1850:
1817:
centers for efficient administration and defense; according to
Walmsley, this was "a principle confirmed by over 500 years of Roman and Byzantine administration". The change of Muslim military objectives following Yarmouk, when focus shifted to the northern Syrian and Mediterranean fronts, also necessitated the establishment of additional army headquarters and garrisons, such as Homs, diminishing Jabiya's centrality. Further reducing troop numbers in Jabiya was the
82:
1831:
which they were long familiarized. Muslim settlement in the urban centers was facilitated by the wide availability of property in the cities in the wake of the conquests, as a result of the exodus of pro-Byzantine, Greek-speaking residents or in property transfers to the
Muslims secured in capitulation agreements. Muslim settlement in the hinterland, on the other hand, was limited as the Aramaic-speaking peasantry remained in their villages.
1712:
4486:
222:
1813:). Those garrison cities developed into major urban centers of the Caliphate. During one of his visits, or by 640 at the latest, the central army camp at Jabiya was disbanded by Umar. Instead, as a result of several factors, "a self-supporting, more flexible" military-administrative system was established, according to the historian Alan Walmsley.
1567:. A standing army composed of the Syrian tribal soldiery was established under this caliph and his sons and successors. Abd al-Malik inaugurated a more Arab–Islamic government in Syria by changing the language of its bureaucracy from Greek to Arabic, switching from Byzantine coinage to a strictly Islamic currency, and building the
1328:. The Muslim commanders mainly engaged in small-scale skirmishes in the southern Syrian countryside with local garrisons. The goal of the Muslims at the start of the conquest was likely bringing the Arabic-speaking nomadic, semi-nomadic, and settled tribesmen of the southern Syrian desert fringes under their control.
1816:
Unlike Iraq and Egypt where settlement was concentrated along the major rivers of those provinces, Syrian settlement was distributed over an extensive area of mountains, valleys, and plains. The complex geography slowed communications and army movements in the region, necessitating multiple regional
1481:
in 657, which ended in a stalemate and an agreement to arbitrate their dispute. The arbitration talks collapsed and Mu'awiya's Syrian supporters recognized him as caliph in a ceremony in
Jerusalem in 660. Ali was murdered the following year, paving the way for Mu'awiya to gain control of the rest of
1825:
Troop numbers in Jabiya could not be restored in the aftermath of the plague and the departure of Muslim troops to other fronts. Unlike in Iraq where there were high levels of Arab tribal immigration, similar immigration into Syria was restricted by the
Qurayshite elite in a bid to preserve their
1378:
In the third phase, beginning about 637, the Muslim armies quickly occupied the northern Syrian countryside, while steadily conquering individual towns throughout the region whose garrisons held out alone following the breakdown of the imperial defense. Among the towns, a number of which held out
1830:
and formerly served
Byzantium and in the urban Arab communities, particularly those of Damascus and Homs. Not long after Yarmouk, the Arab tribes of Syria were incorporated into the nascent Muslim military structure there. The native tribes had a preference for the established urban centers with
1743:
in 135 CE. To establish closer control over the broadly spread population of Syria following the revolts, the region was subdivided into smaller units centered around an urban center which policed and collected taxes from the surrounding hinterland. By 400 the southern half of Syria was divided
2793:, p. 169: It was expanded further by the Tulunids, ... The province of Filastin was enlarged ... eastwards and southwards, at the expense of Jund Dimashq, to include Bilad al‑Sharat, ... in modern‑day southern Jordan and north‑western Saudi Arabia (Salibi 1993: 18‒20; le Strange 1890: 28).
1460:
As governor, Mu'awiya, forged strong ties with the old-established Arab tribes of Syria, which, by dint of their long service under the
Byzantines, were more politically experienced than the tribesmen of Arabia, who filled the ranks of the Muslim armies. Among the Syrian tribes, the powerful
1585:), ruled with autocratic tendencies and less tolerance for the non-Muslims in Syria and the empire in general, which reached its greatest territorial extent during his reign. He largely demolished the Christian basilica of St. John in Damascus and built in its place the landmark
1821:
in 639, which reduced the garrison there from 24,000 to 4,000. The decrease was likely due to factors in addition to the plague. In late 639 or early 640, a significant number of Muslim troops also left Syria for the conquest of Egypt under Amr's command.
2020:
were the most important towns in the Syrian and the
Mesopotamian sectors respectively, though the two districts did not have administrative capitals sometimes were under the administrative control of Jund al-Awasim. By the 10th century, the terms
1589:. He achieved great popularity among the Syrian Arabs. During his rule and that of his successors, Damascus retained its role as the administrative capital of the empire, but the caliphs increasingly resided in their country estates in the
1895:, Umar transformed the military structures into provincial governments concerned with the taxation of the local populations and the distribution of collected money and supplies for the troops. During the caliphate of Umar's successor
1776:
coast and northern Syria in the next two years, the
Muslims began to militarily and administratively organize the region for their needs. Caliph Umar, who ruled from Medina, visited the Muslim army's principal camp at
1929:) immigrant tribesmen to Qinnasrin and the Jazira during Mu'awiya's governorship and caliphate. In 692 Caliph Abd al-Malik separated the Jazira from Jund Qinnasrin, and it became the independent province of the
1891:, Damascus, and Homs, respectively. In effect, Umar gave his sanction of the existing military situation in Syria, where different army units operated independently on the different fronts. By establishing the
1016:
in 634–647. Under the
Umayyads (661–750), Bilad al-Sham was the metropolitan province of the Caliphate and different localities throughout the province served as the seats of the Umayyad caliphs and princes.
3370:
The
Administrative Structure and Urban Geography of the Jund of Filasṭīn and the Jund of al-Urdunn: The Cities and Districts of Palestine and East Jordan during the Early Islamic, ʿAbbāsid and Early Fāṭimid
1789:) to the Muslim soldiery, tax collection from the conquered population, and the appointments to military command. There may have been initial Muslim intentions to establish Jabiya as the permanent, central
1438:, which devastated the Muslims at their camp near Jerusalem and caused significant loss of life throughout Syria. Umar replaced him with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan in the southern districts of Syria and
5186:
1933:. According to Blankinship, this change of status may have been related to the peace settlement reached with the Qays in 691 after the Qays had rebelled against the Umayyads during the
5181:
2194:
of the western parts of Bilad al-Sham, beginning in 1099. As a geographic expression, "Bilad al-Sham" continued to be used by Arabic-speaking Muslims into the late 19th century, when
2919:
Athamina, Khalil (July 1994). "The Appointment and Dismissal of Khālid b. al-Walīd from the Supreme Command: A Study of the Political Strategy of the Early Muslim Caliphs in Syria".
1391:, Homs and Baalbek (the latter two possibly for the second time), Damascus possibly for the second time, Jerusalem. Within the next few years, the Mediterranean coastal towns of
2182:
As direct Abbasid rule over the Levant faltered and eventually collapsed in the 10th century, different parts of the region were controlled by several different rulerships. The
3421:
2769:, p. 158-9: For several centuries Aylah, the present‑day Jordanian port city of al-'Aqabah on the Red Sea, was part of the Islamic administrative province of Jund Filastin
2097:. The Tulunids expanded the province eastwards and southwards, at the expense of Jund Dimasq, to include regions in modern-day southern Jordan and north-western Saudi Arabia.
4778:
1667:
forces who rose to power under the Abbasids, a trend which also expressed itself on a cultural level. From 878 until 905, Syria came under the effective control of the
2061:"), with its capital at Damascus, was the largest of the provinces and encompassed much of present-day Lebanon and territories east of the Jordan River known as the
1607:) restored the prestige of Umayyad Caliphate through his administrative reforms, state-building and austerity, though the conquests ground to a halt. His successor,
945:
1214:
in the east toward Iraq. The western, Mediterranean coastal range were characterized by rolling hills in Palestine in the south, rising to their highest points in
3868:
1308:, a leading companion of Muhammad. Abu Ubayda may not have been dispatched until 636. Each commander was assigned to a different zone, with Amr entrusted over
5103:
4754:
5191:
665:
4774:
1156:(western Arabia), who considered themselves to be facing the rising sun, that the Syrian region was positioned to their left, while to their right was
3233:
1968:. Jund al-Awasim served as the second defensive line behind the actual frontier zone, the Thughur, which encompassed the far northern Syrian towns of
3622:
3414:
2829:, p. 111: The second sector contained upper and lower Galilee, and the western part of Peraea (the land stretching east of the Sea of Galilee)
4794:
1956:
out of the northern part of Jund Qinnasrin. It spanned the frontier zone with the Byzantine Empire, extending from the areas immediately south of
1124:. As centralized Abbasid rule over Bilad al-Sham collapsed in the 10th century, control over the region was divided by several potentates and the
3133:
1363:
responded by deploying successive imperial armies against the Muslims. The Byzantines were decisively defeated in the resulting major battles of
5211:
4098:
1694:
after its conquest of Egypt in 969. The division of Syria into northern and southern parts would persist, despite political changes, until the
1288:) turned the nascent Muslim state's goals toward the conquest of Syria. The conquest unfolded in three main phases, according to the historian
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and his troops to Syria in 634. Under Khalid's supreme command, the Muslim armies besieged and captured the southern Syrian urban centers of
905:
5206:
4964:
3853:
1671:
of Egypt, but Abbasid control was re-established soon thereafter. It lasted until the 940s, when the province was partitioned between the
2186:
became nominal divisions with no practical relevance. The administrative system continued to be officially recognized by the Abbasid and
5201:
3760:
3407:
938:
522:
4859:
4787:
4761:
1826:
pre-established interests in the region. Syria had a substantial, long-standing Arab population, both in the tribes who dominated the
1731:(Byzantine Syria) to suit the nascent Muslim state's needs. The Byzantine system, in turn, had been based on that instituted by its
1375:
in Transjordan, all occurring in 634–636. The Muslim battlefield victories effectively ended organized resistance by the Byzantines.
4459:
3904:
3357:
3215:
3191:
3080:
3059:
3035:
1781:, the former Ghassanid capital, at least once between 637 and 639. From there he personally oversaw the distribution of allowances (
873:
5025:
4684:
3661:
1494:
which Mu'awiya founded and whose capital was at Damascus. Syria's history under Umayyad rule was "essentially the history of the
5151:
4910:
4111:
1469:
confederacy gained the preeminent position in Mu'awiya's government. He also accommodated Arab newcomers, most prominently the
4445:
2089:
in the Sinai in the south to the lower Galilee in the north, encompassing most of the territory of the Byzantine provinces of
1222:
range in the north. Eastward from the coastal range, the ridges of inland Syria become gradually lower, with the exception of
261:
247:
4715:
931:
4434:
4308:
3917:
1930:
1260:
1097:
1013:
681:
330:
280:
2825:, p. 160: Like Palaestina Secunda, Jund al‑Urdun included most of the Galilee and some territories in Transjordan.;
4923:
4749:
4674:
3826:
3615:
527:
5216:
4954:
4947:
4802:
4662:
3755:
3701:
565:
4900:
4698:
4535:
4131:
4091:
4005:
3666:
3651:
3254:
3154:
2997:
1549:
851:
4978:
4510:
4451:
3863:
3241:
3141:
2984:
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1757:
2890:
Bilad al-Sham, the face to the outer worlds. The perception of the Other and the representation of the Sovereign
2883:
1199:
5068:
5040:
4847:
3691:
3229:
3091:
2972:
2948:
1695:
1586:
1544:, as caliph and he moved to secure the dynasty's Syrian heartland. With these tribes' support, he defeated the
1503:
1305:
287:
32:
This article is about region of the early Caliphates. For the geographical region known as Greater Syria, see
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637:
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4465:
4220:
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in Arabic translates as "the left-hand region". It was so named from the perspective of the people of the
971:
883:
37:
5073:
4995:
4895:
4737:
4720:
4647:
4525:
4423:
4265:
4084:
4020:
3848:
3821:
2813:, p. 106: It became the capital of jund Filastin and actually the most important city in Palestine.
1659:, which consequently became their most important province. The mainly Arab Syrians were marginalized by
856:
537:
296:
2885:
Le Bilād al-Šām face aux mondes extérieurs. La perception de l'Autre et la représentation du Souverain
2198:, the Arabic word for "Syria", generally replaced the term in common usage. Leading up to that point,
5088:
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3985:
3927:
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1683:
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of South Arabia. The tribes and commanders of Syria backed Mu'awiya in his confrontation with Caliph
1317:
1301:
1297:
910:
793:
439:
1292:. In the first phase, Abu Bakr dispatched four armies from Medina in late 633 led by the commanders
1235:
5108:
5098:
4990:
4652:
4260:
4255:
4010:
3836:
3804:
3790:
2101:
was founded in 715 and became both the administrative capital and most important city in Palestine.
1942:
1736:
1728:
1716:
1332:
1195:
1009:
878:
532:
489:
227:
2954:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
5050:
5000:
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4819:
4807:
4732:
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4657:
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4152:
4051:
4044:
3946:
3922:
3882:
3713:
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3676:
3671:
3643:
3635:
3442:
3245:
3145:
2988:
2936:
2118:
2078:
1749:
1522:
1442:
in the northern districts. Yazid died from the plague soon after and was replaced by his brother
1364:
1309:
1187:
1059:
990:
895:
686:
648:
622:
55:
3382:
The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries
1849:
1571:
in Jerusalem, which he may have promoted as an additional center of Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca.
1533:, was recognized as caliph across much of the Muslim empire, while Yazid I's son and successor,
1627:
took control of the caliphate, crushed his Syrian tribal opponents, and shifted the capital to
5120:
4905:
4829:
4635:
4439:
4374:
4329:
4182:
3963:
3556:
3513:
3475:
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3353:
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3097:
3076:
3055:
3031:
3007:
2992:
2958:
2893:
2187:
2094:
1914:
1857:(approximate boundaries), and the important towns and Arab tribes of Bilad al-Sham in the 640s
1753:
1740:
1691:
1675:
1640:
1491:
1404:
1372:
1207:
1129:
1101:
1002:
998:
994:
900:
798:
733:
728:
723:
612:
602:
542:
340:
306:
240:
133:
91:
67:
63:
59:
5144:
5125:
5060:
4942:
4878:
4842:
4612:
4471:
4364:
4344:
4339:
4285:
4157:
4119:
4060:
4025:
4015:
4000:
3968:
3785:
3718:
2928:
2231:
2226:
2090:
1745:
1568:
1478:
1412:
836:
788:
768:
748:
738:
660:
652:
642:
617:
311:
254:
1772:
Following the decisive Muslim victory at Yarmouk in 636, and the occupation of most of the
1711:
5045:
5020:
5010:
5005:
4359:
4324:
4290:
4205:
3990:
3899:
3708:
3201:
2215:
1949:
1938:
1818:
1660:
1495:
1435:
1336:
1121:
962:
841:
805:
763:
597:
570:
368:
81:
4767:
5160:
5115:
5078:
5033:
4812:
4708:
4607:
4602:
4354:
4334:
4300:
4275:
4065:
3909:
3686:
3579:
3564:
3541:
3526:
3498:
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3237:
3149:
3137:
3045:
3021:
2980:
2156:
2104:
2062:
2013:
1964:
and eastward to the Euphrates. Manbij and later Antioch became the capitals of the new
1918:
1872:
1761:
1534:
1439:
1427:
Umar has appointed Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah commander of the Muslim troops in Syria in
1368:
1348:
1313:
1219:
1191:
1171:
1071:
1047:
866:
846:
711:
706:
385:
116:
33:
1913:
During the reign of Mu'awiya I or Yazid I, Qinnasrin (northern Syria) and the Jazira (
1793:
of Syria along the lines of those later established in the conquered regions of Iraq (
5175:
5093:
4703:
4586:
4581:
4566:
4404:
4381:
4349:
4250:
4192:
4162:
3973:
3775:
3584:
3546:
3521:
3503:
3465:
3225:
2068:
1868:
1827:
1773:
1664:
1590:
1563:), Syrian troops reconquered the rest of the Caliphate and killed Ibn al-Zubayr in a
1530:
1499:
1470:
1400:
1325:
1293:
1243:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1137:
1075:
1055:
831:
826:
696:
456:
450:
422:
316:
3368:
4915:
4576:
4387:
3780:
3750:
3574:
3536:
3493:
3455:
3320:
2114:
2048:
1981:
1876:
1529:
in 683, but withdrew to Syria after Yazid I died. The Meccan leader of the revolt,
1239:
1223:
1158:
1031:
753:
627:
351:
3380:
3324:
3279:
3205:
3184:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume VIII: Ṭa'if–Zūrkhāna
3112:
3070:
3049:
3025:
2952:
5082:
4854:
4837:
4280:
4240:
4172:
4167:
2221:
1732:
1608:
1443:
1289:
1105:
632:
580:
483:
476:
466:
356:
146:
120:
1643:, which succeeded the Umayyads in 750. The Abbasids moved the capital first to
4215:
4177:
1575:
1270:
916:
861:
758:
471:
321:
177:
3399:
17:
4561:
4270:
3656:
3589:
3569:
3531:
3488:
3450:
2932:
2809:, p. 590: Ramla, the capital of Jund Filastin, was founded ... in 715;
2170:
2166:
2136:
1953:
1880:
1679:
1624:
1616:
1462:
1384:
1360:
1321:
1117:
1039:
1005:
743:
716:
701:
592:
547:
517:
417:
361:
173:
1466:
505:
27:
Provincial region of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates
3350:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume I: A–Bābā Beg
3207:
The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State
1921:. The separation may have been a response to the influx of northern Arab (
1120:
were established from the northern frontier region of Qinnasrin by Caliph
4210:
4200:
2191:
2126:
2058:
1888:
1810:
1806:
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became a Byzantine tributary, while the southern provinces passed to the
1672:
1668:
1541:
1416:
1278:
1035:
778:
500:
434:
427:
374:
102:
2125:
in Transjordan. It also included the cities Acre and Tyre on the coast.
5015:
3631:
2940:
2017:
1997:
1985:
1969:
1957:
1945:, Abd al-Malik's brother and his commander responsible for the Jazira.
1682:-controlled Egypt in the south. In the 960s the Byzantine Empire under
1652:
1648:
1507:
1408:
1356:
1179:
1086:
773:
587:
575:
444:
407:
301:
159:
4617:
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4230:
2903:
2130:
2122:
2009:
1989:
1961:
1896:
1802:
1778:
1687:
1628:
1447:
1392:
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1203:
1183:
1128:
only represented nominal divisions. The Abbasids and the Egypt-based
1051:
810:
607:
510:
495:
412:
402:
397:
390:
1457:), gradually expanded Mu'awiya's governorship to span all of Syria.
1242:. With the termination of the inland ridges begins the mostly level
3600:
1727:
were an adaptation of the preexisting administrative system of the
1631:, outside of Syria, which increased Syrian opposition to his rule.
4485:
4235:
4107:
2098:
2086:
2082:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1926:
1884:
1848:
1798:
1790:
1710:
1518:
1510:, the son of a Kalbi woman, recognized as his successor. Yazid I (
1396:
1175:
1153:
461:
380:
4076:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2425:
2383:
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4225:
3430:
2150:
2146:
1922:
1863:
1844:
1794:
1656:
1644:
1545:
1521:, whose revolt against him was crushed by Syria's troops at the
1388:
1352:
1063:
1043:
1022:
346:
4080:
3604:
3403:
1474:
3326:
A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered
1906:), supplemental garrisons were established in the respective
2579:
2577:
2564:
2562:
2495:
2493:
1540:
The Kalb and other loyalist tribes elected another Umayyad,
1883:. The new garrisons were assigned to the urban centers of
1552:, north of Damascus, in 684. Under his son and successor,
1324:, and Abu Ubayda to the Ghassanid stomping grounds of the
2537:
2535:
2522:
2520:
2250:
2248:
2246:
3075:. Cambridge: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies.
2957:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
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and covered most of the Galilee and the western part of
1218:
in the center before becoming considerably lower in the
1074:
was created out of the northern part of Hims by caliphs
2731:
2729:
2727:
2606:
2604:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2337:
2335:
1132:
continued to officially recognize the province and its
1619:
died after a few months, followed by the weak rule of
3027:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
2892:] (in French) (1st ed.). Presses de l’Ifpo.
1434:
and governor of the conquered region. He died in the
1265:
Following the consolidation of Islamic hegemony over
3093:
White Banners: Contention in 'Abbasid Syria, 750–880
2039:
2033:
1548:
tribes and other supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr at the
976:
5059:
4977:
4935:
4877:
4828:
4634:
4595:
4544:
4493:
4414:
4397:
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4118:
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3732:
3642:
3555:
3512:
3474:
3441:
2173:, was carved out of the northern part of Jund Hims.
989:in English-language sources, was a province of the
170:
156:
143:
130:
112:
98:
45:
2202:had been increasingly used in 19th-century Arabic
5187:States and territories disestablished in the 940s
2029:were often used interchangeably in the sources.
1020:Bilad al-Sham was first organized into the four
2448:
2431:
2416:
2387:
5182:States and territories established in the 630s
1490:Syria became the metropolitan province of the
4092:
3616:
3415:
2754:, p. 13: Dimashq was the largest of the
1639:Al-Sham became much less important under the
1008:. It roughly corresponded with the Byzantine
939:
8:
2160:
2140:
2108:
2072:
2052:
1941:, the separation was done at the request of
1104:) was made an independent province from the
2637:
1917:) were separated from Jund Hims and became
1331:The second phase began with the arrival of
4983:
4883:
4640:
4503:
4499:
4124:
4099:
4085:
4077:
3951:
3887:
3809:
3738:
3623:
3609:
3601:
3422:
3408:
3400:
3255:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3155:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2998:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2032:The governor of the provinces were called
946:
932:
276:
80:
42:
3302:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
3263:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 262–273.
3163:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 263–268.
3054:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3030:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2690:
2678:
1596:After a period of stagnation, the caliph
90:) and its 6 military districts under the
2702:
2666:
2595:
2583:
2568:
2553:
2541:
2526:
2511:
2499:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2314:
2254:
1170:Bilad al-Sham comprised the area of the
4795:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
3281:Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History
2850:
2822:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2747:
2714:
2625:
2242:
818:
673:
557:
329:
286:
279:
97:
3348:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
3182:. In Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (ed.).
2866:
2841:, p. 111: including Acre and Tyre
2654:
2370:
2353:
2341:
2326:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
1996:. The Thughur was subdivided into the
1686:conquered much of northern Syria, and
1304:, all veterans of the Ridda wars, and
4803:Political status of the Golan Heights
3724:Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon
3697:Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon
2610:
2404:
1910:, especially in the coastal cities.
194:
190:
169:
155:
142:
129:
125:
107:
7:
3006:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 261.
2806:
2751:
2735:
2718:
1768:Beginnings of Islamic administration
3352:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 515–516.
3186:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 738–739.
2854:
2838:
2826:
2810:
2161:
2141:
2133:as the new capital of the province.
2109:
2073:
2053:
1698:conquest in the late 13th century.
1517:) was opposed by the people of the
1269:and its nomadic Arab tribes in the
1174:, spanning the modern countries of
1066:following the Muslim conquest. The
966:
3234:"Al-Shām — 2. History (a) To 1918"
3210:. London and New York: Routledge.
2008:sectors, roughly separated by the
1574:Abd al-Malik's son and successor,
25:
5192:Syria under the Abbasid Caliphate
1861:Umar divided Syria into the four
1611:, was assassinated, sparking the
1277:(leader of the Muslim community)
1062:), between 637 and 640 by Caliph
4484:
3114:A History of Palestine, 634-1099
2004:and the Jaziran or Mesopotamian
1715:Administrative divisions of the
1419:were captured by Muslim forces.
1230:, and include the ranges of the
1140:of the coastal regions in 1099.
259:
245:
220:
3385:. University of Chicago Press.
3069:El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria (2004).
1901:
1602:
1580:
1558:
1512:
1498:", according to the historians
1452:
1283:
1091:
1080:
3117:. Cambridge University Press.
1744:between the three Palestines (
1026:(military districts; singular
1:
5212:Medieval history of Palestine
3072:Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs
1937:. According to the historian
1428:
1261:Muslim conquest of the Levant
5197:Geography of the Middle East
4943:Energy and mineral resources
4743:Supreme Constitutional Court
3374:(PhD). University of Sydney.
3344:Streck, Maximilian (1987) .
1190:, as well as the regions of
1162:("the right-hand-region").
1108:part of Qinnasrin by Caliph
5207:Medieval history of Lebanon
4965:Water supply and sanitation
4865:Weapons of mass destruction
4768:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
3702:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
3051:The Early Islamic Conquests
2882:Aigle, Denise, ed. (2012).
2449:Lammens & Bosworth 1997
2432:Lammens & Bosworth 1997
2417:Lammens & Bosworth 1997
2388:Lammens & Bosworth 1997
2040:
2034:
1853:Map depicting the original
1537:, succumbed to the plague.
1525:. The Syrians proceeded to
1446:. Umar's successor, Caliph
977:
874:Mandatory Syria and Lebanon
647:Diocese of the East in the
566:Wars of Alexander the Great
5233:
5202:Medieval history of Jordan
4860:Chief of the General Staff
4788:National Progressive Front
4460:independent First Republic
3367:Walmsley, Alan G. (1987).
3134:"Muʿāwiya I b. Abī Sufyān"
1842:
1707:Roman–Byzantine precursors
1258:
31:
5138:
4986:
4886:
4643:
4506:
4502:
4482:
4127:
4038:
3954:
3890:
3812:
3741:
2949:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1351:, Gaza, and temporarily,
199:
195:
191:
187:
172:• Partition between
126:
108:
79:
74:
53:
3692:Emirate of Mount Lebanon
3305:. Taylor & Francis.
2169:"), with its capital at
2165:, "military district of
2162:جُـنْـد قِـنَّـسْـرِيْـن
2149:"), with its capital at
2145:, "military district of
2113:, "military district of
2077:, "military district of
2074:جُـنْـد فِـلَـسْـطِـيْـن
2057:, "military district of
1735:in the aftermath of the
1504:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
1423:Governorship of Mu'awiya
1387:(Chalcis) in the north,
1306:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
1118:al-Awasim and al-Thughur
1014:conquered by the Muslims
981:), often referred to as
47:
4370:Principality of Antioch
3379:Wheatley, Paul (2000).
3299:Meri, Josef W. (2006).
3284:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3178:Honigmann, E. (1987) .
2933:10.1163/157005894X00191
1935:Second Muslim Civil War
1655:, all of which were in
1506:. Mu'awiya had his son
1379:until 637 or 638, were
4911:International rankings
4557:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
4221:Middle Assyrian Empire
3905:International rankings
3746:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
3090:Cobb, Paul M. (2001).
2190:governments until the
2006:al-Thughur al-Jaziriya
2002:al-Thughur al-Sha'miya
1858:
1720:
1702:Administrative history
1613:Third Muslim Civil War
1206:. It was bound by the
38:Shaam (disambiguation)
36:. For other uses, see
4716:Government ministries
4266:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3869:Speaker of Parliament
3278:Masalha, Nur (2018).
2927:(2). Brill: 253–272.
2293:, pp. 86, 89–90.
2206:and among Europeans.
2117:") corresponded with
1852:
1714:
1565:second siege of Mecca
538:Neo-Babylonian Empire
297:Levantine Aurignacian
281:History of the Levant
5028:(2011–present)
4924:Securities Exchange
4675:Council of Ministers
4430:Haj Fadel Government
3557:Later Abbasid Period
3514:Early Abbasid Period
2705:, pp. 116, 260.
2305:, pp. 112, 114.
2204:Christian literature
2129:(Tiberias) replaced
1684:Nikephoros II Phokas
1587:Great Umayyad Mosque
1550:Battle of Marj Rahit
1322:southern Transjordan
1302:Shurahbil ibn Hasana
1298:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan
1210:in the west and the
1112:in 692. In 786, the
440:New Kingdom of Egypt
4704:Golan Heights claim
4261:Neo-Assyrian Empire
4256:Syro-Hittite states
4146:Prehistorical Syria
3111:Gil, Moshe (1997).
2717:, p. 154,159;
2693:, pp. 738–739.
2329:, pp. 115–116.
2110:جُـنْـد الْأُرْدُنّ
2085:on the Red Sea and
1943:Muhammad ibn Marwan
1737:First Jewish Revolt
1729:Diocese of the East
1717:Diocese of the East
1635:Post-Umayyad period
1422:
1333:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1010:Diocese of the East
879:Mandatory Palestine
558:Classical antiquity
533:Neo-Assyrian Empire
490:Syro-Hittite states
228:Diocese of the East
5217:Historical regions
4955:Telecommunications
4948:Petroleum industry
4452:Mandatory Republic
4398:Early modern Syria
4153:Levantine corridor
3918:Telecommunications
3132:Hinds, M. (1993).
2514:, pp. 40, 44.
2192:Crusader conquests
2119:Palaestina Secunda
2081:") stretched from
1859:
1750:Palaestina Secunda
1721:
1523:Battle of al-Harra
1138:Crusader invasions
623:Herodian Tetrarchy
322:Ghassulian culture
94:in the 9th century
5169:
5168:
5134:
5133:
4973:
4972:
4873:
4872:
4762:Political parties
4699:Foreign relations
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4480:
4479:
4440:Syrian Federation
4375:County of Tripoli
4330:Ikhshidid dynasty
4183:Yarmukian culture
4074:
4073:
4034:
4033:
3941:
3940:
3877:
3876:
3854:Political parties
3827:Foreign relations
3799:
3798:
3598:
3597:
3392:978-0-226-89428-7
3336:978-1-86064-912-7
3312:978-0-415-96692-4
3291:978-1-78699-274-1
3270:978-90-04-10422-8
3170:978-90-04-09419-2
3124:978-0-521-59984-9
3103:978-0-7914-4880-9
3013:978-90-04-10422-8
2964:978-0-7914-1827-7
2899:978-2-35159-197-0
2586:, pp. 41–42.
2571:, pp. 42–43.
2556:, pp. 43–44.
2502:, pp. 39–40.
2269:, pp. 61–62.
2178:Post-Abbasid rule
2095:Palaestina Tertia
2054:جُـنْـد دِمَـشْـق
1915:Upper Mesopotamia
1845:Jund § Syria
1754:Palaestina Tertia
1741:Bar Kokhba Revolt
1739:in 70 CE and the
1733:Roman predecessor
1719:(Byzantine Syria)
1692:Fatimid Caliphate
1678:in the north and
1676:Emirate of Aleppo
1641:Abbasid Caliphate
1492:Umayyad Caliphate
1367:in Palestine and
1208:Mediterranean Sea
1130:Fatimid Caliphate
1102:Upper Mesopotamia
975:
956:
955:
613:Hasmonean dynasty
543:Achaemenid Empire
307:Mushabian culture
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
241:Ikhshidid Dynasty
233:
232:
134:Battle of Yarmouk
92:Abbasid Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
5224:
5154:
5147:
5029:
4984:
4927:
4926:(stock exchange)
4919:
4884:
4797:
4790:
4781:
4779:regional command
4770:
4641:
4613:Fertile Crescent
4504:
4500:
4488:
4365:County of Edessa
4345:Mirdasid dynasty
4340:Hamdanid dynasty
4319:
4286:Palmyrene Empire
4271:Achaemenid Syria
4158:Natufian culture
4125:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4054:
4047:
3952:
3913:
3888:
3810:
3786:Southern Lebanon
3739:
3719:Cedar Revolution
3625:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3396:
3375:
3363:
3340:
3316:
3295:
3274:
3246:Heinrichs, W. P.
3221:
3197:
3174:
3146:Heinrichs, W. P.
3128:
3107:
3086:
3065:
3041:
3017:
2989:Heinrichs, W. P.
2968:
2944:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2902:. Archived from
2870:
2864:
2858:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2722:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2641:
2638:Blankinship 1994
2635:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2524:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2232:Syria Palaestina
2227:Palaestina Prima
2164:
2163:
2144:
2143:
2112:
2111:
2091:Palaestina Prima
2076:
2075:
2056:
2055:
2043:
2037:
1905:
1903:
1746:Palaestina Prima
1615:. His successor
1606:
1604:
1584:
1582:
1569:Dome of the Rock
1562:
1560:
1516:
1514:
1479:Battle of Siffin
1456:
1454:
1433:
1430:
1320:), Shurahbil to
1287:
1285:
1273:of 632–633, the
1095:
1093:
1084:
1082:
980:
970:
968:
948:
941:
934:
919:
643:Syria-Palaestina
618:Herodian kingdom
523:Israel and Judah
312:Natufian culture
277:
263:
262:
255:Hamdanid dynasty
249:
248:
237:
236:
224:
223:
217:
216:
201:
200:
84:
54:Province of the
43:
21:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5130:
5055:
5041:Public holidays
5027:
4969:
4931:
4925:
4917:
4869:
4824:
4793:
4786:
4773:
4766:
4622:
4591:
4540:
4489:
4476:
4466:Second Republic
4410:
4393:
4360:Crusader states
4325:Tulunid dynasty
4318:(Bilad al-Sham)
4317:
4315:Caliphal Syria
4309:Muslim conquest
4295:
4291:Byzantine Syria
4206:Akkadian Empire
4187:
4141:
4114:
4105:
4075:
4070:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4030:
4006:Public holidays
3937:
3911:
3873:
3795:
3728:
3662:Hellenistic era
3638:
3629:
3599:
3594:
3590:Jund ash-Sharah
3551:
3522:Jund al-'Awasim
3508:
3470:
3443:Rashidun Period
3437:
3428:
3393:
3378:
3366:
3360:
3343:
3337:
3319:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3238:Bosworth, C. E.
3230:Bosworth, C. E.
3224:
3218:
3200:
3194:
3177:
3171:
3138:Bosworth, C. E.
3131:
3125:
3110:
3104:
3089:
3083:
3068:
3062:
3046:Donner, Fred M.
3044:
3038:
3022:Crone, Patricia
3020:
3014:
2981:Bosworth, C. E.
2973:Bosworth, C. E.
2971:
2965:
2947:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:, p. 160;
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2805:, p. 180;
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2750:, p. 172;
2746:
2742:
2738:, p. 11-2.
2734:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2240:
2216:Crusader states
2212:
2180:
2142:جُـنْـد حِـمْـص
1950:Harun al-Rashid
1939:Hugh N. Kennedy
1900:
1847:
1841:
1819:Plague of Amwas
1785:) and rations (
1770:
1709:
1704:
1637:
1601:
1579:
1557:
1511:
1496:Umayyad dynasty
1488:
1482:the Caliphate.
1451:
1436:plague of Amwas
1431:
1425:
1347:(Scythopolis),
1312:, Yazid to the
1282:
1263:
1257:
1255:Muslim conquest
1252:
1172:region of Syria
1168:
1146:
1122:Harun al-Rashid
1090:
1079:
952:
915:
682:Muslim conquest
666:Sassanid Empire
653:Early Byzantine
598:Parthian Empire
571:Seleucid Empire
369:Akkadian Empire
331:Ancient history
302:Kebaran culture
260:
246:
221:
180:
163:
149:
136:
85:
49:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5230:
5228:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5076:
5071:
5065:
5063:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5023:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4939:
4937:
4936:Infrastructure
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4813:Syria (region)
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4680:Prime Minister
4672:
4670:Vice President
4667:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4608:Southern Syria
4605:
4603:Syria (region)
4599:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4449:
4446:State of Syria
4443:
4435:French Mandate
4432:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4355:Saljuqid Syria
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Zangid dynasty
4332:
4327:
4322:
4312:
4305:
4303:
4301:Medieval Syria
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Seleucid Syria
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4137:Years in Syria
4134:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3864:Prime Minister
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3709:French mandate
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3687:Ottoman Empire
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3580:Jund al-Urdunn
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Jund Qinnasrin
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3542:Jund al-Urdunn
3539:
3534:
3529:
3527:Jund Qinnasrin
3524:
3518:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3499:Jund al-Urdunn
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Jund Qinnasrin
3480:
3478:
3476:Umayyad Period
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3461:Jund al-Urdunn
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3376:
3364:
3358:
3341:
3335:
3329:. I.B.Tauris.
3317:
3311:
3296:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3242:van Donzel, E.
3226:Lammens, Henri
3222:
3216:
3198:
3192:
3175:
3169:
3142:van Donzel, E.
3129:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3096:. SUNY Press.
3087:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3042:
3036:
3018:
3012:
2985:van Donzel, E.
2969:
2963:
2945:
2916:
2898:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2843:
2831:
2815:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2740:
2723:
2707:
2695:
2691:Honigmann 1987
2683:
2679:El-Cheikh 2004
2671:
2669:, p. 116.
2659:
2657:, p. 515.
2642:
2630:
2615:
2613:, p. 264.
2600:
2588:
2573:
2558:
2546:
2531:
2516:
2504:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2451:, p. 264.
2436:
2434:, p. 265.
2421:
2419:, p. 273.
2409:
2407:, p. 267.
2392:
2390:, p. 262.
2375:
2373:, p. 112.
2358:
2356:, p. 117.
2346:
2344:, p. 111.
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2257:, p. 261.
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2208:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2157:Jund Qinnasrin
2154:
2134:
2105:Jund al-Urdunn
2102:
2066:
1960:, Aleppo, and
1954:Jund al-Awasim
1948:In 786 Caliph
1919:Jund Qinnasrin
1904: 644–656
1843:Main article:
1840:
1833:
1769:
1766:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1647:, and then to
1636:
1633:
1605: 724–743
1583: 705–715
1561: 685–705
1515: 680–683
1487:
1486:Umayyad period
1484:
1455: 644–656
1440:Iyad ibn Ghanm
1424:
1421:
1359:(Hierapolis).
1286: 632–634
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1236:Jabal al-Ruwaq
1220:Jabal Ansariya
1167:
1164:
1145:
1142:
1094: 680–683
1083: 661–680
967:بِلَاد الشَّام
954:
953:
951:
950:
943:
936:
928:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
920:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
887:
886:
876:
871:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
821:
820:
819:Modern history
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
689:
684:
676:
675:
671:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
657:
656:
645:
640:
635:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
584:
583:
578:
568:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
551:
550:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
486:
481:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
447:
442:
437:
432:
431:
430:
425:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
371:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
334:
333:
327:
326:
325:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
291:
290:
284:
283:
273:
272:
269:
268:
265:
264:
257:
251:
250:
243:
234:
231:
230:
225:
213:
212:
207:
197:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
171:
168:
167:
164:
157:
154:
153:
150:
144:
141:
140:
137:
131:
128:
127:
124:
123:
117:Late antiquity
114:
113:Historical era
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
77:
76:
72:
71:
51:
50:
48:بِلَاد الشَّام
34:Syria (region)
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5229:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4587:Syrian Desert
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Golan Heights
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4405:Ottoman Syria
4403:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4382:Ayyubid Syria
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Fatimid Syria
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4251:Aram-Damascus
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4193:Ancient Syria
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4163:Halaf culture
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3933:Drug industry
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Mount Lebanon
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Jund Filastin
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3547:Jund Filastin
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3504:Jund Filastin
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3466:Jund Filastin
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:Bilad al-Sham
3432:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3365:
3361:
3359:90-04-08265-4
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3321:Salibi, K. S.
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:0-415-25093-5
3213:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:Kennedy, Hugh
3199:
3195:
3193:90-04-08265-4
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3084:
3082:0-932885-30-6
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3061:0-691-05327-8
3057:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3037:0-521-52940-9
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2906:on 2016-03-16
2905:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2869:, p. 62.
2868:
2863:
2860:
2857:, p. 111
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2781:, p. 160
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:Wheatley 2000
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2681:, p. 83.
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:Wheatley 2000
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:, p. 51.
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:, p. 31.
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2598:, p. 45.
2597:
2596:Walmsley 1987
2592:
2589:
2585:
2584:Walmsley 1987
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:Walmsley 1987
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:Walmsley 1987
2550:
2547:
2544:, p. 41.
2543:
2542:Walmsley 1987
2538:
2536:
2532:
2529:, p. 44.
2528:
2527:Walmsley 1987
2523:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:Walmsley 1987
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:Walmsley 1987
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:, p. 35.
2486:
2485:Walmsley 1987
2481:
2478:
2475:, p. 34.
2474:
2473:Walmsley 1987
2469:
2466:
2463:, p. 33.
2462:
2461:Walmsley 1987
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2315:Athamina 1994
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2281:, p. 91.
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:Bosworth 1997
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2069:Jund Filastin
2067:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1791:garrison town
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:Mediterranean
1767:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1591:Syrian steppe
1588:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1531:Ibn al-Zubayr
1528:
1527:besiege Mecca
1524:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Henri Lammens
1497:
1493:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:(Beroea) and
1382:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1326:Golan Heights
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:Amr ibn al-As
1291:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1244:Syrian steppe
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:north of the
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Mount Lebanon
1213:
1212:Syrian Desert
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:Bilad al-Sham
1143:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:Islamic Syria
979:
978:Bilād al-Shām
973:
964:
960:
959:Bilad al-Sham
949:
944:
942:
937:
935:
930:
929:
927:
926:
918:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Mount Lebanon
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
829:
828:
827:Ottoman Syria
825:
824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
809:
807:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:Bilad al-Sham
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
664:
662:
659:
654:
650:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
549:
546:
545:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
487:
485:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Aram-Damascus
455:
454:
453:
452:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
376:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
342:
338:
337:
336:
335:
332:
328:
323:
320:
318:
317:Halaf culture
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
285:
282:
278:
258:
256:
253:
252:
244:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
226:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
198:
186:
182:
179:
175:
165:
161:
151:
148:
138:
135:
122:
118:
115:
111:
104:
101:
93:
89:
88:Bilad al-Sham
83:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
46:Bilad al-Sham
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Bilad Al-Sham
5074:Coat of arms
4996:Demographics
4896:Central Bank
4777: /
4738:High council
4721:Human rights
4648:Constitution
4526:Governorates
4424:Arab kingdom
4416:Modern Syria
4388:Mamluk Syria
4316:
4314:
3981:Demographics
3959:Architecture
3900:Central Bank
3832:Human rights
3817:Constitution
3781:Shebaa farms
3771:Governorates
3751:Beqaa Valley
3677:Crusader era
3575:Jund Dimashq
3537:Jund Dimashq
3494:Jund Dimashq
3456:Jund Dimashq
3434:
3381:
3369:
3349:
3346:"Al-ʿAwāṣim"
3325:
3301:
3280:
3260:
3253:
3206:
3183:
3180:"AL-Thughūr"
3160:
3153:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3050:
3026:
3003:
2996:
2953:
2924:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
2889:
2884:
2876:Bibliography
2862:
2851:Masalha 2018
2846:
2834:
2823:Masalha 2018
2818:
2803:Masalha 2018
2798:
2791:Masalha 2018
2786:
2779:Masalha 2018
2774:
2767:Masalha 2018
2762:
2755:
2748:Masalha 2018
2743:
2721:, p. 14
2715:Masalha 2018
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2633:
2626:Kennedy 2001
2591:
2549:
2507:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2412:
2349:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2181:
2049:Jund Dimashq
2031:
2026:
2022:
2005:
2001:
1982:Alexandretta
1965:
1952:established
1947:
1912:
1907:
1892:
1862:
1860:
1854:
1836:
1824:
1815:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1724:
1722:
1638:
1595:
1573:
1554:Abd al-Malik
1539:
1489:
1459:
1426:
1377:
1355:(Emesa) and
1330:
1264:
1240:Jabal Bishri
1232:Anti-Lebanon
1224:Mount Hermon
1169:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1133:
1125:
1113:
1110:Abd al-Malik
1106:Mesopotamian
1067:
1027:
1021:
1019:
986:
982:
958:
957:
754:Banu Munqidh
691:
628:Roman Empire
496:Unqi-Pattina
488:
449:
373:
339:
210:Succeeded by
209:
204:
87:
86:Arab Syria (
29:
4891:Agriculture
4848:air defense
4808:Nationalism
4468:(1950–1963)
4407:(1516–1918)
4390:(1260–1516)
4384:(1174–1260)
4281:Roman Syria
4173:Abu Hureyra
4168:Uruk period
3895:Agriculture
3250:Lecomte, G.
3159:Volume VII:
3150:Pellat, Ch.
2993:Lecomte, G.
2867:Salibi 2003
2655:Streck 1987
2371:Donner 1981
2354:Donner 1981
2342:Donner 1981
2327:Donner 1981
2303:Donner 1981
2291:Donner 1981
2279:Donner 1981
2267:Salibi 2003
2222:Middle East
2131:Scythopolis
2012:mountains.
1609:al-Walid II
1535:Mu'awiya II
1318:Transjordan
1290:Fred Donner
884:Transjordan
674:Middle Ages
649:Later Roman
633:Roman Syria
581:Coele-Syria
484:Sea Peoples
467:Paddan Aram
205:Preceded by
147:First Fitna
121:Middle Ages
5176:Categories
5109:television
4991:Censorship
4918:(currency)
4750:Parliament
4709:Iskandaron
4653:Corruption
4216:Canaanites
4021:Television
3912:(currency)
3822:Corruption
3682:Mamluk era
3259:Volume IX:
3002:Volume IX:
2910:January 8,
2611:Hinds 1993
2405:Hinds 1993
2238:References
2218:(Outremer)
2127:Tabariyyah
2115:the Jordan
2000:or Syrian
1801:), Egypt (
1576:al-Walid I
1465:and their
1432: 636
1271:Ridda wars
1202:in modern
1200:Diyarbakir
1136:until the
1076:Mu'awiya I
1006:caliphates
985:or simply
917:Gaza Strip
862:Jabal Amel
759:Banu Ammar
472:Aram-Rehob
462:Aram-Zobah
413:Canaanites
288:Prehistory
178:Ikhshidids
70:caliphates
5051:Squatting
5026:refugees
5001:Education
4960:Transport
4901:Companies
4843:Air force
4820:Terrorism
4733:Judiciary
4694:Elections
4658:President
4562:Euphrates
4552:Al-Jazira
4536:Volcanoes
4521:Districts
4495:Geography
4472:Civil war
4462:(1946–50)
4454:(1930–46)
4448:(1925–30)
4442:(1922–25)
3996:Languages
3986:Education
3928:Transport
3859:President
3766:Districts
3734:Geography
3714:Civil War
3667:Roman era
3657:Phoenicia
3570:Jund Hims
3532:Jund Hims
3489:Jund Hims
3451:Jund Hims
3431:Districts
2977:"Al-Shām"
2807:Meri 2006
2752:Cobb 2001
2736:Cobb 2001
2719:Cobb 2001
2171:Qinnasrin
2167:Qinnasrin
2137:Jund Hims
2087:al-'Arish
2079:Palestine
2027:al-Awasim
1873:al-Urdunn
1839:divisions
1680:Ikhshidid
1625:Marwan II
1617:Yazid III
1463:Banu Kalb
1385:Qinnasrin
1361:Heraclius
1316:(central
1310:Palestine
1196:Gaziantep
1188:Palestine
1166:Geography
1148:The name
1072:Qinnasrin
1060:Palestine
1048:al-Urdunn
972:romanized
911:Palestine
852:Jerusalem
794:Jerusalem
769:Numayrids
749:Mirdasids
744:Jarrahids
739:Hamdanids
712:Qinnasrin
697:Palestine
687:Rashiduns
593:Commagene
548:Eber-Nari
518:Philistia
418:Phoenicia
174:Hamdanids
5161:Category
5121:Religion
5046:Scouting
5021:diaspora
4906:Industry
4830:Military
4775:national
4755:Speakers
4636:Politics
4545:Features
4211:Arameans
4201:Amorites
4132:Timeline
4112:articles
4061:Category
4011:Religion
3849:Military
3837:Abortion
3805:Politics
3791:Wildlife
3672:Arab era
3636:articles
3323:(2003).
3252:(eds.).
3232:(1997).
3204:(2001).
3152:(eds.).
3048:(1981).
3024:(1980).
2995:(eds.).
2975:(1997).
2951:(1994).
2855:Gil 1997
2839:Gil 1997
2827:Gil 1997
2811:Gil 1997
2210:See also
2063:al-Balqa
2059:Damascus
1998:Cilician
1889:Tiberias
1869:Filastin
1811:Kairouan
1807:Ifriqiya
1758:Phoenice
1673:Hamdanid
1669:Tulunids
1542:Marwan I
1444:Mu'awiya
1405:Caesarea
1365:Ajnadayn
1341:Damascus
1279:Abu Bakr
1159:al-Yaman
1056:Filastin
1036:Damascus
991:Rashidun
842:Harfushs
806:Ayyubids
779:Crusades
764:Uqaylids
734:Fatimids
729:Abbasids
724:Umayyads
707:al-Urdun
501:Palistin
435:Hittites
428:Carthage
375:Amorites
162:control
103:Damascus
75:636–940s
56:Rashidun
5145:Outline
5126:Smoking
5079:Cuisine
5061:Culture
4979:Society
4879:Economy
4596:Related
4582:Orontes
4511:Borders
4120:History
4045:Outline
3969:Cuisine
3947:Culture
3923:Tourism
3883:Economy
3756:Borders
3652:Ancient
3644:History
3632:Lebanon
3371:Periods
3261:San–Sze
3161:Mif–Naz
3004:San–Sze
2941:4057449
2921:Arabica
2200:Suriyya
2196:Suriyya
2188:Fatimid
2065:region.
2023:Thughur
2018:Malatya
1986:Cyrrhus
1970:Baghras
1958:Antioch
1877:Dimashq
1805:), and
1665:Turkish
1661:Iranian
1653:Samarra
1649:Baghdad
1621:Ibrahim
1508:Yazid I
1477:at the
1417:Ascalon
1413:Tripoli
1409:Antioch
1373:Yarmouk
1357:Baalbek
1250:History
1180:Lebanon
1096:). The
1087:Yazid I
1054:), and
1032:Dimashq
1003:Fatimid
999:Abbasid
995:Umayyad
974::
896:Lebanon
867:Tripoli
847:Shihabs
837:Ma'nids
832:Al-Azms
811:Mamluks
799:Tripoli
784:Antioch
774:Seljuks
717:Thughūr
661:Palmyra
603:Nabatea
588:Osroene
576:Antioch
528:Cilicia
445:Alasiya
408:Mitanni
166:878–905
160:Tulunid
158:•
152:656–661
145:•
132:•
99:Capital
68:Fatimid
64:Abbasid
60:Umayyad
5069:Anthem
5016:People
5011:Hunger
5006:Health
4916:Pound
4618:Levant
4577:Hermon
4572:Hauran
4531:Rivers
4516:Cities
4426:(1920)
4246:Ugarit
4231:Yamhad
4110:
4066:Portal
4016:Sports
3964:Cinema
3910:Pound
3761:Cities
3634:
3389:
3356:
3333:
3309:
3288:
3267:
3248:&
3228:&
3214:
3190:
3167:
3148:&
3121:
3100:
3079:
3058:
3034:
3010:
2991:&
2961:
2939:
2896:
2123:Peraea
2014:Tarsus
2010:Amanus
1990:Ra'ban
1962:Manbij
1931:Jazira
1897:Uthman
1879:, and
1828:steppe
1803:Fustat
1779:Jabiya
1762:Arabia
1752:, and
1696:Mamluk
1688:Aleppo
1629:Harran
1598:Hisham
1467:Quda'a
1448:Uthman
1393:Beirut
1381:Aleppo
1345:Beisan
1275:caliph
1267:Arabia
1238:, and
1204:Turkey
1198:, and
1186:, and
1184:Jordan
1098:Jazira
1052:Jordan
1001:, and
963:Arabic
906:Israel
901:Jordan
789:Edessa
638:Judaea
608:Iturea
511:Luhuti
506:Sam'al
477:Hamath
403:Urkesh
398:Ugarit
391:Yamhad
386:Amurru
66:, and
5152:Index
5116:Music
5104:State
5099:Media
5089:Films
5034:women
4311:(636)
4236:Qatna
4178:Aswad
4108:Syria
4052:Index
4026:Women
4001:Music
3236:. In
3136:. In
2979:. In
2937:JSTOR
2888:[
2184:ajnad
2099:Ramla
2083:Aqaba
1994:Tizin
1978:Duluk
1974:Bayas
1927:Mudar
1908:ajnad
1893:ajnad
1885:Lydda
1864:ajnad
1855:ajnad
1799:Basra
1725:ajnad
1519:Hejaz
1471:Kinda
1397:Sidon
1349:Pella
1337:Bosra
1314:Balqa
1228:Golan
1192:Hatay
1176:Syria
1154:Hejaz
1134:ajnad
1126:ajnad
1085:) or
1030:) of
1023:ajnad
987:Syria
891:Syria
655:times
381:Qatna
362:Nagar
5094:Flag
5083:wine
4855:Navy
4838:Army
4726:LGBT
4685:list
4663:list
4241:Mari
4226:Ebla
3991:Flag
3974:wine
3842:LGBT
3387:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3286:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3165:ISBN
3119:ISBN
3098:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3056:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2912:2013
2894:ISBN
2756:jund
2151:Homs
2147:Homs
2093:and
2041:amir
2035:wali
2025:and
2016:and
1992:and
1966:jund
1925:and
1923:Qays
1881:Hims
1837:jund
1835:The
1797:and
1795:Kufa
1787:rizq
1760:and
1723:The
1663:and
1657:Iraq
1651:and
1645:Kufa
1546:Qays
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