640:
other particles which make their way through the air filter which must also be changed as it accumulates dirt. To help clean the unit, some patients have used a very small amount of hydrogen peroxide mixed with the water in the container. They would then let it stand for a few minutes before emptying and rinsing. If this procedure is used, it is imperative to rinse the unit with soap and water before reinstalling onto the machine and breathing. Anti-bacterial soap is not recommended by sellers. To reduce the risk of contamination, distilled water is a good alternative to tap water. If traveling in areas where the mineral content or purity of the water is unknown or suspect, an alternative is to use a water from a "purifier" such as Brita. In cold climates, humidified air may require insulated and/or heated air hoses. These may be bought ready-made, or built from commonly available materials.
768:, psychiatry, neurology, paediatrics, family practice or otolaryngology (ear, nose and throat), will interpret the results from the initial sleep study and recommend a pressure test. This may be done in one night (a split study with the diagnostic testing done in the first part of the night, and CPAP testing done in the later part of the night) or with a follow-up second sleep study during which the CPAP titration may be done over the entire night. With CPAP titration (split night or entire night), the patient wears the CPAP mask and pressure is adjusted up and down from the prescribed setting to find the optimal setting. Studies have shown that split-night protocol is an effective protocol for diagnosing OSA and titrating CPAP. CPAP compliance rate showed no difference between the split-night and the two-night protocols.
240:) may also feel unpleasant to some patients. These factors lead to inability to continue treatment due to patient intolerance in about 20% of cases where it is initiated. Some machines have pressure relief technologies that makes sleep therapy more comfortable by reducing pressure at the beginning of exhalation and returning to therapeutic pressure just before inhalation. The level of pressure relief is varied based on the patient's expiratory flow, making breathing out against the pressure less difficult. Those who have an
776:, PAP machines are often available at large discounts online, but a patient purchasing a PAP personally must handle the responsibility of securing reimbursement from his or her insurance or Medicare. Many of the internet providers that deal with insurance such as Medicare will provide upgraded equipment to a patient even if he or she only qualifies for a basic PAP. In some locations a government program, separate from Medicare, can be used to claim a reimbursement for all or part of the cost of the PAP device.
296:
393:. It is important to understand, however, that it is the air pressure, and not the movement of the air, that prevents the apneas. When the machine is turned on, but prior to the mask being placed on the head, a flow of air comes through the mask. After the mask is placed on the head, it is sealed to the face and the air stops flowing. At this point, it is only the air pressure that accomplishes the desired result. This has the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating the extremely loud
794:, PAP machines can be bought from the Internet or physical stores. There is no general requirement for a doctor's prescription, but many suppliers will require a referral. Low-income earners who hold a Commonwealth Health Care Card should enquire with their state's health department about programmes that provide free or low-cost PAP machines. Those who have private health insurance may be eligible for a partial rebate on the cost of a CPAP machine and the mask.
636:
unit. Most units employ some type of filtration, and the filters must be cleaned or replaced on a regular schedule. Sometimes HEPA filters may be purchased or modified for asthma or other allergy clients. Hoses and masks accumulate exfoliated skin, particulate matter, and can even develop mold. Humidification units must be kept free of mold and algae. Because units use substantial electrical power, housings must be cleaned without immersion.
706:
2278:
143:
151:
2302:
472:, or tunes, the amount of pressure delivered to the patient to the minimum required to maintain an unobstructed airway on a breath-by-breath basis by measuring the resistance in the patient's breathing based on levels of airway blockage such as snore and apnea, thereby giving the patient the precise pressure required at a given moment and avoiding the compromise of fixed pressure.
236:
with thin, soft, flexible "curtains" ensuring less skin abrasion, and the possibility of coughing and yawning. Some people may find wearing a CPAP mask uncomfortable or constricting: eyeglass wearers and bearded men may prefer the nasal-pillow type of mask. Breathing out against the positive pressure resistance (the expiratory positive airway pressure component, or
135:
2290:
813:'s Assistive Devices Program will fund a portion of the cost of a CPAP unit based on a sleep study in an approved sleep lab showing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the signature of an approved physician on the application form. This funding is available to all residents of Ontario with a valid health card.
487:(variable/bilevel positive airway pressure) provides two levels of pressure: inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and a lower expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) for easier exhalation. (Some people use the term BPAP to parallel the terms APAP and CPAP.) Often BPAP is incorrectly referred to as
763:
In many countries, PAP machines are only available by prescription. A sleep study at an accredited sleep lab is usually necessary before treatment can start. This is because the pressure settings on the PAP machine must be tailored to a patient's treatment needs. A sleep medicine doctor, who may also
585:
Passive: Air is blown through an unheated water chamber and is dependent on ambient air temperature. It is not as effective as the heated humidifier described above, but still can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. In general, a passive humidifier is a separate
541:
Contemporary EPAP devices have two small valves that allow air to be drawn in through each nostril, but not exhaled; the valves are held in place by adhesive tabs on the outside of the nose. The mechanism by which EPAP may work is not clear; it may be that the resistance to nasal exhalation leads to
676:
frontal chest muscles to bring back the shoulders and expand the chest and noted an increase in blood oxygen levels of over 6% during the manual therapy and 5% thereafter. The conclusion by Palmer was that the manual stretching of the pectoralis major combined at the time of the maximum inflation of
631:
As with all durable medical equipment, proper maintenance is essential for proper functioning, long unit life and patient comfort. The care and maintenance required for PAP machines varies with the type and conditions of use, and are typically spelled out in a detailed instruction manual specific to
581:
Heated: Heated water chamber that can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. The temperature can usually be adjusted or turned off to act as a passive humidifier if desired. In general, a heated humidifier is either integrated into the unit or has a separate power
384:
occurs when the upper airway becomes narrow as the muscles relax naturally during sleep. This reduces oxygen in the blood and causes arousal from sleep. The CPAP machine stops this phenomenon by delivering a stream of compressed air via a hose to a nasal pillow, nose mask, full-face mask, or hybrid,
339:
at the beginning of therapy dramatically increases adherence—by up to 148%. While common PAP side effects are merely nuisances, serious side effects such as eustachian tube infection, or pressure build-up behind the cochlea are very uncommon. Furthermore, research has shown that PAP side effects are
290:
Entire regions of the lung that would otherwise be collapsed are forced and held open. This process is called recruitment. Usually these collapsed regions of lung will have some blood flow (although reduced). Because these areas of lung are not being ventilated, the blood passing through these areas
235:
The mask required to deliver CPAP must have an effective seal, and be held on very securely. The "nasal pillow" mask maintains its seal by being inserted slightly into the nostrils and being held in place by various straps around the head. Some full-face masks "float" on the face like a hover-craft,
655:
Since continuous compliance is an important factor in the success of treatment, it is of importance that patients who travel have access to portable equipment. Progressively, PAP units are becoming lighter and more compact, and often come with carrying cases. Dual-voltage power supplies permit many
635:
Most manufacturers recommend that the end user perform daily and weekly maintenance. Units must be checked regularly for wear and tear and kept clean. Poorly connected, worn or frayed electrical connections may present a shock or fire hazard; worn hoses and masks may reduce the effectiveness of the
343:
PAP manufacturers frequently offer different models at different price ranges, and PAP masks have many different sizes and shapes, so that some users need to try several masks before finding a good fit. These different machines may not be comfortable for all users, so proper selection of PAP models
639:
For humidification units, cleaning of the water container is imperative for several reasons. First, the container may build up minerals from the local water supply which eventually may become part of the air breathed. Second, the container may eventually show signs of "sludge" coming from dust and
609:
Flexible chin straps may be used to help the patient not breathe through the mouth (full-face masks avoid this problem), thereby keeping a closed pressure system. The straps are elastic enough that the patient can easily open his mouth if he feels that he needs to. Modern straps use a quick-clip
444:
CPAP treatment can be highly effective in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. For some patients, the improvement in the quality of sleep and quality of life due to CPAP treatment will be noticed after a single night's use. Often, the patient's sleep partner also benefits from markedly improved
347:
Beards, mustaches, or facial irregularities may prevent an air-tight seal. Where the mask contacts the skin must be free from dirt and excess chemicals such as skin oils. Shaving before mask-fitting may be necessary in some cases. However, facial irregularities of this nature frequently do not
517:(Spontaneous/Timed) – Like spontaneous mode, the device triggers to IPAP on patient inspiratory effort. But in spontaneous/timed mode a "backup" rate is also set to ensure that patients still receive a minimum number of breaths per minute if they fail to breathe spontaneously.
668:
power supply used on most commercial aircraft and include manual or automatic altitude adjustment. Machines may easily fit on a ventilator tray on the bottom or back of a power wheelchair with an external battery. Some machines allow power-inverter or car-battery powering.
125:
The main difference between BPAP and CPAP machines is that BPAP machines have two pressure settings: the prescribed pressure for inhalation (ipap), and a lower pressure for exhalation (epap). The dual settings allow the patient to get more air in and out of their lungs.
330:
Prospective PAP candidates are often reluctant to use this therapy, since the nose mask and hose to the machine look uncomfortable and clumsy. Airflow required for some patients can be vigorous. Some patients will develop nasal congestion while others may experience
663:
Long-distance travel or camping presents special considerations. Most airport security inspectors have seen the portable machines, so screening rarely presents a special problem. Increasingly, machines are capable of being powered by the
400:
The CPAP machine blows air at a prescribed pressure (also called the titrated pressure). The necessary pressure is usually determined by a sleep physician after review of a study supervised by a sleep technician during an overnight study
159:
647:(ozone) cleaners are becoming more popular as a preferred maintenance method. However, the biological effects of using ozone as a PAP cleaning method has not scientifically been proven to provide a benefit to PAP users.
594:
Ramp may be used to temporarily lower the pressure if the user does not immediately sleep. The pressure gradually rises to the prescribed level over a period of time that can be adjusted by the patient and/or the DME
379:
A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine was initially used mainly by patients for the treatment of sleep apnea at home, but now is in widespread use across intensive care units as a form of ventilation.
889:
Cosentini R, Brambilla AM, Aliberti S, et al. (July 2010). "Helmet continuous positive airway pressure vs oxygen therapy to improve oxygenation in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized, controlled trial".
40:
505:(Spontaneous) – In spontaneous mode the device triggers IPAP when flow sensors detect spontaneous inspiratory effort and then cycles back to EPAP. The sensors' level of responsiveness may be adjusted if needed.
348:
hinder the operation of the device or its positive airflow effects for sleep apnea patients. For many people, the only problem from an incomplete seal is a higher noise level near the face from escaping air.
282:
are prevented from collapsing at the end of expiration. If these small airways and alveoli are allowed to collapse, significant pressures are required to re-expand them. This can be explained using the
114:", which was developed by Dr. George Gregory and colleagues in the neonatal intensive care unit at the University of California, San Francisco. A variation of the PAP system was developed by Professor
340:
rarely the reason patients stop using PAP. There are reports of dizziness, sinus infections, bronchitis, dry eyes, dry mucosal tissue irritation, ear pain, and nasal congestion secondary to CPAP use.
613:
Data logging records basic compliance info or detailed event logging, allowing the sleep physician (or patient) to download and analyse data recorded by the machine to verify treatment effectiveness.
1017:
1278:
Tsuda H, Almeida FR, Tsuda T, Moritsuchi Y, Lowe AA (Oct 2010). "Craniofacial changes after 2 years of nasal continuous positive airway pressure use in patients with obstructive sleep apnea".
798:
may be released for the purchase of essential medical equipment such as PAP machines, on the provision of letters from two doctors, one of whom must be a specialist, and an application to the
598:
Exhalation pressure relief: Gives a short drop in pressure during exhalation to reduce the effort required. This feature is known by the trade name C-Flex or A-Flex in some CPAPs made by
335:
or a runny nose. Some patients adjust to the treatment within a few weeks, others struggle for longer periods, and some discontinue treatment entirely. However, studies show that
138:
A typical CPAP machine houses the air pump in a case lined with sound-absorbing material for quieter operation. A hose carries the pressurized air to a face mask or nasal pillow.
1235:
Ayow TM, Paquet F, Dallaire J, Purden M, Champagne KA (2009). "Factors influencing the use and nonuse of continuous positive airway pressure therapy: a comparative case study".
291:
is not able to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is called ventilation–perfusion (or V/Q) mismatch. The recruitment reduces ventilation–perfusion mismatch.
831:
Gregory GA; Kitterman JA; Phibbs RH; Tooley WH; Hamilton WK (1971). "Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory-distress syndrome with continuous positive airway pressure".
405:) in a sleep laboratory. The titrated pressure is the pressure of air at which most (if not all) apneas and hypopneas have been prevented, and it is usually measured in
351:
The CPAP mask can act as an orthodontic headgear and move the teeth and the upper and/or lower jaw backward. This effect can increase over time and may or may not cause
716:
1400:
189:. Usually PAP ventilation will be reserved for the subset of patients for whom oxygen delivered via a face mask is deemed insufficient or deleterious to health (see
688:
and is subject to restrictions. (Commercial airlines generally forbid passengers to bring their own oxygen.) As of
November 2006, most airlines permit the use of
1637:
448:
Given that sleep apnea is a chronic health issue which commonly doesn't go away, ongoing care is usually needed to maintain CPAP therapy. Based on the study of
1119:
2306:
271:
During inspiration, the inspiratory positive airway pressure, or IPAP, forces air into the lungs—thus less work is required from the respiratory muscles.
1414:
C. Hormann; M. Baum; C. Putensen; N. J. Mutz; H. Benzer (January 1994). "Biphasic positive airway pressure (BIPAP)--a new mode of ventilatory support".
1313:
1025:
1077:
Collen J, Lettieri C, Kelly W, Roop S (2009). "Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of short-term continuous positive airway pressure compliance".
385:
splinting the airway (keeping it open under air pressure) so that unobstructed breathing becomes possible, therefore reducing and/or preventing
2333:
809:, CPAP units are widely available in all provinces. Funding for the therapy varies from province to province. In the province of Ontario, the
2338:
976:
810:
456:
is the best way to help patients continue therapy by educating them on the health risks of sleep apnea and providing motivation and support.
171:
1112:
1594:
511:(Timed) – In timed mode the IPAP/EPAP cycling is purely machine-triggered, at a set rate, typically expressed in breaths per minute (BPM).
2150:
1873:
1416:
833:
369:
111:
1448:
Wu, H; Yuan, X; Zhan, X; Li, L; Wei, Y (September 2015). "A review of EPAP nasal device therapy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome".
568:
Interface (nasal or full face mask, nasal pillows, or less commonly a lip-seal mouthpiece) provides the connection to the user's airway
1747:
1682:
2040:
1752:
1659:
1630:
750:
248:
are less likely to tolerate PAP treatment. Sometimes medication will be given to assist with the anxiety caused by PAP ventilation.
232:
may be compromised, or consciousness is impaired. CPAP is also used to assist premature babies with breathing in the NICU setting.
2328:
2200:
2185:
1774:
352:
2343:
677:
CPAP allowed the permanent increase in blood oxygen levels and reinflation of collapsed alveoli. Further studies are required.
83:
2348:
2009:
1936:
1829:
1759:
591:
Mask liners: Cloth-based mask liners may be used to prevent excess air leakage and to reduce skin irritation and dermatitis.
2294:
1048:"Improving CPAP compliance by a basic educational program with nurse support for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients"
920:"Helmet CPAP Versus Oxygen Therapy in Hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
1824:
728:
2282:
1670:
1623:
672:
A limited study in
Amsterdam in January 2016 using an induced sleep patient and when awake whilst on CPAP stretched the
449:
336:
303:
179:
119:
306:). The chest and lungs are therefore more expanded. From this more expanded resting position, less work is required to
267:, and to decrease the work of breathing (the energy expended moving air into and out of the alveoli). This is because:
2195:
2180:
1852:
1817:
1812:
1721:
868:
732:
284:
327:. Studies showed that some users either abandon the use of CPAP, and/or use CPAP for only a fraction of the nights.
2165:
2091:
213:
115:
1544:"The success rate of split-night polysomnography and its impact on continuous positive airway pressure compliance"
2227:
1922:
1221:
1213:
787:
prescription after a diagnosis of sleep apnea or privately from the internet provided a prescription is supplied.
1905:
167:
1376:
102:
in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for
2242:
2210:
2155:
2062:
1978:
1742:
1675:
1493:"Nasal Expiratory Positive Airway Pressure Devices (Provent) for OSA: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
784:
535:
453:
381:
1794:
1173:"Increased adherence to CPAP with a group cognitive behavioral treatment intervention: a randomized trial"
1113:"Effectiveness of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) in obstructive sleep apnoea in adults"
550:
107:
2072:
2050:
2035:
1141:
295:
2160:
2055:
1338:
992:
406:
324:
311:
202:
2247:
2190:
1958:
1941:
1917:
1863:
1646:
689:
198:
186:
103:
91:
610:
instant fit. Velcro-type adjustments allow quick sizing, before or after the machine is turned on.
553:, or that resistance to exhalation generates pressure that forces the upper airway to open wider.
2205:
2045:
2020:
1781:
1473:
1260:
1123:
279:
217:
206:
17:
1598:
302:
The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a breath is greater (this is called the
2259:
2254:
2237:
2030:
1951:
1735:
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1465:
1425:
1394:
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1983:
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899:
842:
673:
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241:
355:
disorders in some patients. These facial changes have been dubbed "Smashed Face
Syndrome".
1154:
665:
417:). The pressure required by most patients with sleep apnea ranges between 6 and 14 cm
402:
237:
90:. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with
2105:
1912:
1883:
1764:
1570:
1543:
1519:
1492:
1248:
944:
919:
795:
780:
657:
565:
Hose connects the flow generator (sometimes via an in-line humidifier) to the interface
287:(which also explains why the hardest part of blowing up a balloon is the first breath).
264:
245:
2322:
2145:
2115:
2025:
1946:
1046:
Rueda, A.D.; Santos-Silva, R.; Togeiro, S.M.; Tufik, S.; Bittencourt, L.R.A. (2009).
773:
190:
45:
1477:
1264:
142:
27:
Mechanical ventilation in which airway pressure is always above atmospheric pressure
2215:
2067:
1988:
1878:
150:
1360:
684:. When provided in the form of bottled gas, this can present an increased risk of
623:
Such features generally increase the likelihood of PAP tolerance and compliance.
2232:
2175:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1888:
1868:
1314:"Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea"
846:
765:
543:
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99:
87:
1047:
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1895:
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1712:
1461:
935:
529:
307:
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212:
The most common conditions for which PAP ventilation is used in hospital are
2170:
2110:
1900:
1769:
791:
1579:
1528:
1469:
1299:
1256:
1198:
1098:
953:
911:
491:. However, BiPAP is the trademarked name of a BPAP machine manufactured by
1509:
1429:
1291:
1090:
1022:
University of
Maryland Medical Center – In-Depth Patient Education Reports
903:
854:
534:
Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (Nasal EPAP) is a treatment for
259:, PAP is used in hospital to improve the ability of the lungs to exchange
134:
1730:
390:
332:
918:
Luo Y, Luo Y, Li Y, Zhou L, Zhu Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, Chen X (July 2016).
197:). Usually, patients on PAP ventilation will be closely monitored in an
146:
The
Sullivan V Plus, a typical mid-1990s CPAP (the mask is more modern).
65:
495:
Corporation; it is just one of many ventilators that can deliver BPAP.
425:. A typical CPAP machine can deliver pressures between 4 and 20 cm
394:
256:
95:
1615:
445:
sleep quality, due to the amelioration of the patient's loud snoring.
185:
PAP ventilation is often used for patients who have acute type 1 or 2
158:
1171:
Richards D, Bartlett DJ, Wong K, Malouff J, Grunstein RR (May 2007).
806:
681:
603:
433:. More specialised units can deliver pressures up to 25 or 30 cm
260:
252:
229:
225:
386:
294:
157:
149:
141:
133:
110:
use this variety of ventilation as well. CPAP is an acronym for "
996:
685:
616:
Automatic altitude adjustment versus manual altitude adjustment.
221:
2134:
2089:
2007:
1850:
1699:
1657:
1619:
1597:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care. Archived from
39:
699:
656:
units to be used internationally - these units only need a
799:
344:
may be very important in furthering adherence to therapy.
1595:"ADP: Continuous/Autotitrating Positive Pressure Systems"
724:
106:, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with
299:
Common non-Continuous positive airway pressure device.
166:
The main indications for positive airway pressure are
1542:
BaHammam AS, ALAnbay E, Alrajhi N, Olaish AH (2015).
1339:"Different Types of Positive Airway Pressure Devices"
680:
Some patients on PAP therapy also use supplementary
1805:
1719:
174:. There is some evidence of benefit for those with
52:
32:
1377:"What is APAP Therapy? A Comprehensive Breakdown"
562:Flow generator (PAP machine) provides the airflow
1166:
1164:
468:device (APAP, AutoPAP, AutoCPAP) automatically
1631:
713:The examples and perspective in this article
578:Humidifier adds moisture to low humidity air
8:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1399:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1120:National Health and Medical Research Council
1450:Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung
524:Expiratory positive airway pressure devices
98:), and for the prevention and treatment of
2301:
2131:
2086:
2004:
1847:
1707:
1696:
1654:
1638:
1624:
1616:
800:Australian Prudential Regulation Authority
38:
1569:
1559:
1518:
1508:
1188:
943:
751:Learn how and when to remove this message
1122:of Australia. 2000-02-20. Archived from
436:
428:
420:
412:
397:that sometimes accompanies sleep apnea.
823:
619:DC power source versus AC power source.
1392:
1150:
1139:
586:unit and does not have a power source.
251:Unlike PAP used at home to splint the
29:
1024:. A.D.A.M. 2006-07-19. Archived from
811:Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
172:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
2289:
228:. It is not used in cases where the
162:CPAP therapy breaks the cycle of OSA
44:CPAP therapy: flow generator, hose,
2151:Breathing performance of regulators
1874:Continuous positive airway pressure
1417:European Journal of Anaesthesiology
1212:Atwood, Charles W. (28 July 2022).
993:"C-Flex Pressure Relief Technology"
834:The New England Journal of Medicine
370:Continuous positive airway pressure
112:continuous positive airway pressure
61:
1748:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1683:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1249:10.1002/j.2048-7940.2009.tb00255.x
466:automatic positive airway pressure
460:Automatic positive airway pressure
25:
2041:Surface-supplied diving equipment
1753:Self-contained self-rescue device
1660:High altitude breathing apparatus
2300:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2201:Respiratory protective equipment
2186:Open circuit breathing apparatus
1775:Powered air-purifying respirator
1701:Occupational breathing apparatus
783:, PAP machines are available on
704:
310:. This is due to the non-linear
220:, most notably exacerbations of
209:or specialist respiratory unit.
18:Bilevel positive airway pressure
122:in Sydney, Australia, in 1981.
2010:Underwater breathing apparatus
1937:Respiratory gas humidification
154:A typical full face CPAP mask.
1:
2334:Respiratory system procedures
1491:Riaz, M; et al. (2015).
969:The Emergency Medicine Manual
2339:Treatment of sleep disorders
1671:Aviation breathing apparatus
452:(referenced above), ongoing
450:cognitive behavioral therapy
337:cognitive behavioral therapy
304:functional residual capacity
180:community acquired pneumonia
120:Royal Prince Alfred Hospital
2196:Positive pressure breathing
2181:Negative pressure breathing
1853:Medical breathing apparatus
847:10.1056/NEJM197106172842401
727:, discuss the issue on the
364:Continuous pressure devices
323:A major issue with CPAP is
2365:
2166:Escape breathing apparatus
2092:User respiratory interface
1830:GB2626 (China), and others
1214:"Sleep and CPAP Adherence"
660:for the different outlet.
527:
367:
314:–volume curve of the lung.
218:obstructive airway disease
216:and acute exacerbation of
214:congestive cardiac failure
2272:
2228:Closed circuit rebreather
2141:
2130:
2098:
2085:
2016:
2003:
1923:Built-in breathing system
1859:
1846:
1825:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
1813:42 CFR 84 (United States)
1710:
1706:
1695:
1666:
1653:
1462:10.1007/s11325-014-1057-y
1222:National Sleep Foundation
936:10.3349/ymj.2016.57.4.936
476:Bi-level pressure devices
86:used in the treatment of
62:
37:
1932:Positive airway pressure
1906:Non-invasive ventilation
1561:10.4103/1817-1737.160359
549:which in turn increases
168:congestive heart failure
76:Positive airway pressure
33:Positive airway pressure
2329:Intensive care medicine
2243:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2211:Constant flow regulator
2063:Atmospheric diving suit
1979:Partial rebreather mask
1743:Supplied-air respirator
1676:Emergency oxygen system
1375:RPSGT, Kevin Asp, CRT.
1365:Saturday, 10 April 2021
1341:. SnoringHQ. 2015-02-08
785:National Health Service
536:obstructive sleep apnea
454:chronic care management
382:Obstructive sleep apnea
84:respiratory ventilation
2344:Mechanical ventilation
1795:Elastomeric respirator
1760:Particulate respirator
1190:10.1093/sleep/30.5.635
1149:Cite journal requires
300:
285:Young–Laplace equation
163:
155:
147:
139:
108:neuromuscular diseases
94:, in newborn infants (
2349:Australian inventions
2073:Helium reclaim system
2051:Helicopter escape set
2036:Full-face diving mask
1292:10.1378/chest.10-0678
1091:10.1378/chest.08-2182
971:. Venom. p. 52.
967:Dunn, Robert (2010).
904:10.1378/chest.09-2290
869:"Sleepfoundation.com"
298:
161:
153:
145:
137:
2161:Emergency gas supply
2056:Submarine escape set
766:respiratory medicine
733:create a new article
725:improve this article
715:may not represent a
690:oxygen concentrators
632:the make and model.
627:Care and maintenance
407:centimetres of water
203:high-dependency unit
2248:Semi-closed circuit
2191:Oxygen concentrator
1959:Non-rebreather mask
1942:Supplemental oxygen
1918:Hyperbaric medicine
1864:Anaesthetic machine
1647:Breathing apparatus
1510:10.1155/2015/734798
1361:"Best CPAP Machine"
582:source (i.e. plug).
538:(OSA) and snoring.
375:Fixed-pressure CPAP
359:Mechanism of action
199:intensive care unit
187:respiratory failure
104:tracheal intubation
92:respiratory failure
2206:Pressure regulator
2021:Open-circuit scuba
1782:Chemical cartridge
301:
207:coronary care unit
164:
156:
148:
140:
2316:
2315:
2268:
2267:
2260:Escape respirator
2255:Work of breathing
2238:Oxygen rebreather
2126:
2125:
2081:
2080:
2031:Diving rebreather
1999:
1998:
1952:Reservoir cannula
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1691:
1690:
978:978-0-9578121-6-1
761:
760:
753:
735:, as appropriate.
573:Optional features
551:respiratory drive
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
2356:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2279:
2132:
2087:
2005:
1984:Simple face mask
1848:
1708:
1697:
1655:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
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1583:
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1539:
1533:
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1192:
1168:
1159:
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1152:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:on July 21, 2008
1128:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
995:. Archived from
989:
983:
982:
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958:
957:
947:
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886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
865:
859:
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745:
742:
736:
708:
707:
700:
674:pectoralis major
645:activated oxygen
440:
432:
424:
416:
242:anxiety disorder
66:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2264:
2137:
2122:
2102:Breathing mask
2094:
2077:
2012:
1995:
1855:
1834:
1818:ANSI K13.1-1973
1801:
1715:
1702:
1687:
1662:
1649:
1644:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1497:Sleep Disorders
1490:
1489:
1485:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1381:www.aastweb.org
1374:
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887:
883:
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871:
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862:
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757:
746:
740:
737:
722:
709:
705:
698:
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629:
575:
559:
547:
544:a buildup in CO
532:
526:
478:
462:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
403:polysomnography
377:
372:
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361:
321:
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69:
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2257:
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2240:
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2213:
2203:
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2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
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2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Full facepiece
2099:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1913:Oxygen therapy
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:Bag valve mask
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1833:
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1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
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1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:N95 respirator
1757:
1756:
1755:
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1739:
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1727:
1725:
1717:
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1548:Ann Thorac Med
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1218:Ask The Expert
1204:
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1151:|journal=
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816:
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814:
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796:Superannuation
788:
781:United Kingdom
777:
764:be trained in
759:
758:
719:of the subject
717:worldwide view
712:
710:
703:
697:
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658:travel adapter
652:
649:
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620:
617:
614:
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592:
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587:
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566:
563:
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555:
545:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
512:
506:
477:
474:
461:
458:
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373:
368:Main article:
365:
362:
360:
357:
320:
317:
316:
315:
292:
288:
272:
265:carbon dioxide
246:claustrophobia
192:
131:
128:
116:Colin Sullivan
71:
70:
63:
60:
59:
56:
50:
49:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
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13:
10:
9:
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2324:
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2207:
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2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Breathing gas
2144:
2143:
2140:
2133:
2129:
2117:
2116:orinasal mask
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2074:
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2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Diving helmet
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:Nasal cannula
1945:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
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1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
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1823:
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1816:
1815:
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1791:
1788:
1787:
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1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
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1762:
1761:
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1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1720:Regulated by
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
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1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1601:on 2008-10-08
1600:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1516:
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1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1456:(3): 769–74.
1455:
1451:
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1442:
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1423:
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1418:
1410:
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1223:
1219:
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1200:
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1191:
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1183:(5): 635–40.
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1143:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1100:
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1088:
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1080:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Sleep Science
1049:
1042:
1039:
1028:on 2013-01-23
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:"Sleep apnea"
1013:
1010:
999:on 2012-07-07
998:
994:
988:
985:
980:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
898:(1): 114–20.
897:
893:
885:
882:
870:
864:
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:
827:
824:
817:
812:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
775:
774:United States
771:
770:
769:
767:
755:
752:
744:
741:November 2009
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
711:
702:
701:
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693:
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683:
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531:
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504:
501:
500:
498:
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482:
475:
473:
471:
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455:
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398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
374:
371:
363:
358:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
338:
334:
328:
326:
325:non-adherence
319:Disadvantages
318:
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
289:
286:
281:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
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231:
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215:
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173:
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46:orinasal mask
41:
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19:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2216:Demand valve
2068:Gas extender
1989:Venturi mask
1931:
1879:Resuscitator
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1589:
1554:(4): 274–8.
1551:
1547:
1537:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1453:
1449:
1424:(1): 37–42.
1421:
1415:
1409:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1370:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1317:
1308:
1286:(4): 870–4.
1283:
1279:
1273:
1243:(6): 230–6.
1240:
1237:Rehabil Nurs
1236:
1230:
1217:
1207:
1180:
1176:
1142:cite journal
1131:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1107:
1085:(3): 704–9.
1082:
1078:
1072:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1030:. Retrieved
1026:the original
1021:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
987:
968:
962:
927:
924:Yonsei Med J
923:
895:
891:
884:
874:September 1,
872:. Retrieved
863:
838:
832:
826:
762:
747:
738:
714:
696:Availability
679:
671:
662:
654:
642:
638:
634:
630:
622:
540:
533:
514:
508:
502:
488:
484:
480:
479:
469:
465:
463:
447:
443:
399:
378:
350:
346:
342:
329:
322:
250:
234:
211:
184:
165:
130:Medical uses
124:
79:
75:
74:
2233:Counterlung
2176:Hazmat suit
1974:Oxygen tent
1969:Oxygen mask
1964:Oxygen hood
1889:Pocket mask
1869:Bubble CPAP
1806:Regulations
1786:Facepieces
1058:(1): 8–13.
651:Portability
602:and EPR in
600:Respironics
493:Respironics
276:bronchioles
100:atelectasis
88:sleep apnea
2323:Categories
2223:Rebreather
2156:Dead space
1896:Ventilator
1790:Smoke hood
1724:and others
1713:Respirator
1605:2008-08-12
1503:: 734798.
1386:2021-05-11
1133:2008-08-13
1032:2008-08-13
1003:2011-01-29
818:References
643:Automated
557:Components
530:Nasal EPAP
312:compliance
2171:Facepiece
2111:Half mask
1901:Iron lung
1770:Dust mask
1064:1984-0063
792:Australia
729:talk page
606:machines.
595:provider.
391:hypopneas
195:retention
58:pulmonary
54:Specialty
2307:Glossary
2283:Category
1736:Canister
1731:Gas mask
1580:26664566
1529:26798519
1478:23455608
1470:25245174
1395:cite web
1300:20616213
1265:27530135
1257:19927850
1199:17552379
1099:19017888
954:27189288
912:20154071
723:You may
470:titrates
333:rhinitis
96:neonates
2295:Commons
2136:General
2046:Snorkel
1571:4652294
1520:4699057
1430:8143712
945:4951471
855:4930602
802:(APRA).
779:In the
772:In the
395:snoring
308:inspire
280:alveoli
257:pharynx
176:hypoxia
1578:
1568:
1527:
1517:
1476:
1468:
1428:
1345:26 May
1323:26 May
1298:
1263:
1255:
1197:
1097:
1062:
975:
952:
942:
910:
853:
807:Canada
682:oxygen
666:400-Hz
604:ResMed
499:Modes
387:apneas
261:oxygen
253:tongue
230:airway
226:asthma
1722:NIOSH
1474:S2CID
1318:WebMD
1280:Chest
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