystems, as well as soils and
4596:
Schink, Bernhard; "Microbes: Masters of the Global
Element Cycles" pp 33–58. "Metals, Microbes and Minerals: The Biogeochemical Side of Life", pp xiv + 341. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
2415:
1930:
As biogeochemical cycles describe the movements of substances on the entire globe, the study of these is inherently multidisciplinary. The carbon cycle may be related to research in
626:
2745:
Hutchins, David A.; Jansson, Janet K.; Remais, Justin V.; Rich, Virginia I.; Singh, Brajesh K.; Trivedi, Pankaj (2019). "Climate change microbiology — problems and perspectives".
3247:"Perspectives on the Terrestrial Organic Matter Transport and Burial along the Land-Deep Sea Continuum: Caveats in Our Understanding of Biogeochemical Processes and Future Needs"
1518:
When two or more reservoirs are connected, the material can be regarded as cycling between the reservoirs, and there can be predictable patterns to the cyclic flow. More complex
647:, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust. Major biogeochemical cycles include the
1417:
is the flux of material out of the reservoir. The budget is the check and balance of the sources and sinks affecting material turnover in a reservoir. The reservoir is in a
2203:
Avelar, S., van der Voort, T.S. and
Eglinton, T.I. (2017) "Relevance of carbon stocks of marine sediments for national greenhouse gas inventories of maritime nations".
1070:
4548:
5815:
5068:
4711:
2041:
913:
have major roles in the study of this process, the recycling of inorganic matter between living organisms and their environment is called a biogeochemical cycle.
2141:
5959:
3873:
Bosse, Magnus; Heuwieser, Alexander; Heinzel, Andreas; Nancucheo, Ivan; Melo
Barbosa Dall'Agnol, Hivana; Lukas, Arno; Tzotzos, George; Mayer, Bernd (2015).
1058:
6029:
1686:
processes result in the return of this geologic carbon to the Earth's surface. There the rocks are weathered and carbon is returned to the atmosphere by
4946:
1394:
Box models are widely used to model biogeochemical systems. Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or storage
142:
135:
3384:
1223:
is just one of a series of pressing threats stressing microbial communities due to global change. Climate change has also resulted in changes in the
989:
The major parts of the biosphere are connected by the flow of chemical elements and compounds in biogeochemical cycles. In many of these cycles, the
5566:
4425:
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion".
3646:
1900:
1580:
is about 50 Pg C each year. About 10 Pg is exported to the ocean interior while the other 40 Pg is respired. Organic carbon degradation occurs as
6039:
5767:
1564:
The diagram on the left shows a simplified budget of ocean carbon flows. It is composed of three simple interconnected box models, one for the
835:
Biogeochemical cycles involve the interaction of biological, geological, and chemical processes. Biological processes include the influence of
4523:
3463:
612:
6044:
2412:
1187:
comprise a minor fraction of the ocean in terms of surface area, yet have an enormous impact on global biogeochemical cycles carried out by
5601:
4878:
578:
1001:; the Sun constantly gives the planet energy in the form of light while it is eventually used and lost in the form of heat throughout the
4201:
Eren, A. Murat; Esen, Ă–zcan C.; Quince, Christopher; Vineis, Joseph H.; Morrison, Hilary G.; Sogin, Mitchell L.; Delmont, Tom O. (2015).
6232:
4044:"Microbial community transcriptomes reveal microbes and metabolic pathways associated with dissolved organic matter turnover in the sea"
103:
5649:
2096:
5985:
5808:
5061:
4982:
4858:
4704:
554:
174:
5321:
4679:
4660:
4612:
4409:
4379:
3428:
3204:
3180:
3086:
2071:
2182:
1855:
and human impacts are drastically changing the speed, intensity, and balance of these relatively unknown cycles, which include:
1647:
As an example, the fast carbon cycle is illustrated in the diagram below on the left. This cycle involves relatively short-term
1447:
619:
6064:
5777:
5644:
5356:
5007:
2476:
Zamora, L. M. (2017). "A reevaluation of the magnitude and impacts of anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen inputs on the ocean".
920:, both of which are essential to life. Carbon is found in all organic molecules, whereas nitrogen is an important component of
211:
6322:
3978:"Critical biogeochemical functions in the subsurface are associated with bacteria from new phyla and little studied lineages"
6449:
6094:
4042:
McCarren, J.; Becker, J. W.; Repeta, D. J.; Shi, Y.; Young, C. R.; Malmstrom, R. R.; Chisholm, S. W.; Delong, E. F. (2010).
3409:
1175:
1183:
The global ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface and is remarkably heterogeneous. Marine productive areas, and
1009:. These compounds are oxidized to release carbon dioxide, which can be captured by plants to make organic compounds. The
6620:
6495:
6049:
5801:
5054:
5035:
4697:
4354:
3590:
3286:
3225:
3163:
3055:
2395:
2291:
2230:
2158:
2117:
599:
5927:
4741:
2000:
257:
4987:
4842:
1810:
1159:
279:
271:
184:
4021:
2947:
Falkowski, P. G.; Fenchel, T.; Delong, E. F. (2008). "The
Microbial Engines That Drive Earth's Biogeochemical Cycles".
1525:
916:
The six aforementioned elements are used by organisms in a variety of ways. Hydrogen and oxygen are found in water and
6284:
5175:
3410:
Blue planet: The role of the oceans in nutrient cycling, maintain the atmosphere system, and modulating climate change
3108:
Sarmiento, J.L.; Toggweiler, J.R. (1984). "A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric P CO 2".
1591:
986:; therefore, these chemicals are recycled instead of being lost and replenished constantly such as in an open system.
2138:
1915:
839:, which are critical drivers of biogeochemical cycling. Microorganisms have the ability to carry out wide ranges of
6349:
6069:
5273:
5170:
1710:
1581:
774:
1599:
The diagram on the right shows a more complex model with many interacting boxes. Reservoir masses here represents
1595:
More complex model with many interacting boxes. Export and burial rates of terrestrial organic carbon in the ocean
844:
human health. The cycles are interconnected and play important roles regulating climate, supporting the growth of
6530:
6142:
6034:
5892:
5877:
5872:
5263:
2633:
Roman, Michael R.; Rose, Kenneth A.; Seibel, Brad A.; Telszewski, Maciej; Yasuhara, Moriaki; Zhang, Jing (2018).
1243:
6289:
1740:
1207:
of the water column and seabed, and increased greenhouse gas emissions, with direct local and global impacts on
1199:
leads to nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of coastal ecosystems, greatly increasing productivity resulting in
6520:
6515:
6485:
5752:
5634:
4975:
4970:
1691:
1577:
825:
770:
347:
342:
98:
1016:
Sunlight is required to combine carbon with hydrogen and oxygen into an energy source, but ecosystems in the
6364:
6227:
6137:
6005:
5887:
5857:
5714:
5679:
5399:
5366:
5341:
4909:
1519:
1192:
501:
4798:
4299:"Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system"
1670:
of rocks can take millions of years. Carbon in the ocean precipitates to the ocean floor where it can form
451:
6510:
6454:
6389:
6252:
6187:
6122:
5782:
5684:
5472:
5180:
5160:
3376:
1356:
for a long period of time. When chemicals are held for only short periods of time, they are being held in
6635:
6625:
6414:
6359:
6222:
6207:
5990:
5947:
5937:
5932:
5689:
5669:
5525:
5515:
5457:
5452:
5288:
5140:
5002:
2080:
1991:
1796:
1604:
1188:
194:
2837:
Bertagnolli, Anthony D.; Stewart, Frank J. (2018). "Microbial niches in marine oxygen minimum zones".
6540:
6505:
6500:
6424:
6419:
6374:
6272:
6242:
6237:
6089:
5952:
5942:
5487:
5326:
5017:
4921:
4751:
4485:
4434:
4310:
4106:
3989:
3937:
3680:
3511:
3316:
3117:
3011:
2956:
2893:
2646:
2587:
2542:
2485:
2321:
2005:
1935:
1302:
marine zones, driven by microbial processes. Other products, that are typically toxic for the marine
1236:
1228:
745:. These compounds can be used by other organisms, and nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere through
534:
115:
108:
5046:
4476:
Hedges, J.I; Oades, J.M (1997). "Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments".
1405:
The diagram at the right shows a basic one-box model. The reservoir contains the amount of material
861:
6590:
6565:
6429:
6399:
6344:
6257:
6147:
6132:
6079:
5912:
5847:
5729:
5659:
5190:
5012:
4953:
4570:
1768:
1722:
1295:
1263:
1204:
1196:
1096:
933:
522:
332:
223:
5793:
4512:
3926:"Genetic characterization of denitrifier communities with contrasting intrinsic functional traits"
3775:
Schloss, Patrick D.; Girard, Rene A.; Martin, Thomas; Edwards, Joshua; Thrash, J. Cameron (2016).
1824:
761:
into the ground and become part of groundwater systems used by plants and other organisms, or can
6630:
6601:
6550:
6545:
6354:
6317:
6015:
5980:
5837:
5762:
5664:
5596:
5586:
5520:
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5278:
5223:
5185:
5110:
4542:
4458:
4278:
4183:
4013:
3706:
3469:
3334:
3268:
3133:
2980:
2929:
2862:
2819:
2770:
2672:
2611:
2560:
2511:
2457:
2339:
2010:
1963:
1658:
The slow cycle is illustrated in the diagram above on the right. It involves medium to long-term
1652:
1381:
660:
461:
6059:
877:
Energy flows directionally through ecosystems, entering as sunlight (or inorganic molecules for
3608:
3559:"Correlation between the Fluctuations in Worldwide Seismicity and Atmospheric Carbon Pollution"
1754:
1344:
The chemicals are sometimes held for long periods of time in one place. This place is called a
1171:
scene simultaneously showing the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (ocean) and lithosphere (ground)
1005:
of a food web. Carbon is used to make carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the major sources of
6490:
6459:
6247:
6074:
5882:
5747:
5724:
5581:
5462:
5238:
5150:
5135:
5120:
5100:
4997:
4965:
4899:
4746:
4675:
4656:
4639:
4608:
4450:
4405:
4336:
4270:
4234:
4175:
4134:
4075:
4005:
3955:
3906:
3855:
3806:
3757:
3698:
3638:
3539:
3459:
3424:
3200:
3176:
3159:
3037:
2972:
2921:
2854:
2811:
2762:
2724:
2664:
2603:
1715:
1704:
1683:
1679:
1220:
1184:
1121:
1025:
1010:
902:
840:
742:
667:
491:
337:
189:
125:
1782:
6444:
6307:
6299:
6217:
6099:
6084:
6020:
6000:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5867:
5699:
5639:
5510:
5311:
5253:
5165:
5125:
4916:
4904:
4835:
4805:
4670:
Palmeri, Luca; Barausse, Alberto; Jorgensen, Sven Erik (2013). "12. Biogeochemical cycles".
4631:
4493:
4442:
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4262:
4224:
4214:
4165:
4124:
4114:
4065:
4055:
3997:
3945:
3896:
3886:
3845:
3837:
3796:
3788:
3747:
3737:
3688:
3628:
3620:
3570:
3529:
3519:
3451:
3357:
3324:
3258:
3208:
3125:
3027:
3019:
2964:
2911:
2901:
2846:
2801:
2754:
2714:
2706:
2654:
2595:
2550:
2501:
2493:
2449:
2375:
2329:
2271:
2261:
2212:
2093:
1957:
1838:
1802:
1671:
1641:
1255:
1125:
1036:, sulfur can be forever recycled as a source of energy. Energy can be released through the
1021:
917:
789:
714:
706:
508:
496:
206:
69:
4095:"Networks of energetic and metabolic interactions define dynamics in microbial communities"
3875:"Interaction networks for identifying coupled molecular processes in microbial communities"
1409:
under consideration, as defined by chemical, physical or biological properties. The source
6580:
6439:
6409:
6404:
6394:
6327:
6312:
6192:
6172:
6054:
5922:
5828:
5719:
5629:
5571:
5556:
5155:
5081:
4936:
4894:
4358:
3594:
3416:
3290:
3229:
3172:
3059:
2419:
2399:
2295:
2234:
2162:
2145:
2121:
2100:
2075:
1709:
The terrestrial subsurface is the largest reservoir of carbon on earth, containing 14–135
1278:
1029:
990:
766:
746:
486:
441:
305:
288:
4371:
3078:
2178:
828:(PCBs). In some cycles there are geological reservoirs where substances can remain or be
4489:
4438:
4314:
4110:
3993:
3941:
3684:
3515:
3320:
3121:
3015:
2960:
2897:
2650:
2591:
2546:
2529:
Bouwman, A. F.; Van Drecht, G.; Knoop, J. M.; Beusen, A. H. W.; Meinardi, C. R. (2005).
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2325:
829:
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6337:
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6262:
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5704:
5694:
5674:
5551:
5477:
5442:
5381:
5258:
5213:
5105:
4815:
4788:
4783:
4763:
4758:
4331:
4298:
4229:
4202:
4152:
Long, Philip E.; Williams, Kenneth H.; Hubbard, Susan S.; Banfield, Jillian F. (2016).
4129:
4094:
4070:
4043:
3901:
3874:
3850:
3825:
3801:
3776:
3752:
3725:
3032:
2999:
2916:
2881:
2719:
2694:
2068:
2020:
2015:
1977:
1883:
1852:
1788:
1774:
1648:
1637:
1573:
1395:
1365:
1216:
1208:
894:
878:
869:
809:
785:
762:
702:
698:
652:
513:
456:
411:
401:
396:
371:
310:
293:
169:
164:
156:
4635:
4497:
3534:
3499:
2362:
Murillo, Alejandro A.; Molina, VerĂłnica; Salcedo-Castro, Julio; Harrod, Chris (2019).
6614:
6585:
5561:
5535:
5492:
5482:
5437:
5424:
5404:
5296:
5130:
5085:
4992:
4778:
4773:
4651:
Jacobson, Michael C.; Charlson, Robert J.; Rodhe, Henning; Orians, Gordon H. (2000).
4520:
Northern
Eurasia earth science partnership initiative (NEESPI), Science plan overview
4462:
4154:"Microbial Metagenomics Reveals Climate-Relevant Subsurface Biogeochemical Processes"
3950:
3925:
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2564:
1860:
1565:
1369:
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1002:
882:
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to form lakes and rivers. Subterranean water can then seep into the ocean along with
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324:
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4017:
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6182:
6127:
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5852:
5351:
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4793:
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4187:
3710:
3137:
2984:
2933:
2880:
Ulloa, O.; Canfield, D. E.; Delong, E. F.; Letelier, R. M.; Stewart, F. J. (2012).
2515:
2364:"Editorial: Marine Microbiome and Biogeochemical Cycles in Marine Productive Areas"
1879:
1816:
1760:
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1690:
and to the ocean by rivers. Other geologic carbon returns to the ocean through the
1569:
1418:
1212:
1081:
1033:
929:
921:
817:
801:
781:
730:
726:
648:
421:
406:
252:
218:
201:
93:
85:
4518:. In Groisman, P.; Bartalev, S. A.; NEESPI Science Plan Development Team (eds.).
4093:
Embree, Mallory; Liu, Joanne K.; Al-Bassam, Mahmoud M.; Zengler, Karsten (2015).
753:
water evaporates from land and oceans to form clouds in the atmosphere, and then
17:
5862:
5591:
5409:
5371:
5346:
5336:
5301:
5248:
5228:
4941:
4931:
4926:
4830:
3726:"Global distribution of microbial abundance and biomass in subseafloor sediment"
3724:
Kallmeyer, J.; Pockalny, R.; Adhikari, R. R.; Smith, D. C.; d'Hondt, S. (2012).
3455:
1844:
1659:
1585:
1320:
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1200:
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1114:
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1006:
948:
944:
813:
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691:
687:
656:
381:
298:
130:
120:
64:
56:
4351:
3587:
3283:
3222:
3052:
3023:
2392:
2310:"The Census of Marine Life—evolution of worldwide marine biodiversity research"
2288:
2250:"Changing Biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean and Its Ecosystem Implications"
2226:
2155:
2114:
1628:
The slow cycle operates through rocks, including volcanic and tectonic activity
1386:
46:
6575:
6152:
6117:
5757:
5709:
5654:
5624:
5530:
5447:
5391:
5268:
5218:
4810:
4768:
4170:
4153:
3891:
3212:
2850:
2758:
2710:
2334:
2309:
2216:
1953:
1887:
1830:
1719:
1667:
1663:
1429:, that is, if the sources balance the sinks and there is no change over time.
1282:
1224:
1179:
Some roles of marine organisms in biogeochemical cycling in the
Southern Ocean
1142:
1110:
1077:
975:
952:
898:
886:
821:
797:
683:
466:
431:
426:
416:
239:
3642:
3263:
3246:
2578:
Altieri, Andrew H.; Gedan, Keryn B. (2015). "Climate change and dead zones".
2380:
2363:
2266:
2249:
1336:
Microorganisms drive much of the biogeochemical cycling in the earth system.
725:
and is released into the atmosphere through human activities such as burning
27:
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
6480:
6434:
6162:
5606:
5576:
5376:
5331:
5306:
5243:
5233:
5208:
5200:
5145:
4958:
4863:
4597:
4119:
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4001:
3977:
3841:
3742:
3693:
3668:
2968:
2906:
2659:
2634:
1891:
1687:
1675:
1666:. The exchange between the ocean and atmosphere can take centuries, and the
1633:
1624:
1331:
1271:
1037:
959:
940:
910:
679:
663:
559:
527:
4643:
4454:
4340:
4274:
4238:
4179:
4138:
4079:
4009:
3959:
3910:
3859:
3810:
3761:
3702:
3543:
3524:
3361:
3041:
2976:
2925:
2858:
2815:
2766:
2728:
2668:
2607:
1851:
Many biogeochemical cycles are currently being studied for the first time.
1164:
1105:
recycled. These cycles include both the living biosphere and the nonliving
3792:
1615:
1441:. The equation describing the rate of change of content in a reservoir is
6535:
6464:
5995:
5502:
5414:
5361:
5316:
4402:
Organic contaminants that leave traces : sources, transport and fate
4203:"Anvi'o: An advanced analysis and visualization platform for 'omics data"
2555:
2530:
2497:
1943:
1632:
There are fast and slow biogeochemical cycles. Fast cycle operate in the
1546:
1017:
967:
4689:
4446:
4322:
3633:
2276:
958:
The living factors of the planet can be referred to collectively as the
6525:
6332:
6202:
6197:
5824:
5772:
5432:
5077:
4622:
Exley, C (15 September 2003). "A biogeochemical cycle for aluminium?".
4346:
4266:
4219:
3582:
3575:
3558:
3278:
3217:
3047:
2806:
2789:
2506:
2461:
2387:
2283:
2221:
2150:
2109:
1939:
1931:
1906:
1049:
1045:
925:
906:
890:
738:
734:
671:
3329:
3304:
2599:
1128:
and subcrustal reservoirs even though some process from both overlap.
3129:
1353:
1303:
979:
971:
963:
780:
There are biogeochemical cycles for many other elements, such as for
710:
2695:"Scientists' warning to humanity: Microorganisms and climate change"
2453:
3197:
Marine carbon biogeochemistry: a primer for earth system scientists
2440:
2413:
10th
Meeting: report of the royal commission on metropolitan sewage
1734:
Some of the more well-known biogeochemical cycles are shown below:
4868:
3500:"Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years"
2531:"Exploring changes in river nitrogen export to the world's oceans"
2308:
Alexander, Vera; Miloslavich, Patricia; Yarincik, Kristen (2011).
1623:
1614:
1590:
1524:
1385:
1232:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1041:
868:
860:
845:
750:
675:
568:
4350:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3586:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3282:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3221:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3051:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2391:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2287:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2225:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2154:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2113:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
4873:
4653:
Earth system science from biogeochemical cycles to global change
3352:
1399:
1349:
758:
573:
5797:
5050:
4693:
4563:"Distributed Active Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics"
1529:
Simple three box model. Simplified budget of ocean carbon flows
1242:
Global change is, therefore, affecting key processes including
824:, and human-induced cycles for synthetic compounds such as for
2998:
Zakem, Emily J.; Polz, Martin F.; Follows, Michael J. (2020).
1938:. Biochemical dynamics would also be related to the fields of
1281:
chemistry. In turn, acidification has been reported to impact
1020:, where no sunlight can penetrate, obtain energy from sulfur.
1270:
units between the pre-industrial period and today, affecting
1227:, as glaciers and permafrost melt, resulting in intensified
4522:. Global Planetary Change. Vol. 56. pp. 215–234.
1267:
3826:"Decoding molecular interactions in microbial communities"
1508:{\displaystyle {\frac {dM}{dt}}=Q-S=Q-{\frac {M}{\tau }}.}
905:, all play a role in this recycling of materials. Because
2635:"Declining oxygen in the global ocean and coastal waters"
1413:
is the flux of material into the reservoir, and the sink
1360:. Examples of exchange pools include plants and animals.
1044:
of sulfur compounds (e.g., oxidizing elemental sulfur to
982:— used in ecosystems by living organisms are a part of a
757:
back to different parts of the planet. Precipitation can
4562:
3777:"Status of the Archaeal and Bacterial Census: An Update"
881:) and leaving as heat during the many transfers between
3924:
Braker, Gesche; Dörsch, Peter; Bakken, Lars R. (2012).
3000:"Redox-informed models of global biogeochemical cycles"
2882:"Microbial oceanography of anoxic oxygen minimum zones"
820:. In addition there are macroscopic cycles such as the
4352:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3588:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3284:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3223:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3053:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2393:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2289:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2227:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2156:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2115:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1450:
1080:
showing how whales cycle nutrients through the ocean
4378:. United States Geological Survey. 10 January 2013.
3421:
Routledge Handbook of Ocean Resources and Management
3245:
Kandasamy, Selvaraj; Nagender Nath, Bejugam (2016).
2173:
2171:
6473:
6373:
6298:
6171:
6108:
5968:
5836:
5738:
5617:
5544:
5501:
5423:
5390:
5287:
5199:
5093:
4887:
4851:
4727:
4655:(2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
1258:, and the sinking and burial deposition of fixed CO
928:. Phosphorus is used to make nucleic acids and the
3609:"Earth's carbon cycle: A mathematical perspective"
2688:
2686:
1538:Global biogeochemical box models usually measure:
1507:
1262:. In addition to this, oceans are experiencing an
713:is then released back into the atmosphere through
709:that are used by organisms for energy and growth.
3191:
3189:
2788:Stillman, Jonathon H.; Paganini, Adam W. (2015).
733:is converted by plants into usable forms such as
3240:
3238:
2627:
2625:
1099:due to human activity are concerning scientists.
4099:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4048:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3730:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3557:Carpinteri, Alberto; Niccolini, Gianni (2019).
3504:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2886:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2790:"Biochemical adaptation to ocean acidification"
2740:
2738:
1536:
1522:are usually solved using numerical techniques.
812:. There are also cycles for molecules, such as
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
1348:, which, for example, includes such things as
697:For example, in the carbon cycle, atmospheric
5809:
5062:
4705:
3613:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society
3303:Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Gruber, Nicolas (2002).
2357:
2355:
2353:
1398:) for chemical materials, linked by material
1120:Biogeochemical cycles can be contrasted with
749:and other processes. In the water cycle, the
620:
8:
3404:
3402:
1372:(also called the renewal time or exit age).
1306:, including reduced sulfur species such as H
1013:is powered by the light energy of sunshine.
4547:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3824:Abreu, Nicole A.; Taga, Michiko E. (2016).
3439:
3437:
2063:
2061:
1644:between rocks, soil, ocean and atmosphere.
6030:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
5816:
5802:
5794:
5069:
5055:
5047:
4712:
4698:
4690:
3971:
3969:
2693:Cavicchioli, Ricardo; et al. (2019).
1235:in different biomes are rapidly reshaping
1064:Examples of major biogeochemical processes
627:
613:
29:
4330:
4228:
4218:
4169:
4128:
4118:
4069:
4059:
3949:
3900:
3890:
3849:
3800:
3751:
3741:
3692:
3669:"Weighing the deep continental biosphere"
3632:
3574:
3533:
3523:
3354:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3328:
3262:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3031:
2915:
2905:
2805:
2718:
2658:
2554:
2505:
2379:
2333:
2275:
2265:
1492:
1451:
1449:
1028:can be utilized by organisms such as the
997:The flow of energy in an ecosystem is an
5928:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
5567:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
873:Simplified version of the nitrogen cycle
5960:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
4511:McGuire, 1A. D.; Lukina, N. V. (2007).
3083:Supplemental Lecture Notes for Geol 398
2033:
1869:
1736:
1054:
37:
5768:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
4540:
2181:. The Environmental Literacy Council.
666:(is turned over or moves through) the
4573:from the original on 11 February 2011
3667:McMahon, Sean; Parnell, John (2014).
3079:"Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon Cycle"
1254:fixation, organic matter respiration/
729:. In the nitrogen cycle, atmospheric
682:and the abiotic compartments are the
7:
5783:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
4674:. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis.
4372:"Mercury Cycling in the Environment"
3089:from the original on 1 December 2017
721:. Additionally, carbon is stored in
6233:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
3447:Climate Change and Renewable Energy
3077:Baedke, Steve J.; Fichter, Lynn S.
535:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
5986:Ecological effects of biodiversity
4983:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
4382:from the original on 11 April 2021
2185:from the original on 30 April 2015
1095:The implications of shifts in the
25:
5322:Generalist and specialist species
4624:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
4569:. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
4529:from the original on 5 March 2016
4404:. Ifremer. 2006. pp. 22–23.
3387:from the original on 5 March 2016
3175:page 9, Oxford University Press.
6045:Occupancy–abundance relationship
5031:
5030:
4603:Butcher, Samuel S., ed. (1993).
4345:
3951:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01237.x
3607:Rothman, Daniel (January 2015).
3581:
3305:"Sinks for Anthropogenic Carbon"
3277:
3216:
3046:
2386:
2282:
2220:
2149:
2108:
1984:
1970:
1956:
1914:
1899:
1872:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1767:
1753:
1739:
1088:
1069:
1057:
865:Generalized biogeochemical cycle
678:. The biotic compartment is the
594:
593:
45:
6065:Relative abundance distribution
5778:Plant defense against herbivory
5645:Competitive exclusion principle
5357:Mesopredator release hypothesis
4024:from the original on 2021-09-27
3649:from the original on 2021-11-22
3625:10.1090/S0273-0979-2014-01471-5
3480:from the original on 2021-09-27
3375:Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011).
2794:Journal of Experimental Biology
1866:the human-caused cycle of PCBs.
5650:Consumer–resource interactions
4376:Wisconsin Water Science Center
962:. All the nutrients — such as
701:is absorbed by plants through
1:
6496:Biological data visualization
6323:Environmental niche modelling
6050:Population viability analysis
4672:Ecological processes handbook
4636:10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00274-5
4598:DOI 10.1515/9783110589771-002
4498:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00056-9
2205:Carbon balance and management
1921:Coal is a reservoir of carbon
1124:. The latter deals only with
5981:Density-dependent inhibition
4988:Lichens and nitrogen cycling
4843:Marine biogeochemical cycles
4605:Global biogeochemical cycles
3165:Biogeochemistry of Estuaries
3085:. James Madison University.
2535:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
2478:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1576:. In the euphotic zone, net
1160:Marine biogeochemical cycles
280:Marine biogeochemical cycles
6450:Liebig's law of the minimum
6285:Resource selection function
5176:Metabolic theory of ecology
3456:10.1007/978-3-030-15424-0_3
3423:, Routledge, pages 89–107.
3251:Frontiers in Marine Science
3199:, page 5, Springer Nature.
2839:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2747:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2699:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2368:Frontiers in Marine Science
2254:Frontiers in Marine Science
1662:processes belonging to the
1636:and slow cycles operate in
1572:or dark ocean, and one for
6652:
6350:Niche apportionment models
6070:Relative species abundance
5274:Primary nutritional groups
5171:List of feeding behaviours
4607:. London: Academic Press.
3982:Environmental Microbiology
3024:10.1038/s41467-020-19454-w
2133:Fisher M. R. (Ed.) (2019)
1702:
1379:
1352:deposits that are storing
1329:
1318:
1239:at an unprecedented rate.
1157:
1151:
1140:
832:for long periods of time.
775:particulate organic matter
6599:
6531:Ecosystem based fisheries
6143:Interspecific competition
6035:Minimum viable population
5893:Maximum sustainable yield
5878:Intraspecific competition
5873:Effective population size
5753:Anti-predator adaptations
5264:Photosynthetic efficiency
5026:
4171:10.1016/j.tim.2016.04.006
3930:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
3892:10.1186/s13040-015-0054-4
3830:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
3673:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
3213:10.1007/978-3-030-10822-9
2851:10.1038/s41579-018-0087-z
2759:10.1038/s41579-019-0178-5
2711:10.1038/s41579-019-0222-5
2335:10.1007/s12526-011-0084-1
2217:10.1186/s13021-017-0077-x
2139:3.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
1695:by burning fossil fuels.
1215:. However, the runoff of
826:polychlorinated biphenyls
705:, which converts it into
6521:Ecological stoichiometry
6486:Alternative stable state
4976:Arctic methane emissions
4971:clathrate gun hypothesis
4742:carbonate–silicate cycle
3444:Bush, Martin J. (2020).
3408:Libes, Susan M. (2015).
3264:10.3389/fmars.2016.00259
2381:10.3389/fmars.2019.00657
2267:10.3389/fmars.2020.00581
2001:Carbonate–silicate cycle
1578:phytoplankton production
1266:, with a change of ~0.1
348:Arctic methane emissions
343:clathrate gun hypothesis
258:Carbonate–silicate cycle
6365:Ontogenetic niche shift
6228:Ideal free distribution
6138:Ecological facilitation
5888:Malthusian growth model
5858:Consumer-resource model
5715:Paradox of the plankton
5680:Energy systems language
5400:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
5367:Optimal foraging theory
5342:Heterotrophic nutrition
5008:Phosphorus assimilation
4910:environmental chemistry
4513:"Biogeochemical cycles"
4120:10.1073/pnas.1506034112
4061:10.1073/pnas.1010732107
4002:10.1111/1462-2920.12930
3743:10.1073/pnas.1203849109
3694:10.1111/1574-6941.12196
3498:Rothman, D. H. (2002).
3195:Middelburg, J.J.(2019)
2969:10.1126/science.1153213
2907:10.1073/pnas.1205009109
2660:10.1126/science.aam7240
2179:"Biogeochemical Cycles"
1193:cultural eutrophication
741:through the process of
502:environmental chemistry
6511:Ecological forecasting
6455:Marginal value theorem
6253:Landscape epidemiology
6188:Cross-boundary subsidy
6123:Biological interaction
5473:Microbial intelligence
5161:Green world hypothesis
4158:Trends in Microbiology
3525:10.1073/pnas.022055499
3362:10.13140/2.1.1081.8883
1629:
1621:
1596:
1561:
1555:in petagrams per year
1530:
1509:
1391:
1231:, while shifts of the
1180:
1172:
874:
866:
643:, or more generally a
6516:Ecological humanities
6415:Ecological energetics
6360:Niche differentiation
6223:Habitat fragmentation
5991:Ecological extinction
5938:Small population size
5690:Feed conversion ratio
5670:Ecological succession
5602:San Francisco Estuary
5516:Ecological efficiency
5458:Microbial cooperation
5003:Nitrogen assimilation
4721:Biogeochemical cycles
4303:Nature Communications
3842:10.1093/femsre/fuw019
3793:10.1128/mBio.00201-16
3004:Nature Communications
2580:Global Change Biology
2135:Environmental Biology
2094:Biogeochemical Cycles
2081:Encyclopedia of Earth
2069:Biogeochemical cycles
1992:Earth sciences portal
1703:Further information:
1692:hydrothermal emission
1627:
1618:
1605:Industrial Revolution
1594:
1528:
1510:
1389:
1264:acidification process
1237:microbial assemblages
1229:marine stratification
1219:from the mainland to
1189:microbial communities
1178:
1167:
872:
864:
777:and other nutrients.
39:Biogeochemical cycles
6621:Biogeochemical cycle
6541:Evolutionary ecology
6506:Ecological footprint
6501:Ecological economics
6425:Ecological threshold
6420:Ecological indicator
6290:Source–sink dynamics
6243:Land change modeling
6238:Insular biogeography
6090:Species distribution
5829:Modelling ecosystems
5488:Microbial metabolism
5327:Intraguild predation
5116:Biogeochemical cycle
5082:Modelling ecosystems
5018:Planetary boundaries
4922:carbon sequestration
4752:oceanic carbon cycle
4478:Organic Geochemistry
3450:. pp. 109–141.
2556:10.1029/2004GB002314
2498:10.1002/2016GB005586
2006:Ecological recycling
1936:atmospheric sciences
1611:Fast and slow cycles
1448:
1296:oxygen minimum zones
1244:primary productivity
939:Ecological systems (
934:biological membranes
672:abiotic compartments
641:biogeochemical cycle
185:nitrogen and lichens
6591:Theoretical ecology
6566:Natural environment
6430:Ecosystem diversity
6400:Ecological collapse
6390:Bateman's principle
6345:Limiting similarity
6258:Landscape limnology
6080:Species homogeneity
5918:Population modeling
5913:Population dynamics
5730:Trophic state index
5013:Sulfur assimilation
4954:Ocean acidification
4490:1997OrGeo..27..319H
4447:10.1038/nature14400
4439:2015Natur.521..204G
4323:10.1038/ncomms13219
4315:2016NatCo...713219A
4111:2015PNAS..11215450E
4105:(50): 15450–15455.
4054:(38): 16420–16427.
3994:2016EnvMi..18..159H
3942:2012FEMME..79..542B
3736:(40): 16213–16216.
3685:2014FEMME..87..113M
3516:2002PNAS...99.4167R
3321:2002PhT....55h..30S
3122:1984Natur.308..621S
3016:2020NatCo..11.5680Z
2961:2008Sci...320.1034F
2955:(5879): 1034–1039.
2898:2012PNAS..10915996U
2892:(40): 15996–16003.
2651:2018Sci...359M7240B
2592:2015GCBio..21.1395A
2547:2005GBioC..19.1002B
2490:2017GBioC..31..289J
2326:2011MarBd..41..545A
2314:Marine Biodiversity
1390:Basic one-box model
1197:agricultural runoff
1097:global carbon cycle
951:), and/or the air (
841:metabolic processes
523:Ocean acidification
333:Atmospheric methane
33:Part of a series on
6602:Outline of ecology
6551:Industrial ecology
6546:Functional ecology
6410:Ecological deficit
6355:Niche construction
6318:Ecosystem engineer
6095:Species–area curve
6016:Introduced species
5831:: Other components
5763:Deimatic behaviour
5665:Ecological network
5597:North Pacific Gyre
5582:hydrothermal vents
5521:Ecological pyramid
5468:Microbial food web
5279:Primary production
5224:Foundation species
4357:2017-10-16 at the
4267:10.1038/nmeth.3103
4220:10.7717/peerj.1319
3593:2017-10-16 at the
3576:10.3390/sci1010017
3415:2021-01-20 at the
3377:"The Carbon Cycle"
3289:2017-10-16 at the
3228:2017-10-16 at the
3171:2021-09-25 at the
3058:2017-10-16 at the
2807:10.1242/jeb.115584
2645:(6371): eaam7240.
2418:2021-09-24 at the
2411:Galton, D. (1884)
2398:2017-10-16 at the
2294:2017-10-16 at the
2233:2017-10-16 at the
2161:2017-10-16 at the
2144:2021-09-27 at the
2120:2017-10-16 at the
2099:2021-09-27 at the
2074:2021-11-22 at the
2046:flexbooks.ck12.org
2011:Great Acceleration
1964:Environment portal
1653:seafloor sediments
1630:
1622:
1597:
1531:
1505:
1392:
1382:Climate box models
1221:coastal ecosystems
1185:coastal ecosystems
1181:
1173:
1122:geochemical cycles
1026:hydrothermal vents
903:continental plates
875:
867:
763:runoff the surface
668:biotic compartment
661:chemical substance
6608:
6607:
6491:Balance of nature
6248:Landscape ecology
6133:Community ecology
6075:Species diversity
6011:Indicator species
6006:Gradient analysis
5883:Logistic function
5791:
5790:
5748:Animal coloration
5725:Trophic mutualism
5463:Microbial ecology
5254:Photoheterotrophs
5239:Myco-heterotrophy
5151:Ecosystem ecology
5136:Carrying capacity
5101:Abiotic component
5044:
5043:
4998:Nitrogen fixation
4966:Methane clathrate
4947:mycorrhizal fungi
4900:geochemical cycle
4747:deep carbon cycle
4433:(7551): 204–207.
4261:(11): 1144–1146.
3465:978-3-030-15423-3
3381:Earth Observatory
3330:10.1063/1.1510279
2800:(12): 1946–1955.
2600:10.1111/gcb.12754
2067:Moses, M. (2012)
2042:"CK12-Foundation"
1716:16S ribosomal RNA
1705:Deep carbon cycle
1684:Mountain building
1534:Measurement units
1500:
1469:
1011:chemical reaction
918:organic molecules
751:universal solvent
743:nitrogen fixation
707:organic compounds
637:
636:
492:geochemical cycle
338:Methane clathrate
136:mycorrhizal fungi
126:deep carbon cycle
18:Biochemical cycle
16:(Redirected from
6643:
6308:Ecological niche
6280:selection theory
6100:Umbrella species
6085:Species richness
6021:Invasive species
6001:Flagship species
5908:Population cycle
5903:Overexploitation
5868:Ecological yield
5818:
5811:
5804:
5795:
5700:Mesotrophic soil
5640:Climax community
5572:Marine food webs
5511:Biomagnification
5312:Chemoorganotroph
5166:Keystone species
5126:Biotic component
5071:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5034:
5033:
4917:Biosequestration
4905:chemical cycling
4836:deep water cycle
4806:Phosphorus cycle
4714:
4707:
4700:
4691:
4685:
4666:
4647:
4618:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4528:
4517:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4484:(7–8): 319–361.
4473:
4467:
4466:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4368:
4362:
4349:
4344:
4334:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4173:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4122:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4063:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
3973:
3964:
3963:
3953:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3894:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3853:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3745:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3696:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3636:
3604:
3598:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3527:
3510:(7): 4167–4171.
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3441:
3432:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3300:
3294:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3242:
3233:
3220:
3193:
3184:
3157:
3142:
3141:
3130:10.1038/308621a0
3116:(5960): 621–24.
3105:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3074:
3063:
3050:
3045:
3035:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2919:
2909:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2809:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2586:(4): 1395–1406.
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2437:
2431:
2409:
2403:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2244:
2238:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2166:
2153:
2131:
2125:
2112:
2091:
2085:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2038:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1918:
1903:
1876:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1803:Phosphorus cycle
1799:
1785:
1771:
1757:
1743:
1672:sedimentary rock
1558:
1543:reservoir masses
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1256:remineralization
1092:
1073:
1061:
1022:Hydrogen sulfide
767:river discharges
629:
622:
615:
602:
597:
596:
509:Biosequestration
497:chemical cycling
207:Phosphorus cycle
70:deep water cycle
49:
30:
21:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6595:
6581:Systems ecology
6469:
6440:Extinction debt
6405:Ecological debt
6395:Bioluminescence
6376:
6369:
6338:marine habitats
6313:Ecological trap
6294:
6174:
6167:
6110:
6104:
6060:Rapoport's rule
6055:Priority effect
5996:Endemic species
5964:
5923:Population size
5839:
5832:
5822:
5792:
5787:
5740:
5734:
5720:Trophic cascade
5630:Bioaccumulation
5613:
5540:
5497:
5419:
5386:
5283:
5195:
5156:Ecosystem model
5089:
5075:
5045:
5040:
5022:
4937:biological pump
4895:Biogeochemistry
4883:
4852:Research groups
4847:
4723:
4718:
4688:
4682:
4669:
4663:
4650:
4621:
4615:
4602:
4592:
4590:Further reading
4587:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4359:Wayback Machine
4295:
4294:
4290:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4027:
4025:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3650:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3595:Wayback Machine
3556:
3555:
3551:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3466:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3417:Wayback Machine
3407:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3291:Wayback Machine
3244:
3243:
3236:
3230:Wayback Machine
3194:
3187:
3173:Wayback Machine
3160:Bianchi, Thomas
3158:
3145:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3060:Wayback Machine
2997:
2996:
2992:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2845:(12): 723–729.
2836:
2835:
2831:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2631:
2630:
2623:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2454:10.2307/1294478
2439:
2438:
2434:
2420:Wayback Machine
2410:
2406:
2400:Wayback Machine
2361:
2360:
2351:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2296:Wayback Machine
2246:
2245:
2241:
2235:Wayback Machine
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2163:Wayback Machine
2146:Wayback Machine
2132:
2128:
2122:Wayback Machine
2101:Wayback Machine
2092:
2088:
2076:Wayback Machine
2066:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1922:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1877:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1732:
1707:
1701:
1613:
1574:ocean sediments
1562:
1556:
1535:
1520:multibox models
1461:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1384:
1378:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1293:
1289:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1030:giant tube worm
879:chemoautotrophs
859:
747:denitrification
645:cycle of matter
633:
592:
585:
584:
583:
564:
549:
548:Research groups
541:
540:
539:
518:
487:Biogeochemistry
481:
473:
472:
471:
366:
356:
355:
354:
327:
317:
316:
315:
306:Calcareous ooze
289:Biological pump
284:
274:
264:
263:
262:
242:
232:
231:
230:
159:
149:
148:
147:
88:
78:
77:
76:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6649:
6647:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6561:Microecosystem
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6460:Thorson's rule
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6385:Assembly rules
6381:
6379:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6270:
6268:Patch dynamics
6265:
6263:Metapopulation
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6158:Storage effect
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Neutral theory
6037:
6032:
6027:
6025:Native species
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5898:Overpopulation
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5844:
5842:
5834:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5705:Nutrient cycle
5702:
5697:
5695:Feeding frenzy
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5675:Energy quality
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5635:Cascade effect
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Microbial loop
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5443:Lithoautotroph
5440:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5425:Microorganisms
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5382:Prey switching
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5259:Photosynthesis
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5214:Chemosynthesis
5211:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Abiotic stress
5103:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5051:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4891:
4889:
4888:Related topics
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4816:Selenium cycle
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4791:
4789:Nutrient cycle
4786:
4784:Nitrogen cycle
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:Hydrogen cycle
4761:
4759:Chlorine cycle
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4686:
4680:
4667:
4661:
4648:
4619:
4613:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4554:
4503:
4468:
4417:
4410:
4393:
4363:
4288:
4255:Nature Methods
4244:
4193:
4164:(8): 600–610.
4144:
4085:
4034:
3988:(1): 159–173.
3965:
3936:(2): 542–554.
3916:
3879:BioData Mining
3865:
3836:(5): 648–663.
3816:
3767:
3716:
3679:(1): 113–120.
3659:
3599:
3549:
3490:
3464:
3433:
3398:
3367:
3344:
3295:
3234:
3185:
3143:
3100:
3064:
2990:
2939:
2872:
2829:
2780:
2753:(6): 391–396.
2734:
2705:(9): 569–586.
2682:
2621:
2570:
2521:
2467:
2448:(5): 425–431.
2432:
2404:
2349:
2320:(4): 545–554.
2300:
2239:
2196:
2167:
2126:
2107:, 9 May 2019.
2086:
2057:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2021:Redox gradient
2018:
2016:Hydrogen cycle
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1978:Ecology portal
1967:
1951:
1948:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1884:photosynthesis
1878:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1853:Climate change
1849:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1789:Nutrient cycle
1787:
1780:
1778:
1775:Nitrogen cycle
1773:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1700:
1697:
1680:Earth's mantle
1649:biogeochemical
1612:
1609:
1570:ocean interior
1568:, one for the
1560:
1559:
1550:
1533:
1532:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1377:
1374:
1366:residence time
1358:exchange pools
1341:
1338:
1330:Main article:
1327:
1324:
1319:Main article:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1291:
1287:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1217:organic matter
1152:Main article:
1149:
1146:
1141:Main article:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1056:
1003:trophic levels
932:that comprise
895:water drainage
883:trophic levels
858:
855:
837:microorganisms
703:photosynthesis
699:carbon dioxide
653:nitrogen cycle
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:
571:
565:
563:
562:
557:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
538:
537:
532:
531:
530:
519:
517:
516:
514:Deep biosphere
511:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
483:
482:
480:Related topics
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
367:
362:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
351:
350:
345:
335:
329:
328:
323:
322:
319:
318:
314:
313:
311:Siliceous ooze
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
294:microbial loop
285:
283:
282:
276:
275:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
255:
250:
244:
243:
238:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
216:
215:
214:
204:
199:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
170:Nitrogen cycle
167:
165:Hydrogen cycle
161:
160:
157:Nutrient cycle
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
143:Boreal forests
140:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
90:
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
73:
72:
61:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6648:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6603:
6598:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:Urban ecology
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Kleiber's law
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:Foster's rule
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5830:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5800:
5799:
5796:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5536:Trophic level
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5494:
5493:Phage ecology
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Microbial mat
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:Bacteriophage
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Decomposition
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Mesopredators
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Apex predator
5295:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5131:Biotic stress
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5060:
5058:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5037:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4993:Nitrification
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Mineral cycle
4777:
4775:
4774:Mercury cycle
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4683:
4681:9781466558489
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4662:9780080530642
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4614:9780080954707
4610:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4572:
4568:
4567:daac.ornl.gov
4564:
4558:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4411:9782759200139
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3491:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3429:9781136294822
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:Physics Today
3306:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:9783030108229
3202:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:9780195160826
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1979:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1861:mercury cycle
1858:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1730:Some examples
1729:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:carbon stocks
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:euphotic zone
1554:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1370:turnover time
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:carbon cycles
1210:
1206:
1205:deoxygenation
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
987:
985:
984:closed system
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
931:
930:phospholipids
927:
923:
922:nucleic acids
919:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
871:
863:
856:
854:
851:
850:phytoplankton
847:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:decomposition
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
608:
607:
601:
591:
590:
589:
588:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
545:
544:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
484:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
360:
359:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
325:Methane cycle
321:
320:
312:
309:
307:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
248:Calcium cycle
246:
245:
241:
236:
235:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:nitrification
178:
176:
173:
172:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
158:
153:
152:
144:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:Sequestration
114:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
87:
82:
81:
71:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
6636:Geochemistry
6626:Biogeography
6571:Regime shift
6556:Macroecology
6277:
6273:
6213:Edge effects
6183:Biogeography
6128:Commensalism
5976:Biodiversity
5853:Allee effect
5592:kelp forests
5545:Example webs
5410:Detritivores
5249:Organotrophs
5229:Kinetotrophs
5181:Productivity
5115:
4826:Sulfur cycle
4821:Silica cycle
4794:Oxygen cycle
4737:Carbon cycle
4728:
4720:
4671:
4652:
4627:
4623:
4604:
4575:. Retrieved
4566:
4557:
4531:. Retrieved
4519:
4506:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4401:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4375:
4366:
4306:
4302:
4291:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4051:
4047:
4037:
4026:. Retrieved
3985:
3981:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3784:
3780:
3770:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3651:. Retrieved
3634:1721.1/97900
3619:(1): 47–64.
3616:
3612:
3602:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3446:
3420:
3389:. Retrieved
3380:
3370:
3353:
3347:
3315:(8): 30–36.
3312:
3308:
3298:
3254:
3250:
3196:
3164:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3091:. Retrieved
3082:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2750:
2746:
2702:
2698:
2642:
2638:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2427:
2424:J. Soc. Arts
2423:
2407:
2371:
2367:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2277:11336/128446
2257:
2253:
2242:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2148:, OpenStax.
2134:
2129:
2104:
2089:
2079:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2036:
1929:
1925:
1880:Chloroplasts
1850:
1817:Sulfur cycle
1761:Oxygen cycle
1747:Carbon cycle
1733:
1708:
1657:
1646:
1631:
1600:
1598:
1563:
1552:
1542:
1537:
1517:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:steady state
1414:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1362:
1357:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1241:
1201:algal blooms
1182:
1132:Compartments
1119:
1103:
1082:water column
1076:The oceanic
1048:and then to
1034:sulfur cycle
1015:
998:
996:
988:
983:
957:
938:
915:
876:
834:
779:
769:, rich with
755:precipitates
731:nitrogen gas
727:fossil fuels
723:fossil fuels
696:
649:carbon cycle
644:
640:
638:
452:ozone–oxygen
364:Other cycles
363:
272:Marine cycle
253:Silica cycle
224:assimilation
219:Sulfur cycle
212:assimilation
202:Oxygen cycle
195:assimilation
175:human impact
86:Carbon cycle
38:
6208:Disturbance
6111:interaction
5933:Recruitment
5863:Depensation
5655:Copiotrophs
5526:Energy flow
5448:Lithotrophy
5392:Decomposers
5372:Planktivore
5347:Insectivore
5337:Heterotroph
5302:Bacterivore
5269:Phototrophs
5219:Chemotrophs
5191:Restoration
5141:Competition
4942:viral shunt
4932:soil carbon
4927:carbon sink
4831:Water cycle
4577:20 November
4533:20 November
4386:20 November
3093:20 November
3010:(1): 5680.
2507:1874/348077
2189:20 November
1888:plant cells
1845:Water cycle
1699:Deep cycles
1660:geochemical
1586:marine snow
1553:flow fluxes
1321:Lithosphere
1315:Lithosphere
1276:bicarbonate
1233:redox-state
1154:Hydrosphere
1148:Hydrosphere
1115:hydrosphere
1107:lithosphere
1007:food energy
999:open system
949:lithosphere
945:hydrosphere
830:sequestered
715:respiration
692:hydrosphere
688:lithosphere
657:water cycle
299:viral shunt
131:soil carbon
121:carbon sink
104:terrestrial
99:atmospheric
65:Water cycle
57:Water cycle
6615:Categories
6576:Sexecology
6153:Parasitism
6118:Antibiosis
5953:Resistance
5948:Resilience
5838:Population
5758:Camouflage
5710:Oligotroph
5625:Ascendency
5587:intertidal
5577:cold seeps
5531:Food chain
5332:Herbivores
5307:Carnivores
5234:Mixotrophs
5209:Autotrophs
5088:components
4811:Rock cycle
4769:Iron cycle
4630:(1): 1–7.
4028:2021-09-27
3653:2021-09-27
3484:2021-09-27
2484:(2): 289.
2442:BioScience
2051:2022-03-21
2028:References
1894:organisms.
1892:eukaryotic
1890:and other
1831:Rock cycle
1720:syntrophic
1668:weathering
1664:rock cycle
1396:reservoirs
1380:See also:
1376:Box models
1340:Reservoirs
1283:planktonic
1225:cryosphere
1158:See also:
1143:Atmosphere
1137:Atmosphere
1111:atmosphere
1078:whale pump
1032:. In the
976:phosphorus
953:atmosphere
941:ecosystems
899:subduction
897:, and the
887:weathering
822:rock cycle
790:phosphorus
684:atmosphere
240:Rock cycle
6631:Biosphere
6481:Allometry
6435:Emergence
6163:Symbiosis
6148:Mutualism
5943:Stability
5848:Abundance
5660:Dominance
5618:Processes
5607:tide pool
5503:Food webs
5377:Predation
5362:Omnivores
5289:Consumers
5244:Mycotroph
5201:Producers
5146:Ecosystem
5111:Behaviour
4959:acid rain
4864:GEOTRACES
4543:cite book
4463:205243485
4309:: 13219.
4213:: e1319.
3643:0273-0979
3474:210305910
3339:128553441
2775:155102440
2677:206657115
2565:131163837
1723:consortia
1688:degassing
1678:into the
1676:subducted
1634:biosphere
1582:particles
1547:petagrams
1498:τ
1490:−
1478:−
1346:reservoir
1332:Biosphere
1326:Biosphere
1272:carbonate
1042:reduction
1038:oxidation
960:biosphere
947:), land (
911:chemistry
771:dissolved
680:biosphere
560:GEOTRACES
528:acid rain
442:manganese
6536:Endolith
6465:Xerosere
6377:networks
6193:Ecocline
5739:Defense,
5415:Detritus
5317:Foraging
5186:Resource
5036:Category
4644:14507454
4571:Archived
4524:Archived
4455:25971513
4380:Archived
4355:Archived
4341:27774985
4283:24696869
4275:25218180
4239:26500826
4180:27156744
4139:26621749
4080:20807744
4022:Archived
4018:43160538
4010:26033198
3960:22092293
3911:26180552
3860:27417261
3811:27190214
3762:22927371
3703:23991863
3647:Archived
3591:Archived
3544:11904360
3478:Archived
3413:Archived
3385:Archived
3383:. NASA.
3287:Archived
3273:30408500
3226:Archived
3169:Archived
3087:Archived
3056:Archived
3042:33173062
2977:18497287
2926:22967509
2867:52811177
2859:30250271
2824:13071345
2816:26085671
2767:31092905
2729:31213707
2669:29301986
2616:24002134
2608:25385668
2416:Archived
2396:Archived
2344:25888475
2292:Archived
2231:Archived
2211:(1): 10.
2183:Archived
2159:Archived
2142:Archived
2118:Archived
2105:OpenStax
2097:Archived
2072:Archived
1950:See also
1944:pedology
1882:conduct
1290:O and CH
1209:nitrogen
1195:, where
1018:deep sea
968:nitrogen
926:proteins
857:Overview
810:selenium
786:hydrogen
739:nitrates
670:and the
655:and the
600:Category
462:vanadium
457:selenium
412:fluorine
402:chromium
397:chlorine
372:aluminum
190:fixation
6526:Ecopath
6333:Habitat
6203:Ecotype
6198:Ecotone
6175:ecology
6173:Spatial
6109:Species
5969:Species
5840:ecology
5825:Ecology
5773:Mimicry
5741:counter
5685:f-ratio
5433:Archaea
5121:Biomass
5094:General
5086:Trophic
5078:Ecology
4486:Bibcode
4435:Bibcode
4332:5079060
4311:Bibcode
4230:4614810
4188:3983278
4130:4687543
4107:Bibcode
4071:2944720
3990:Bibcode
3938:Bibcode
3902:4502522
3851:5007284
3802:4895100
3753:3479597
3711:9491320
3681:Bibcode
3512:Bibcode
3391:5 April
3317:Bibcode
3162:(2007)
3138:4312683
3118:Bibcode
3033:7656242
3012:Bibcode
2985:2844984
2957:Bibcode
2949:Science
2934:6630698
2917:3479542
2894:Bibcode
2720:7136171
2647:Bibcode
2639:Science
2588:Bibcode
2543:Bibcode
2516:5158406
2486:Bibcode
2462:1294478
2322:Bibcode
1940:geology
1932:ecology
1907:Kerogen
1674:and be
1620:carbon.
1557:(Pg yr)
1126:crustal
1050:sulfate
1046:sulfite
907:geology
901:of the
891:erosion
806:mercury
794:calcium
735:ammonia
447:mercury
437:lithium
392:cadmium
387:bromine
377:arsenic
109:oceanic
5557:Rivers
5453:Marine
4729:Cycles
4678:
4659:
4642:
4611:
4461:
4453:
4427:Nature
4408:
4339:
4329:
4281:
4273:
4237:
4227:
4186:
4178:
4137:
4127:
4078:
4068:
4016:
4008:
3958:
3909:
3899:
3885:: 21.
3858:
3848:
3809:
3799:
3760:
3750:
3709:
3701:
3641:
3569:: 17.
3542:
3535:123620
3532:
3472:
3462:
3427:
3337:
3271:
3203:
3179:
3136:
3110:Nature
3040:
3030:
2983:
2975:
2932:
2924:
2914:
2865:
2857:
2822:
2814:
2773:
2765:
2727:
2717:
2675:
2667:
2614:
2606:
2563:
2514:
2460:
2430:: 290.
2342:
1400:fluxes
1354:carbon
1304:nekton
1300:anoxic
1279:buffer
1113:, and
980:sulfur
978:, and
972:oxygen
964:carbon
846:plants
818:silica
802:sulfur
782:oxygen
711:Carbon
664:cycles
651:, the
598:
422:iodine
407:copper
94:Global
6474:Other
6375:Other
6328:Guild
6300:Niche
5552:Lakes
4879:SOLAS
4869:IMBER
4799:ozone
4527:(PDF)
4516:(PDF)
4459:S2CID
4279:S2CID
4207:PeerJ
4184:S2CID
4014:S2CID
3787:(3).
3707:S2CID
3470:S2CID
3335:S2CID
3269:S2CID
3134:S2CID
2981:S2CID
2930:S2CID
2863:S2CID
2820:S2CID
2771:S2CID
2673:S2CID
2612:S2CID
2561:S2CID
2541:(1).
2512:S2CID
2458:JSTOR
2340:S2CID
1909:cycle
1863:, and
1642:crust
1638:rocks
1250:and N
1169:Beach
1024:near
991:biota
814:water
676:Earth
579:SOLAS
569:IMBER
382:boron
5562:Soil
4874:NOBM
4859:DAAC
4676:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4640:PMID
4609:ISBN
4579:2017
4549:link
4535:2017
4451:PMID
4406:ISBN
4388:2017
4337:PMID
4271:PMID
4235:PMID
4176:PMID
4135:PMID
4076:PMID
4006:PMID
3956:PMID
3907:PMID
3856:PMID
3807:PMID
3781:mBio
3758:PMID
3699:PMID
3639:ISSN
3540:PMID
3460:ISBN
3425:ISBN
3419:In:
3393:2018
3201:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3095:2017
3038:PMID
2973:PMID
2922:PMID
2855:PMID
2812:PMID
2763:PMID
2725:PMID
2665:PMID
2604:PMID
2191:2017
1942:and
1934:and
1859:the
1549:(Pg)
1350:coal
1246:, CO
1211:and
1040:and
924:and
909:and
816:and
808:and
798:iron
773:and
759:seep
737:and
717:and
690:and
574:NOBM
555:DAAC
467:zinc
432:lead
427:iron
417:gold
4632:doi
4494:doi
4443:doi
4431:521
4327:PMC
4319:doi
4263:doi
4225:PMC
4215:doi
4166:doi
4125:PMC
4115:doi
4103:112
4066:PMC
4056:doi
4052:107
3998:doi
3946:doi
3897:PMC
3887:doi
3846:PMC
3838:doi
3797:PMC
3789:doi
3748:PMC
3738:doi
3734:109
3689:doi
3629:hdl
3621:doi
3571:doi
3563:Sci
3530:PMC
3520:doi
3452:doi
3358:doi
3325:doi
3259:doi
3209:doi
3126:doi
3114:308
3028:PMC
3020:doi
2965:doi
2953:320
2912:PMC
2902:doi
2890:109
2847:doi
2802:doi
2798:218
2755:doi
2715:PMC
2707:doi
2655:doi
2643:359
2596:doi
2551:doi
2502:hdl
2494:doi
2450:doi
2376:doi
2330:doi
2272:hdl
2262:doi
2213:doi
1886:in
1545:in
1421:if
1368:or
1298:or
1052:).
955:).
674:of
6617::
6023:/
5827::
5084::
5080::
4638:.
4628:97
4626:.
4565:.
4545:}}
4541:{{
4492:.
4482:27
4480:.
4457:.
4449:.
4441:.
4429:.
4374:.
4335:.
4325:.
4317:.
4305:.
4301:.
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