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416:(literally White Citadel). In the 15th century the city was a metropolis with about 20,000 inhabitants - Moldavians, Greeks, Genoese, Armenians, Jews, Tatars. It was the start of the greatest development period in the city's history. The city was based on a fortress, which had already grown significantly. Its main elements had been constructed by 1440. The fortress had 34 towers, some as much as 20 meters tall. Outside, the fortress was surrounded by a deep moat. The fortress was built of white limestone, for which a
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470:. Since Cetatea Albă was the main defensive center in the southeast of the state, located right on the trade route between Europe and Asia, it was given renewed attention under a new ruler. The fortress was constructed and reinforced with new stronger walls and a large gate, which then served as the main entrance to the fortress. In order to guard it, a permanent garrison was placed.
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In 1440 one portion which was neither a wall nor a castle tower was completed. This segment is located outside the castle walls very close to the estuary and has remains preserved today. Inside the wall, 10 stone cores were inlaid in the wall as a kind of talisman. This part of the wall had no
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and the incomprehensible portion was made specifically for the tetractys. Also, a plate was found in one of the towers, inscribed with: "Master
Fedorko finished construction in 1440". Master was a name for the head of the Masonic lodge.
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524:. Moldavians and Poles did not leave the city in peace either. However, Bilhorod remained an impregnable stronghold. Much attention to the fortress was also paid by the vassals of Turkey:
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574:. The following year, Kutuzov became commander of the fortress, but had to leave this position soon after. According to the agreement between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, the river
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In the second half of the 15th century, the
Moldavian principality was marred by a civil war between different factions, and king
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During the long
Turkish domination, the Bilhorod fortress was repeatedly rebuilt and renovated with new fortifications. In 1657
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Another explanation of
Bilhorod's tetractys is much more pragmatic: some claim it is just a variant of a sundial calendar.
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repeatedly tried to capture the city. The hardest siege was in August 1484, when a 300,000-man army of
Ottoman sultan
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significantly strengthened the fortress. In 1707, the Turks invited French military engineers, who constructed a new
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The
Ottoman Empire made Bilhorod one of its strongholds in the north. The city suffered from endless attacks by the
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was signed in 1826 between the
Russian and the Ottoman empires. This treaty expanded Russian influence in the
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It is not known when construction began on the fortress. Most historians today believe that it was a trading
431:: a figure with ten points that form nine equilateral triangles. Possibly this was a magical symbol used in
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practical defensive value. For a long time historians and architects could not identify the purpose of it.
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in 1918, but the
Soviets reclaimed the city and the surrounding territory in 1940 and again in 1944.
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line. After 1756, consolidation and repairs were made to the fortress almost every year.
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lived on the site of Tyras after the Greeks. In the 10th century
Bilhorod was part of
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819:[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. Part One] (in Ukrainian). 2010-10-22. Archived from
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528:. Bilhorod was often a place of refuge during the campaigns, and the Crimean Khan
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tried to recapture
Bilhorod, but failed. Turks would rule there for 328 years.
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In the second half of the 14th century the Genoese lost their influence in the
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779:"Tyras - Bilhorod (Akkerman), on the way from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea"
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was their border. The Ottoman period of Bilhorod ended in 1812, following the
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which existed until the 4th century. Frequent attacks by invaders—first the
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811:[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress] (in Ukrainian). Україна Інкогніта.
831:[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi and Zatoka, 2004 and 2008.] (in Ukrainian).
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even died in the fortress and was buried in the mosque, of which only one
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839:[3D Virtual Tour of the Fortress] (in Ukrainian). Archived from
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375:’ city, but it was ruled by the Genoese. The fortress controlled the
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region and established a framework for the eventual independence of
558:. The Russian invaders could not stay there long, and, according to
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In 2009, the Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress was added to the
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made of eggs, crushed marble, carbon, and silicon was used.
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The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920
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in 1451. In 1457, the throne of Moldavia was captured by
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The City of Tyras: A Historical and Archaeological Essay
758:Міністерство культури та інформаційної політики України
829:"Білгород-Дністровський і Затока, 2004 та 2008 роки"
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
406:After the territory came under the control of the
651:State Register of Immovable Landmarks of Ukraine
462:(son of Bogdan II) with the help of his cousin
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863:
754:"Державний реєстр нерухомих пам'яток України"
427:The cores inside the wall were shaped like a
240:of the 13th–14th centuries. It is located in
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556:the fortress was invaded by the Russian army
348:, where it stayed until the invasion of the
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435:rituals. It is also one of the symbols of
410:, the Moldavians started to call Bilhorod
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454:was murdered in an ambush by his brother
304:The fortress was built on the remains of
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
598:) and Bilhorod under the control of the
258:
817:"Білгород-Дністровський. Частина перша"
662:
637:, after the unification of Romania and
1115:History of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi Raion
785:from the original on 18 September 2021
704:"Masonic Dictionary | Tetractys"
398:gained control over the Lithuanians.
7:
386:region, and safe passage across the
274:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress video
236:) is a historical and architectural
44:adding citations to reliable sources
633:briefly reestablished control over
837:"3D віртуальна подорож по фортеці"
732:. University of Washington Press.
312:city on the northern coast of the
300:Ukraine postal stamp with fortress
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809:"Білгород-Дністровський. Фортеця"
781:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
346:Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
161:
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55:"Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress"
20:
1069:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (Old Podil)
169:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress
121:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress
31:needs additional citations for
580:Russo-Turkish war of 1806-1812
226:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress
1:
340:’. Later it was owned by the
971:Shatsk National Natural Park
951:Granite-steppe lands of Buh
908:Kamianets-Podilskyi Complex
550:The 18th century saw three
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999:Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle
760:(in Ukrainian). 2022-01-14
728:Jelavich, Charles (1986).
588:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
1110:Fortifications in Ukraine
586:and Dniester rivers. The
486:and 50,000 troops of the
204:46.2011000°N 30.3506000°E
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1064:St Volodymyr's Cathedral
560:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
408:Principality of Moldavia
396:Principality of Moldavia
570:hunter corps headed by
460:Stephen III of Moldavia
1079:Saint Sophia Cathedral
923:Saint Sophia Cathedral
681:. Odesa: Polis Press.
671:Karyshkovskij, Petr O.
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209:46.2011000; 30.3506000
1100:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
478:In the 15th century,
324:—destroyed the city.
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284:Start of construction
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242:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
130:Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi
1054:House with Chimaeras
552:Russian-Turkish wars
502:Zaporozhian Cossacks
40:improve this article
1074:Kyiv Pechersk Lavra
1059:Vydubychi Monastery
1009:Metropolitan Palace
903:Kyiv Pechersk Lavra
607:Akkerman Convention
200: /
1105:Castles in Ukraine
1042:St Andrew's Church
994:Lutsk Upper Castle
702:Dafoe, Stephen A.
554:. First, in 1770,
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342:Kingdom of Hungary
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1019:Kachanivka Palace
1004:Akkerman Fortress
675:Kleiman, Isaac B.
541:Melek Ahmed Pasha
510:Severyn Nalivaiko
495:Stephen the Great
361:Republic of Genoa
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230:Akkerman fortress
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51:Find sources:
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29:This article
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976:Lake Synevyr
961:Marble Caves
946:Askania-Nova
841:the original
821:the original
787:. Retrieved
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762:. Retrieved
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723:
712:. Retrieved
708:the original
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645:Preservation
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625:20th century
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564:Don Cossacks
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488:Crimean Khan
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466:, prince of
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413:Cetatea Albă
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369:Golden Horde
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246:Odesa Oblast
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195:30°21′2.16″E
192:46°12′3.96″N
134:Odesa Oblast
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1047:and descent
918:Chersonesus
594:(including
522:Semen Paliy
514:Ivan Sulima
344:, then the
338:Kievan Rus'
320:, then the
207: /
183:Coordinates
1094:Categories
913:Khortytsia
890:Historical
789:2023-07-01
764:2023-07-01
714:2024-07-21
657:References
639:Bessarabia
592:Bessarabia
518:Ivan Sirko
484:Bayezid II
441:Freemasons
388:Aegean Sea
334:Bulgarians
96:March 2020
66:newspapers
629:In 1918,
619:Wallachia
468:Wallachia
452:Bogdan II
429:tetractys
384:Black Sea
379:estuary.
365:Black Sea
314:Black Sea
783:Archived
677:(1994).
615:Moldavia
576:Dniester
392:Ottomans
377:Dniester
238:monument
938:Natural
882:Ukraine
631:Romania
545:bastion
534:minaret
433:Druidic
363:on the
359:of the
357:enclave
350:Mongols
292:Citadel
279:History
250:Ukraine
244:in the
80:scholar
736:
685:
635:Budjak
611:Danube
596:Budjak
566:and a
520:, and
418:mortar
373:Tatars
254:Budjak
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
330:Slavs
326:Antes
318:Goths
308:, an
306:Tyras
234:Kokot
87:JSTOR
73:books
1034:Kyiv
734:ISBN
683:ISBN
617:and
605:The
590:put
584:Prut
332:and
322:Huns
59:news
621:.
228:or
42:by
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