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bent, flattened, oblong spheroids and many more shapes. Due to the huge number of bacteria considered to be cocci (coccus if a single cell), it is unlikely that all of these show true spherical symmetry. It is important to distinguish between the generalized use of the word 'spherical' to describe organisms at ease, and the true meaning of spherical symmetry. The same situation is seen in the description of viruses – 'spherical' viruses do not necessarily show spherical symmetry, being usually icosahedral.
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1238:, along with anti-symmetry and direction asymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry refers to small, random deviations away from perfect bilateral symmetry. This deviation from perfection is thought to reflect the genetic and environmental pressures experienced throughout development, with greater pressures resulting in higher levels of asymmetry. Examples of FA in the human body include unequal sizes (asymmetry) of bilateral features in the face and body, such as left and right eyes, ears, wrists,
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98:. External symmetry can be easily seen by just looking at an organism. For example, the face of a human being has a plane of symmetry down its centre, or a pine cone displays a clear symmetrical spiral pattern. Internal features can also show symmetry, for example the tubes in the human body (responsible for transporting
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Symmetry is often selected for in the evolution of animals. This is unsurprising since asymmetry is often an indication of unfitness – either defects during development or injuries throughout a lifetime. This is most apparent during mating during which females of some species select males with highly
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The AP axis is essential in defining the polarity of bilateria and allowing the development of a front and back to give the organism direction. The front end encounters the environment before the rest of the body so sensory organs such as eyes tend to be clustered there. This is also the site where a
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Organisms with radial symmetry show a repeating pattern around a central axis such that they can be separated into several identical pieces when cut through the central point, much like pieces of a pie. Typically, this involves repeating a body part 4, 5, 6 or 8 times around the axis – referred to as
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Research has exposed multiple factors that are associated with FA. As measuring FA can indicate developmental stability, it can also suggest the genetic fitness of an individual. This can further have an effect on mate attraction and sexual selection, as less asymmetry reflects greater developmental
1148:) that all rotate together in a particular direction. This creates a unidirectional flow of signalling molecules causing these signals to accumulate on one side of the embryo and not the other. This results in the activation of different developmental pathways on each side, and subsequent asymmetry.
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Interpretations based only on morphology are not sufficient to explain the evolution of symmetry. Two different explanations are proposed for the different symmetries in cnidarians and bilateria. The first suggestion is that an ancestral animal had no symmetry (was asymmetric) before cnidarians and
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Bacteria are often referred to as having a 'spherical' shape. Bacteria are categorized based on their shapes into three classes: cocci (spherical-shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped) and spirochetes (spiral-shaped) cells. In reality, this is a severe over-simplification as bacterial cells can be curved,
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The presence of these asymmetrical features requires a process of symmetry breaking during development, both in plants and animals. Symmetry breaking occurs at several different levels in order to generate the anatomical asymmetry which we observe. These levels include asymmetric gene expression,
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Spherical symmetry is characterised by the ability to draw an endless, or great but finite, number of symmetry axes through the body. This means that spherical symmetry occurs in an organism if it is able to be cut into two identical halves through any cut that runs through the organism's center.
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Biological symmetry can be thought of as a balanced distribution of duplicate body parts or shapes within the body of an organism. Importantly, unlike in mathematics, symmetry in biology is always approximate. For example, plant leaves – while considered symmetrical – rarely match up exactly when
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Biradial symmetry is found in organisms which show morphological features (internal or external) of both bilateral and radial symmetry. Unlike radially symmetrical organisms which can be divided equally along many planes, biradial organisms can only be cut equally along two planes. This could
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Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or embranchements: Vertebrata, Articulata (arthropods and segmented worms), Mollusca (which at the time meant all other soft, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates), and
Radiata
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Cuvier's insistence on the functional integration of organisms led him to classify animals into four "branches," or embranchements: Vertebrata, Articulata (arthropods and segmented worms), Mollusca (which at the time meant all other soft, bilaterally symmetrical invertebrates), and
Radiata
639:, which contains 99% of all animals (comprising over 32 phyla and 1 million described species). All bilaterians have some asymmetrical features; for example, the human heart and liver are positioned asymmetrically despite the body having external bilateral symmetry.
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and continues to be expressed later on in the dorsal petals to control their size and shape. It is believed that the evolution of specialized pollinators may play a part in the transition of radially symmetrical flowers to bilaterally symmetrical flowers.
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mouth develops since it is the first part of the body to encounter food. Therefore, a distinct head, with sense organs connected to a central nervous system, tends to develop. This pattern of development (with a distinct head and tail) is called
731:. In ctenophores the two planes of symmetry are (1) the plane of the tentacles and (2) the plane of the pharynx. In addition to this group, evidence for biradial symmetry has even been found in the 'perfectly radial' freshwater polyp
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While symmetry is known to be under selection, the evolutionary history of different types of symmetry in animals is an area of extensive debate. Traditionally it has been suggested that bilateral animals evolved from a radial
1974:
Watanabe, Hiroshi; Schmidt, Heiko A.; Kuhn, Anne; Höger, Stefanie K.; Kocagöz, Yigit; Laumann-Lipp, Nico; Özbek, Suat; Holstein, Thomas W. (24 August 2014). "Nodal signalling determines biradial asymmetry in Hydra".
855:, a phylum containing animals with radial symmetry, are the most closely related group to the bilaterians. Cnidarians are one of two groups of early animals considered to have defined structure, the second being the
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is also associated with FA. For example, young men with greater FA report more medical conditions than those with lower levels of FA. Multiple other factors can be linked to FA, such as intelligence and personality
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Grammer, K.; Thornhill, R. (1994). Human (Homo sapiens) facial attractiveness and sexual selection: the role of symmetry and averageness. Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983), 108(3),
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group). Most radially symmetric animals are symmetrical about an axis extending from the center of the oral surface, which contains the mouth, to the center of the opposite (aboral) end. Animals in the phyla
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Bilateral features in the face and body, such as left and right eyes, ears, lips, wrists and thighs, often show some extent of fluctuating asymmetry. Some individuals show greater asymmetry than others.
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are pentamerous as adults, with five arms arranged around the mouth. Being bilaterian animals, however, they initially develop with mirror symmetry as larvae, then gain pentaradial symmetry later.
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has 60x3 protein subunits (180 copies of the same structural protein). Although these viruses are often referred to as 'spherical', they do not show true mathematical spherical symmetry.
1197:, the most commonly studied model plant, shows left-handedness. Interestingly, the genes involved in this asymmetry are similar (closely related) to those in animal asymmetry – both
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Milne, Barry J; Belsky, Jay; Poulton, Richie; Thomson, W. Murray; Caspi, Avshalom; Kieser, Jules (January 2003). "Fluctuating asymmetry and physical health among young adults".
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Early flowering plants had radially symmetric flowers but since then many plants have evolved bilaterally symmetrical flowers. The evolution of bilateral symmetry is due to the
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tetramerism, pentamerism, hexamerism and octamerism, respectively. Such organisms exhibit no left or right sides but do have a top and a bottom surface, or a front and a back.
686:. It is also argued that the development of an AP axis is important in locomotion – bilateral symmetry gives the body an intrinsic direction and allows streamlining to reduce
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Nonaka, Shigenori; Shiratori, Hidetaka; Saijoh, Yukio; Hamada, Hiroshi (2002). "Determination of left–right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow".
859:. Ctenophores show biradial symmetry leading to the suggestion that they represent an intermediate step in the evolution of bilateral symmetry from radial symmetry.
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of mice. Such studies have led to support for the nodal flow hypothesis. In a region of the embryo referred to as the node there are small hair-like structures (
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play a role. In the same way as animals, symmetry breaking in plants can occur at a molecular (genes/proteins), subcellular, cellular, tissue and organ level.
785:, proteins which control the expression of other genes. This allows their expression to influence developmental pathways relating to symmetry. For example, in
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Much of the investigation of the genetic basis of symmetry breaking has been done on chick embryos. In chick embryos the left side expresses genes called
631:). The lip of the flower resembles the (bilaterally symmetric) abdomen of a female bee; pollination occurs when a male bee attempts to mate with it.
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de
Lussanet, M. H. E.; Osse, J. W. M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebrain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
737:(a cnidarian). Biradial symmetry, especially when considering both internal and external features, is more common than originally accounted for.
662:(AP) axis which can be visualised as an imaginary axis running from the head or mouth to the tail or other end of an organism. The second is the
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True spherical symmetry is not found in animal body plans. Organisms which show approximate spherical symmetry include the freshwater green alga
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Finnerty, John R. (2005). "Did internal transport, rather than directed locomotion, favor the evolution of bilateral symmetry in animals?".
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Schematic diagram of signalling pathways on the left and right side of a chick embryo, ultimately leading to the development of asymmetry
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Fink, Bernhard; Neave, Nick; Manning, John T.; Grammer, Karl (1 August 2005). "Facial symmetry and the 'big-five' personality factors".
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exhibit, and are defined by, some form of symmetry. There are only a few types of symmetry which are possible in body plans. These are
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Cubas, Pilar; Vincent, Coral; Coen, Enrico (1999). "An epigenetic mutation responsible for natural variation in floral symmetry".
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496:. The icosahedral symmetry can still be maintained with more than 60 subunits, but only in multiples of 60. For example, the T=3
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The importance of symmetry is illustrated by the fact that groups of animals have traditionally been defined by this feature in
218:), which is now generally accepted to be an assemblage of different animal phyla that do not share a single common ancestor (a
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Raya, Angel; Izpisua
Belmonte, Juan Carlos (2004). "Unveiling the establishment of left–right asymmetry in the chick embryo".
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Like all the traits of organisms, symmetry (or indeed asymmetry) evolves due to an advantage to the organism – a process of
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Although asymmetry is typically associated with being unfit, some species have evolved to be asymmetrical as an important
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Norberg, R (1997). "Skull asymmetry, ear structure and function, and auditory localization in
Tengmalm's owl, (Linné)".
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and consequently develops right side structures. A more complete pathway is shown in the image at the side of the page.
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because it allows the viral particle to be built up of repetitive subunits consisting of a limited number of structural
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594:, which divides the organism into two roughly mirror image left and right halves – approximate reflectional symmetry.
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show five-fold pentamerism, in many of their flowers and fruits. This is easily seen through the arrangement of five
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843:, a species where adults have long tail streamers, prefer to mate with males that have the most symmetrical tails.
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In addition to animals, the flowers of some plants also show bilateral symmetry. Such plants are referred to as
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A selection of animals showing a range of possible body symmetries, including asymmetry, radial, and bilateral
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2362:"Handed Foraging Behavior in Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish: Its Potential Role in Shaping Morphological Asymmetry"
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to the AP axis. During development the AP axis is always specified before the DV axis, which is known as the
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represent an intermediate stage in the evolution of bilateral symmetry from a radially symmetric ancestor.
529:. The shapes of these creatures should be obvious from their names. Tetrahedral symmetry is not present in
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Finnerty, J.R. (2003). "The origins of axial patterning in the metazoa: How old is bilateral symmetry?".
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879:. Many members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) have no symmetry, though some are radially symmetric.
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possess a wide variety of body shapes, mostly tri-radial symmetry, although their most famous member,
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Icosahedral symmetry occurs in an organism which contains 60 subunits generated by 20 faces, each an
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The
Mollusca and Radiata: Arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with Supplementary Additions to Each Order
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2755:"Cell Movements at Hensen's Node Establish Left/Right Asymmetric Gene Expression in the Chick"
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to signal the development of left side structures. Whereas, the right side does not express
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represent two groups of animals which do not show any symmetry (i.e. are asymmetrical), the
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337:. This is immediately obvious when looking at the jellyfish due to the presence of four
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Muñoz-Nortes, Tamara; Wilson-Sánchez, David; Candela, Héctor; Micol, José Luis (2014).
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How Long Is the Coast of
Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension
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For example, left-right asymmetry in mammals has been investigated extensively in the
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513:, some of whose skeletons are shaped like various regular polyhedra. Examples include
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The bilateral symmetry of bilaterians is a complex trait which develops due to the
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240:
2079:"Diversity of cycloidea-like Genes in Gesneriaceae in Relation to Floral Symmetry"
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Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences
1943:"The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of Bilaterality1"
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2228:"The Development of Radial and Biradial Symmetry: The Evolution of Bilaterality"
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577:"Bilateral symmetry" redirects here. For bilateral symmetry in mathematics, see
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displays hexamerism with repeated parts arranged around the axis of the flower.
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within the
Cnidaria have bilateral symmetry defined by a single structure, the
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Animals with bilateral symmetry are classified into a large group called the
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2573:"Interactions between asymmetric brow tines in caribou and reindeer antlers"
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For more information about symmetry breaking in animals please refer to the
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435:. These have polyps with eight tentacles and octameric radial symmetry. The
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George Cuvier classified animals with radial symmetry in the taxon
Radiata (
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Horne, R. W.; Wildy, P. (November 1961). "Symmetry in virus architecture".
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Plants also show asymmetry. For example the direction of helical growth in
954:
Handedness is an adaptation reflecting the asymmetries of the human brain.
808:
715:). The leaves of plants also commonly show approximate bilateral symmetry.
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with spherical symmetry. Young colonies can be seen inside the larger ones.
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951:
and internal asymmetry of organs e.g. left lung is smaller than the right
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influences human judgements of human attractiveness. Additionally, female
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Organisms with bilateral symmetry contain a single plane of symmetry, the
203:"Radial symmetry" redirects here. For radial symmetry in mathematics, see
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is expressed during early development in the dorsal domain of the flower
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Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Tanaka, Yosuke; Okada, Yasushi; Takeda, Sen (2006).
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Friedman, Matt (2008). "The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry".
1996:
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Rest and swim on one side (to blend in with sand floor of the ocean)
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is a taxonomic grouping still used today to represent organisms with
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Apple cut horizontally showing that pentamerism also occurs in fruit
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Gros, J.; Feistel, K.; Viebahn, C.; Blum, M.; Tabin, C. J. (2009).
476:, show this form of symmetry due to the presence of an icosahedral
176:, animals with radial symmetry, formed one of the four branches of
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whereby there is near-repetition of the pattern element, either by
3297:
2854:
Valen, Leigh Van (June 1962). "A Study of Fluctuating Asymmetry".
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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
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30:"Symmetry in nature" redirects here. For Symmetry in physics, see
1020:, a type of flatfish, with both eyes on the same side of its head
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3113:
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Endress, P. K. (February 2001). "Evolution of Floral Symmetry".
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The animal group with the most obvious biradial symmetry is the
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in these genes which cause a reversion to radial symmetry. The
2911:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 162–168.
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Internal asymmetry is thought to be caused by a developmental
99:
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important in allowing the jellyfish to detect and respond to
161:
as an "organism" remains controversial, viruses also contain
1065:, a sea snail, illustrating asymmetry, which is seen in all
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2900:
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Georges Cuvier. In: The Philosophy of Zoology Before Darwin
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usually possess one brow tine flattened into a shovel shape
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Allows the owl to more precisely determine the location of
439:, however, has bilateral symmetry, despite its eight arms.
247:
animals such as the sea anemone, floating animals such as
2112:"An expanded evolutionary role for flower symmetry genes"
330:
Four-fold tetramerism appears in some jellyfish, such as
65:
Illustration depicting the difference between bilateral (
2612:"Nodal Flow and the Generation of Left-Right Asymmetry"
1904:. Texas A&M University Bioinformatics Working Group
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1476:
3397:
3290:
3198:
3096:
2909:The evolutionary biology of human female sexuality
1589:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
940:More effective at removing scales from their prey
863:bilaterians separated into different evolutionary
2893:. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. pp. 1–5.
1902:"SCROPHULARIACEAE – Figwort or Snapdragon Family"
1831:Freeman, Gary (2009). "The rise of bilaterians".
509:described (Haeckel, 1904) a number of species of
1941:Martindale, Mark Q.; Henry, Jonathan Q. (1998).
419:have six-fold internal symmetry and a number of
2907:Thornhill, Gangestad, Randy, Steven W. (2008).
2263:. University of Michigan (Animal Diversity Web)
2226:Martindale, Mark Q.; Henry, Jonathon Q (1998).
2163:"Trilobozoa, Precambrian Tri-Radial Organisms"
379:. Among animals, only the echinoderms such as
353:(mainly food and danger) from all directions.
266:Many flowers are also radially symmetric, or "
231:generally show radial symmetry, although many
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3074:
2161:Ivantsov, A. Yu.; Zakrevskaya, M. A. (2021).
319:Three-fold triradial symmetry was present in
243:. Radial symmetry is especially suitable for
8:
2931:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2418:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1486:; Griffith, Edward; Pidgeon, Edward (1834).
987:List of animals featuring external asymmetry
709:) families, and most of the figwort family (
1137:protein expression, and activity of cells.
753:of symmetry-related genes throughout time.
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2360:Lee, H. J.; Kusche, H.; Meyer, A. (2012).
1736:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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1666:. American Cancer Society. pp. 1–9.
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1004:showing asymmetrical upper and lower beak
918:Both eyes on the same side of their head
270:". Roughly identical floral structures –
114:folded in half. Symmetry is one class of
3465:
1732:"The Selective Value of Bacterial Shape"
1249:stability and subsequent fitness. Human
881:
807:
49:
2889:Tomkins, J. L.; Kotiaho, J. S. (2001).
1492:. Whittaker and Company. pp. 435–.
1372:
1032:Hermit crabs have different sized claws
990:
2975:Personality and Individual Differences
2924:
2433:Zaidel, E. (2001). "Brain Asymmetry".
2411:
2110:Hileman, Lena C; Cubas, Pilar (2009).
1442:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 87–98.
157:symmetry. While the classification of
2216:. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–65.
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1557:
492:), thereby saving space in the viral
255:; whereas bilateral symmetry favours
110:and have several planes of symmetry.
7:
1928:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1389:"A new paradigm for animal symmetry"
769:genes. Evidence for the role of the
251:, and slow moving organisms such as
3367:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis
3043:. Available as Haeckel, E. (1998);
2502:"Why are more people right-handed?"
1672:10.1002/9780470015902.a0000439.pub2
1564:Chandra, Girish (11 October 2008).
835:symmetrical features. For example,
431:is found in corals of the subclass
86:refers to the symmetry observed in
27:Geometric symmetry in living beings
550:is a microscopic green freshwater
468:2-fold, 3-fold and 5-fold symmetry
415:have a hexameric body plan; their
25:
650:. The bilateria have two axes of
454:viruses have icosahedral symmetry
34:. For symmetry in chemistry, see
3189:
2571:Goss, Richard J. (1 June 1990).
2437:. Elsevier. pp. 1321–1329.
1616:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1290:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
1214:This section is an excerpt from
1109:
1093:
1074:
1053:
1037:
1025:
1009:
993:
804:Evolution of symmetry in animals
611:pattern with bilateral symmetry.
106:, and waste products) which are
1785:. AccessScience. Archived from
757:Evolution of symmetry in plants
749:. This involves changes in the
3627:Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
3501:Geschwind–Galaburda hypothesis
2816:Journal of Experimental Botany
2443:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/03548-8
1234:(FA), is a form of biological
1069:in the form of a helical shell
627:) is bilaterally symmetrical (
345:body. This radial symmetry is
1:
3033:. Cambridge University Press.
2960:10.1016/S1090-5138(02)00120-4
1810:"Evolution & Development"
1628:10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00140-0
1518:(cnidarians and echinoderms).
1468:(cnidarians and echinoderms).
1126:with its asymmetrical plates.
902:Size and positioning of ears
462:, and 12 corners. Within the
90:, including plants, animals,
2948:Evolution and Human Behavior
2387:10.1371/journal.pone.0044670
1709:10.1016/0042-6822(61)90366-X
1533:The Evolution of the Metazoa
1505:"Georges Cuvier (1769–1832)"
1455:"Georges Cuvier (1769–1832)"
1438:McBirney, Alexander (2009).
1337:Proper right and proper left
1310:Glossary of entomology terms
1300:Glossary of plant morphology
1270:Standard anatomical position
3021:? Magical Numbers in Nature
2577:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1305:Glossary of leaf morphology
1295:Glossary of botanical terms
505:In the early 20th century,
423:that is a multiple of six.
315:Subtypes of radial symmetry
3759:
3023:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3009:. Oxford University Press.
2987:10.1016/j.paid.2005.02.002
2629:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.002
1352:Direction (disambiguation)
1280:Anatomical terms of muscle
1275:Anatomical terms of motion
1213:
984:
583:
576:
470:. Many viruses, including
202:
40:
29:
3693:Footedness in boardsports
3684:
3637:
3625:
3604:
3535:
3511:
3499:
3463:
3347:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
3187:
2724:10.1016/j.mod.2004.05.005
2712:Mechanisms of Development
2466:Betts, J. Gordon (2013).
2179:10.1134/S0031030121070066
1845:10.1080/08912960903295843
1808:Finnerty, John R (2003).
1357:Symmetry (disambiguation)
180:'s classification of the
43:Symmetry (disambiguation)
2550:10.1163/157075611X617102
2469:Anatomy & physiology
2212:; Harper, David (2003).
1648:Stewart, 2001. pp 64–65.
1285:Anatomical terms of bone
937:Mouth and jaw asymmetry
697:and include the orchid (
601:The small emperor moth,
527:Circorrhegma dodecahedra
499:Tomato bushy stunt virus
149:(cylindrical) symmetry,
75:flowers) and spherical (
3497:In cognitive abilities
2779:10.1126/science.1172478
2167:Paleontological Journal
773:gene family comes from
143:multicellular organisms
3622:Handedness measurement
2500:Holder, M. K. (1997).
2296:10.1098/rstb.1978.0014
2096:10.1006/anbo.2000.1178
1536:. Macmillan. pp.
1406:10.1098/rsfs.2015.0032
1228:
1156:
1085:, clearly showing the
965:Internal asymmetry of
831:
632:
612:
555:
523:Lithocubus geometricus
455:
361:
341:, visible through its
311:
80:
58:
3733:Developmental biology
3601:Handedness related to
3181:Widmanstätten pattern
3041:Kunstformen der Natur
2891:Fluctuating Asymmetry
1749:10.1128/MMBR.00001-06
1730:Young, K. D. (2006).
1387:Holló, Gábor (2015).
1347:Sinistral and dextral
1264:Biological structures
1232:Fluctuating asymmetry
1225:
1216:Fluctuating asymmetry
1209:Fluctuating asymmetry
1154:
1048:and its helical shell
985:Further information:
932:Perissodus microlepis
888:Asymmetrical Feature
811:
783:transcription factors
741:Evolution of symmetry
676:second embryonic axis
670:(DV) axis which runs
618:
600:
544:
519:Circogonia icosahedra
515:Circoporus octahedrus
450:
371:(seed pockets) in an
359:
304:
64:
53:
18:Bilaterally symmetric
3743:Evolutionary biology
3613:Mathematical ability
3585:Handedness in people
3566:Handedness in boxing
2472:. pp. 787–846.
2259:Myers, Phil (2001).
2245:10.1093/icb/38.4.672
1960:10.1093/icb/38.4.672
1923:Symmetry, biological
1781:Valentine, James W.
1658:Alan J Cann (2015).
1603:. 14756328 16341006.
1321:Terms of orientation
1186:left-right asymmetry
1062:Chicoreus palmarosae
480:. Such symmetry has
460:equilateral triangle
443:Icosahedral symmetry
195:bilateral symmetry.
163:icosahedral symmetry
41:For other uses, see
3634:Handedness genetics
3415:Mathematics and art
3405:Pattern recognition
3375:Aristid Lindenmayer
3045:Art forms in nature
2771:2009Sci...324..941G
2681:10.1038/nature00849
2673:2002Natur.418...96N
2506:Scientific American
2378:2012PLoSO...744670L
2331:10.1038/nature07108
2323:2008Natur.454..209F
2210:Maynard Smith, John
2077:Citerne, H (2000).
2040:1999Natur.401..157C
1997:10.1038/nature13666
1989:2014Natur.515..112W
1342:Reflection symmetry
1123:Stegosaurus stenops
579:reflection symmetry
205:rotational symmetry
84:Symmetry in biology
3608:Sexual orientation
3353:On Growth and Form
3253:Logarithmic spiral
3090:Patterns in nature
3031:On Growth and Form
2829:10.1093/jxb/ert476
2261:"Porifera Sponges"
2232:American Zoologist
2116:Journal of Biology
1880:10.1002/bies.20299
1833:Historical Biology
1789:on 18 January 2008
1530:Hadzi, J. (1963).
1229:
1157:
832:
654:. The first is an
633:
613:
573:Bilateral symmetry
556:
537:Spherical symmetry
531:Callimitra agnesae
488:(encoded by viral
456:
362:
312:
284:reproductive organ
116:patterns in nature
81:
79:bacteria) symmetry
59:
36:Molecular symmetry
32:Symmetry (physics)
3715:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3662:In major viscera
3520:Dual brain theory
3423:
3422:
3380:Benoît Mandelbrot
3280:Self-organization
3216:Natural selection
3206:Pattern formation
2822:(10): 2645–2655.
2765:(5929): 941–944.
2479:978-1-938168-13-0
2452:978-0-08-043076-8
2317:(7201): 209–212.
2034:(6749): 157–161.
1983:(7525): 112–115.
1874:(11): 1174–1180.
1681:978-0-470-01590-2
1660:"Virus Structure"
1547:978-0-08-010079-1
1503:Waggoner, Ben M.
1453:Waggoner, Ben M.
1132:Symmetry breaking
983:
982:
926:The scale-eating
891:Adaptive Benefit
788:Antirrhinum majus
747:natural selection
719:Biradial symmetry
473:canine parvovirus
307:Lilium bulbiferum
16:(Redirected from
3750:
3559:Right-handedness
3537:Ocular dominance
3466:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3427:
3231:Sexual selection
3193:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3060:
3027:Thompson, D'Arcy
3017:What Shape is a
2991:
2990:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2718:(9): 1043–1054.
2707:
2701:
2700:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2631:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2583:(6): 1115–1119.
2568:
2562:
2561:
2543:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2399:
2389:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2131:
2129:10.1186/jbiol193
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2083:Annals of Botany
2074:
2068:
2067:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1947:American Zoology
1938:
1932:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1384:
1315:Plant morphology
1118:life restoration
1113:
1097:
1078:
1057:
1041:
1029:
1013:
997:
882:
712:Scrophulariaceae
604:Saturnia pavonia
430:
429:
399:is found in the
398:
397:
365:Flowering plants
259:by generating a
21:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3578:Orthodox stance
3571:Southpaw stance
3554:Cross-dominance
3549:Left-handedness
3515:Brain asymmetry
3459:
3454:
3424:
3419:
3393:
3286:
3194:
3185:
3092:
3087:
2999:
2994:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2868:10.2307/2406192
2853:
2852:
2845:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2667:(6893): 96–99.
2658:
2657:
2653:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2589:10.1139/z90-165
2570:
2569:
2565:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2410:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1839:(1–2): 99–114.
1830:
1829:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1508:
1507:. UCMP Berkeley
1502:
1501:
1497:
1484:Cuvier, Georges
1482:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1458:
1457:. UCMP Berkeley
1452:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1399:(6): 20150032.
1393:Interface Focus
1386:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1323:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1251:physical health
1219:
1211:
1134:
1127:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1079:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:winter flounder
1014:
1005:
1000:Head of a male
998:
989:
873:
837:facial symmetry
806:
759:
743:
721:
588:
582:
575:
539:
452:Gastroenteritis
445:
427:
426:
395:
394:
317:
286:containing the
208:
201:
199:Radial symmetry
172:groupings. The
153:, biradial and
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3738:Animal anatomy
3735:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:Situs inversus
3673:
3671:Situs ambiguus
3668:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3342:Wilson Bentley
3339:
3337:Joseph Plateau
3334:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3275:Plateau's laws
3272:
3270:Fluid dynamics
3267:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3047:, Prestel US.
3037:Haeckel, Ernst
3034:
3024:
3010:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2981:(3): 523–529.
2965:
2938:
2918:978-0195340983
2917:
2896:
2881:
2862:(2): 125–142.
2843:
2802:
2745:
2702:
2651:
2602:
2563:
2534:(2): 193–216.
2528:Animal Biology
2518:
2492:
2478:
2458:
2451:
2425:
2352:
2301:
2274:
2251:
2238:(4): 672–684.
2218:
2214:Animal Signals
2202:
2192:
2173:(7): 727–741.
2153:
2102:
2069:
2018:
1966:
1953:(4): 672–684.
1933:
1915:
1893:
1858:
1823:
1800:
1773:
1742:(3): 660–703.
1722:
1703:(3): 348–373.
1687:
1680:
1650:
1641:
1606:
1595:(7–8): 523–9.
1579:
1553:
1546:
1522:
1495:
1472:
1445:
1430:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1246:, and thighs.
1220:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1171:that activate
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1115:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
992:
981:
980:
973:
963:
956:
955:
952:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
923:
922:
919:
916:
910:
909:
903:
900:
893:
892:
889:
886:
885:Group/Species
872:
869:
826:, possesses a
805:
802:
758:
755:
742:
739:
720:
717:
625:Ophrys apifera
592:sagittal plane
584:Main article:
574:
571:
538:
535:
444:
441:
323:from the Late
316:
313:
200:
197:
178:Georges Cuvier
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3755:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Situs solitus
3664:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Ambidexterity
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3332:Ernst Haeckel
3330:
3328:
3327:Adolf Zeising
3325:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
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3201:
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3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Vortex street
3169:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Quasicrystals
3147:
3145:
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3141:
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3070:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3054:
3053:3-7913-1990-6
3050:
3046:
3042:
3039:, E. (1904).
3038:
3035:
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3025:
3022:
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2092:
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2070:
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2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:10.1038/43657
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
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887:
884:
883:
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870:
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866:
860:
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850:
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841:barn swallows
838:
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824:
823:Tribrachidium
819:
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810:
803:
801:
798:
794:
790:
789:
784:
781:genes encode
780:
776:
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756:
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752:
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736:
735:
730:
725:
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702:
701:
696:
691:
689:
685:
684:cephalization
679:
677:
673:
672:perpendicular
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
630:
626:
622:
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607:, displays a
606:
605:
599:
595:
593:
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580:
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564:
563:
553:
549:
548:
543:
536:
534:
532:
528:
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520:
516:
512:
508:
507:Ernst Haeckel
503:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
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449:
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326:
322:
314:
309:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:actinomorphic
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
229:Echinodermata
226:
221:
217:
212:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
187:. Meanwhile,
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
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74:
73:actinomorphic
70:
69:
63:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3698:Regular foot
3692:
3656:Dextrocardia
3633:
3621:
3600:
3584:
3565:
3525:Bicameralism
3384:
3365:
3351:
3317:
3243:Chaos theory
3166:Tessellation
3158:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3016:
3013:Stewart, Ian
3006:
3003:Ball, Philip
2978:
2974:
2968:
2954:(1): 53–63.
2951:
2947:
2941:
2908:
2890:
2884:
2859:
2855:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2762:
2758:
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2705:
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2660:
2654:
2622:(1): 33–45.
2619:
2615:
2605:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2505:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2468:
2461:
2434:
2428:
2414:cite journal
2369:
2365:
2355:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2254:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2195:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2031:
2027:
2021:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1896:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:the original
1776:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1622:(1): 86–91.
1619:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1532:
1525:
1516:
1509:. Retrieved
1498:
1488:
1466:
1459:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
1433:
1396:
1392:
1230:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1060:
930:
874:
861:
845:
833:
821:
792:
786:
778:
770:
766:
760:
744:
732:
726:
722:
710:
704:
698:
692:
680:
675:
641:
634:
624:
602:
589:
567:
560:
557:
545:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
504:
497:
471:
457:
433:Octocorallia
425:
413:Hexacorallia
405:sea anemones
393:
377:transversely
363:
347:ecologically
331:
329:
318:
305:
265:
241:siphonoglyph
233:sea anemones
220:polyphyletic
215:
213:
209:
167:
128:
112:
83:
82:
66:
47:
3361:Alan Turing
3319:Liber Abaci
3238:Mathematics
3144:in crystals
3134:Soap bubble
3129:Phyllotaxis
2290:: 325–410.
2089:: 167–176.
1783:"Bilateria"
1194:Arabidopsis
1087:pneumostome
1046:Roman snail
977:axial twist
961:vertebrates
857:ctenophores
830:body shape.
729:ctenophores
703:) and pea (
700:Orchidaceae
695:zygomorphic
629:zygomorphic
478:viral shell
464:icosahedron
385:sea urchins
343:translucent
261:streamlined
108:cylindrical
71:), radial (
3722:Categories
3705:Goofy foot
3686:Footedness
3649:Levocardia
3457:Laterality
3308:Empedocles
3303:Pythagoras
3221:Camouflage
3159:in biology
3154:in flowers
3124:Parastichy
2122:(10): 90.
1820:: 465–705.
1566:"Symmetry"
1363:References
1332:Laterality
1327:Handedness
1067:gastropods
949:Handedness
877:adaptation
853:Cnidarians
828:triskelion
818:Trilobozoa
763:expression
644:expression
621:bee orchid
619:Flower of
511:Radiolaria
428:Octamerism
396:Hexamerism
389:sea lilies
335:marginalis
321:Trilobozoa
257:locomotion
139:body plans
135:placozoans
120:reflection
68:Drosophila
56:body plans
3645:In heart
3590:Musicians
3410:Emergence
3313:Fibonacci
3019:Snowflake
2927:cite book
2856:Evolution
2597:0008-4301
2541:1003.1872
2485:11 August
2187:245330736
2064:205033495
1868:BioEssays
1368:Citations
1244:testicles
1236:asymmetry
1146:monocilia
1002:crossbill
871:Asymmetry
814:Ediacaran
793:CYCLOIDEA
779:CYCLOIDEA
775:mutations
771:CYCLOIDEA
767:CYCLOIDEA
751:frequency
660:posterior
637:bilateria
586:Bilateria
466:there is
421:tentacles
381:sea stars
375:when cut
325:Ediacaran
249:jellyfish
235:and some
216:Zoophytes
193:embryonic
189:Bilateria
170:taxonomic
155:spherical
151:bilateral
104:nutrients
88:organisms
3728:Symmetry
3682:In feet
3544:In hands
3533:In eyes
3508:In brain
3483:General
3139:Symmetry
3097:Patterns
3029:(1942).
3015:(2007).
3005:(2009).
2838:24474806
2797:19359542
2740:15417027
2732:15296970
2689:12097914
2646:18007532
2638:16615888
2511:14 April
2406:22970282
2366:PLOS ONE
2339:18615083
2148:19895716
2056:10490023
2005:25156256
1888:16237677
1853:83841216
1768:16959965
1717:14448959
1697:Virology
1636:11163173
1601:14756328
1425:26640644
1259:See also
1083:red slug
914:Flatfish
865:lineages
849:ancestor
797:meristem
706:Fabaceae
656:anterior
652:polarity
646:of many
609:deimatic
486:proteins
409:Anthozoa
327:period.
253:starfish
225:Cnidaria
141:of most
124:rotation
96:bacteria
3398:Related
3265:Crystal
3260:Physics
3248:Fractal
3226:Mimicry
3211:Biology
3119:Meander
2997:Sources
2876:2406192
2788:2993078
2767:Bibcode
2759:Science
2697:4373455
2669:Bibcode
2558:7399128
2397:3435272
2374:Bibcode
2347:4311712
2319:Bibcode
2267:14 June
2200:233–42.
2139:2790833
2036:Bibcode
2013:4467701
1985:Bibcode
1931:(2007).
1925:, from
1908:14 June
1759:1594593
1572:14 June
1511:8 March
1461:8 March
1416:4633854
1254:traits.
1240:breasts
1142:embryos
1102:caribou
945:Humans
928:cichlid
816:phylum
668:ventral
482:evolved
437:octopus
407:(class
369:carpels
351:stimuli
333:Aurelia
280:stamens
245:sessile
185:kingdom
174:Radiata
159:viruses
131:sponges
3639:LRRTM1
3478:Right
3291:People
3199:Causes
3051:
3007:Shapes
2915:
2874:
2836:
2795:
2785:
2738:
2730:
2695:
2687:
2661:Nature
2644:
2636:
2595:
2556:
2476:
2449:
2404:
2394:
2345:
2337:
2311:Nature
2185:
2146:
2136:
2062:
2054:
2028:Nature
2011:
2003:
1977:Nature
1886:
1851:
1793:29 May
1766:
1756:
1715:
1678:
1634:
1599:
1544:
1423:
1413:
1203:LEFTY2
1199:LEFTY1
1188:page.
1168:LEFTY2
971:bowels
664:dorsal
562:Volvox
547:Volvox
494:genome
417:polyps
401:corals
387:, and
339:gonads
296:stigma
288:carpel
278:, and
276:sepals
272:petals
263:body.
237:corals
182:animal
147:radial
129:While
94:, and
77:coccus
3475:Both
3472:Left
3469:Side
3298:Plato
3104:Crack
2872:JSTOR
2736:S2CID
2693:S2CID
2642:S2CID
2554:S2CID
2536:arXiv
2343:S2CID
2183:S2CID
2060:S2CID
2009:S2CID
1849:S2CID
1568:. IAS
1538:56–57
1179:PITX2
1174:PITX2
1162:NODAL
1100:Male
967:heart
896:Some
734:Hydra
648:genes
490:genes
373:apple
292:style
100:gases
92:fungi
3176:Wave
3114:Foam
3109:Dune
3049:ISBN
2933:link
2913:ISBN
2834:PMID
2793:PMID
2728:PMID
2685:PMID
2634:PMID
2616:Cell
2593:ISSN
2513:2008
2487:2014
2474:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2420:link
2402:PMID
2335:PMID
2269:2014
2144:PMID
2052:PMID
2001:PMID
1910:2014
1884:PMID
1814:IJDB
1795:2013
1764:PMID
1713:PMID
1676:ISBN
1632:PMID
1597:PMID
1574:2014
1542:ISBN
1513:2018
1463:2018
1421:PMID
1201:and
1165:and
969:and
959:All
907:prey
898:owls
812:The
688:drag
552:alga
525:and
403:and
294:and
227:and
133:and
2983:doi
2956:doi
2864:doi
2824:doi
2783:PMC
2775:doi
2763:324
2720:doi
2716:121
2677:doi
2665:418
2624:doi
2620:125
2585:doi
2546:doi
2439:doi
2392:PMC
2382:doi
2327:doi
2315:454
2292:doi
2288:282
2240:doi
2175:doi
2134:PMC
2124:doi
2091:doi
2044:doi
2032:401
1993:doi
1981:515
1955:doi
1876:doi
1841:doi
1754:PMC
1744:doi
1705:doi
1668:doi
1664:eLS
1624:doi
1411:PMC
1401:doi
1120:of
765:of
122:or
3724::
2979:39
2977:.
2952:24
2950:.
2929:}}
2925:{{
2899:^
2870:.
2860:16
2858:.
2846:^
2832:.
2820:65
2818:.
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2791:.
2781:.
2773:.
2761:.
2757:.
2734:.
2726:.
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2683:.
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2591:.
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2552:.
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2286:.
2236:38
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