539:, and silk. These proteins are advantageous since they are in the ECM and display good cytocompatibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. They are all derived from natural sources, are isolated with different methods, and have various advantages and disadvantages. Collagen is typically printed using extrusion or SLA and provides good structural responses and esion for cells. Silk is printed using digital light processing, and provides strength and robustness. One disadvantage of silk is its potential to conform in response to high shear forces. Gelatin is printed using extrusion and provides good cellular affinity, however, its covalent crosslinking-based stabilization requires chemical reactions that are not cytocompatible. Overall, protein-based bio-inks are abundant, inexpensive, biocompatible, and biodegradable, and are in common use for 3D bioprinting. Advantages of protein-based bio-inks over synthetic bio-inks include their similarity to human host tissue and their ability to match their degradation rate with the regeneration of host tissue.
700:
337:
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423:. Depending on the surrounding medium, alginate has the potential to form two different types of gels. Low-pH alginate shrinks and produces a viscous acidic gel, holding onto encapsulated drugs. Once the pH increases, such as inside an intestinal tract, alginate turns into a viscose gel that allows drug dissolution and release. This process allows for a controlled and sustained release to specific tissues.
380:
415:. The structure and high water absorption of alginate provides a tissue environment that closely mimics human soft tissue. In addition, it is an ideal candidate for biomedical applications due to its natural biodegradability and biocompatibility. This hydrogel leverages the delivery of drugs, protects drugs with encapsulation, and allows for tunable drug release and degradability
427:
66:
25:
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implants. Quinine filaments were loaded into bio-printed cellulose implants and then incubated to observe their drug-release behaviors. The study reported showed that around 5% of the quinine was released from the cellulose implant over 100 days. Using cellulose nanofibrils might provide implants with customizable shapes and controlled release of loaded drugs via FDM.
779:. The researchers used microstructures composed of poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) and copolymerized the PEGDA to synthesize microstructures with increased cell adherence. Curved and tubular structures were fabricated via bioprinting, and the proliferation of cells on the outer surface, along with encapsulation of cells on the inner surface, was observed.
113:
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release. Studies have reported results in the use of responsive materials and bio-inks. Responsive materials can reshape in response to stimuli, such as transforming via self-folding, assembling, and disassembling. Certain bio-inks have been reported to undergo maturation with cellular coating, self-organization, and matrix deposition.
783:
change. A 2015 study considered a 4D-printed capsule system that could release drugs on-demand at specific locations with a core-shell hydrogel. A 2014 study evaluated thermo-responsive poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-based system that released drugs in a controlled manner for treating the gastrointestinal tract.
754:
One study added a fourth dimension to the devices, which allows printed objects to change their shapes and functions as external factors are applied, broadening the range of biomedical applications as cellular self-organization becomes possible. This technique allows for more advanced control of drug
332:
by pressuring material into a nozzle that expels droplets. Acoustic wave jetting uses acoustic radiation force to produce droplets; electrohydrodynamic jetting uses electric voltage to form droplets; and LIFT is replaces nozzles with a laser and generates a high-pressure bubble that propels droplets.
732:
One study deposited perfusable vascular structures with a cell-responsive bio-ink that consisted of GelMA, sodium alginate, and poly(ethylene glycol)-tetra-acrylate (PEGTA). The study reported that this supported the spreading and proliferation of encapsulated endothelial and stem cells, leading to
639:
Multiple protein applications use bio-inks for 3D printing. A 2014 study bioprinted cell-laden methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels at concentrations ranging from 7 to 15% with varying cell densities. The study used "direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden photolabile ECM-derived hydrogels". They
513:
These self-assembling peptides provide beneficial organization and strength. In addition, their resemblance to the native cellular microenvironment and tunable mechanical strength allow them to support the proliferation of human stem cells. Using self-assembling peptides to print hydrogels provides
308:) or a similar program, uses motion control systems to control the X/Y/Z axis direction drive mechanisms along with a material control system for the Bio-ink printhead, and deposits material into a 3D construct. Bioprinting can be done by material jetting, material extrusion, or vat polymerization.
782:
4D printing with thermally actuating hydrogels was reported to be relatively fast and reversible with skeletal muscle-like linear actuation in tough hydrogel materials that control the flow of water. Other examples include the usage of water absorption and thermal shape memory to demonstrate shape
291:
to treat cancer, arterial diseases, heart diseases, and arthritis. In addition, implants can be printed in unique shapes and forms to deliver drugs directly to targeted tissues. One approach adds a fourth dimension, which allows the materials to conform, by folding/unfolding, to release drugs in a
724:
Researchers studied a printed bladder device for intravesical drug delivery. Intravesical instillation provides an alternative to oral medication and delivers high drug concentrations to specific sites. Studies reported the use indwelling bladder devices with an elastic polymer bio-ink to deliver
745:
Cellulose nanofibrils have been used as a bio-ink for non-hydrogel applications. A 2017 study evaluated the use of bioprinting cellulose as drug-loaded implants. Researchers used FDM to evaluate drug release behavior. Fluorescent dye quinine was used to visualize the distribution of drugs in the
394:
are three-dimensional polymeric networks that can maintain their structure while absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids. Hydrogels can be made of many different synthetic polymers or natural polysaccharides. These have been widely studied due to their similarities to the human
733:
the formation of perfusable vessels. These may lead to the application of vascularized tissue constructs in organ transplantation and repair. Bioprinting vascular structures may lead to treatments for cancer, arterial disease, heart disease, and arthritis by regulating vascularization and
514:
drug delivery vehicles that represent the ECM and potentially differentiate primary cells into organotypic structures and deliver antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and wound healing drugs. Specifically, hydrogels made of such peptides have been studied to encapsulate
418:
To construct alginate hydrogels, a series of negatively and positively charged polyelectrolytes are assembled layer-by-layer. Alginate is used as the matrix in bio-ink that is extruded from the bioprinter's syringe with increasing shear, resulting in a tough hydrogel with low
684:-based bio-inks are accessible, inexpensive, biodegradable, biocompatible, and stiff. A polysaccharide is obtained from the biosynthesis of plants and bacteria. It is extracted from raw materials with mechanical shearing actions and biological treatments, such as
720:
tests measured levofloxacin release. The results showed no interaction between the resin and the drug, the resistance of the implant without compromise, and high antimicrobial activity. Antibiotics were delivered directly to the inner ear to address infection.
695:
cross-linking. These porous hydrogels were reported to support bacterial growth and incorporate and release antimicrobial drugs. These structures provide strong, moist environments that are ideal for delivering drugs to tissues that require wound healing aid.
495:" to produce a printable hydrogel. They reported that the tripeptide self-assembled into a viscous solution of aligned micelles at high pH values that could be transformed into a self-supporting hydrogel when the cross-linking of the
348:
Another method of bioprinting is extrusion. This is a mechanical method that uses motors to drive a piston. Extrusion is based on the rate of the motor's displacement, where the difference between the piston-driven pressure and
651:
Other research includes gelatin-sulfonated skin composite tissue to deliver cells to open wounds by seeding matrices. Doing this helps wounds to heal faster and more efficiently. Gelatin hydrogels have successfully delivered
455:
The hydrogel can be loaded with any drug, and target any tissue. The low toxicity and controllable factors of alginate make it a suitable candidate for hydrogel incorporation. Alginate hydrogels have been used to deliver
518:
drugs that can disassemble and release the loaded drug under the stimulation of tumor environments, providing an alternative to typical chemotherapy that inevitably damages healthy cells, while killing cancer cells.
246:
484:-based materials. Peptide-based hydrogels are candidates for bio-inks since they resemble the ECM. In addition, their mechanical strength and stiffness of up to 40 kPa allow for strong and rigid hydrogels.
257:
to form tissues, organs, or biological materials in a scaffold-free manner that mimics living human tissue. The technique allows targeted disease treatments with scalable and complex geometry.
437:(PRP) to develop a bio-ink with personalized biological factors. The plasms was extracted from specific patients, then mixed with the alginate solution. The solution was coated with
271:(cell-laden microgel) materials and bioprinting implantable devices that mimic specific tissues or biological functions. Applications include promoting wound healing by delivering
699:
712:
Non-hydrogel delivery systems implants are printed in the same manner as hydrogels. A 2022 study used SLA 3D printing to produce an implant to deliver drugs to the ear. 0.5%
185:
300:
Layer-by-layer printing of biochemicals and living cells requires precise placement and viable materials. The basic technology of a bioprinter starts with data taken from
640:
reported a direct correlation between printability and hydrogel mechanical properties. A commercially available bioprinter dispensed the GelMA hydrogel fibers using
452:
cells in tissue healing. The study reported that PRP and alginate hydrogel bio-ink could be used by any bioprinter to produce personalized drug delivery therapies.
1550:
Bertassoni, L.E.; Cardoso, J.C.; Manoharon, V; Cristino, A.L.; Bhise, N.S.; Araujo, W; Zorlutuna, P; Vrana, N.E.; Ghaemmaghami, A.M.; Dokmeci, M.R. (2014).
336:
38:
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gel. The result was a hydrogel disk that had decreased the risk of immune responses from the patient. The disk showed potential for promoting
1915:
Jia, W; Gungor-Ozkerim, P.S.; Zhang, Y.S.; Yue, K; Zhu, K; Liu, W; Pi, Q; Byambaa, B; Dokmeci, M.R.; Shin, S.R.; Khademhosseini, A (2016).
2247:
Gupta, M. K.; Meng, F.; Johnson, B. N.; Kong, Y. L.; Tian, L.; Yeh, Y. W.; Masters, N.; Singamaneni, S.; McAlpine, M. C. (June 4, 2015).
805:"Alginate-based hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles in cancer treatment and their applications in wound dressing and 3D bioprinting"
368:
Vat polymerization printing (VPP) uses a cell-hydrogel suspension. The constructs are formed layer-by-layer through laser curing in
221:
203:
52:
688:, resulting in highly structured nanofibrils. Cellulose materials are defined by their high viscosity and shear-thinning behavior.
87:
2358:
44:
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more controlled manner. Bioprinting allows for biocompatible, biodegradable, universal, and personalized delivery vehicles.
328:, or laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT). Piezoelectric/thermal ink-jetting uses the same non-contact process as desktop
1663:
Albanna, M; Binder, K.W.; Murphy, S.V.; Kim, J; Qasem, S.A.; Zhao, W; Tan, J; El-Amin, I.B.; Dice, D.D.; Marco, J (2019).
506:
680:
Another bio-ink that has been successful in producing drug delivery systems via bioprinting is cellulosic nanomaterials.
264:
beyond those available from donors. Organ transplantation showed limitations with immune responses and organ rejection.
1819:"Stereolithography 3D printed implants: A preliminary investigation as potential local drug delivery systems to the ear"
1721:
1665:"In Situ Bioprinting of Autologous Skin Cells Accelerates Wound Healing of Extensive Excisional Full-Thickness Wounds"
1268:
Hong, H; Seo, Y.B.; Kim, D.Y.; Lee, J.S.; Lee, Y.J; Lee, H; Ajiteru, O; Sultan, M.T.; Lee, O.J.; Kim, S.H. (2020).
461:
771:. The study attempted to create a self-folding curved hydrogel microstructure to mimic the geometry of ducts and
317:
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One 2015 study used nanocellulose bio-inks as wound dressings. Extrusion produced porous structures with ionic
641:
373:
301:
726:
1389:"New Approach for Fabricating Collagen/ECM-Based Bioinks Using Preosteoblasts and Human Adipose Stem Cells"
2072:
Kwag, Hye Rin; Serbo, Janna; Korangath, Preethi; Sukumar, Saraswati; Romer, Lewis; Gracias, David (2016).
356:
1866:
Goyanes, A; Xu, X; Trenfield, S.J.; Diaz-Gomez, L; Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; Gaisford, S; Basit, A.W. (2021).
1131:
445:
261:
1331:"Inclusion of Cross-Linked Elastin in Gelatin/PEG Hydrogels Favourably Influences Fibroblast Phenotype"
2019:
1766:
Rees, A; Powell, L.C.; Chinga-Carrasco, G; Gethin, D.T.; Syverud, K; Hill, K.E.; Thomas, D.W. (2015).
2363:
2303:
Malachowski, K; Breger, J; Kwag, H.R.; Wang, M.O.; Fisher, J.P.; Selaru, F.M.; Gracais, D.H. (2014).
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1035:"Hydrogels as drug delivery systems: A review of current characterization and evaluation techniques"
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Requires non-cytocompatible chemical reactions and has a risk of degradation at high temperatures.
465:
399:(ECM) and their ability to encapsulate drugs. They are mainly printed using jetting and extrusion.
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Kempin, W; Franz, C; Koster, L.C.; Schneider, F; Bogdahn, M; Weitschies, W; Seidlitz, A (2017).
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Lee, H.J.; Kim, Y.B.; Ahn, S.H.; Lee, J.S.; Jang, C.H.; Yoon, H; Chun, W; Kim, G.H. (2015).
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These methods provide precise placement of the bioink and enable scaffold-free bioprinting.
321:
1270:"igital light processing 3D printed silk fibroin hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering"
260:
This technique was first developed in the 1950s as patients with incurable diseases sought
2163:
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Nanocellulose cross-linked with calcium chloride printed on a nanocellulose hydrogel film.
500:
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1868:"Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing of a bladder device for intravesical drug delivery"
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867:"Recent advances in bioprinting techniques: approaches, applications, and prospects"
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Conforms at high shear forces, so not suitable for printing at low concentrations.
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Triacca, A; Pitzanti, G; Matthew, E; Conti, B; Dorati, R; Lamprou, D.A. (2022).
653:
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Good structural responses and cell adhesion. High porosity and tensile strength.
469:
449:
272:
242:
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1981:
1917:"Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bio-ink"
1884:
1867:
1688:
1329:
Cao, Y; Lee, B.H.; Irvine, S.A.; Wong, Y.S.; Bianco, H; Venkatraman, S (2020).
283:, providing anticancer treatments directly to tumors, and promoting/inhibiting
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457:
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1872:
Materials
Science & Engineering. C, Materials for Biological Applications
978:"Patient-specific bioinks for 3D bioprinting of tissue engineering scaffolds"
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One 2018 study used alginate-based hydrogels combined with the growth factor
267:
Techniques that have been studied include bioprinting hydrogels with various
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929:"3D bioprinting processes: A perspective on classification and terminology"
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2305:"Stimuli-Responsive Theragrippers for Chemomechanical Controlled Release"
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Yang, X; Wang, Y; Qi, W; Xing, R; Yang, X; Xing, Q; Su, R; He, S (2019).
1001:
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1552:"Direct-write bioprinting of cell-laden methacrylated gelatin hydrogels"
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Can be difficult to achieve and have varying properties in humid air.
2123:"4D printing with mechanically robust, thermally actuating hydrogels"
268:
2179:
1494:
Mirzaei, M; Okoro, O.V.; Nie, L; Petri, D.F.S.; Shavandi, A (2021).
1207:
Gao, Y; Zhang, C; Chang, J; Yang, C; Liu, J; Fan, S; Ren, C (2019).
574:
High strength and robustness. High solubility and printing fidelity.
407:
A common polysaccharide used in biomedical hydrogel applications is
253:
or implantable devices. 3D bioprinting prints cells and biological
772:
698:
505:
496:
425:
378:
355:
335:
648:. The hydrogels provided cell viability for at least eight days.
376:(DLP) into the vat of a photopolymer using a micromirror device.
85:
parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article.
628:
Possible lack of biocompatibility and immunogenicity concerns.
353:
drives the material through an angular turn of a rotary screw.
591:
High strength and fidelity. Good cell adherence and viability.
305:
160:
106:
59:
18:
2074:"A Self-Folding Hydrogel In Vitro Model for Ductal Carcinoma"
668:, an anti-inflammatory drug that aids in wound dressing, and
1722:"Nanocellulosic materials as bio-inks for 3D bioprinting"
1720:
Piras, C; Fernández-Prieto, S; Borggraeve, W.M.D (2017).
491:
induced by disulfide crosslinking in a lyotropic peptide
2121:
Bakarich, SE; Gorkin, R; Panhuis, M; Spinks, GM (2015).
480:
Another bio-ink is low molecular weight self-assembling
320:(FDM), is a method that involves depositing cells using
2018:
Gao, B; Yang, Q; Zhao, X; Jin, G; Ma, Y; Xu, F (2016).
181:
137:
127:
1970:
European
Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
664:
cell differentiation. Silk has successfully delivered
275:, anti-inflammatory treatments, or drugs that promote
927:
Lee, J.M.; Sing, S.L.; Zhou, M; Yeong, W.Y. (2018).
249:. Such vehicles are biocompatible, tissue-specific
176:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1496:"Protein-based 3D bio fabrication of Biomaterials"
672:, an antibiotic that also aids in wound dressing.
472:, which promotes local stem cell differentiation.
241:vehicles. It uses three-dimensional printing of
499:group of the side chain peptides increased the
1620:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology
716:was added to a flexible resin. Mechanical and
2202:"Active materials by four-dimension printing"
1448:"3D bioprinting and its in vivo applications"
324:/thermal ink-jetting, acoustic wave jetting,
8:
2020:"4D bioprinting for biomedical applications"
316:Material jetting, sometimes referred to as
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2164:"4D Printing: Multi-Material Shape Change"
487:A 2019 study used the "helical coiling of
75:needs attention from an expert in Medicine
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1033:Vigata, M; Hutmacher, D; Bock, N (2020).
1009:
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763:Examples include a self-folding hydrogel
608:Good cellular affinity and proliferation.
468:, which are hydrophobic antibiotics, and
222:Learn how and when to remove this message
204:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:, without removing the technical details.
541:
792:
1823:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1140:
1129:
527:Common protein-based bio-inks include
90:may be able to help recruit an expert.
186:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
2200:Ge, Q; Qi, H.J.; Dunn, M.L. (2013).
933:International Journal of Bioprinting
411:, a naturally occurring polyanionic
2078:Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods
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1933:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.038
1286:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119679
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585:Spider, sheep wool, and human hair
14:
871:Journal of Translational Medicine
809:Journal of Biological Engineering
34:This article has multiple issues.
16:Bioprinting drug delivery systems
1167:Journal of Materials Chemistry B
803:Abasalizadeh, Moghaddam (2020).
165:
111:
64:
23:
1087:Das, A.K.; Gavel, P.K. (2020).
42:or discuss these issues on the
729:directly to the target site.
656:, a hydrophobic molecule, and
1:
2036:10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.03.004
1836:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121529
1772:BioMed Research International
1616:"Stem Cells and reproduction"
1513:10.3390/bioengineering8040048
1393:Advanced Healthcare Materials
1052:10.3390/pharmaceutics12121188
2265:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01688
1632:10.1097/GCO.0b013e328338c152
1614:Du, H; Taylor, H.S. (2010).
1576:10.1088/1758-5082/6/2/024105
326:electrohydrodynamic jetting
2380:
1982:10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.02.014
1885:10.1016/j.msec.2020.111773
1689:10.1038/s41598-018-38366-w
462:tetracycline hydrochloride
237:is a method for producing
2090:10.1089/ten.TEC.2015.0442
884:10.1186/s12967-016-1028-0
822:10.1186/s13036-020-0227-7
318:fused deposition modeling
235:Bioprinting drug delivery
1966:"Eur. J. Pharm Biopharm"
642:digital light processing
571:Digital light processing
374:digital light processing
302:computer-assisted design
2206:Applied Physics Letters
2024:Trends in Biotechnology
727:lidocaine hydrochloride
126:, as no other articles
2321:10.1002/anie.201311047
2140:10.1002/marc.201500079
1405:10.1002/adhm.201500193
1139:Cite journal requires
994:10.1002/adhm.201701347
704:
510:
460:, an anticancer drug,
446:mesenchymal stem cells
430:
383:
360:
340:
262:organ transplantations
247:additive manufacturing
2359:Drug delivery devices
2127:Macromol Rapid Commun
1348:10.3390/polym12030670
976:Faramarzi, N (2018).
945:10.18063/ijb.v4i2.151
708:Non-hydrogel implants
702:
509:
429:
382:
359:
339:
2309:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
2168:Architectural Design
1726:Biomaterials Science
1452:J Biomed Mater Res B
1213:Biomaterials Science
435:platelet-rich plasma
397:extracellular matrix
277:cell differentiation
88:WikiProject Medicine
2218:2013ApPhL.103m1901G
2162:Tibbits, S (2014).
1785:10.1155/2015/925757
1681:2019NatSR...9.1856A
1568:2014BioFa...6b4105B
1465:10.1002/jbm.b.33826
1163:"J. Mater. Chem. B"
1095:(44): 10065–10095.
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466:silver sulfadiazine
1738:10.1039/C7BM00510E
1669:Scientific Reports
1225:10.1039/C8BM01422A
1179:10.1039/C8TB03121E
1101:10.1039/D0SM01136C
705:
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511:
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364:Vat polymerization
361:
341:
281:cell proliferation
145:for suggestions.
135:to this page from
2315:(31): 8045–8049.
2226:10.1063/1.4819837
2133:(12): 1211–1217.
1768:"BioMed Res. Int"
1732:(10): 1988–1992.
1173:(18): 2981–2988.
982:Adv Healthc Mater
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370:stereolithography
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2249:"Nano Lett"
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470:simvastatin
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273:antibiotics
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767:model for
686:hydrolysis
670:gentamicin
662:osteogenic
557:Advantages
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458:bortezomib
141:; try the
128:link to it
96:April 2023
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421:viscosity
413:copolymer
403:Alginates
392:Hydrogels
387:Hydrogels
344:Extrusion
255:molecules
251:hydrogels
194:June 2023
131:. Please
45:talk page
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2288:10 April
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718:in vitro
658:microRNA
616:Collagen
568:Silkworm
529:collagen
489:micelles
476:Peptides
409:alginate
150:May 2023
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