Biolinguistics - Knowledge (XXG)

764:

on pragmatics is not a property of compound words that is demonstrated in all languages. The example provided by Nórega and Miyagawa is the comparison between English (a Germanic language) and Brazilian Portuguese (a Romance language). English compound nouns can offer a variety of semantic interpretations. For example, the compound noun "car man" can have several possible understandings such as: a man who sells cars, a man who's passionate about cars, a man who repairs cars, a man who drives cars, etc. In comparison, the Brazilian Portuguese compound noun "peixe-espada" translated as "sword fish", only has one understanding of a fish that resembles a sword. Consequently, when looking at the semantic interpretations available of compound words between Germanic languages and Romance languages, the Romance languages have highly restrictive meanings. This finding presents evidence that in fact, compounds contain more sophisticated internal structures than previously thought. Moreover, Nórega and Miyagawa provide further evidence to counteract the claim of a protolanguage through examining exocentric VN compounds. As defined, one of the key components to Merge is the property of being recursive. Therefore, by observing recursion within exocentric VN compounds of Romance languages, this proves that there must be an existence of an internal hierarchical structure which Merge is responsible for combining. In the data collected by Nórega and Miyagawa, they observe recursion occurring in several occasions within different languages. This happens in Catalan, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese where a new VN compound is created when a nominal exocentric VN compound is the complement of a verb. For example, referring to the Catalan translation of "windshield wipers",

687:

of words, which are calculated systematically. While the mechanics of bird song thrives off of syntax, it appears as though the notes, syllables, and motifs that are combined in order to elicit the different songs may not necessarily contain any meaning. The communication system of songbirds' also lacks a lexicon that contains a set of any sort of meaning-to-referent pairs. Essentially, this means that an individual sound produced by a songbird does not have meaning associated with it, the way a word does in human language. Bird song is capable of being structured, but it is not capable of carrying meaning. In this way, the prominence of syntax and the absence of lexical meaning presents bird song as a strong candidate for being a simplified antecedent of the E component that is found in human language, as this component also lacks lexical information. While birds that use bird song can rely on just this E component to communicate, human utterances require lexical meaning in addition to structural operations a part of the E component, as human language is unable to operate with just syntactic structure or structural function words alone. This is evident as human communication does in fact consist of a lexicon, and humans produce combined sequences of words that are meaningful, best known as sentences. This suggests that part of human language must have been adapted from another animal's communication system in order for the L component to arise .

788:

the experimental results to show that hierarchical complexity effects are observed from processing of NV compounds in English. In her experiment, sentences containing object-verb compounds and sentences containing adjunct-verb compounds were presented to English speakers, who then assessed the acceptability of these sentences. Di Sciullo has noted that previous works have determined adjunct-verb compounds to have more complex structure than object-verb compounds because adjunct-verb compounds require merge to occur several times. In her experiment, there were 10 English speaking participants who evaluated 60 English sentences. The results revealed that the adjunct-verb compounds had a lower acceptability rate and the object-verb compounds had a higher acceptability rate. In other words, the sentences containing the adjunct-verb compounds were viewed as more "ill-formed" than the sentences containing the object-verb compounds. The findings demonstrated that the human brain is sensitive to the internal structures that these compounds contain. Since adjunct-verb compounds contain complex hierarchical structures from the recursive application of Merge, these words are more difficult to decipher and analyze than the object-verb compounds which encompass simpler hierarchical structures. This is evidence that compounds could not have been fossils of a protolanguage without syntax due to their complex internal hierarchical structures.

691:

about the presence of one of these three predators in their immediate environmental surroundings. The main idea is that the alarm call contains lexical information that can be used to represent the referent that is being referred to. Essentially, the entire communication system used by monkeys is made up of the L system such that only these lexical-based calls are needed to effectively communicate. This is similar to the L component found in human language in which content words are used to refer to a referent in the real world, containing the relevant lexical information. The L component in human language is, however, a much more complex variant of the L component found in vervet monkey communication systems: humans use many more than just 3 word-forms to communicate. While vervet monkeys are capable of communicating solely with the L component, humans are not, as communication with just content words does not output well-formed grammatical sentences. It is for this reason that the L component is combined with the E component responsible for syntactic structure in order to output human language.

760:-ary operation that generates flat structures. However, the Integration Hypothesis challenges this belief, claiming that there is evidence to suggest that words are internally complex. In English for example, the word 'unlockable' is ambiguous because of two possible structures within. It can either mean something that is able to be unlocked (unlock-able), or it can mean something that is not lockable (un-lockable). This ambiguity points to two possible hierarchical structures within the word: it cannot have the flat structure posited by the Gradualist Approach. With this evidence, supporters of the Integration Hypothesis argue that these hierarchical structures in words are formed by Merge, where the L component and E component are combined. Thus, Merge is responsible for the formation of compound words and phrases. This discovery leads to the hypothesis that words, compounds, and all linguistic objects of the human language are derived from this integration system, and provides contradictory evidence to the theory of an existence of a protolanguage. 853:: words that are responsible for inserting syntactic information about the syntactic categories of L component words, as well as morphosyntactic information about clause-typing, question, number, case and focus. Since these added elements complement the content words in the L component, the E component can be thought of as being applied to the L component. Considering that the L component is solely composed of lexical information and the E component is solely composed of syntactic information, they do exist as two independent systems. However, for the rise of such a complex system as human language, the two systems are necessarily reliant on each other. This aligns with Chomsky's proposal of duality of semantics which suggests that human language is composed of these two distinct components. In this way, it is logical as to why the convergence of these two components was necessary in order to enable the functionality of human language as we know it today. 707:, Nóbrega & Miyagawa outline the Integration Hypothesis as it applies to words. To explain the Integration Hypothesis as it relates to words, everyone must first agree on the definition of a 'word'. While this seems fairly straightforward in English, this is not the case for other languages. To allow for cross-linguistic discussion, the idea of a "root" is used instead, where a "root" encapsulates a concept at the most basic level. In order to differentiate between "roots" and "words", it must be noted that "roots" are completely devoid of any information relating to grammatical category or inflection. Therefore, "roots" form the lexical component of the Integration Hypothesis while grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective) and inflectional properties (e.g. case, number, tense, etc.) form the expressive component. 279:(UG) theorized to be inherent to all human beings. From the view of Biolinguistic approach, the process of language acquisition would be fast and smooth because humans naturally obtain the fundamental perceptions toward Universal Grammar, which is opposite to the usage-based approach. UG refers to the initial state of the faculty of language; a biologically innate organ that helps the learner make sense of the data and build up an internal grammar. The theory suggests that all human languages are subject to universal principles or parameters that allow for different choices (values). It also contends that humans possess generative grammar, which is hard-wired into the human brain in some ways and makes it possible for young children to do the rapid and universal 837:

in such a rich hierarchical structure. The alternation between L layers and E layers is what allows human language to reach an arbitrary depth of layers. For example, in the phrase "Eat the cake that Mary baked", the tree structure shows an alternation between L and E layers. This can easily be described by two phrase rules: (i) LP → L EP and (ii) EP → E LP. The recursion that is possible is plainly seen by transforming these phrase rules into bracket notation. The LP in (i) can be written as . Then, adding an E layer to this LP to create an EP would result in ]. After, a more complex LP could be obtained by adding an L layer to the EP, resulting in ]]. This can continue forever and would result in the recognizable deep structures found in human language.

879:. Each word only contains lexical information that directly contributes to the meaning of the sentence. The L component is often referred to as the base or inner component, due to the inwards positioning of this constituent in a phrase structure tree. It is evident that the string of words 'John eat pizza' does not form a grammatically well-formed sentence in English, which suggests that E component words are necessary to syntactically shape and structure this string of words. The E component is typically referred to as the outer component that shapes the inner L component as these elements originate in a position that orbits around the L component in a phrase structure tree. In this example, the E component function word that is implemented is 266:, Chomsky proposed that languages are the product of a biologically determined capacity present in all humans, located in the brain. He addresses three core questions of biolinguistics: what constitutes the knowledge of language, how is knowledge acquired, how is the knowledge put to use? A great deal of ours must be innate, supporting his claim with the fact that speakers are capable of producing and understanding novel sentences without explicit instructions. Chomsky proposed that the form of the grammar may emerge from the mental structure afforded by the human brain and argued that formal grammatical categories such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives do not exist. The linguistic theory of 700:

posits that it was the grammatical operator, Merge, that triggered the combination of the E and L systems to create human language. In this view, language emerged rapidly and fully formed, already containing syntactical structure. This is in contrast to the Gradualist Approach, where it is thought that early forms of language did not have syntax. Instead, supporters of the Gradualist Approach believe language slowly progressed through a series of stages as a result of a simple combinatory operator that generated flat structures. Beginning with a one-word stage, then a two-word stage, then a three-word stage, etc., language is thought to have developed hierarchy in later stages.

309:(LAD) was presented as an innate structure in humans which enabled language learning. Individuals are thought to be "wired" with universal grammar rules enabling them to understand and evaluate complex syntactic structures. Proponents of the LAD often quote the argument of the poverty of negative stimulus, suggesting that children rely on the LAD to develop their knowledge of a language despite not being exposed to a rich linguistic environment. Later, Chomsky exchanged this notion instead for that of Universal Grammar, providing evidence for a biological basis of language. 683:

components are thought to have emerged from two pre-existing, separate, communication systems in the animal world. The communication systems of birds and monkeys have been found to be antecedents to human language. The bird song communication system is made up entirely of the E component while the alarm call system used by monkeys is made up of the L component. Human language is thought to be the byproduct of these two separate systems found in birds and monkeys, due to parallels between human communication and these two animal communication systems.

644:. Though this gene is subject to debate, there have been interesting recent discoveries made concerning it and the part it plays in the secondary externalization process. Recent studies of birds and mice resulted in an emerging consensus that FOXP2 is not a blueprint for internal syntax nor the narrow faculty of language, but rather makes up the regulatory machinery pertaining to the process of externalization. It has been found to assist sequencing sound or gesture one after the next, hence implying that FOXP2 helps transfer knowledge from 867: 809:

grammatical category of one of the words within the phrase, called the head. For example, in the phrase "buy the books", the verb "buy" is the head, and we call the entire phrase a verb-phrase. There is also a smaller phrase within this verb-phrase, a determiner phrase, "the books" because of the determiner "the". What makes this phenomenon interesting is that it allows for hierarchical structure within phrases. This has implications on how we combine words to form phrases and eventually sentences.

829: 136:. Darwinism addressed the arguments of other researchers and scholars much as Max Müller by arguing that language use, while requiring a certain mental capacity, also stimulates brain development, enabling long trains of thought and strengthening power. Darwin drew an extended analogy between the evolution of languages and species, noting in each domain the presence of rudiments, of crossing and blending, and variation, and remarking on how each development gradually through a process of struggle. 813: 511:— an array of numbers where each consecutive number is a sum of the two that precede it, see for example the discussion Uriagereka 1997 and Carnie and Medeiros 2005). According to the hypothesis being developed, the essential properties of language arise from nature itself: the efficient growth requirement appears everywhere, from the pattern of petals in flowers, leaf arrangements in trees and the spirals of a seashell to the structure of DNA and proportions of human head and body. 723:

emergence of human language, with all the necessary characteristics. Hierarchical structures of syntax are already present within words because of the integration of these two layers. This pattern is continued when words are combined with each other to make phrases, as well as when phrases are combined into sentences. Therefore, the Integration Hypothesis posits that once these two systems were integrated, human language appeared fully formed, and did not require additional stages.

821:

nor can the verbs, "want" and "drink" cannot be merged without anything in between. As represented by the schematic below, all of these examples are impossible lexical structures. This shows that there is a limitation where lexical categories can only be one layer deep. However, these limitations can be overcome with the insertion of an expression layer in between. For example, to combine "John" and "book", adding a determiner such as "-'s" makes this a possible combination.

558:. Lenneberg considered language as a species-specific mental organ with significant biological properties. He suggested that this organ grows in the mind/brain of a child in the same way that other biological organs grow, showing that the child's path to language displays the hallmark of biological growth. According to Lenneberg, genetic mechanisms plays an important role in the development of an individual's behavior and is characterized by two aspects: 448: 255: 460: 619:

facilitate new brain connections or a new area of the brain altogether via prenatally defined brain regions. This would result in information processing greatly important to language, as we know it. The spread of this advantage trait could be responsible for secondary externalisation and the interaction we engage in. If this holds, then the objective of biolinguistics is to find out as much as we can about the principles underlying mental

801: 20: 949:, there has been a recent claim that meaning-making begins far before the emergence of human language. This meaning-making consists of internal and external cognitive processes. Thus, it holds that such process organisation could not have only given a rise to language alone. According to this perspective all living things possess these processes, regardless of how wide the variation, as a posed to species-specific. 479: 429: 77:'s work on language acquisition that began in the 1950s as a reaction to the then-dominant behaviorist paradigm. Fundamentally, biolinguistics challenges the view of human language acquisition as a behavior based on stimulus-response interactions and associations. Chomsky and Lenneberg militated against it by arguing for the innate knowledge of language. Chomsky in 1960s proposed 719:

former is the L component; the latter is the E component. The Integration Hypothesis suggests that it was the grammatical operator Merge that triggered this combination, occurring when one linguistic object (L layer) satisfies the grammatical feature of another linguistic object (E layer). This means that L components are not expected to directly combine with each other.

711: 417: 3363: 958:

oriented towards biology, as well as other relevant fields of study. Since the early emergence of biolinguistics to its present day, there has been a focused mainly on the weak stream, seeing little difference between the inquiry into generative linguistics and the biological nature of language as well as heavily relying on the Chomskyan origin of the term.

283:. Elements of linguistic variation then determine the growth of language in the individual, and variation is the result of experience, given the genetic endowment and independent principles reducing complexity. Chomsky's work is often recognized as the weak perspective of biolinguistics as it does not pull from other fields of study outside of linguistics. 962:

linguistics and biolinguistics, lack of discoveries pertaining to properties of grammar in the context of biology, and lack of recognition for the importance broader mechanisms, such as biological non-linguistic properties. After all, it is only an advantage to label propensity for language as biological if such insight is used towards a research.

849:. This component is responsible for carrying the lexical information that relays the underlying meaning behind a sentence. However, combinations consisting solely of L component content words do not result in grammatical sentences. This issue is resolved through the interaction of the L component with the E component. The E component is made up of 942:, views language acquisition as consisting of a series of competitive cognitive processes that act upon a linguistic signal. This suggests that language development depends on learning and detecting linguistic cues with the use of competing general cognitive mechanisms rather than innate, language-specific mechanisms. 103: 611:. Under merge there are two ways in which larger expressions can be constructed: externally and internally. Lexical items that are merged externally build argument representations with disjoint constituents. The internal merge creates constituent structures where one is a part of another. This induces 820:

This labelling phenomenon has limitations however. Some labels can combine and others cannot. For example, two lexical structure labels cannot directly combine. The two nouns, "Lucy" and "dress" cannot directly be combined. Likewise, neither can the noun "pencil" be merged with the adjective "short",

787:

The common claim that compounds are fossils of language often complements the argument that they contain a flat, linear structure. However, Di Sciullo provided experimental evidence to dispute this. With the knowledge that there is asymmetry in the internal structure of exocentric compounds, she uses

763:

In the view of compounds as "living fossils", Jackendoff alleges that the basic structure of compounds does not provide enough information to offer semantic interpretation. Hence, the semantic interpretation must come from pragmatics. However, Nórega and Miyagawa noticed that this claim of dependency

718:

Thus, at the most basic level for the formation of a "word" in human language, there must be a combination of the L component with the E component. When we know a "word" in a language, we must know both components: the concept that it relates to as well as its grammatical category and inflection. The

686:

The communication systems of songbirds is commonly described as a system that is based on syntactic operations. Specifically, bird song enables the systematic combination of sound elements in order to string together a song. Likewise, human languages also operate syntactically through the combination

93:

The investigation of the biological foundations of language is associated with two historical periods, namely that of the 19th century (primarily via Darwinian evolutionary theory) and the 20th century (primarily via the integration of the mathematical linguistics (in the form of Chomskyan generative

896:

without any additional tense markers in this particular environment. Instead the tense slot can be thought of as being filled by a null symbol (∅) as this past tense form does not have any phonological content. Although covert, this null tense marker is an important contribution from the E component

836:

Due to these limitations in each system, where both lexical and expressive categories can only be one layer deep, the recursive and unbounded hierarchical structure of human language is surprising. The Integration hypothesis posits that it is the combination of these two types of layers that results

796:

As previously mentioned, human language is interesting because it necessarily requires elements from both E and L systems - neither can stand alone. Lexical items, or what the Integration Hypothesis refers to as 'roots', are necessary as they refer to things in the world around us. Expression items,

323:

The Minimalist Program (MP) was introduced by Chomsky in 1993, and it focuses on the parallel between language and the design of natural concepts. Those invested in the Minimalist Program are interested in the physics and mathematics of language and its parallels with our natural world. For example,

553:

Contrary to the concept of the existence of a language faculty as suggested by Chomsky, Lenneberg argues that while there are specific regions and networks crucially involved in the production of language, there is no single region to which language capacity is confined and that speech, as well as

824:

Another limitation regards the recursive nature of the expressive layer. While it is true that CP and TP can come together to form hierarchical structure, this CP TP structure cannot repeat on top of itself: it is only a single layer deep. This restriction is common to both the expressive layer in

660:

According to the Integration Hypothesis, human language is the combination of the Expressive (E) component and the Lexical (L) component. At the level of words, the L component contains the concept and meaning that we want to convey. The E component contains grammatical information and inflection.

494:

In a minimalist approach, there are three core components of the language faculty proposed: Sensory-Motor system (SM), Conceptual-Intentional system (CI), and Narrow Syntax (NS). SM includes biological requisites for language production and perception, such as articulatory organs, and CI meets the

722:

Based on this analysis, it is believed that human language emerged in a single step. Before this rapid emergence, the L component, "roots", existed individually, lacked grammatical features, and were not combined with each other. However, once this was combined with the E component, it led to the

699:

As traces of the E and L components have been found in nature, the integration hypothesis asserts that these two systems existed before human language, and that it was the combination of these two pre-existing systems that rapidly led to the emergence of human language. The Integration Hypothesis

682:

Through the application of the Integration Hypothesis, it can be seen that the interaction between the E and L components enables language structure (E component) and lexical items (L component) to operate simultaneously within one form of complex communication: human language. However, these two

631:

Compared to other topics in linguistics where data can be displayed with evidence cross-linguistically, due to the nature of biolinguistics, and that it is applies to the entirety of linguistics rather than just a specific subsection, examining other species can assist in providing data. Although

569:

Based on this, Lenneberg goes on further to claim that no kind of functional principle could be stored in an individual's genes, rejecting the idea that there exist genes for specific traits, including language. In other words, that genes can contain traits. He then proposed that the way in which

528:

As mentioned above, biolinguistics challenges the idea that the acquisition of language is a result of behavior based learning. This alternative approach the biolinguistics challenges is known as the usage-based (UB) approach. UB supports that idea that knowledge of human language is acquired via

515:

in this case would provide insight on concepts such as binary branching in syntactic trees and well as the Merge operation. This would translate to thinking it in terms of taking two elements on a syntax tree and such that their sum yields another element that falls below on the given syntax tree

980:

A recent critique of biolinguistics and 'biologism' in language sciences in general has been developed by Prakash Mondal who shows that there are inconsistencies and categorical mismatches in any putative bridging constraints that purport to relate neurobiological structures and processes to the

690:

A well known study by Seyfarth et al. investigated the referential nature of the alarm calls of vervet monkeys. These monkeys have three set alarm calls, with each call directly mapping on to one of the following referents: a leopard, an eagle, or a snake. Each call is used to warn other monkeys

161:

During this period, the greatest progress was made in coming to a better understanding of the defining properties of human language as a system of cognition. Three landmark events shaped the modern field of biolinguistics: two important conferences were convened in the 1970s, and a retrospective

957:

When talking about biolinguistics there are two senses that are adopted to the term: strong and weak biolinguistics. The weak is founded on theoretical linguistics that is generativist in persuasion. On the other hand, the strong stream goes beyond the commonly explored theoretical linguistics,

197:

function, and, the evolution of language. The following year, Juan Uriagereka, a graduate student of Howard Lasnik, wrote the introductory text to Minimalist Syntax, Rhyme and Reason. Their work renewed interest in biolinguistics, catalysing many linguists to look into biolinguistics with their

591:

In biolinguistics, language is recognised to be based on recursive generative procedure that retrieves words from the lexicon and applies them repeatedly to output phrases. This generative procedure was hypothesised to be a result of a minor brain mutation due to evidence that word ordering is

332:

model can be taken as a result of the hypothetical optimal and computationally efficient design of the human language faculty and more developed versions of the Principles and Parameters approach in turn provide technical principles from which the minimalist program can be seen to follow. The

385:

The above phrasal representation allows for an understanding of each lexical item. In order to build a tree using Merge, using bottom-up formation the two final elements of the phrase are selected and then combined to form a new element on the tree. In image a) you can see that the determiner

221:

claims that the interdisciplinary research of biology and linguistics in the 1950s-1960s led to the rise of biolinguistics. Furthermore, Jenkins believes that biolinguistics was the outcome of transformational grammarians studying human linguistic and biological mechanisms. On the other hand,

193:

The second phase began in the late 1970s . In 1976 Chomsky formulated the fundamental questions of biolinguistics as follows: i) function, ii) structure, iii) physical basis, iv) development in the individual, v) evolutionary development. In the late 1980s a great deal of progress was made in

961:

As expressed by research professor and linguist Cedric Boeckx, it is a prevalent opinion that biolinguistics need to focus on biology as to give substance to the linguistic theorizing this field has engaged in. Particular criticisms mentioned include a lack of distinction between generative

808:

It becomes more clear that neither of these two systems can exist alone with regards to human language when we look at the phenomenon of 'labeling'. This phenomenon refers to how we classify the grammatical category of phrases, where the grammatical category of the phrase is dependent on the

618:

Recent investigations of displacement concur to a slight rewiring in cortical brain regions that could have occurred historically and perpetuated generative grammar. Upkeeping this line of thought, in 2009, Ramus and Fishers speculated that a single gene could create a signalling molecule to

520:). By adhering to this sum of two elements that precede it, provides support for binary structures. Furthermore, the possibility of ternary branching would deviate from the Fibonacci sequence and consequently would not hold as strong support to the relevance of Natural Law in syntax. 405: 357:

operation is used by Chomsky to explain the structure of syntax trees within the Minimalist program. Merge itself is a process which provides the basis of phrasal formation as a result of taking two elements within a phrase and combining them In A.M. Di Sciullo & D. Isac's

665:

make up the L component. This has consequences for our understanding of: (i) the origins of the E and L components found in bird and monkey communication systems; (ii) the rapid emergence of human language as related to words; (iii) evidence of hierarchical structure within

127:

Dating back to 1821, German linguist August Scheilurer was the representative pioneer of biolinguistics, discussing the evolution of language based on Darwin's theory of evolution. Since linguistics had been believed to be a form of historical science under the influence of

732: 270:

thereby proposes that sentences are generated by a subconscious set of procedures which are part of an individual's cognitive ability. These procedures are modeled through a set of formal grammatical rules which are thought to generate sentences in a language.

661:

For phrases, we often see an alternation between the two components. In sentences, the E component is responsible for providing the shape and structure to the base-level lexical words, while these lexical items and their corresponding meanings found in the

529:

exposure and usage. One of the primary issues that is highlighted when arguing against the Usage-Based approach, is that UB fails to address the issue of poverty of stimulus, whereas biolinguistics addresses this by way of the Language Acquisition Device.

740: 751:

differently compared to previous gradualist theories of language development. As previously mentioned, in the Gradualist Approach, compound words are thought of as part of a proto-syntax stage to the human language. In this proposal of a lexical

495:

biological requirements related to inference, interpretation, and reasoning, those involved in other cognitive functions. As SM and CI are finite, the main function of NS is to make it possible to produce infinite numbers of sound-meaning pairs.

85:, the main idea of which being that language acquisition is biologically constrained. These works were regarded as pioneers in the shaping of biolinguistic thought, in what was the beginning of a change in paradigm in the study of language. 887:

is a word that is used to inquire about something that happened in the past, meaning that it adds the structure of the past tense to this expression. In this example, this does not explicitly change the form of the verb, as the verb

639:

that suggests everyone is a common descendant from a single tree has opened pathways into gene and biochemical study. One way in which this manifested within biolinguistics is through the suggestion of a common language gene, namely

549:

view in biolinguistics While they are obviously essential, and while genomes are associated with specific organisms, genes do not store traits (or "faculties") in the way that linguists—including Chomskyans—sometimes seem to imply.

870:

In English, the E component makes up the upper layer of a tree, which adds syntactic shape to the lower layer, which makes up the L component that provides a sentence with its core lexical meaning. Adapted from Miyagawa et al.

774:. Additionally, we can also note the occurrence of recursion when the noun of a VN compound contains a list of complements. For example, referring to the Italian translation of "rings, earrings, or small jewels holder", 274:

Chomsky focuses on the mind of the language learner or user and proposed that internal properties of the language faculty are closely linked to the physical biology of humans. He further introduced the idea of a

1023:

The way in which humans learn to perceive, produce and comprehend language; guided by Universal Grammar proposed by Chomsky; children's ability to learn properties of grammar from impoverished linguistic data.

416: 545:, Lenneberg (1967) suggests that different aspects of human biology that putatively contribute to language more than genes at play. This integration of other fields to explain language is recognized as the 112:

inspired many researchers to study language, in particular the evolution of language, via the lens of biology. Darwin's theory regarding the origin of language attempts to answer three important questions:

973:

Due to this different levels of representations used in linguistics and neural science lead to vague metaphors linking brain structures to linguistic components. Poeppel and Embick also introduce the

144:

The first phase in the development of biolinguistics runs through the late 1960s with the publication of Lennberg's Biological Foundation of Language (1967). During the first phase, work focused on:

674:; and (v) the application of E and L components to sentences. In this way, we see that the Integration Hypothesis can be applied to all levels of language: the word, phrasal, and sentence level. 230:

argue that biolinguistics, originating in the 1970s, is distinct transformational grammar; rather a new branch of the linguistics-biology research paradigm initiated by transformational grammar.

198:

colleagues in adjacent scientific disciplines. Both Jenkins and Uriagereka stressed the importance of addressing the emergence of the language faculty in humans. At around the same time,

210:. Although FOXP2 is not the gene responsible for language, this discovery brought many linguists and scientists together to interpret this data, renewing the interest of biolinguistics. 747:

Compound words are a special point of interest with the Integration Hypothesis, as they are further evidence that words contain internal structure. The Integration Hypothesis, analyzes

825:

humans, but also in birdsong. This similarity strengthens the tie between the pre-existing E system posited to have originated in birdsong and the E layers found in human language.

1125: 969:

and linguist, has additionally noted that if neuroscience and linguistics are done wrong, there is a risk of "inter-disciplinary cross-sterilization", arguing that there is a

54:

to explain the formation of language. It seeks to yield a framework by which we can understand the fundamentals of the faculty of language. This field was first introduced by

3038:

Mondal, Prakash. 2022: A Critical Perspective on the (Neuro)biological Foundations of Language and Linguistic Cognition. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science:

607:

by saying that language is mandated by efficient computations and, thus, keeps to the simplest recursive operations. The main basic operation in the minimalist program is

132:, speculations of the origin of language were not permitted. As a result, hardly did any prominent linguist write about the origin of language apart from German linguist 1089: 447: 735:

One possible internal structure of 'unlockable' is shown. In this image, the meaning is that something is able to be unlocked. Adapted from Nórega & Miyagawa. (39)

743:

One possible internal structure of 'unlockable' is shown. In this image, the meaning is that something is not able to locked. Adapted from Nórega & Miyagawa. (39)

2972: 2925: 845:

The E and L components can be used to explain the syntactic structures that make up sentences in human languages. The first component, the L component, contains

291:

According to Chomsky, the human's brains consist of various sections which possess their individual functions, such as the language faculty, visual recognition.

1445: 714:

A "root" (L layer) is integrated with the E layer to show that there is underlying hierarchical structure within words. Adapted from Nórega & Miyagawa (48)

1010:

The study of how language is represented in the brain; closely tied to psycholinguistics, language acquisition, and the localisation of the language process.

305:

The acquisition of language is a universal feat and it is believed we are all born with an innate structure initially proposed by Chomsky in the 1960s. The

459: 2282: 1542:

The Biolinguistic Enterprise: New Perspectives on the Evolution and Nature of the Human Language Faculty Volume 1 of Oxford Studies in Biolinguistics

478: 213:

Although many linguists have differing opinions when it comes to the history of biolinguistics, Chomsky believes that its history was simply that of

2702: 123:

If selection did play a role, was selection primarily responsible for the emergence of language, was it just one of the several contributing causes?

30:

can be defined as the study of biology and the evolution of language. It is highly interdisciplinary as it is related to various fields such as

129: 3173:

Trudgill, Peter (2004). "The impact of language contact and social structure on linguistic structure: Focus on the dialects of modern Greek".

2720: 632:

animals do not have the same linguistic competencies as humans, it is assumed that they can provide evidence for some linguistic competence.

574:

of genes as a causal agent which is individually the direct and unique responsible for a specific phenotype, criticizing prior hypothesis by

63: 905:

surfaces in the sentence initial position because in English, this indicates that the string of words will manifest as a question. The word

1842:"Piatelli-Palmarini, M., & Vitello, G. (2017). "Quantum field theory and the linguistic Minimalist Program: a remarkable isomorphism"" 592:

limited to externalisation and plays no role in core syntax or semantics. Thus, different lines of inquiry to explain this were explored.

565:

The rejection of the existence of 'special' genes for language, that is, the rejection of the need for a specifically linguistic genotype;

1267: 816:

Lexical components cannot be directly combined with each other as shown by these ungrammatical phrases. Adapted from Miyagawa et al.(45)

1981: 797:

that convey information about category or inflection (number, tense, case etc.) are also required to shape the meanings of the roots.

636: 179:: another conference was held by the New York Academy of Science, after which numerous works on the origin of language were published. 3248: 1766: 1664: 1589: 1550: 1428: 1403: 1098: 909:

determines that the structure of the clause type for this sentence will be in the form of an interrogative question, specifically a

800: 428: 3400: 1143: 1060:; poverty of the stimulus; structure dependency whereby a sentence is influenced its structure and not just the order of words. 173:, neuroscientists, linguists, and others interested in the development of language in the individual, its origins and evolution. 1784:"Constructing a Consensus on Language Evolution? Convergences and Differences Between Biolinguistic and Usage-Based Approaches" 832:

There is an alternation between E layers and L layers in order to create well-formed phrases. Adapted from Miyagawa et al. (45)

404: 394:

are both selected. Through the process of Merge, the new formed element on the tree is the determiner Phrase (DP) which holds,

1293:

DEMIREZEN, Mehmet (1988). "Behaviorist theory and language learning". Hacettepe üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Öğretim üyesi.

69:

Biolinguistics, also called the biolinguistic enterprise or the biolinguistic approach, is believed to have its origins in

3010:

Poeppel, David; Embick, David (2005). "Defining the Relation Between Linguistics and Neuroscience". In Anne Cutler (ed.).

1073:

Humans' cognitive processes and pattern-detection in a language learning context; how humans learn and interpret grammar.

575: 151:

language development as it presents itself in the acquisition sequence that children go through when they learn a language

2954: 2652:"The precedence of syntax in the rapid emergence of human language in evolution as defined by the integration hypothesis" 1452: 860:

by Miyagawa et al., each word can be identified as either being either an L component or an E component in the sentence:

652:. Therefore, FOXP2 has been discovered to be an aid in formulating a linguistic input-output system that runs smoothly. 341:, which had started to become an independent theory in the early 1990s, but were then still considered as peripherals of 2307: 1044:

Identifies similarities and differences in the languages of the world; suggests languages may not be completely random.

422:

b) The two selected elements are then "merged" and they produce one new constituent, known as the Determiner Phrase (DP)

828: 705:

The precedence of syntax in the rapid emergence of human language in evolution as defined by the integration hypothesis

81:

as a hypothetical tool for language acquisition that only humans are born with. Similarly, Lenneberg (1967) formulated

1065: 306: 78: 55: 977:, where computational processes described in linguistic theory cannot be restored to neural computational processes. 194:

answering questions about the development of language. This then prompted further questions about language design,

812: 3405: 1171: 612: 82: 739: 731: 3367: 2451:"Monkey Responses to Three Different Alarm Calls: Evidence of Predator Classification and Semantic Communication" 1540: 901:. Tense aside, clause typing is also conveyed through the E component. It is interesting that this function word 883:. By inserting this word, two types of structures are added to the expression: tense and clause typing. The word 329: 866: 1324:

Martins, Pedro Tiago; Boeckx, Cedric (27 August 2016). "What we talk about when we talk about biolinguistics".

756:, compounds are developed in the second stage through a combination of single words by a rudimentary recursive 342: 338: 214: 2121: 1085: 1027:

Language growth and maturation in individuals; evolutionary processes that led to the emergence of language;

3332: 1028: 227: 334: 154:

genetics of language disorders that create specific language disabilities, including dyslexia and deafness)

3193: 2394: 1635: 1610: 1519: 667: 3066:

Sciullo, Anna Maria Di; Jenkins, Lyle (September 2016). "Biolinguistics and the human language faculty".

2185: 1905: 1041:

The analysis, comparison, and classification of languages according to their common structural features;

3395: 2013: 1139: 1134: 1107: 280: 218: 59: 2235:"Lenneberg's Views on Language Development and Evolution and Their Relevance for Modern Biolinguistics" 1862:

Government and Binding Theory and the Minimalist Program: Principles and Parameters in Syntactic Theory

3114: 2525:

Wallin, N. L; Merker, B.; Brown, S. (2001). "3. Origins of Music and Speech: Insights from Animals".

2462: 1684: 1220: 1162: 1116: 1018: 325: 300: 170: 1640: 1615: 910: 710: 2945: 1524: 1257: 1152: 1036: 913:. Overall, the integration of the E component with the L component forms the well-formed sentence, 778:

lit. carry-rings-earrings-or-small-jewels, there is recursion because of the string of complements

671: 608: 354: 2712: 3338:

Conference on Biolinguistics: Language Evolution and Variation, Università di Venezia, June 2007.

3258: 3213: 3083: 2992: 2586:"The integration hypothesis of human language evolution and the nature of contemporary languages" 2558: 2540: 2478: 2422: 2344:"The integration hypothesis of human language evolution and the nature of contemporary languages" 2256: 2215: 2043: 1962: 1935: 1720: 1376: 1341: 1252: 1247: 1232: 1057: 753: 645: 600: 508: 318: 267: 570:

genes influence the general patterns of structure and function is by means of their action upon

186: 1446:"Language as a natural object, linguistics as a natural science. Linguistic Review 22: 447–466" 1121: 858:

The integration hypothesis of human language evolution and the nature of contemporary languages

3244: 3140: 2903: 2849: 2791: 2749: 2716: 2683: 2617: 2486: 2414: 2375: 2207: 2102: 2084: 2035: 1953:

Di Sciullo, Anna Maria; et al. (Winter 2010). "The Biological Nature of Human Language".

1927: 1823: 1805: 1762: 1738:

Călinescu, Mihaela (1 January 2012). "Chomsky's Biolinguistic Approach to Mind and Language".

1712: 1704: 1660: 1585: 1546: 1493: 1424: 1399: 1242: 1158: 931: 649: 599:'s minimalist approach to syntactic representations. In 2016, Chomsky and Berwick defined the 276: 249: 169:: The first official biolinguistic conference was organized by him in 1974, bringing together 2737: 1514:

Jenkins, Jennifer (1997). "Biolinguistics-structure, development and evolution of language".

3205: 3130: 3122: 3075: 2984: 2893: 2883: 2839: 2829: 2781: 2745: 2708: 2673: 2663: 2607: 2597: 2532: 2470: 2406: 2365: 2355: 2246: 2234: 2197: 2159: 2092: 2074: 2025: 1917: 1813: 1795: 1696: 1577: 1485: 1368: 1333: 1272: 1237: 1184: 1180: 1148: 1005: 939: 254: 51: 1988: 3390: 3333:

Biolinguistic Investigations Conference, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, February 2007.

3270: 2570: 1294: 1112: 935: 555: 324:

Piatelli-Palmarini studied the isomorphic relationship between the Minimalist Program and

189:

wrote an article titled "Biolinguistics: Structure development and evolution of language".

133: 19: 3373: 3343:

ICREA International Symposium in Biolinguistics, Universitat de Barcelona, October 2012.

3118: 2544: 2526: 2466: 1013:

Physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes in formation related to language.

3135: 3102: 2898: 2871: 2844: 2817: 2678: 2651: 2612: 2585: 2370: 2343: 2097: 2062: 1818: 1783: 1167: 966: 748: 538: 74: 3240:

Why Agree? Why Move?: Unifying Agreement-Based and Discourse-Configurational Languages

1581: 804:

In the phrase, "buy the books", the category of each phrase is determined by the head.

3384: 3301:

The View from building 20 : essays in linguistics in honor of Sylvain Bromberger

3209: 3087: 2996: 2393:

Berwick, Robert C.; Okanoya, Kazuo; Beckers, Gabriel J.L.; Bolhuis, Johan J. (2011).

2219: 2147: 1966: 1841: 1489: 1345: 1216: 1207: 1130: 1103: 1094: 850: 846: 670:

words; (iv) the role of phrases in the detection of the structure building operation

3238: 3217: 2872:"The emergence of hierarchical structure in human language. Frontiers in Psychology" 2426: 2260: 2163: 2047: 1939: 1700: 1380: 503:

It is possible that the core principles of The Faculty of Language be correlated to

1262: 1189: 1175: 946: 615:, the capacity to pronounce phrases in one position, but interpret them elsewhere. 596: 223: 70: 43: 2584:

Miyagawa, Shigeru; Ojima, Shiro; Berwick, Robert C; Okanoya, Kazuo (9 June 2014).

1724: 981:

logical structures of language that have a cognitive-representational character.

3026: 1866: 3175:

Dialectology Meets Typology: Dialect Grammar from a Cross-linguistic Perspective

3126: 3024:

Mondal, Prakash. 2019: Language, Biology, and Cognition: A Critical Perspective.

2949: 2342:

Shigeru Miyagawa; Shiro Ojima; Robert C. Berwick; Kazuo Okanoya (June 9, 2014).

1883: 571: 512: 504: 47: 35: 2786: 2769: 2410: 1759:

The extended mind : the emergence of language, the human mind, and culture

148:

specifying the boundary conditions for human language as a system of cognition;

2988: 1372: 1337: 562:

The acknowledgement of an indirect relationship between genes and traits, and;

199: 39: 3039: 2888: 2834: 2795: 2668: 2602: 2536: 2360: 2211: 2088: 2079: 2039: 1931: 1809: 1800: 1708: 1497: 2474: 1871: 620: 203: 109: 3144: 2907: 2853: 2687: 2621: 2418: 2379: 2106: 1827: 1716: 678:

The Origins of the E and L systems in Bird and Monkey Communication Systems

120:

Did selection play a role in producing the capacity for language in humans?

3362: 3079: 2490: 2251: 2202: 2030: 1922: 1054:

The rules that govern the grammatical organization of words and phrases.

453:

d) Merge operation has occurred, yielded new element on tree, V' (V-bar)

2482: 2450: 1080:

Some Researchers in Biolinguistics (by alphabetical order of last name)

662: 31: 2865: 2863: 62:. It was first introduced in 1971, at an international meeting at the 1359:

Radick, Gregory (November 2002). "Darwin on Language and Selection".

1049: 3337: 792:

Interactions Between E and L Components in Phrases of Human Language

2738:"Compounding in the Parallel Architecture and Conceptual Semantics" 185:: For the 40th anniversary of transformational-generative grammar, 3299:

Hale, Kenneth L.; Keyser, Samuel Jay; Bromberger, Sylvain (1993).

2531:. Vol. 18. University of California Press. pp. 513–521. 2158:. 2016Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 81(Pt B): 120–149. 1890:. Oxford: Oxford University Press; and also Carnie, Andrew. 2006. 1202: 917:, and accounts for all other utterances found in human languages. 827: 811: 738: 730: 709: 641: 253: 207: 102: 101: 18: 484:

f) Merge operation has undergone, yielded new element on tree; VP

117:

Did individuals undergo something like selection as they evolved?

3342: 3194:"Can the integration hypothesis account for language evolution?" 3347: 1683:

Crain, Stephen; Koring, Loes; Thornton, Rosalind (2017-10-01).

587:

Generative Procedure Accepted At Present & Its Developments

202:

discovered a link between the language deficit manifest by the

2449:

Seyfarth, Robert M.; Cheney, Dorthy L.; Marler, Peter (1980).

1982:"Natural Law: The Dynamics of Syntactic Representations in MP" 1516:

Web Journal of Formal, Computational and Cognitive Linguistics

1211: 1197: 1193: 1070:

The intersection between cognitive psychology and linguistics

841:

The Operation of E and L Components in the Syntax of Sentences

595:

The most commonly accepted line of inquiry to explain this is

362:(2008), they highlight the two key bases of Merge by Chomsky; 2919: 2917: 2763: 2761: 2759: 875:

The L component words of this sentence are the content words

3162:. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–108. 328:. The Minimalist Program aims to figure out how much of the 2818:"The emergence of hierarchical structure in human language" 2816:

Miyagawa, Shigeru; Berwick, Robert; Okanoya, Kazuo (2013).

373:

In order to understand this, take the following sentence:

768:

lit. clean-stop-breeze, we can identify recursion because

3012:

Twenty-First Century Psycholinguistics: Four Cornerstones

856:

Looking at the following example taken from the article

727:

Evidence of Hierarchical Structure Within Compound Words

58:, professor of Linguistics and Cognitive Science at the 2148:"Language Acquisition from a Biolinguistic Perspective" 1685:"Language acquisition from a biolinguistic perspective" 1295:

https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/88422

379:

This phrase can be broken down into its lexical items:

3316:

Language in Mind: An introduction to psycholinguistics

2973:"What we talk about when we talk about biolinguistics" 2650:

Nóbrega, Vitor A.; Miyagawa, Shigeru (18 March 2015).

2512:

Language in Mind: An introduction to psycholinguistics

2510:

Sedivy, Julie (2020). "2. Origins of Human Language".

1867:

Rhyme and Reason. An Introduction to Minimalist Syntax

3318:(Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2514:(Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1882:

For a full description of the checking mechanism see

1444:

Boeckx, Cedric; Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo (2005).

2955:

Biosemiotic Perspectives on Language and Linguistics

1904:

Sciullo, Anna Maria Di; Isac, Daniela (2008-09-30).

1678: 1676: 524:

Biolinguistics: Challenging the Usage-Based Approach

333:

program further aims to develop ideas involving the

2971:Martins, Pedro Tiago; Boeckx, Cedric (2016-12-01). 2770:"Exocentric Compounds, Language and Proto-language" 410:

a) Selection of the final two element of the phrase

2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1203:Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini, University of Arizona 3160:Biolinguistics: Exploring the biology of language 2870:Miyagawa, S.; Berwick, R.C.; Okanoya, K. (2013). 603:under the Strong Minimalist Thesis in their book 2926:"New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind" 2281:Berwick, Robert C.; Chomsky, Noam (March 2016). 1782:Pleyer, Michael; Hartmann, Stefan (2019-11-14). 1476:"Origins and evolution of language and speech". 2184:Boeckx, Cedric; Grohmann, Kleanthes K. (2007). 1539:Di Sciullo, Anna Maria; Boeckx, Cedric (2011). 162:article was published in 1997 by Lyle Jenkins. 140:20th century: Biological foundation of language 2395:"Songs to syntax: the linguistics of birdsong" 1761:. Toronto : University of Toronto Press. 16:Study of the biology and evolution of language 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 1740:Linguistic & Philosophical Investigations 1659:(1st ed.). Routledge Leading Linguists. 1634:. Canadian Social Science. pp. 171–176. 1609:. Canadian Social Science. pp. 171–176. 8: 3243:. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. MIT Press. 2444: 2442: 930:Stemming from the usage-based approach, the 2928:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press 1864:. Wiley-Blackwell; Uriagereka, Juan. 1998. 1632:An Overview of Researches on Biolinguistics 1607:An Overview of Researches on Biolinguistics 1421:Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge 3040:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-022-09741-0 1657:Generative Grammar: Theory and its History 537:Another major contributor to the field is 98:19th century: Darwin's theory of evolution 3134: 3103:"The functional neuroanatomy of language" 2897: 2887: 2843: 2833: 2785: 2713:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736547.001.0001 2677: 2667: 2611: 2601: 2369: 2359: 2250: 2233:Boeckx, Cedric; Longa, Victor M. (2011). 2201: 2096: 2078: 2029: 1921: 1817: 1799: 1639: 1614: 1523: 2152:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 1689:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 988: 865: 799: 244:Universal Grammar and Generative Grammar 2768:Anna Maria Di Sciullo (November 2013). 2750:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199695720.013.0006 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 1286: 400: 3266: 3256: 2566: 2556: 1126:Catalan institute for Advanced Studies 975:Ontological Incommensurability Problem 3053:The Biology and Evolution of Language 2966: 2964: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1090:Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières 695:The Rapid Emergence of Human Language 79:the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) 64:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 7: 2958:. (Biosemiotics 13.) Cham: Springer. 1509: 1507: 1396:New essays on the origin of language 1304: 1302: 892:in the past tense still surfaces as 130:the Société de Linguistique de Paris 3029:. Berlin/New York: Springer Nature. 1894:, 2nd Edition. Blackwell Publishers 1268:Evolutionary psychology of language 97: 2774:Language & Information Society 1888:Core Syntax. A Minimalist Approach 1311:Biological foundations of language 926:Alternative Theoretical Approaches 543:Biological Foundation of Languages 14: 3192:Tallerman, Maggie (August 2017). 3101:Hickok, Greg (6 September 2009). 2701:Progovac, Ljiljana (2015-06-01). 2146:Crain, Stephen (September 2016). 2063:"The Scope of Usage-Based Theory" 1892:Syntax: A Generative Introduction 1630:Wu, JIe Qiong (15 January 2014). 1545:. Oxford University Press, 2011. 1099:University of Southern California 953:Over-Emphasised Weak Stream Focus 627:Human versus Animal Communication 554:language, is not confined to the 3361: 3210:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.06.006 2122:"Evolution of Language and Mind" 1655:Freidin, Robert (5 March 2012). 1605:Wu, Jieqiong (15 January 2014). 1419:Plotkin, Henry (25 April 1997). 1144:University of Quebec at Montreal 781:containing the noun to the verb 477: 458: 446: 427: 415: 403: 3288:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 2952:; Cowley, Stephen (eds.) 2015. 2164:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.004 1701:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.004 1582:10.7551/mitpress/10684.001.0001 533:Lenneberg and the Role of Genes 264:Aspects of the theory of Syntax 2736:Jackendoff, Ray (2011-07-07). 2186:"The BIOLINGUISTICS Manifesto" 635:The relatively new science of 83:the Critical Period Hypothesis 1: 3349:The Journal of Biolinguistics 3303:. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 2012:Soschen, Alona (2008-03-25). 1484:(2): 309–310. February 1979. 971:Granularity Mismatch Problem. 2399:Trends in Cognitive Sciences 1870:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: 1490:10.1016/0047-2484(79)90104-0 1423:. Harvard University Press. 1000:Relevance to Biolinguistics 94:grammar) with neuroscience. 3198:Journal of Neurolinguistics 3127:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001 2707:. Oxford University Press. 1691:. The Biology of Language. 1066:Artificial Grammar Learning 307:Language Acquisition Device 295:Language Acquisition Device 56:Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini 23:Massimo Piattelli-Palmarini 3422: 3051:Lieberman, Philip (1984). 2787:10.29211/soli.2013.20..001 2411:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.002 1478:Journal of Human Evolution 1172:San Diego State University 656:The Integration Hypothesis 507:(such as for example, the 316: 298: 247: 2989:10.1515/lingvan-2016-0007 2315:Michigan State University 2308:"Biolinguistics Evolving" 2283:"Biolinguistics Evolving" 2014:"On the Nature of Syntax" 1373:10.1556/Select.3.2002.1.2 1338:10.1515/lingvan-2016-0007 516:(Refer to trees above in 398:which is visible in b). 339:economy of representation 330:Principles and Parameters 89:Origins of biolinguistics 2889:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00071 2835:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00071 2669:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00271 2603:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00564 2545:10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.513 2537:10.1525/mp.2001.18.4.513 2361:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00564 2080:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00255 1906:"The Asymmetry of Merge" 1801:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02537 1757:Logan, Robert K (2007). 1394:Trabant, Jürgen (2001). 1309:Lenneberg, E.H. (1967). 499:Relevance of Natural Law 343:transformational grammar 238: 215:transformational grammar 3401:Branches of linguistics 3107:Physics of Life Reviews 2876:Frontiers in Psychology 2822:Frontiers in Psychology 2742:Oxford Handbooks Online 2656:Frontiers in Psychology 2590:Frontiers in Psychology 2475:10.1126/science.7433999 2348:Frontiers in Psychology 2287:Oxford University Press 2067:Frontiers in Psychology 2061:Ibbotson, Paul (2013). 1980:Soschen, Alona (2006). 1788:Frontiers in Psychology 1576:. The MIT Press. 2016. 1104:Antonio-Benitez Burraco 1086:Calixto Agüero-Bautista 1029:poverty of the stimulus 171:evolutionary biologists 3375:Biolinguistics Journal 3314:Sedivy, Julie (2020). 3286:The Minimalist Program 3158:Jenkins, Lyle (2000). 1860:Gert Webelhuth. 1995. 872: 833: 817: 805: 744: 736: 715: 360:The Asymmetry of Merge 259: 106: 24: 3237:Miyagawa, S. (2010). 3080:10.1353/lan.2016.0056 3055:. Harvard University. 1140:Anna Maria Di Sciullo 1135:University of Arizona 1108:University of Seville 985:Other Relevant Fields 869: 831: 815: 803: 771:is the complement of 742: 734: 713: 375:Emma dislikes the pie 335:economy of derivation 287:Modularity Hypothesis 281:acquisition of speech 257: 219:Anna Maria Di Sciullo 206:members and the gene 105: 60:University of Arizona 22: 3370:at Wikimedia Commons 3284:Chomsky, N. (1995). 2977:Linguistics Vanguard 2946:Velmezova, Ekaterina 2528:The Origins of Music 2252:10.5964/bioling.8851 2203:10.5964/bioling.8583 2031:10.5964/bioling.8641 1923:10.5964/bioling.8661 1326:Linguistics Vanguard 1221:Concordia University 1163:University of Vienna 1117:University of Hawaii 1019:Language Acquisition 877:John, eat, and pizza 390:and the Noun Phrase 326:Quantum Field Theory 301:Language Acquisition 3119:2009PhLRv...6..121H 3014:. Lawrence Erlbaum. 2704:Evolutionary Syntax 2467:1980Sci...210..801S 1153:New York University 1037:Linguistic Typology 990: 915:Did John eat pizza? 862:Did John eat pizza? 582:Recent Developments 465:e) Selection of V' 434:c) Selection of DP 157:language evolution. 1253:Minimalist Program 1248:Generative Grammar 1233:Origin of language 1058:Generative grammar 989: 873: 834: 818: 806: 745: 737: 716: 601:minimalist program 518:Minimalist Program 509:Fibonacci sequence 467:dislikes the pie a 369:Merge is recursive 319:Minimalist Program 313:Minimalist Program 268:generative grammar 260: 239:Chomsky's Theories 217:. While Professor 107: 25: 3406:Cognitive science 3366:Media related to 2722:978-0-19-873654-7 2461:(4471): 801–803. 1695:(Pt B): 120–149. 1313:. New York Wiley. 1243:Universal Grammar 1159:W. Tecumseh Fitch 1077: 1076: 965:David Poeppel, a 945:From the side of 932:Competition Model 650:procedural memory 277:Universal Grammar 250:Universal grammar 3413: 3365: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3262: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3074:(3): e205–e236. 3063: 3057: 3056: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2968: 2959: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2901: 2891: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2837: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2789: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2647: 2626: 2625: 2615: 2605: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2446: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2373: 2363: 2339: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2254: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2205: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2126: 2120:Patrick, Dewey. 2117: 2111: 2110: 2100: 2082: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2033: 2024:(2–3): 196–224. 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1987:. Archived from 1986: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1925: 1901: 1895: 1880: 1874: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1803: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1527: 1511: 1502: 1501: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1451:. Archived from 1450: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1306: 1297: 1291: 1273:Neurolinguistics 1238:Origin of speech 1185:Brown University 1181:Philip Lieberman 1149:Ray C. Dougherty 1006:Neurolinguistics 991: 940:Brian MacWhinney 703:In the article, 481: 462: 450: 431: 419: 407: 52:neurolinguistics 3421: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3381: 3380: 3358: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3265: 3255: 3251: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3220: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2970: 2969: 2962: 2944: 2940: 2931: 2929: 2924:Chomsky, Noam. 2923: 2922: 2915: 2869: 2868: 2861: 2815: 2814: 2803: 2767: 2766: 2757: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2649: 2648: 2629: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2565: 2555: 2549: 2547: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1881: 1877: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1751: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1667: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1641:10.1.1.820.7700 1629: 1628: 1624: 1616:10.1.1.820.7700 1604: 1603: 1599: 1592: 1572: 1571: 1560: 1553: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1431: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1308: 1307: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1229: 1113:Derek Bickerton 1082: 987: 936:Elizabeth Bates 934:, developed by 923: 911:yes–no question 843: 794: 729: 697: 680: 658: 629: 589: 584: 576:Charles Goodwin 556:cerebral cortex 535: 526: 501: 492: 490:Core components 485: 482: 473: 463: 454: 451: 442: 432: 423: 420: 411: 408: 366:Merge is binary 351: 321: 315: 303: 297: 289: 252: 246: 241: 236: 142: 134:Hugo Schuchardt 100: 91: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3368:Biolinguistics 3357: 3356:External links 3354: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3306: 3291: 3276: 3267:|website= 3249: 3229: 3184: 3165: 3150: 3093: 3058: 3043: 3031: 3017: 3002: 2983:(open–issue). 2960: 2938: 2913: 2859: 2801: 2755: 2728: 2721: 2693: 2627: 2576: 2567:|journal= 2517: 2502: 2438: 2385: 2327: 2299: 2273: 2245:(3): 254–273. 2239:Biolinguistics 2225: 2190:Biolinguistics 2176: 2138: 2112: 2053: 2018:Biolinguistics 2004: 1972: 1955:Biolinguistics 1945: 1916:(4): 260–290. 1910:Biolinguistics 1896: 1875: 1853: 1833: 1774: 1767: 1749: 1730: 1672: 1665: 1647: 1622: 1597: 1590: 1558: 1551: 1531: 1525:10.1.1.35.1374 1503: 1468: 1436: 1429: 1411: 1404: 1398:. De Gruyter. 1386: 1351: 1316: 1298: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1200: 1187: 1178: 1168:Dieter Hillert 1165: 1156: 1146: 1137: 1128: 1119: 1110: 1101: 1092: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 986: 983: 967:neuroscientist 922: 919: 851:function words 842: 839: 793: 790: 749:compound words 728: 725: 696: 693: 679: 676: 657: 654: 628: 625: 588: 585: 583: 580: 567: 566: 563: 539:Eric Lenneberg 534: 531: 525: 522: 500: 497: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 476: 474: 469:nd DP subject 464: 457: 455: 452: 445: 443: 433: 426: 424: 421: 414: 412: 409: 402: 371: 370: 367: 350: 347: 317:Main article: 314: 311: 299:Main article: 296: 293: 288: 285: 248:Main article: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 191: 190: 180: 174: 159: 158: 155: 152: 149: 141: 138: 125: 124: 121: 118: 99: 96: 90: 87: 75:Eric Lenneberg 28:Biolinguistics 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3418: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3260: 3252: 3250:9780262013611 3246: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3230: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113:(3): 121–43. 3112: 3108: 3104: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2729: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2560: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405:(3): 113–21. 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2277: 2274: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2123: 2116: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2005: 1994:on 2007-02-21 1990: 1983: 1976: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1854: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1768:9780802093035 1764: 1760: 1753: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666:9780415541336 1662: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1591:9780262333351 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552:9780199553273 1548: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1458:on 2010-07-23 1454: 1447: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1430:9780674192812 1426: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1405:9783110849080 1401: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1320: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217:Charles Reiss 1215: 1213: 1209: 1208:David Poeppel 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1131:Andrew Carnie 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122:Cedric Boeckx 1120: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1095:Michael Arbib 1093: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 992: 984: 982: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 959: 955: 954: 950: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 927: 920: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 895: 891: 886: 882: 878: 868: 864: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 847:content words 840: 838: 830: 826: 822: 814: 810: 802: 798: 791: 789: 785: 783: 780: 777: 773: 770: 767: 761: 759: 755: 754:protolanguage 750: 741: 733: 726: 724: 720: 712: 708: 706: 701: 694: 692: 688: 684: 677: 675: 673: 669: 664: 655: 653: 651: 647: 643: 638: 633: 626: 624: 622: 616: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 586: 581: 579: 577: 573: 564: 561: 560: 559: 557: 551: 548: 544: 541:. In is book 540: 532: 530: 523: 521: 519: 514: 510: 506: 498: 496: 489: 480: 475: 472: 468: 461: 456: 449: 444: 441: 437: 430: 425: 418: 413: 406: 401: 399: 397: 393: 389: 383: 380: 377: 376: 368: 365: 364: 363: 361: 356: 348: 346: 344: 340: 336: 331: 327: 320: 312: 310: 308: 302: 294: 292: 286: 284: 282: 278: 272: 269: 265: 256: 251: 243: 233: 231: 229: 225: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 195: 188: 184: 181: 178: 175: 172: 168: 165: 164: 163: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 145: 139: 137: 135: 131: 122: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 104: 95: 88: 86: 84: 80: 76: 72: 67: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 21: 3396:Noam Chomsky 3374: 3348: 3315: 3309: 3300: 3294: 3285: 3279: 3239: 3232: 3221:. Retrieved 3201: 3197: 3187: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3153: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3052: 3046: 3034: 3025: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2980: 2976: 2953: 2950:Kull, Kalevi 2941: 2930:. Retrieved 2879: 2875: 2825: 2821: 2777: 2773: 2741: 2731: 2703: 2696: 2659: 2655: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2548:. Retrieved 2527: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2494:. Retrieved 2458: 2454: 2430:. Retrieved 2402: 2398: 2388: 2351: 2347: 2320:February 25, 2318:. Retrieved 2314: 2302: 2292:February 25, 2290:. Retrieved 2286: 2276: 2264:. Retrieved 2242: 2238: 2228: 2193: 2189: 2179: 2167:. Retrieved 2155: 2151: 2141: 2129:. Retrieved 2115: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2021: 2017: 2007: 1996:. Retrieved 1989:the original 1975: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1884:Adger, David 1878: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1845:. Retrieved 1836: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1692: 1688: 1656: 1650: 1631: 1625: 1606: 1600: 1573: 1541: 1534: 1515: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1460:. Retrieved 1453:the original 1439: 1420: 1414: 1395: 1389: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1310: 1289: 1277: 1263:Biosemiotics 1190:Alec Marantz 1176:UC San Diego 997:Description 979: 974: 970: 964: 960: 956: 952: 951: 947:biosemiotics 944: 929: 925: 924: 914: 906: 902: 898: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 874: 861: 857: 855: 844: 835: 823: 819: 807: 795: 786: 782: 779: 775: 772: 769: 765: 762: 757: 746: 721: 717: 704: 702: 698: 689: 685: 681: 659: 634: 630: 617: 613:displacement 604: 597:Noam Chomsky 594: 590: 568: 552: 546: 542: 536: 527: 517: 505:natural laws 502: 493: 470: 466: 439: 435: 395: 391: 387: 384: 381: 378: 374: 372: 359: 352: 322: 304: 290: 273: 263: 261: 258:Noam Chomsky 234:Developments 228:Charles Yang 224:Martin Nowak 212: 196: 192: 187:Lyle Jenkins 182: 176: 166: 160: 143: 126: 108: 92: 71:Noam Chomsky 68: 44:anthropology 27: 26: 3327:Conferences 3204:: 254–262. 2196:: 001–008. 2169:February 3, 2131:February 3, 2127:. Bibliotex 1574:Why Only Us 1367:(1): 7–12. 646:declarative 605:Why Only Us 572:ontogenesis 513:Natural Law 200:geneticists 48:mathematics 36:linguistics 3385:Categories 3223:2020-11-16 3181:: 435–452. 2932:2020-11-30 2550:2020-12-02 2496:2020-11-30 2432:2020-11-30 1998:2007-02-18 1847:2019-04-10 1462:2014-09-15 1281:References 222:linguists 40:psychology 3269:ignored ( 3259:cite book 3088:151533338 2997:131936047 2796:1598-1886 2569:ignored ( 2559:cite book 2220:170315284 2212:1450-3417 2089:1664-1078 2040:1450-3417 1967:141815607 1932:1450-3417 1872:MIT Press 1810:1664-1078 1709:0149-7634 1636:CiteSeerX 1611:CiteSeerX 1520:CiteSeerX 1498:0047-2484 1361:Selection 1346:131936047 921:Critiques 621:recursion 204:KE family 110:Darwinism 3218:53188478 3145:20161054 3068:Language 2908:23431042 2854:23431042 2780:: 1–25. 2688:25852595 2622:24936195 2427:17963919 2419:21296608 2380:24936195 2266:10 April 2261:17101093 2107:23658552 2048:58891675 1940:57556158 1886:. 2003. 1828:31803099 1794:: 2537. 1746:: 91–96. 1717:27633153 1381:36616051 1227:See also 668:compound 637:evo-devo 440:dislikes 396:the pie, 3136:2747108 3115:Bibcode 2899:3577014 2845:3577014 2679:4364162 2662:: 271. 2613:4048833 2596:: 564. 2491:7433999 2483:1684570 2463:Bibcode 2455:Science 2371:4048833 2354:: 564. 2098:3647106 2073:: 255. 1819:6868443 663:lexicon 438:with V 436:the pie 73:'s and 66:(MIT). 32:biology 3391:Syntax 3247: 3216: 3143: 3133: 3086: 2995: 2906: 2896: 2882:: 71. 2852: 2842: 2828:: 71. 2794: 2719: 2686: 2676: 2620: 2610: 2543: 2489: 2481: 2425: 2417: 2378: 2368: 2259: 2218: 2210: 2105: 2095: 2087: 2046: 2038: 1965: 1938: 1930: 1826: 1816: 1808: 1765: 1725:505901 1723: 1715: 1707: 1663: 1638: 1613: 1588: 1549: 1522: 1496: 1427: 1402: 1379: 1344: 1050:Syntax 994:Topic 547:strong 50:, and 3214:S2CID 3084:S2CID 2993:S2CID 2541:JSTOR 2479:JSTOR 2423:S2CID 2311:(PDF) 2257:S2CID 2216:S2CID 2125:(PDF) 2044:S2CID 1992:(PDF) 1985:(PDF) 1963:S2CID 1936:S2CID 1721:S2CID 1456:(PDF) 1449:(PDF) 1377:S2CID 1342:S2CID 1332:(1). 1258:Merge 1155:(NYU) 897:word 672:Merge 642:FOXP2 609:merge 355:Merge 349:Merge 208:FOXP2 3271:help 3245:ISBN 3141:PMID 2904:PMID 2850:PMID 2792:ISSN 2717:ISBN 2684:PMID 2618:PMID 2571:help 2487:PMID 2415:PMID 2376:PMID 2322:2024 2294:2024 2268:2019 2208:ISSN 2171:2024 2133:2024 2103:PMID 2085:ISSN 2036:ISSN 1928:ISSN 1824:PMID 1806:ISSN 1763:ISBN 1713:PMID 1705:ISSN 1661:ISBN 1586:ISBN 1547:ISBN 1494:ISSN 1425:ISBN 1400:ISBN 938:and 871:(30) 471:Emma 382:]]] 353:The 337:and 226:and 183:1997 177:1976 167:1974 3206:doi 3179:153 3131:PMC 3123:doi 3076:doi 2985:doi 2894:PMC 2884:doi 2840:PMC 2830:doi 2782:doi 2746:doi 2709:doi 2674:PMC 2664:doi 2608:PMC 2598:doi 2533:doi 2471:doi 2459:210 2407:doi 2366:PMC 2356:doi 2247:doi 2198:doi 2160:doi 2093:PMC 2075:doi 2026:doi 1918:doi 1814:PMC 1796:doi 1697:doi 1578:doi 1486:doi 1369:doi 1334:doi 1212:NYU 1198:MIT 1194:NYU 907:did 903:did 899:did 894:eat 890:eat 885:did 881:did 648:to 392:pie 388:the 262:In 3387:: 3263:: 3261:}} 3257:{{ 3212:. 3202:43 3200:. 3196:. 3177:. 3139:. 3129:. 3121:. 3109:. 3105:. 3082:. 3072:92 3070:. 2991:. 2981:-1 2979:. 2975:. 2963:^ 2948:; 2916:^ 2902:. 2892:. 2878:. 2874:. 2862:^ 2848:. 2838:. 2824:. 2820:. 2804:^ 2790:. 2778:20 2776:. 2772:. 2758:^ 2744:. 2740:. 2715:. 2682:. 2672:. 2658:. 2654:. 2630:^ 2616:. 2606:. 2592:. 2588:. 2563:: 2561:}} 2557:{{ 2539:. 2485:. 2477:. 2469:. 2457:. 2453:. 2441:^ 2421:. 2413:. 2403:15 2401:. 2397:. 2374:. 2364:. 2350:. 2346:. 2330:^ 2313:. 2285:. 2255:. 2241:. 2237:. 2214:. 2206:. 2192:. 2188:. 2156:81 2154:. 2150:. 2101:. 2091:. 2083:. 2069:. 2065:. 2042:. 2034:. 2020:. 2016:. 1961:. 1957:. 1934:. 1926:. 1912:. 1908:. 1822:. 1812:. 1804:. 1792:10 1790:. 1786:. 1744:11 1742:. 1719:. 1711:. 1703:. 1693:81 1687:. 1675:^ 1584:. 1561:^ 1518:. 1506:^ 1492:. 1480:. 1375:. 1363:. 1340:. 1328:. 1301:^ 1219:, 1210:, 1192:, 1183:, 1170:, 1161:, 1151:, 1142:, 1133:, 1124:, 1115:, 1106:, 1097:, 1088:, 1031:. 784:. 623:. 578:. 345:. 46:, 42:, 38:, 34:, 3273:) 3253:. 3226:. 3208:: 3147:. 3125:: 3117:: 3111:6 3090:. 3078:: 2999:. 2987:: 2935:. 2910:. 2886:: 2880:4 2856:. 2832:: 2826:4 2798:. 2784:: 2752:. 2748:: 2725:. 2711:: 2690:. 2666:: 2660:6 2624:. 2600:: 2594:5 2573:) 2553:. 2535:: 2499:. 2473:: 2465:: 2435:. 2409:: 2382:. 2358:: 2352:5 2324:. 2296:. 2270:. 2249:: 2243:5 2222:. 2200:: 2194:1 2173:. 2162:: 2135:. 2109:. 2077:: 2071:4 2050:. 2028:: 2022:2 2001:. 1969:. 1959:4 1942:. 1920:: 1914:2 1850:. 1830:. 1798:: 1771:. 1727:. 1699:: 1669:. 1644:. 1619:. 1594:. 1580:: 1555:. 1528:. 1500:. 1488:: 1482:8 1465:. 1433:. 1408:. 1383:. 1371:: 1365:3 1348:. 1336:: 1330:2 1196:/ 1174:/ 776:] 766:] 758:n

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index