1531:
1746:
1660:Ḵh̲umārawayh's reign exceeded his father's in spending. He built luxuriant palaces and gardens for himself and those he favored. To the Tulunid Egyptians, his "marvellous" blue-eyed palace lion exemplified his prodigality. His stables were so extensive that, according to popular lore, Khumarawaih never rode a horse more than once. Though he squandered the dynastic wealth, he also encouraged a rich cultural life with patronage of scholarship and poetry. His protégé and the teacher of his sons was the famed grammarian Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad Muslim (d. 944). An encomium was written by Ḳāsim b . Yaḥyā al-Maryamī (d. 929) to celebrate Khumarawaih's triumphs on the battlefield.
336:
1507:. In 254/868, Ibn Tulun was sent to Egypt as resident governor by Bāyakbāk (d. 256/870), the representative of the Abbasid caliph al-Muʿtazz. Ibn Tulun promptly established a financial and military presence in the province of Egypt by establishing an independent Egyptian army and taking over the management of the Egyptian and Syrian treasuries. In 877, troops of the caliphate were sent against him, due to his insufficient payment of tribute. Ahmad ibn Tulun, however, maintained his power, and took Syria the following year.
1418:
1622:
1893:
1876:, also thrived. In his administration, ibn Tulun asserted his autonomy, refusing to pay taxes to the central Abbasid government in Baghdad. He also reformed the administration, aligning himself with the merchant community, and changing the taxation system. Under the Tulunids, there were also repairs in the agricultural infrastructure. The key sector of production, investment, and participation in their Mediterranean-wide commerce, was textiles,
5994:
1954:. Isolated revolts among the Copts and some Arab nomads in upper Egypt, which never threatened the dynasty's power, were actually a response to the more efficient Tulunid fiscal practices. The economy was strengthened by reforms introduced both immediately before the Tulunids and during their reign. There were changes in the tax assessment and collection system. There was also an expansion in the use of
6004:
3739:
59:
291:
266:
1783:, during Ibn Tulun's reign, and from local Arabs during the reign of Ḵh̲umārawayh. In a ceremony held in 871, Ibn Tulun had his forces swear personal allegiance to him. Nevertheless, there were defections from the Tulunid army, most notably of the high-ranking commander Luʾluʾ in 883 to the Abbasids. Throughout its life the army faced such persistent problems of securing allegiance.
6014:
6024:
1978:Ḵh̲umārawayh, unlike his father, spent lavishly. For example, he gave his daughter, Ḳaṭr al-Nadā, an extraordinary dowry of 400,000 - 1,000,000 dīnārs, for her wedding in 892 to the Abbasid al-Muʿtaḍid. This move is speculated by some scholars to have been an attempt by the Abbasids to drain the Tulunid treasury.
1974:
from his father. The treasury was worth ten million dīnārs at the young
Tulunid's succession. When Ḵh̲umārawayh was killed in 896, the treasury was empty, and the dinar had sunk to one-third its value. Part of this financial disaster is attributed to his addiction to luxury, while squandering wealth
1944:
The Tūlūnid administration over Egypt bore several notable features. The style of rule was highly centralized and "pitiless" in its execution. The administration was also backed by Egypt's commercial, religious and social élite. Ahmad ibn Tulun replaced Iraqi officials with an
Egyptian bureaucracy.
1472:
ruler of the caliphate. As a result of this uncertainty, Ahmad ibn Tulun could establish and expand his authority. Thus the
Tulunids wielded regional power, largely unhindered by imperial will; as such, the Tulunids can be compared with other 9th-century dynasties of the Muslim world, including the
1567:
Despite his gains, Khumārawayh's reign also set the stage for the demise of the dynasty. Financial exhaustion, political infighting and strides by the
Abbasids would all contribute to the ruin of the Tulunids. Khumārawayh was also totally reliant on his Turkish and sub-Saharan soldiers. Under the
1563:
by 890. Being now a prominent player in the Near
Eastern political stage, he negotiated two treaties with the Abbasids. In the first treaty in 886, al-Muwaffak recognized Tulunid authority over Egypt and the regions of Syria for a thirty-year period. The second treaty, reached with al-Muʿtadid in
1958:, which were the source of an emergent land-holding élite in this period. Ahmad ibn Tulun's agrarian and administrative reforms encouraged peasants to work their lands with zeal, despite the heavy taxes. He also terminated the exactions of the administration's officers for their personal profit.
1961:
One final feature of the administration under Ibn Ṭūlūn was the discontinuation of the practice of draining off the majority of his revenue to the metropolis. Instead, he initiated building programs to benefit other parts of Egypt. He also used those funds to stimulate commerce and industry.
1927:
rebellion (and perhaps limit the autonomy of the
Tulunids). This pressing need for funds drew the attention of Baghdad to the considerably more wealthy Egypt. The situation came to a head in 877, when al-Muwaffak, upon not receiving the demanded funds, sent an army to depose Ahmad ibn Tulun.
1829:(al-Ṭawāḥīn) in southern Palestine. The Abbasids, led by Aḥmad ibn al-Muwaffaḳ (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid), had invaded Syria, and the governor of Damascus had defected to the enemy. After both Ahmad and Khumarawayh fled the battlefield, the Ṭūlūnid general Saʿd al-Aysar secured victory.
1798:. By bestowing privileges upon the tribesmen, and converting them into an efficient and loyal bodyguard, he brought peace to the region between Egypt and Syria. He also re-asserted his control over this strategic region. The regiment also included one thousand Sudanese natives.
1377:. Ahmad was succeeded by his son Khumarawayh, whose military and diplomatic achievements made him a major player in the Middle Eastern political stage. The Abbasids affirmed their recognition of the Tulunids as legitimate rulers, and the dynasty's status as vassals to the
1753:
During his reign, Ibn Tulun created a
Tulunid army and navy. The need for the establishment of an autonomous armed force became apparent after the revolt of ʿĪsā ibn al-Shaykkh, governor of Palestine, in 870. In response, Ibn Tulun organized an army composed of
1396:
The
Tulunid period was marked by economic and administrative reforms alongside cultural ones. Ahmad ibn Tulun changed the taxation system and aligned himself with the merchant community. He also established the Tulunid army. The capital was moved from
1530:
1360:
established himself as an independent governor of Egypt. He subsequently achieved nominal autonomy from the central
Abbasid government. During his reign (868–884) and those of his successors, the Tulunid domains were expanded to include
1745:
1945:
Overall, the administration relied on the powerful merchant community for both financial and diplomatic support. For example, Maʿmar al-Ḏj̲awharī, a leading member of the merchant community in Egypt, served as Ibn Ṭūlūn's financier.
1587:. Though he would rule for eight years, he was unable to revitalize the dynasty, and was assassinated in 904, after the Abbasid army had recovered Syria and was on the verge of invading Egypt itself. Harun's successor, his uncle
1300:
1931:
Under Ahmad's son, Khumarawayh, the
Abbasids formally entered into a treaty with the Tulunids, thereby ending hostilities and resuming the payment of tribute. Financial provisions were made in the first treaty in 886 with
1766:
and Sudanese. Ḵh̲umārawayh continued his father's policy of having a multi-ethnic army. His military prowess, in fact, was strengthened by his multi-ethnic regiments of black Sudanese soldiers, Greek mercenaries and fresh
1778:
Ibn Tulun founded an élite guard to surround the Tulunid family. These formed the core of the Tulunid army, around which other larger regiments were built. These troops are said to have been from the region of Ghūr in
1936:. A second treaty with al-Muʿtaḍid, the son of al-Muwaffak, in 892, re-affirmed the political terms of the first. Financially, the Tulunids were to pay 300,000 dīnārs (though this figure may be inaccurate) annually.
1510:
His reign of more than ten years allowed him to leave behind a well-trained military, a stable economy and an experienced bureaucracy to oversee the state affairs. He appointed his son, Khumārawayh, as the heir.
6787:
5843:
4876:
6461:
3112:
1682:. Some speculate that the splendours of the wedding were a calculated attempt by the Abbasids to ruin the Tulunids. The tale of the splendid nuptials of Ḳaṭr al-Nadā lived on in the memory of the
6767:
1293:
1556:
ruler during the reign of caliph al-Mu'tamid. Khumārawayh also had to deal with the defection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Wasiti, a long-time and key ally of his father's, to the invaders' camp.
4871:
4866:
6782:
1690:, and were recorded in the chronicles and the folk-literature. The marriage's importance arises from its exceptional nature: the phenomenon of marriage between royal families is rare in
6777:
1453:-led movements in Egypt and Baghdad, without more than temporary and local success. There was also a struggle for power between the Turkish military command and the administration of
1286:
1522:
was occupied by the Tulunids, extending in the north to the outposts in the Anti-Lebanon mountains on the Byzantine border, enabling them to defend Egypt against Abbasid attack.
3007:
1393:-soldiers to run the affairs of the state. In 905, the Tulunids were unable to resist an invasion by the Abbasid troops, who restored direct caliphal rule in Syria and Egypt.
1564:
892, confirmed the terms of the earlier accord. Both treaties also sought to confirm the status of the Tulunid governor as a vassal of the caliphal family seated in Baghdad.
1657:. This style of architecture was not just confined to religious buildings, but secular ones also. Surviving houses of the Tulunid period have Samarran-style stucco panels.
4031:
6812:
5398:
3105:
1868:
During the reign of Ahmad ibn Tulun, the Egyptian economy remained prosperous. There were propitious levels of agricultural production, stimulated by consistent high
6772:
4645:
6747:
6325:
2899:
1923:
ruler of the Abbasid caliphate, al-Muwaffak, took issue with Ibn Tulun's financial activities. He wanted to secure Egyptian revenue for his campaign against the
6742:
5267:
335:
4356:
3098:
4007:
4893:
4861:
1663:
Through the mediation of his closest adviser, al-Ḥusayn ibn Jaṣṣāṣ al-Jawharī, Khumārawayh arranged for one of the great political marriages of medieval
4027:
5722:
5250:
4732:
1352:
In the late 9th century, internal conflict amongst the Abbasids made control of the outlying areas of the empire increasingly tenuous, and in 868 the
5734:
1928:
Nevertheless, on at least two occasions, Ibn Tulun remitted considerable sums of revenue, along with gifts, to the central Abbasid administration.
6555:
6060:
5169:
4903:
4047:
1559:
The young Tulunid achieved political and military gains, enabling him to extend his authority from Egypt into northern Iraq, and as far north as
6577:
6483:
4446:
3351:
2972:
2558:
2117:
1580:
6415:
5971:
4117:
3995:
3050:
3023:
2875:
2678:
2636:
1518:
in Baghdad, it was possible to develop irrigation works and build a navy, which greatly stimulated the local economy and trade. In 878, the
6380:
5795:
5449:
5393:
5349:
5162:
4836:
4826:
4786:
4217:
3121:
1583:(also known as Jaysh) was deposed by the Tulunid military command in 896, shortly after coming to power. He was succeeded by his brother,
3085:
1576:
The later emirs of the dynasty were all ineffectual rulers, relying on their Turkish and black soldiers to run the affairs of the state.
6332:
5454:
5194:
5080:
2685:
The two gubernatorial dynasties in Egypt which have already been mentioned, the Tulunids and the Ikhshidids, were both of Mamluk origin.
1916:
from Syria. He also achieved victory over Ibn al-Mudabbir, the head of the finance office and member of the Abbasid bureaucratic élite.
5907:
5838:
5717:
5339:
5216:
4883:
4764:
4691:
4679:
4640:
4112:
4040:
4014:
3080:
Tillier, Mathieu. « The Qāḍīs of Fusṭāṭ–Miṣr under the Ṭūlūnids and the Ikhshīdids: the Judiciary and Egyptian Autonomy »,
6807:
6670:
6342:
5442:
4971:
3712:
3075:
1904:
During the period of 870–872, Ibn Tulun asserted more control over Egypt's financial administration. In 871, he took control of the
1749:
Fragment of an ornamental border of a tunic. Egypt, late Abbasid or Tulunic period, 9th century. 1916.1678, Cleveland Museum of Art.
6161:
6692:
6198:
6073:
5575:
5238:
4961:
4278:
3937:
1641:, where he seated his government. One of the dominant features of this city, and indeed the feature that survives today, was the
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977:
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5934:
5902:
5655:
5381:
4511:
4404:
4163:
3364:
2991:
2446:
2070:
1740:
1667:. He proposed his daughter's marriage to a member of the caliphal family in Baghdad. The marriage between the Tulunid princess
1552:
took control as the designated heir. The first challenge he faced was the invasion of Syria by armies sent by al-Muwaffak, the
1549:
187:
6151:
3698:
305:
6792:
6757:
6456:
5503:
5260:
3968:
2834:
1592:
6017:
5702:
6752:
6737:
6510:
5790:
5585:
4991:
4516:
4499:
3687:
3561:
6762:
6565:
6400:
5766:
5570:
5538:
5354:
4986:
4856:
4779:
4176:
4002:
3927:
2229:
1457:. Furthermore, there was a widening imperial financial crisis. All of these themes would recur during the Tulunid rule.
6478:
6473:
6283:
6119:
6053:
5929:
5771:
5513:
5403:
5226:
5021:
4888:
4831:
4727:
4602:
4207:
4200:
4055:
3915:
2462:
2192:
1711:
Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn's support to Sunni scholars also allowed for the development in Egypt of Islamic sciences, especially
1588:
4660:
1948:
The Tulunid administration also helped the economy prosper, by maintaining political stability, which in Egypt is a
1880:
in particular (Frantz, 281–5). The financial bureaucracy throughout the Tulunid period was headed by members of the
1855:
From 896 to 905, after the emirate's demise the Tulunids were unable to stop the Abbasids from taking their capital
6802:
6645:
6429:
6183:
5924:
5626:
5609:
5592:
5533:
5359:
5314:
5245:
5184:
5157:
4801:
4439:
4153:
3951:
3788:
3384:
3344:
3042:
3028:
3012:
2996:
2867:
Supplier Dieu dans l'Égypte toulounide : le florilège de l'invocation d'après Ḫālid b. Yazīd (IIIe/IXe siècle)
1822:) against the Byzantines, occupied Syria. This campaign was ended prematurely, as Ibn Tulun had to return to Egypt.
6129:
6124:
6109:
4718:
1678:
took place in 892. The exorbitant marriage included an awesome dowry estimated at between 400,000 and one million
6655:
6490:
6310:
6222:
5890:
5833:
5800:
5565:
5475:
5437:
5432:
5420:
5319:
5125:
5011:
4981:
4966:
4231:
3763:
3704:
6732:
6660:
6337:
6188:
5966:
5946:
5754:
5580:
5376:
5364:
5201:
5179:
4846:
4796:
4737:
4696:
4572:
4567:
4533:
4494:
4321:
4293:
4100:
1334:
1241:
887:
866:
4774:
2951:
Anjum, Tanvir (2007). "The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links".
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6305:
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5729:
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5085:
5058:
5043:
5038:
4674:
3932:
3922:
3783:
3768:
3668:
3622:
3239:
1417:
895:
6505:
6446:
6375:
6320:
6288:
6268:
6203:
6114:
6046:
5956:
5885:
5707:
5675:
5369:
5307:
5302:
5016:
4481:
3809:
3804:
3718:
3473:
3389:
3197:
2664:
1841:
1430:
1192:
1057:
858:
58:
6624:
6619:
6370:
6293:
6258:
5961:
5853:
5823:
5712:
5692:
5638:
5550:
5189:
5147:
5142:
5120:
4928:
4918:
4703:
4582:
4550:
4432:
4326:
4248:
4148:
3990:
3973:
3900:
3778:
3676:
3518:
3337:
3293:
3068:
Vies des cadis de Miṣr (257/851-366/976). Extrait du Rafʿ al-iṣr ʿan quḍāt Miṣr d’Ibn Ḥağar al-ʿAsqalānī
2626:
2574:
2155:
1897:
1892:
1801:
A list of military engagements in which the Tulunid army constituted a significant party is as follows:
1724:
1716:
1584:
771:
3086:
https://web.archive.org/web/20111219040853/http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/IFPO/halshs-00641964/fr/
6604:
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5778:
5648:
4752:
4742:
4341:
4143:
3978:
3682:
3305:
1869:
1852:
submitted to the Tulunid army. Peace treaties with the Tulunids put an end to the military campaigns.
1461:
545:
6451:
6410:
6395:
6278:
6171:
5939:
5919:
5739:
5687:
5682:
5621:
5523:
5206:
5137:
5132:
4851:
4361:
4351:
4243:
3905:
3513:
3508:
1933:
1826:
1642:
1626:
1616:
1406:
1046:
1039:
1025:
635:
6003:
3070:, Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale (Cahier des Annales Islamologiques, 24), Cairo, 2002.
1568:
administration of Khumārawayh, the Syro-Egyptian state's finances and military were destabilized.
6596:
6495:
6246:
6232:
5749:
5660:
5560:
5427:
5255:
5221:
5174:
5152:
5048:
4950:
4821:
4708:
4655:
4303:
4253:
4212:
4072:
4060:
3985:
3946:
3910:
3773:
3747:
3405:
3137:
2960:
2893:
1519:
1442:
1362:
1142:
1013:
6027:
2706:
1621:
6727:
6685:
6614:
6540:
6522:
6405:
6358:
6263:
6081:
5897:
5759:
5697:
5643:
5604:
5555:
5508:
5493:
5408:
5324:
5211:
5109:
5090:
4923:
4597:
4592:
4523:
4506:
4489:
4373:
4158:
4082:
3888:
3692:
3627:
3582:
3435:
3179:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3071:
3046:
2881:
2871:
2674:
2632:
2244:
2004:
1720:
1438:
1422:
1346:
1342:
1001:
767:
698:
298:
284:
271:
125:
94:
6535:
6468:
6385:
6208:
6139:
5858:
5815:
5785:
5670:
5633:
5415:
5344:
5297:
5286:
5001:
4996:
4976:
4898:
4713:
4614:
4545:
4528:
4469:
4397:
4378:
4313:
4195:
4131:
4095:
3865:
3724:
3617:
3597:
3592:
3538:
3410:
3372:
3209:
3191:
3161:
2767:
2668:
1833:
1691:
1600:
1390:
1119:
989:
812:
715:
626:
617:
608:
581:
536:
527:
510:
90:
42:
1805:
In 877, the Tulunid troops, after displaying their strength, forced the Abbasid army under
1495:
Ahmad ibn Ṭūlūn was a member of the mostly Central Asian Turkish guard formed initially in
6701:
6609:
6582:
6572:
6550:
6500:
6298:
6156:
5848:
5665:
5616:
5518:
5334:
5070:
5053:
4684:
4609:
4298:
4273:
4263:
4258:
3612:
3577:
3543:
3458:
3263:
3233:
3203:
2842:
2838:
2352:
2031:
1683:
1664:
1654:
1646:
1500:
1490:
1460:
The internal politics of the Abbasid caliphate itself seem to have been unstable. In 870,
1357:
1318:
1206:
1178:
876:
689:
680:
662:
599:
572:
563:
175:
110:
102:
4020:
1881:
1649:
style that was common in the period during which the caliphate had shifted capitals from
1345:. They were independent from 868, when they broke away from the central authority of the
6544:
6144:
6099:
5997:
5951:
5805:
5744:
5528:
5329:
4841:
4769:
4628:
4562:
4413:
4368:
4331:
4286:
4065:
3961:
3860:
3855:
3607:
3587:
3553:
3528:
3299:
3287:
3275:
3227:
2011:
1806:
1763:
1675:
1541:
1504:
1386:
1353:
1330:
1199:
848:
798:
788:
671:
653:
644:
590:
554:
348:
324:
98:
3090:
1468:
to re-establish Abbasid authority over southern Iraq. Quickly, however, he became the
6721:
6706:
6530:
5880:
5868:
5863:
5543:
4633:
4346:
3956:
3839:
3834:
3819:
3657:
3634:
3602:
3567:
3503:
3445:
3415:
3269:
3257:
3245:
3221:
1837:
1768:
1687:
1560:
1338:
1266:
1255:
1105:
447:
6217:
6007:
5597:
5006:
4665:
4168:
3829:
3640:
2591:
1950:
1668:
1434:
1229:
941:
908:
837:
402:
2831:
1856:
1634:
1612:
1402:
80:
6560:
6134:
6104:
5026:
4757:
4747:
4555:
4540:
4335:
4107:
4090:
3533:
3493:
3425:
3420:
2984:
Les débuts du monde musulman (VII-X siècle). De Muhammad aux dynasties autonomes
1780:
1727:
did much to resuscitate and popularize it after it went into decline during the
1705:
880:
366:
139:
121:
6094:
6089:
5075:
5033:
3468:
3430:
3317:
3311:
2885:
2248:
1795:
1217:
1166:
1093:
965:
953:
106:
1825:
In 885, the Tulunid army led by Khumarawayh met the invading Abbasids at the
1698:
given by the bride's family has also been absent in Islamic marriages, where
5914:
5386:
3814:
3523:
3185:
3167:
1772:
1429:
The rise and fall of the Tulunids occurred against a backdrop of increasing
1378:
1081:
929:
753:
729:
501:
411:
2865:
1349:, to 905, when the Abbasids restored the Tulunid domains to their control.
6193:
3463:
3453:
3251:
3215:
1955:
1478:
1474:
1154:
823:
743:
725:
438:
375:
2964:
6227:
4268:
3125:
1912:
1873:
1845:
1819:
1791:
1650:
1596:
1496:
1454:
1445:
and losing its aura of universal legitimacy. There had previously been
1130:
917:
492:
456:
420:
393:
384:
357:
146:
17:
6441:
6390:
6069:
4619:
4577:
3870:
3824:
3498:
3483:
1971:
1906:
1849:
1759:
1712:
1672:
1638:
1515:
1398:
1370:
1326:
483:
474:
465:
1719:
of the hinterland. The official support granted by ibn Ṭūlūn to the
1514:
With full autonomy, once the tax income no longer had to go to the
6038:
4650:
4455:
3738:
3488:
3360:
3281:
2915:
The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History
1891:
1877:
1832:
From 885 to 886, the Tulunid forces, led by Khumarawayh, defeated
1814:
1762:
slave-soldiers. Other reports indicate the soldiers may have been
1755:
1744:
1728:
1695:
1679:
1620:
1544:. Egypt, Tinnis, Tulunid period. 1932.17, Cleveland Museum of Art.
1536:
1529:
1465:
1416:
1374:
1366:
1069:
757:
739:
429:
237:
3329:
5063:
3478:
2781:
War and society in the eastern Mediterranean, 7th-15th centuries
1924:
1700:
1591:, was unable to resist an Abbasid invasion under the command of
1450:
1446:
1382:
156:
6042:
5473:
5284:
5107:
4948:
4467:
4428:
4424:
3333:
3094:
2986:, Nouvelle Clio, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 2012.
2982:
Bianquis, Thierry, Guichard, Pierre et Tillier, Mathieu (ed.),
2770:, while the second one denotes the corresponding Gregorian year
1629:, the largest remaining building from the Tulunid period today.
3055:
Rapoport, Yossef. "Matrimonial Gifts in Early Islamic Egypt,"
2625:
Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (Greville Stewart Parker) (1993).
1603:. This brought an end to his reign and that of the Tulunids.
334:
1503:, upon its establishment as the seat of the caliphate by
6788:
10th-century disestablishments in the Abbasid Caliphate
1970:Ḵh̲umārawayh inherited a stable economy and a wealthy
1333:
origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule
1985:
3066:
Tillier, Mathieu (présenté, traduit et annoté par).
2631:. New York : Simon & Schuster. p. 35.
6768:
9th-century establishments in the Abbasid Caliphate
6638:
6595:
6521:
6428:
6357:
6245:
6170:
6080:
5814:
5486:
4912:
4814:
4480:
4312:
4230:
4188:
4130:
4081:
3887:
3848:
3797:
3746:
3667:
3650:
3552:
3444:
3398:
3371:
2766:The first date indicates the year according to the
2670:
The Crusader States and Their Neighbours, 1098-1291
1786:Khumārawayh also established an elite corps called
233:
219:
209:
197:
181:
169:
155:
132:
117:
86:
76:
68:
34:
6783:States and territories disestablished in the 900s
2977:In Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction
339:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
6778:States and territories established in the 860s
1809:to abandon his plan to depose Ahmad ibn Tulun.
6054:
4440:
3345:
3106:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
1812:In 878, the Tulunids, under the pretext of a
1294:
8:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
1836:, though the latter had superior numbers. A
27:Mamluk dynasty in Egypt and Syria (868–905)
2959:(2). Islamic Research Institute: 217–240 .
1381:. After Khumarawayh's death, his successor
6434:
6363:
6251:
6176:
6061:
6047:
6039:
5483:
5470:
5281:
5104:
4945:
4477:
4464:
4447:
4433:
4425:
4236:
4136:
3893:
3756:
3752:
3377:
3352:
3338:
3330:
3113:
3099:
3091:
3029:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3013:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2997:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2917:. Cambridge University Press. p. 141.
2898:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2261:
2223:
2213:
2197:
2186:
2176:
2160:
2149:
2139:
2122:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2075:
2063:
2053:
2037:
2024:
1540:of Emir Khumarawayh b. Ahmad under Caliph
1301:
1287:
793:
320:
57:
31:
1633:Ahmad ibn Tulun founded his own capital,
6813:10th-century disestablishments in Africa
3082:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2242:
1999:
1462:Abū Aḥmad (b. al-Mutawakkil) al-Muwaffaḳ
1385:were ineffectual rulers, allowing their
4048:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
2617:
1975:to win loyalty was also another cause.
1715:transmission, which contributed to the
1264:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
906:
846:
821:
796:
323:
6773:Vassal rulers of the Abbasid Caliphate
2891:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
6748:10th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
6326:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
4056:Political status of the Golan Heights
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2651:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2572:
2570:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
218:
208:
204:
180:
168:
164:
154:
7:
6743:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
6023:
1464:(d. 891) was summoned from exile in
6013:
2973:Early Islamic Architecture in Cairo
2818:"Ḵh̲umārawayh b. Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn ,"
2628:Historical atlas of the Middle East
2161:ہارون ابن خمارویہ بن أحمد بن طولون
1322:
2251:by general Muhammad ibn Sulayman.
1818:to defend the frontier districts (
1425:in the late 9th and 10th centuries
25:
6671:List of prime ministers of Jordan
5394:Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces
2971:Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1989). "
2123:جیش ابن خمارویہ بن أحمد بن طولون
1872:. Other industries, particularly
6022:
6012:
6002:
5993:
5992:
5251:Refugees of the Syrian civil war
3737:
3008:"Ḵh̲umārawayh b. Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn"
2845:. 2–8 March 2006, Issue No. 784.
1637:, north of the previous capital
1421:Map of the fragmentation of the
303:
289:
264:
5735:Identification card controversy
3084:, 131 (2011), 207–222. Online:
3039:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2979:. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill.
2783:, BRILL, 1997, pp. 129–130
2580:
2564:
2468:
2452:
2358:
2241:
2071:Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
1741:Military of the Tulunid Emirate
188:Khumarawayh ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
72:Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate
4641:Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt
2673:. Pearson Longman. p. 6.
1593:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Katib
1548:Following his father's death,
1:
6484:Private Hospitals Association
3022:Hassan, Zaky M. (1960–2005).
325:History of the Turkic peoples
5268:Twin towns and sister cities
4780:Assassination of Anwar Sadat
4196:Energy and mineral resources
3996:Supreme Constitutional Court
2870:. Naïm Vanthieghem. Leiden.
2237:
2230:Muhammad ibn Ali al-Khalanji
2228:
2207:
2202:
2191:
2170:
2165:
2154:
2133:
2128:
2116:
2085:
2080:
2069:
2047:
2042:
2029:
2018:
1790:. The corps was composed of
39:الإِمَارَةُ الطُّولُونِيَّة
6416:Water supply and sanitation
6120:Ikhwan raids on Transjordan
5796:Vehicle registration plates
5450:Water supply and sanitation
4218:Water supply and sanitation
4118:Weapons of mass destruction
4021:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
2247:during the reign of Caliph
2193:Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
1848:and regions as far east as
1645:. The mosque is built in a
1589:Shayban ibn Ahmad ibn Tulun
1131:Cuman–Kipchak Confederation
978:Kimek–Kipchak Confederation
6829:
6646:List of airports in Jordan
6152:Israel–Jordan peace treaty
5455:Water resources management
4113:Chief of the General Staff
4041:National Progressive Front
3713:independent First Republic
3041:(Rev Ed edition). (2005).
3006:Haarmann, U. (1960–2005).
2990:Gordon, M.S. (1960–2005).
1738:
1610:
1595:, with naval support from
1488:
738:Chief gods and goddesses:
221:• Abbasid reconquest
6679:
6656:List of castles in Jordan
6437:
6366:
6254:
6179:
5988:
5482:
5469:
5350:Impact on the environment
5340:Entrepreneurship policies
5293:
5280:
5116:
5103:
4957:
4944:
4476:
4463:
4391:
4239:
4139:
3896:
3759:
3755:
3735:
3380:
3133:
2913:El Shamsy, Ahmed (2013).
2864:Tillier, Mathieu (2022).
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2316:
2314:
2076:خمارویہ بن أحمد بن طولون
1159:11th century–13th century
243:
229:
205:
193:
165:
56:
51:
6808:Middle Eastern dynasties
6661:List of cities in Jordan
5121:Administrative divisions
4797:2011 Egyptian revolution
4738:1952 Egyptian revolution
4534:Lighthouse of Alexandria
2854:Rapoport (2000), p. 27-8
1994:
1991:
1988:
1499:, then later settled in
1242:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
888:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
867:Western Turkic Khaganate
813:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
6666:List of kings of Jordan
6651:List of banks in Jordan
6630:Prince Hassan bin Talal
5325:Egyptian stock exchange
3623:Principality of Antioch
3188:(970–11th/12th century)
3057:Islamic Law and Society
3043:Encyclopædia Britannica
2792:Behrens-Abouseif (1989)
2711:Encyclopædia Britannica
2198:شائبان بن أحمد بن طولون
1405:, where the celebrated
896:Second Turkic Khaganate
63:Tulunid Emirate in 893.
6798:900s disestablishments
6115:Emirate of Transjordan
5656:International rankings
4661:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
4164:International rankings
3810:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
3474:Middle Assyrian Empire
3033:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
3017:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
3001:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2936:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2820:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2756:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1940:Tulunid administration
1901:
1750:
1630:
1545:
1443:political disturbances
1426:
1058:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
859:First Turkic Khaganate
340:
6793:905 disestablishments
6758:10th century in Egypt
6259:Royal Hashemite Court
6125:Arab–Israeli conflict
6110:Sykes–Picot Agreement
5261:Terrorism and tourism
4719:1948 Arab–Israeli War
4551:Library of Alexandria
3969:Government ministries
3519:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2156:Harun ibn Khumarawayh
2118:Jaysh ibn Khumarawayh
1910:taxes as well as the
1898:Harun ibn Khumarawayh
1895:
1748:
1725:Islamic jurisprudence
1708:has been the custom.
1624:
1533:
1420:
1337:, as well as much of
1167:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
799:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
338:
183:• 884–896
171:• 868–884
87:Common languages
6753:9th century in Egypt
6738:10th century in Asia
6578:World Heritage Sites
5972:World Heritage Sites
5791:Units of measurement
5246:Proposed new capital
4992:Environmental issues
4753:United Arab Republic
4646:Muhammad Ali dynasty
4281:(2011–present)
4177:Securities Exchange
3928:Council of Ministers
3683:Haj Fadel Government
3318:Hashemites of Jordan
2837:25 June 2013 at the
2243:Re-conquered by the
2007:during the reign of
1870:flooding of the Nile
1441:was struggling with
145:De facto Autonomous
6763:860s establishments
6511:Freedom of religion
5644:Freedom of religion
5539:Mass sexual assault
4904:Timekeeping devices
4802:2013 Rabaa massacre
4775:Egyptian–Libyan War
3957:Golan Heights claim
3514:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3509:Syro-Hittite states
3399:Prehistorical Syria
3272:(16th–19th century)
3266:(15th–19th century)
3218:(11th–12th century)
3170:(10th–11th century)
3037:"Tulunid dynasty",
2665:Holt, Peter Malcolm
2234:محمد بن علي الخلنجي
1827:Battle of the Mills
1643:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
1617:Mosque of Ibn Tulun
1407:mosque of Ibn Tulun
1047:Eastern Kara-Khanid
1040:Western Kara-Khanid
1026:Kara-Khanid Khanate
211:• Established
6401:Telecommunications
5834:Art (contemporary)
5514:Capital punishment
5404:Telecommunications
5081:Towns and villages
5049:Qattara Depression
4862:Muslim Brotherhood
4832:Cigarette industry
4692:British occupation
4603:Crusader invasions
4573:Rashidun Caliphate
4208:Telecommunications
4201:Petroleum industry
3705:Mandatory Republic
3651:Early modern Syria
3406:Levantine corridor
3312:Hashemites of Iraq
2830:Rizk, Yunan Labib.
2003:autonomy from the
1966:Large expenditures
1902:
1888:Financial autonomy
1751:
1631:
1579:Khumarawayh's son
1546:
1427:
1363:Jordan Rift Valley
1143:Khwarazmian Empire
1014:Karluk Yabgu State
752:Epics and heroes:
341:
6803:African dynasties
6715:
6714:
6591:
6590:
6479:medical education
6424:
6423:
6353:
6352:
6333:Political parties
6241:
6240:
6036:
6035:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5908:Football stadiums
5839:Botanical gardens
5718:Catholic dioceses
5610:Gender inequality
5534:Human trafficking
5465:
5464:
5399:Tallest buildings
5360:Military industry
5276:
5275:
5217:Political parties
5170:Islamic extremism
5158:Foreign relations
5099:
5098:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4680:French occupation
4598:Fatimid Caliphate
4593:Ikhshidid dynasty
4422:
4421:
4387:
4386:
4226:
4225:
4126:
4125:
4015:Political parties
3952:Foreign relations
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3733:
3732:
3693:Syrian Federation
3628:County of Tripoli
3583:Ikhshidid dynasty
3436:Yarmukian culture
3327:
3326:
3122:Islamic dynasties
3051:978-1-59339-236-9
2934:"Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn"
2877:978-90-04-52180-3
2680:978-0-582-36931-3
2638:978-0-13-390915-9
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2255:
2254:
2245:Abbasid Caliphate
2235:
2226:
2216:
2200:
2189:
2179:
2163:
2152:
2142:
2125:
2114:
2104:
2094:
2078:
2066:
2056:
2040:
2027:
2005:Abbasid Caliphate
1840:followed, as the
1794:from the eastern
1694:. The concept of
1671:with the Abbasid
1439:Abbasid caliphate
1423:Abbasid Caliphate
1409:was constructed.
1347:Abbasid Caliphate
1343:Ptolemaic dynasty
1311:
1310:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1218:Qarlughid Kingdom
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1082:Pecheneg Khanates
1075:
1063:
1031:
1019:
1007:
1002:Oghuz Yabgu State
995:
983:
971:
966:Türgesh Khaganate
959:
947:
935:
923:
900:
892:
871:
863:
829:
804:
779:
778:
706:
705:
518:
517:
329:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
299:Ikhshidid dynasty
285:Abbasid Caliphate
277:
276:
272:Abbasid Caliphate
138:De jure caliphal
46:
16:(Redirected from
6820:
6695:
6688:
6620:King Abdullah II
6435:
6381:Defense industry
6364:
6252:
6177:
6162:2011–12 protests
6063:
6056:
6049:
6040:
6026:
6025:
6016:
6015:
6006:
5996:
5995:
5801:Waste management
5566:Academic grading
5484:
5471:
5443:Railway stations
5421:Cultural tourism
5320:Economic regions
5282:
5105:
4946:
4615:Mamluk Sultanate
4546:Diocese of Egypt
4529:Battle of Actium
4478:
4465:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4426:
4407:
4400:
4282:
4237:
4180:
4179:(stock exchange)
4172:
4137:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4032:regional command
4023:
3894:
3866:Fertile Crescent
3757:
3753:
3741:
3618:County of Edessa
3598:Mirdasid dynasty
3593:Hamdanid dynasty
3572:
3539:Palmyrene Empire
3524:Achaemenid Syria
3411:Natufian culture
3378:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3331:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3092:
3063:(1): 1-36, 2000.
3045:, Incorporated.
3034:
3024:"Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn"
3018:
3002:
2968:
2938:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2713:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2622:
2584:
2582:
2568:
2566:
2472:
2470:
2456:
2454:
2362:
2360:
2271:
2270:
2265:Tulunid Dynasty
2262:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2199:
2196:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2159:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2124:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2077:
2074:
2065:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2039:
2036:
2026:
2023:
1986:
1807:Mūsā ibn Bug̲h̲ā
1627:Ibn-Tulun Mosque
1601:Damian of Tarsus
1324:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1270:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1120:Sultanate of Rum
1109:
1097:
1094:Ghaznavid Empire
1085:
1073:
1061:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
990:Uyghur Khaganate
981:
969:
957:
945:
933:
921:
918:Khazar Khaganate
898:
890:
869:
861:
827:
802:
794:
789:Pre-14th century
766:Major concepts:
721:
720:
716:Turkic Mythology
533:
532:
528:Turkic Languages
511:Crimean Karaites
448:Cherniye Klobuki
354:
353:
328:pre–14th century
327:
321:
307:
306:
293:
292:
281:
280:
268:
267:
261:
260:
245:
244:
61:
40:
32:
21:
6828:
6827:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6733:Tulunid dynasty
6718:
6717:
6716:
6711:
6698:
6691:
6684:
6675:
6634:
6605:King Abdullah I
6587:
6517:
6491:Public holidays
6442:Arabic language
6420:
6349:
6311:Law enforcement
6284:Foreign affairs
6237:
6223:Nature reserves
6166:
6157:Black September
6076:
6067:
6037:
6032:
5976:
5967:Public holidays
5957:National anthem
5810:
5723:Coptic Churches
5666:Egyptian Arabic
5576:Medical schools
5478:
5461:
5377:Nuclear program
5289:
5272:
5202:Nationality law
5195:Supreme Council
5180:Law enforcement
5112:
5095:
5071:Sinai Peninsula
5054:Red Sea Riviera
4953:
4932:
4908:
4810:
4697:1919 revolution
4685:Revolt of Cairo
4610:Ayyubid dynasty
4588:Tulunid dynasty
4472:
4459:
4453:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4383:
4308:
4294:Public holidays
4280:
4222:
4184:
4178:
4170:
4122:
4077:
4046:
4039:
4026:
4019:
3875:
3844:
3793:
3742:
3729:
3719:Second Republic
3663:
3646:
3613:Crusader states
3578:Tulunid dynasty
3571:(Bilad al-Sham)
3570:
3568:Caliphal Syria
3562:Muslim conquest
3548:
3544:Byzantine Syria
3459:Akkadian Empire
3440:
3394:
3367:
3358:
3328:
3323:
3129:
3119:
3021:
3005:
2989:
2953:Islamic Studies
2950:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2890:
2878:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2843:Al-Ahram Weekly
2839:Wayback Machine
2829:
2825:
2817:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2716:
2707:Tulunid Dynasty
2704:
2691:
2681:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2579:
2578:
2563:
2562:
2467:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2357:
2356:
2260:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2158:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2035:
2032:Ahmad ibn Tulun
2022:
1984:
1968:
1942:
1890:
1866:
1743:
1737:
1692:Islamic history
1684:Egyptian people
1665:Islamic history
1619:
1609:
1574:
1528:
1493:
1491:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1487:
1485:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1415:
1358:Ahmad ibn Tulun
1307:
1278:
1277:
1207:Tughlaq dynasty
1179:Delhi Sultanate
877:Tokhara Yabghus
838:Tiele (Gaoche)
803:202 BCE–13th CE
791:
781:
780:
724:Belief system:
718:
708:
707:
663:Karachay-Balkar
530:
520:
519:
351:
304:
290:
265:
222:
212:
184:
176:Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn
172:
124:(predominant),
64:
47:
37:
36:Tulunid Emirate
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6826:
6824:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6720:
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6709:
6704:
6697:
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6681:
6680:
6677:
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6668:
6663:
6658:
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6607:
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6408:
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6393:
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6378:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6338:Prime Minister
6335:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6299:Women's rights
6296:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6199:Extreme points
6196:
6191:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6100:Ottoman Empire
6097:
6092:
6086:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6034:
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6031:
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6000:
5989:
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5969:
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5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5917:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5905:
5903:Football clubs
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5878:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
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5812:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
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5774:
5764:
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5757:
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5742:
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5732:
5727:
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5695:
5690:
5685:
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5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5658:
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5646:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Animal welfare
5496:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5382:Power stations
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:Egyptian pound
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5234:Prime Minister
5231:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
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5128:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Northern coast
5036:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4949:
4942:
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4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
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4886:
4881:
4880:
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4869:
4859:
4854:
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4834:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Yom Kippur War
4762:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4276:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4192:
4190:
4189:Infrastructure
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4066:Syria (region)
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3933:Prime Minister
3925:
3923:Vice President
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3861:Southern Syria
3858:
3856:Syria (region)
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3702:
3699:State of Syria
3696:
3688:French Mandate
3685:
3680:
3673:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3608:Saljuqid Syria
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3588:Zangid dynasty
3585:
3580:
3575:
3565:
3558:
3556:
3554:Medieval Syria
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Seleucid Syria
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3390:Years in Syria
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3320:(1921–present)
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3064:
3053:
3035:
3019:
3003:
2987:
2980:
2969:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2920:
2905:
2876:
2856:
2847:
2823:
2794:
2785:
2772:
2768:Hijri calendar
2759:
2714:
2689:
2679:
2656:
2654:, p. 233.
2644:
2637:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583: 896–904
2571:
2569:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471: 904–905
2459:
2457:
2455: 884–896
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361: 868–884
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2227:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2182:Abu 'l-Manaqib
2168:
2167:
2164:
2153:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2115:
2107:Abu 'l-Asakir
2083:
2082:
2079:
2068:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:Personal Name
1990:
1983:
1982:List of rulers
1980:
1967:
1964:
1941:
1938:
1896:Gold dinar of
1889:
1886:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1830:
1823:
1810:
1739:Main article:
1736:
1733:
1721:Shafi'i school
1688:Ottoman period
1686:well into the
1608:
1605:
1573:
1570:
1527:
1524:
1489:Main article:
1486:
1483:
1414:
1411:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1248:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:Khalji dynasty
1196:
1193:Mamluk dynasty
1186:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1161:
1155:Kerait Khanate
1150:
1149:
1138:
1137:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1112:
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1100:
1089:
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1021:
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1009:
1008:
997:
996:
985:
984:
973:
972:
961:
960:
949:
948:
937:
936:
925:
924:
913:
912:
904:
903:
902:
901:
893:
873:
872:
864:
853:
852:
844:
843:
842:
841:
831:
830:
819:
818:
817:
816:
806:
805:
792:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
776:
774:
763:
762:
760:
749:
748:
746:
735:
734:
732:
719:
714:
713:
710:
709:
704:
703:
701:
695:
694:
692:
686:
685:
683:
677:
676:
674:
668:
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640:
638:
632:
631:
629:
623:
622:
620:
614:
613:
611:
605:
604:
602:
596:
595:
593:
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586:
584:
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569:
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566:
560:
559:
557:
551:
550:
548:
542:
541:
539:
531:
526:
525:
522:
521:
516:
515:
513:
507:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
489:
488:
486:
480:
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471:
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468:
462:
461:
459:
453:
452:
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435:
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425:
423:
417:
416:
414:
408:
407:
405:
399:
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390:
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387:
381:
380:
378:
372:
371:
369:
363:
362:
360:
352:
349:Turkic peoples
347:
346:
343:
342:
331:
330:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
301:
295:
294:
287:
278:
275:
274:
269:
257:
256:
251:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
182:
179:
178:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:from Caliphate
143:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6825:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6520:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Globalization
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6169:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6029:
6021:
6019:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Art (ancient)
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Blasphemy law
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5676:Sign Language
5674:
5672:
5671:Saʽidi Arabic
5669:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5308:National Bank
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4634:Ottoman Egypt
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4394:
4390:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3840:Syrian Desert
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Golan Heights
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3658:Ottoman Syria
3656:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3635:Ayyubid Syria
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Fatimid Syria
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Aram-Damascus
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3446:Ancient Syria
3443:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3416:Halaf culture
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:2-7247-0327-8
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:Lev, Yaacov,
2776:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2547:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2500:
2487:
2485:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2379:
2355:
2354:
2337:
2335:
2299:
2297:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2231:
2220:
2210:
2206:
2203:904 – 905 CE
2194:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2166:896 – 904 CE
2157:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2108:
2098:
2097:Abu 'l-Ashir
2088:
2084:
2081:884 – 896 CE
2072:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2043:868 – 884 CE
2038:أحمد بن طولون
2034:
2033:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1989:Titular Name
1987:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1956:tax-contracts
1953:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:domino effect
1835:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1599:forces under
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:Abu 'l-Asakir
1577:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1520:Jordan valley
1517:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:, as well as
1364:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1267:Ottoman State
1263:
1258:
1257:
1256:Bahri dynasty
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1106:Seljuk Empire
1102:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1003:
998:
992:
991:
986:
980:
979:
974:
968:
967:
962:
956:
955:
950:
944:
943:
938:
932:
931:
926:
920:
919:
914:
911:
910:
909:Sabiri People
905:
897:
894:
889:
886:
885:
884:
882:
878:
868:
865:
860:
857:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
845:
840:
839:
835:
834:
833:
832:
826:
825:
820:
815:
814:
810:
809:
808:
807:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
764:
761:
759:
755:
751:
750:
747:
745:
741:
737:
736:
733:
731:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
711:
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
529:
524:
523:
514:
512:
509:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
386:
383:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
350:
345:
344:
337:
333:
332:
326:
322:
302:
300:
297:
296:
288:
286:
283:
282:
279:
273:
270:
263:
262:
259:
258:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
242:
239:
236:
232:
228:
224:
214:
200:
196:
192:
189:
186:
177:
174:
160:
158:
148:
144:
141:
137:
136:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
6615:King Hussein
6506:Christianity
6457:universities
6447:Demographics
6376:Central Bank
6289:Human rights
6269:Constitution
6218:Jordan River
6209:
6204:Governorates
5854:Coat of arms
5824:Architecture
5713:Christianity
5693:Prostitution
5639:Human rights
5598:Abaza family
5586:Universities
5551:Demographics
5504:Billionaires
5148:Constitution
5143:Conscription
5126:Governorates
5007:Halfaya Pass
4877:1954–present
4837:Constitution
4792:2010s Crisis
4704:World War II
4666:Urabi revolt
4587:
4583:Islamization
4517:31st Dynasty
4512:27th Dynasty
4327:Coat of arms
4249:Demographics
4149:Central Bank
4030: /
3991:High council
3974:Human rights
3901:Constitution
3779:Governorates
3677:Arab kingdom
3669:Modern Syria
3641:Mamluk Syria
3569:
3278:(1560s–1690)
3155:
3081:
3067:
3060:
3056:
3038:
3027:
3011:
2995:
2983:
2976:
2956:
2952:
2935:
2914:
2908:
2866:
2859:
2850:
2826:
2819:
2788:
2780:
2775:
2762:
2755:
2754:"Ṭūlūnids,"
2710:
2684:
2669:
2659:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2592:Qatr al-Nada
2573:
2557:
2461:
2445:
2351:
2224:ابو عبد الله
2219:Abu Abdullah
2218:
2208:
2181:
2171:
2144:
2134:
2106:
2096:
2086:
2059:Abu 'l-Jaysh
2058:
2048:
2030:
2019:
2008:
2000:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1951:sine qua non
1949:
1947:
1943:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1882:al-Madhara'i
1867:
1834:Ibn Kundād̲j
1813:
1800:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1771:troops from
1752:
1717:Islamization
1710:
1699:
1669:Ḳaṭr al-Nadā
1662:
1659:
1632:
1578:
1575:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1535:
1534:Embroidered
1513:
1509:
1494:
1469:
1459:
1435:Muslim world
1428:
1395:
1351:
1341:, since the
1314:
1312:
1265:
1254:
1240:
1230:Golden Horde
1228:
1216:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1118:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1045:
1038:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
952:
942:Kangar Union
940:
928:
916:
907:
874:
847:
836:
822:
811:
797:
254:Succeeded by
253:
248:
29:
6625:Queen Rania
6371:Agriculture
6294:LGBT rights
6105:Arab Revolt
6018:WikiProject
5779:Scientology
5649:LGBT rights
5571:Law schools
5355:Lighthouses
5298:Agriculture
5027:Mount Sinai
4987:Earthquakes
4787:Mubarak era
4758:Six-Day War
4748:Suez Crisis
4743:Land reform
4490:Prehistoric
4144:Agriculture
4101:air defense
4061:Nationalism
3721:(1950–1963)
3660:(1516–1918)
3643:(1260–1516)
3637:(1174–1260)
3534:Roman Syria
3426:Abu Hureyra
3421:Uruk period
3314:(1921–1958)
3308:(1805–1952)
3302:(1726–1834)
3296:(1704–1831)
3290:(1697–1842)
3284:(1649–1850)
3260:(1382–1517)
3254:(1376–1843)
3248:(1250–1382)
3242:(1234–1262)
3236:(1171–1341)
3230:(1127–1250)
3224:(1104–1154)
3212:(1024–1080)
2447:Khumarawayh
2258:Family Tree
2187:ابو المناقب
2112:ابو العساكر
2102:ابو العشیر
2012:al-Mu'tamid
1934:al-Muwaffak
1788:al-mukhtāra
1781:Afghanistan
1706:bride price
1676:al-Mu'tadid
1625:Minaret of
1550:Khumārawayh
1542:al-Mu'tamid
1526:Khumārawayh
1505:al-Mu'tasim
1431:regionalism
1329:dynasty of
881:Turk Shahis
828:71 BC–?? AD
546:Azerbaijani
367:Oghuz Turks
249:Preceded by
140:Governorate
122:Sunni Islam
6722:Categories
6610:King Talal
6566:newspapers
6316:Parliament
6274:Corruption
6095:Hashemites
6090:Nabataeans
5930:Newspapers
5920:Mass media
5772:Synagogues
5740:Irreligion
5688:Literature
5683:Liberalism
5622:Healthcare
5524:Corruption
5207:Parliament
5138:Corruption
5133:Civil Code
5076:Suez Canal
5034:Nile Delta
4919:Alexandria
4889:Population
4884:Parliament
4852:Healthcare
4733:Nasser era
4507:Achaemenid
4482:Chronology
4362:television
4244:Censorship
4171:(currency)
4003:Parliament
3962:Iskandaron
3906:Corruption
3469:Canaanites
3206:(990–1096)
3200:(990–1085)
3194:(990–1081)
3176:(909–1171)
3164:(890–1004)
3152:(750–1258)
3031:(12 vols.)
3015:(12 vols.)
2999:(12 vols.)
2992:"Ṭūlūnids"
2945:References
2886:1343008841
2652:Anjum 2007
2567: 896
2249:al-Muktafi
1796:Nile delta
1611:See also:
1389:and black
1325:), were a
1323:الطولونيون
954:Turk Shahi
636:Karakalpak
133:Government
128:Christians
109:(Public),
107:Old Nubian
6474:hospitals
6452:Education
6411:Transport
6396:Oil shale
6279:Elections
6172:Geography
5925:Magazines
5915:Egyptians
5750:Ahmadiyya
5661:Languages
5627:Hospitals
5561:Education
5428:Transport
5387:Aswan Dam
5315:Companies
5256:Terrorism
5222:President
5185:Massacres
5175:Judiciary
5153:Elections
5022:Mountains
4951:Geography
4929:Port Said
4872:1939–1954
4867:1928–1938
4822:Anarchism
4765:Sadat era
4709:Sultanate
4656:Khedivate
4556:Christian
4524:Ptolemaic
4304:Squatting
4279:refugees
4254:Education
4213:Transport
4154:Companies
4096:Air force
4073:Terrorism
3986:Judiciary
3947:Elections
3911:President
3815:Euphrates
3805:Al-Jazira
3789:Volcanoes
3774:Districts
3748:Geography
3725:Civil war
3715:(1946–50)
3707:(1930–46)
3701:(1925–30)
3695:(1922–25)
3240:Lu'lu'ids
3210:Mirdasids
3198:Marwanids
3192:Numayrids
3186:Jarrahids
3182:(935–969)
3180:Ikhsidids
3168:Hadhabani
3162:Hamdanids
3158:(868–905)
3146:(661–750)
3140:(632–661)
3138:Rashiduns
2894:cite book
2832:Royal mix
1857:al-Qata'i
1773:Turkestan
1635:al-Qatā'i
1613:al-Qata'i
1475:Aghlabids
1451:Shia Alid
1403:al-Qata'i
1379:caliphate
1271:1299–1922
1246:1250–1517
1234:1242–1502
1222:1224–1266
1183:1206–1526
1171:1136–1225
1147:1077–1231
1135:1067–1239
1110:1037–1194
930:Xueyantuo
772:Grey wolf
754:Ergenekon
730:Shamanism
502:Krymchaks
412:Kutrigurs
118:Religion
81:Al-Qata'i
6728:Tulunids
6702:Category
6561:Ro'ya TV
6496:Religion
6462:Ministry
6321:Military
6247:Politics
6233:Wildlife
6194:Dead Sea
6074:articles
5998:Category
5962:Olympics
5898:Football
5730:Hinduism
5698:Religion
5605:Feminism
5593:Families
5556:Diaspora
5519:Censuses
5509:Cannabis
5494:Abortion
5438:Airports
5433:Airlines
5409:Internet
5212:Passport
5190:Military
5163:Missions
5110:Politics
5091:Wildlife
4815:By topic
4728:Republic
4563:Sassanid
4414:Category
4374:Religion
4299:Scouting
4274:diaspora
4159:Industry
4083:Military
4028:national
4008:Speakers
3889:Politics
3798:Features
3464:Arameans
3454:Amorites
3385:Timeline
3365:articles
3306:Alawiyya
3252:Bahdinan
3234:Ayyubids
3216:Artuqids
3204:Uqaylids
3174:Fatimids
3156:Tulunids
3150:Abbasids
3144:Umayyads
2965:20839068
2835:Archived
2667:(2004).
2150:ابو موسی
2145:Abu Musa
2001:De facto
1921:de facto
1884:family.
1874:textiles
1792:bedouins
1764:Persians
1756:Sudanese
1735:Military
1647:Samarran
1597:frontier
1554:de facto
1479:Tahirids
1477:and the
1470:de facto
1356:officer
1315:Tulunids
1098:963–1186
1086:860–1091
1074:856–1335
1062:848–1036
1030:840–1212
1006:750–1055
982:743–1035
922:618–1048
849:Göktürks
824:Dingling
726:Tengrism
699:Krymchak
439:Kipchaks
376:Saragurs
234:Currency
126:Orthodox
95:Egyptian
6686:Outline
6541:Cuisine
6523:Culture
6430:Society
6406:Tourism
6359:Economy
6264:Cabinet
6228:Red Sea
6184:Borders
6082:History
6028:Commons
5947:Museums
5891:regions
5859:Cuisine
5844:Castles
5816:Culture
5786:Smoking
5767:Judaism
5755:Mosques
5634:Housing
5581:Schools
5487:General
5476:Society
5416:Tourism
5345:Fishing
5303:Banking
5287:Economy
5012:Islands
5002:Geology
4997:Fossils
4982:Deserts
4977:Climate
4967:Borders
4913:By city
4899:Saladin
4847:Genetic
4827:Capital
4714:Kingdom
4629:Ottoman
4495:Ancient
4470:History
4398:Outline
4379:Smoking
4332:Cuisine
4314:Culture
4232:Society
4132:Economy
3849:Related
3835:Orontes
3764:Borders
3373:History
3300:Jalilis
3294:Mamluks
3288:Shihabs
3264:Harfush
3228:Zengids
3126:Mashriq
2463:Shayban
2238:905 CE
2129:896 CE
2064:ابو جیش
1913:thughūr
1864:Economy
1846:Cilicia
1820:Thughur
1655:Samarra
1651:Baghdad
1607:Culture
1501:Samarra
1497:Baghdad
1455:Baghdad
1433:in the
1413:History
1018:756–940
994:744–840
970:699–766
958:665-850
946:659–750
934:628–646
899:682–744
891:581–650
870:581–657
862:552–581
627:Qasgqai
618:Chuvash
609:Bashkir
582:Turkmen
537:Turkish
493:Dolgans
457:Uyghurs
421:Karluks
394:Bulgars
385:Utigurs
358:Onogurs
198:History
147:Emirate
142:Emirate
77:Capital
52:868–905
18:Tulunid
6707:Portal
6597:People
6536:Cinema
6469:Health
6386:Energy
6210:Nahias
6189:Cities
6072:
6070:Jordan
6008:Portal
5849:Cinema
5703:Baháʼí
5617:Health
5365:Mining
5335:Energy
5059:Rivers
4972:Cities
4894:Postal
4675:Modern
4620:Mamluk
4578:Fustat
4568:Muslim
4500:topics
4458:topics
4322:Anthem
4269:People
4264:Hunger
4259:Health
4169:Pound
3871:Levant
3830:Hermon
3825:Hauran
3784:Rivers
3769:Cities
3679:(1920)
3499:Ugarit
3484:Yamhad
3363:
3276:Ridwan
3222:Burids
3128:region
3074:
3049:
2963:
2884:
2874:
2677:
2635:
2009:Caliph
1972:polity
1907:kharaj
1850:Harran
1842:Jazira
1769:Turkic
1713:hadith
1680:dinars
1673:caliph
1639:Fustat
1572:Demise
1561:Tarsus
1516:Caliph
1447:Coptic
1437:. The
1399:Fustat
1387:Turkic
1371:Cyprus
1354:Turkic
1331:Turkic
1327:Mamluk
1319:Arabic
690:Karaim
681:Gagauz
600:Kyrgyz
573:Uyghur
564:Kazakh
484:Yakuts
475:Kumyks
466:Tatars
201:
161:
113:(Army)
111:Turkic
103:Syriac
91:Arabic
69:Status
6693:Index
6639:Lists
6583:Sport
6573:Music
6551:Media
6501:Islam
6306:Kings
5952:Music
5935:Radio
5876:Films
5806:Women
5760:Niqāb
5745:Islam
5529:Crime
5370:Mines
5086:Wadis
5044:Oases
5017:Lakes
4962:Biota
4924:Cairo
4842:Copts
4651:Nahda
4541:Roman
4456:Egypt
4405:Index
4369:Music
4357:State
4352:Media
4342:Films
4287:women
3564:(636)
3489:Qatna
3431:Aswad
3361:Syria
3282:Baban
3270:Soran
3258:Burji
3246:Bahri
2961:JSTOR
2612:Notes
2575:Harun
2559:Jaysh
2353:Ahmad
2286:Tulun
1995:Rule
1878:linen
1815:jihad
1760:Greek
1729:Mihna
1704:, or
1696:dowry
1585:Harun
1537:tiraz
1466:Mecca
1391:slave
1383:emirs
1375:Crete
1367:Hejaz
1339:Syria
1335:Egypt
1070:Qocho
768:Sheka
758:Asena
744:Ülgen
740:Kayra
672:Tuvan
654:Kumyk
645:Sakha
591:Tatar
555:Uzbek
430:Kimek
403:Sabir
238:Dinar
99:Greek
6556:JRTV
6545:wine
6343:list
6145:1973
6140:1968
6135:1967
6130:1948
5886:list
5881:Flag
5869:Wine
5864:Beer
5544:Rape
5239:list
5227:list
5064:Nile
4857:Jews
4347:Flag
4336:wine
4108:Navy
4091:Army
3979:LGBT
3938:list
3916:list
3494:Mari
3479:Ebla
3072:ISBN
3047:ISBN
2900:link
2882:OCLC
2872:ISBN
2675:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2214:أمیر
2209:Amir
2177:أمیر
2172:Amir
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2092:أمیر
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2025:أمیر
2020:Amir
1925:Zanj
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