1133:
858:. Besides a high concentration of cholesterol, two other factors are important in causing gallstones. The first is how often and how well the gallbladder contracts; incomplete and infrequent emptying of the gallbladder may cause the bile to become overconcentrated and contribute to gallstone formation. This can be caused by high resistance to the flow of bile out of the gallbladder due to the complicated internal geometry of the cystic duct. The second factor is the presence of proteins in the liver and bile that either promote or inhibit cholesterol crystallization into gallstones. In addition, increased levels of the hormone
1323:(CDCA) have been used in treatment to dissolve gallstones. A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that UDCA or higher dietary fat content appeared to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. Medical therapy with oral bile acids has been used to treat small cholesterol stones, and for larger cholesterol gallstones when surgery is either not possible or unwanted. CDCA treatment can cause diarrhea, mild reversible hepatic injury, and a small increase in the plasma cholesterol level. UDCA may need to be taken for years.
1061:
996:
1160:
984:
883:
1117:
1148:
1049:
1011:
53:
667:
1303:
1261:
504:, 10–15% of adults experience gallstones. Gallbladder and biliary-related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and resulted in 106,000 deaths. Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. Gallstones occur more frequently among
1282:
cholecystectomy, introduced in the 1980s, is performed via three to four small puncture holes for a camera and instruments. Post-operative care typically includes a same-day release or a one-night hospital stay, followed by a few days of home rest and pain medication. Perforation of the gall bladder
1288:
905:
stones vary from light yellow to dark green or brown or chalk white and are oval, usually solitary, between 2 and 3 cm long, each often having a tiny, dark, central spot. To be classified as such, they must be at least 80% cholesterol by weight (or 70%, according to the
Japanese classification
1223:
is a non-invasive method to manage gallstones that uses high-energy sound waves to disintegrate them first applied in
January 1985. Side effects of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy include biliary pancreatitis and liver haematoma. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning 'breaking (or
674:
Gallstones, regardless of size or number, are often asymptomatic. These "silent stones" do not require treatment and can remain asymptomatic even years after they form. Sometimes, the pain may be referred to tip of the scapula in cholelithiasis; this is called "Collin's sign".
742:
could significantly contribute to gallbladder stones, as melatonin inhibits cholesterol secretion from the gallbladder, enhances the conversion of cholesterol to bile, and is an antioxidant, which is able to reduce oxidative stress to the gallbladder.
698:
or below the right shoulder. If one or more gallstones block the bile ducts and cause bilirubin to leak into the bloodstream and surrounding tissue, jaundice and itching may also occur. In this case, liver enzyme levels are likely to be raised.
1172:
1116:
3630:
3615:
2172:
Koppisetti S, Jenigiri B, Terron MP, Tengattini S, Tamura H, Flores LJ, et al. (October 2008). "Reactive oxygen species and the hypomotility of the gall bladder as targets for the treatment of gallstones with melatonin: a review".
737:
Gallstone risk increases for females (especially before menopause) and for people near or above 40 years; the condition is more prevalent among people of
European or American Indigenous descent than among other ethnicities. A lack of
690:, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Pain from symptomatic gallstones may range from mild to severe and can steadily increase over a period lasting from 30 minutes to several hours. Other symptoms may include fever, as well as
1686:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
972:
Gallstones can vary in size and shape from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. The gallbladder may contain a single large stone or many smaller ones. Pseudoliths, sometimes referred to as sludge, are thick
1176:
1175:
1132:
1177:
1026:
1283:
is not uncommon—it has been reported in the range of 10% to 40%. Unretrieved gallstone spillage has been reported as 6% to 30%, but gallstones that are not retrieved rarely cause complications (0.08%–0.3%).
1890:
1094:
On abdominal ultrasound, sinking gallstones usually have posterior acoustic shadowing. In floating gallstones, reverberation echoes (or comet-tail artifact) is seen instead in a clinical condition called
1174:
4574:
2618:
1010:
894:. On the basis of their composition, gallstones can be divided into the following types: cholesterol stones, pigment stones, and mixed stones. An ideal classification system is yet to be defined.
1253:(gallbladder removal) has a 99% chance of eliminating the recurrence of cholelithiasis. The lack of a gallbladder has no negative consequences in most people, however 10 to 15% of people develop
2318:
Institute of
Medicine, Food Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water (2005).
1842:
Acalovschi M, Blendea D, Feier C, Letia AI, Ratiu N, Dumitrascu DL, et al. (August 2003). "Risk factors for symptomatic gallstones in patients with liver cirrhosis: a case-control study".
1734:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1276:) below the lower right ribs. Recovery typically requires 3–5 days of hospitalization, with a return to normal diet a week after release and to normal activity several weeks after release.
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1264:
The outcomes of choosing to 'do nothing' (watchful waiting) and having cholecystectomy in the case of symptomatic gallstones, as shown in the NHS decision aid for gallstones. Data from .
1033:
1481:
917:("pigment", "black pigment") stones are small, dark (often appearing black), and usually numerous. They are composed primarily of bilirubin (insoluble bilirubin pigment polymer) and
3148:"Restrictive strategy versus usual care for cholecystectomy in patients with gallstones and abdominal pain (SECURE): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-arm, non-inferiority trial"
1909:
1901:
925:
that are found in bile. They contain less than 20% of cholesterol (or 30%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Between 2% and 30% of stones are bilirubin stones.
3752:
520:
Gallstone disease refers to the condition where gallstones are either in the gallbladder or common bile duct. The presence of stones in the gallbladder is referred to as
1030:
4256:
747:
has been linked to an increased risk of gallstones. Researchers believe that gallstones may be caused by a combination of factors, including inherited body chemistry,
2402:
Misciagna G, Leoci C, Guerra V, Chiloiro M, Elba S, Petruzzi J, et al. (June 1996). "Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors".
1296:
293:
391:(or "gallbladder attack"). This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications from gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (
3851:
3558:
1088:
1060:
512:
experience gallstones, whereas gallstone rates in many parts of Africa are as low as 3%. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally positive.
2454:
710:
In rare cases, gallstones that cause severe inflammation can erode through the gallbladder into adherent bowel, potentially causing an obstruction termed
3890:
2622:
2775:
Experimental investigation of the flow of bile in patient specific cystic duct models M Al-Atabi, SB Chin..., Journal of biomechanical engineering, 2010
1173:
1619:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). October 2014. p. 101.
1894:
3745:
2484:
5055:
4118:
2940:"Ursodeoxycholic acid and diets higher in fat prevent gallbladder stones during weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
2337:
2128:
1792:
1404:
1207:(UDCA) appears to prevent formation of gallstones during weight loss. A high fat diet during weight loss also appears to prevent gallstones.
725:
caused by blockage of the bile ducts that prevents active enzymes from being secreted into the bowel, instead damaging the pancreas. Rarely,
509:
2507:"Impaired intestinal cholecystokinin secretion, a fascinating but overlooked link between coeliac disease and cholesterol gallstone disease"
1473:
3425:
2643:
Cahan MA, Balduf L, Colton K, Palacioz B, McCartney W, Farrell TM (September 2006). "Proton pump inhibitors reduce gallbladder function".
1029:
937:
stones) typically contain 20–80% cholesterol (or 30–70%, according to the
Japanese classification system). Other common constituents are
3645:
1798:
2798:
983:
4331:
3738:
2025:
1295:
Obstruction of the common bile duct with gallstones can sometimes be relieved by endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy (ERS) following
3038:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
3003:
Paumgartner G, Sauter GH (May 2005). "Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of gallstones: 20th anniversary of the first treatment".
5003:
4850:
3421:
3409:
3122:
3078:
1950:
4748:
2869:
1220:
3485:
Thistle JL, Hofmann AF (September 1973). "Efficacy and specificity of chenodeoxycholic acid therapy for dissolving gallstones".
2686:
Kan HP, Guo WB, Tan YF, Zhou J, Liu CD, Huang YQ (September 2015). "Statin use and risk of gallstone disease: A meta-analysis".
46:
Gallstone disease, cholelith, cholecystolithiasis (gallstone in the gallbladder), choledocholithiasis (gallstone in a bile duct)
4889:
4501:
4484:
3989:
3984:
3861:
4014:
2267:
995:
5045:
4743:
4699:
4593:
4415:
2979:
2046:
357:
Most people with gallstones (about 80%) are asymptomatic. However, when a gallstone obstructs the bile duct and causes acute
4954:
755:(movement), and low-calorie diet. The absence of such risk factors does not, however, preclude the formation of gallstones.
4800:
2218:"Coinheritance of Gilbert Syndrome Increases the Risk for Developing Gallstones in Patients With Hereditary Spherocytosis"
1905:
824:
2558:"Studies on the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in hemolytic anemia: description and characteristics of a mouse model"
1971:
Gilani SN, Bass G, Leader F, Walsh TN (December 2009). "Collins' sign: validation of a clinical sign in cholelithiasis".
4709:
4228:
3836:
2148:
1340:
1254:
3923:
1666:
3819:
1159:
874:, may increase cholesterol levels in bile and also decrease gallbladder motility, resulting in gallstone formation.
4289:
4218:
842:
increase cholesterol concentration in bile and their use has been associated with an increased risk of gallstones.
1099:. Another sign is wall-echo-shadow (WES) triad (or double-arc shadow) which is also characteristic of gallstones.
4562:
4518:
4471:
4277:
3895:
1147:
435:
4588:
3562:
838:
inhibit cholesterol synthesis and there is evidence that their use may decrease the risk of getting gallstones.
702:
Often, gallbladder attacks occur after eating a heavy meal. Attacks are most common in the evening or at night.
4908:
4223:
4181:
3994:
3869:
3856:
3797:
3656:
3226:"Is cholecystectomy effective treatment for symptomatic gallstones? Clinical outcome after long-term follow-up"
2867:
Gallstones—Cholelithiasis; Gallbladder attack; Biliary colic; Gallstone attack; Bile calculus; Biliary calculus
2446:
816:
3826:
3187:"Prevalence of Postcholecystectomy Symptoms: Long‐term Outcome after Open versus Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy"
1232:
5040:
4833:
4610:
4351:
4143:
3802:
1355:(yellow thing of cattle) in Chinese. Some slaughterhouses carefully scrutinize workers for gallstone theft.
1123:
843:
200:
3146:
van Dijk AH, Wennmacker SZ, de Reuver PR, Latenstein CS, Buyne O, Donkervoort SC, et al. (June 2019).
807:
Pigment gallstones are most commonly seen in the developing world. Risk factors for pigment stones include
638:
4913:
4637:
4620:
4030:
4004:
3880:
3831:
3792:
3770:
3762:
2217:
1913:
871:
828:
721:, which occurs when a bacterial infection causes purulent inflammation in the biliary tree and liver, and
481:. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks,
977:
that may be present within the gallbladder, either alone or in conjunction with fully formed gallstones.
4845:
4753:
4714:
4642:
1369:
1320:
1122:
A 1.9 cm gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder and leading to cholecystitis as seen on
1001:
718:
608:
408:
4764:
3945:
1364:
1016:
The large, yellow stone is largely cholesterol, while the green-to-brown stones are mostly composed of
744:
2476:
4884:
4828:
4649:
4545:
4128:
4123:
3957:
3875:
3841:
2355:"Dietary carbohydrates and glycaemic load and the incidence of symptomatic gall stone disease in men"
1336:
1316:
1204:
1107:
1080:
1017:
946:
687:
606:. Choledocholithiasis is frequently associated with obstruction of the bile ducts, which can lead to
486:
274:
1616:
Gallstone
Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis
969:
and increases the amount of unconjugated bilirubin in bile. Between 4% and 20% of stones are mixed.
5050:
4978:
4788:
4681:
4664:
4625:
4598:
4550:
4393:
4370:
4363:
4312:
4284:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4113:
3634:
1048:
957:. They typically arise secondary to infection of the biliary tract which results in the release of
812:
566:
347:
328:
3351:"Postcholecystectomy diarrhoea rate and predictive factors: a systematic review of the literature"
4990:
4855:
4838:
4823:
4810:
4793:
4659:
4186:
4158:
3918:
3814:
3779:
3447:
3446:
Vandervoort J, Soetikno RM, Tham TC, Wong RC, Ferrari AP, Montes H, et al. (November 2002).
3147:
2711:
2668:
2427:
2248:
2198:
2101:
1996:
1867:
1815:
Gurusamy KS, Davidson C, Gluud C, Davidson BR (2013-06-30). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
1183:
A normal gallbladder on ultrasound with bowel peristalsis creating the false appearance of stones
726:
722:
490:
427:
380:
233:
187:
4294:
4092:
1396:
Essential
Surgery E-Book: Problems, Diagnosis and Management: With student consult online access
958:
3413:
3322:
Keus F, de Jong J, Gooszen HG, Laarhoven CJ (2006-10-18). Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group (ed.).
2266:
Ortega RM, Fernández-Azuela M, Encinas-Sotillos A, Andrés P, López-Sobaler AM (February 1997).
1684:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (August 2015).
1331:
Gallstones can be a valued by-product of animals butchered for meat because of their use as an
804:
increases risk of gallstone formation, especially when diagnosis of celiac disease is delayed.
493:. In rare cases when surgery is not possible, medication can be used to dissolve the stones or
4968:
4949:
4322:
3707:
3667:
3540:
3502:
3467:
3388:
3370:
3304:
3255:
3237:
3206:
3167:
3104:
3055:
3020:
2961:
2917:
2849:
2758:
2703:
2660:
2587:
2538:
2419:
2384:
2333:
2287:
2240:
2236:
2190:
2124:
2093:
1988:
1859:
1788:
1782:
1763:
1715:
1620:
1593:
1525:
1400:
1394:
938:
501:
257:
171:
831:
has been shown to decrease gallbladder function, potentially leading to gallstone formation.
5015:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4782:
4654:
4582:
4400:
4307:
4302:
4232:
4191:
3999:
3964:
3532:
3523:
Hofmann AF (September 1989). "Medical dissolution of gallstones by oral bile acid therapy".
3494:
3459:
3378:
3362:
3331:
3324:"Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis"
3294:
3286:
3245:
3198:
3186:
3159:
3047:
3012:
2951:
2907:
2899:
2876:
Last reviewed: July 6, 2009. Reviewed by: George F. Longstreth. Also reviewed by David Zieve
2839:
2786:
2748:
2695:
2652:
2577:
2569:
2528:
2518:
2411:
2374:
2366:
2325:
2279:
2232:
2182:
2083:
1980:
1851:
1824:
1753:
1745:
1705:
1697:
1583:
1573:
1560:
Ansaloni L, Pisano M, Coccolini F, Peitzmann AB, Fingerhut A, Catena F, et al. (2016).
1103:
950:
922:
808:
643:
561:
477:
The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight with exercise and a
176:
113:
78:
2017:
4973:
4903:
4769:
4704:
4669:
4540:
4405:
4341:
4243:
4162:
4153:
4103:
4043:
3928:
3905:
2873:
1641:
1250:
1096:
867:
711:
572:
505:
482:
470:. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by
297:
180:
3730:
1516:
Lee JY, Keane MG, Pereira S (June 2015). "Diagnosis and treatment of gallstone disease".
3225:
3074:
1938:
5010:
4925:
4479:
4452:
4317:
4252:
4248:
4138:
4108:
3383:
3299:
3274:
3250:
2912:
2887:
2866:
2732:
Preiss D, Tikkanen MJ, Welsh P, Ford I, Lovato LC, Elam MB, et al. (August 2012).
2533:
2506:
2379:
2354:
2321:
4 Water | Dietary
Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate
2216:
del
Giudice EM, Perrotta S, Nobili B, Specchia C, d'Urzo G, Iolascon A (October 1999).
1817:"Early versus delayed laparoscopic cholecystectomy for people with acute cholecystitis"
1816:
1758:
1733:
1710:
1685:
1588:
1561:
1348:
1138:
801:
787:
647:
411:). Symptoms of these complications may include pain that lasts longer than five hours,
3463:
3163:
2582:
2557:
1749:
1701:
854:
Cholesterol gallstones develop when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough
670:
The proportion of people with gallstones who experience symptoms as a result of them.
5034:
4943:
4896:
4689:
4632:
4615:
4527:
4272:
4099:
3974:
3940:
3885:
3536:
3275:"Spilled gall stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a review of the literature"
3051:
3016:
2621:. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Archived from
2415:
2088:
2071:
1855:
1198:
783:
691:
679:
392:
388:
376:
365:
205:
3639:
2715:
2672:
2431:
2252:
2202:
2105:
2000:
1871:
346:
may refer to the presence of gallstones or to any disease caused by gallstones, and
4818:
4730:
4603:
4506:
4457:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4346:
4171:
4087:
3979:
3969:
3935:
3718:
2296:
2283:
2268:"Differences in diet and food habits between patients with gallstones and controls"
1828:
1344:
1194:
891:
882:
779:
759:
748:
655:
478:
400:
336:
209:
3323:
2018:"Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination"
827:(EPP) are at increased risk to develop gallstones. Additionally, prolonged use of
3661:
1257:, which may cause nausea, indigestion, diarrhea, and episodes of abdominal pain.
4998:
4760:
4738:
4569:
4489:
4133:
4034:
3787:
3702:
3590:
3498:
3366:
1614:
1332:
1279:
1226:
1067:
966:
954:
934:
902:
642:, 'inflammation'), a serious infection of the bile ducts. Gallstones within the
620:
550:
526:
494:
451:
358:
332:
228:
61:
3350:
2319:
17:
4774:
4447:
4425:
4070:
4009:
3672:
3335:
3185:
Peterli R, Schuppisser JP, Herzog U, Ackermann C, Tondelli PE (October 2000).
3123:"NHS England » Decision support tool: making a decision about gallstones"
2956:
2939:
2844:
2827:
2656:
2186:
1984:
1578:
1273:
962:
763:
632:
538:
471:
455:
263:
3471:
3374:
3241:
3210:
3171:
2733:
4724:
4557:
4535:
4388:
4239:
4213:
4075:
4065:
3952:
3913:
3846:
3713:
3678:
3624:
3290:
2903:
2370:
974:
942:
914:
863:
855:
820:
775:
767:
739:
459:
447:
431:
351:
304:
249:
237:
213:
3392:
3308:
3108:
3059:
3024:
2965:
2853:
2762:
2753:
2707:
2664:
2542:
2388:
2244:
2194:
2097:
1992:
1863:
1767:
1719:
1624:
1597:
1529:
3586:
3544:
3506:
3273:
Sathesh-Kumar T, Saklani AP, Vinayagam R, Blackett RL (17 February 2004).
3259:
3202:
2921:
2591:
2423:
2291:
2070:
Fitzgerald JE, Fitzgerald LA, Maxwell-Armstrong CA, Brooks AJ (May 2009).
4358:
4336:
4048:
1942:
1193:
Maintaining a healthy weight by getting sufficient exercise and eating a
859:
794:
752:
651:
450:, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include
443:
404:
396:
245:
790:
diet. Wine and whole-grained bread may decrease the risk of gallstones.
666:
4410:
4176:
4080:
4052:
3349:
Farrugia A, Attard JA, Khan S, Williams N, Arasaradnam R (2022-02-01).
2699:
1302:
1141:
and gallstones. There is borderline thickening of the gallbladder wall.
1039:
918:
839:
771:
695:
439:
384:
241:
193:
52:
3607:
2573:
2523:
4876:
4494:
4380:
3619:
2734:"Lipid-modifying therapies and risk of pancreatitis: a meta-analysis"
835:
793:
Rapid weight loss increases risk of gallstones. The weight loss drug
362:
3099:
Zackria R, Lopez RA (January 2019). "Postcholecystectomy Syndrome".
2888:"Pitfalls in the ultrasonographic diagnosis of gallbladder diseases"
1260:
3224:
Gui GP, Cheruvu CV, West N, Sivaniah K, Fiennes AG (January 1998).
2787:"Analysis of human gallstones by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)"
2329:
4326:
4056:
3683:
1946:
1301:
1286:
1259:
886:
From left to right: cholesterol stone, mixed stone, pigment stone.
881:
834:
Cholesterol modifying medications can affect gallstone formation.
683:
420:
416:
412:
372:
368:
778:; low fluid consumption; and, at least for men, a high intake of
758:
Nutritional factors that may increase risk of gallstones include
3650:
2051:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1891:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1671:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
1343:. The most highly prized gallstones tend to be sourced from old
1287:
1084:
339:
3734:
2353:
Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (June 2005).
906:
system). Between 35% and 90% of stones are cholesterol stones.
287:: none, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and Chenodeoxycholic acid
1393:
Quick CR, Reed JB, Harper SJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Deakin PJ (2013).
1272:
Open cholecystectomy is performed via an abdominal incision (
1237:
625:
613:
595:
589:
583:
577:
555:
543:
531:
2785:
Channa NA, Khand FD, Khand TU, Leghari MH, Memon AN (2007).
140:
102:
64:
and may result in symptoms if they block the biliary system.
890:
The composition of gallstones is affected by age, diet and
146:
143:
128:
122:
93:
87:
3448:"Risk factors for complications after performance of ERCP"
2505:
Wang HH, Liu M, Li X, Portincasa P, Wang DQ (April 2017).
1091:. Gallstone complications may be detected on blood tests.
762:; eating fewer meals per day; low intake of the nutrients
2828:"Classification and nomenclature of gallstones revisited"
2619:"Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias"
485:
is typically recommended. This can be carried out either
152:
134:
99:
2826:
Kim IS, Myung SJ, Lee SS, Lee SK, Kim MH (August 2003).
2556:
Trotman BW, Bernstein SE, Bove KE, Wirt GD (June 1980).
2123:. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books. pp. 175–206.
2072:"Recurrent gallstone ileus: time to change our surgery?"
870:, or the use of combined (estrogen-containing) forms of
2605:
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders: Cutaneous Porphyrias
2149:"Gallstones: Epidemiology, risk factors and prevention"
1562:"2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis"
989:
Gallbladder opened to show small cholesterol gallstones
462:. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed
2938:
Stokes CS, Gluud LL, Casper M, Lammert F (July 2014).
2447:"Should you lose weight fast? – Live Well—NHS Choices"
3040:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3005:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
2404:
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
1910:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1902:
National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
350:
refers to the presence of migrated gallstones within
155:
149:
119:
116:
84:
3597:
1268:
There are two surgical options for cholecystectomy:
953:). Because of their calcium content, they are often
466:, and those formed mainly from bilirubin are termed
131:
125:
96:
90:
4989:
4875:
4868:
4809:
4723:
4680:
4526:
4517:
4470:
4424:
4379:
4265:
4152:
4042:
4029:
3904:
3778:
3769:
3693:
3601:
3561:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD). Archived from
1781:Rosenthal RA, Zenilman ME, Katlic MR, eds. (2011).
489:or through a single larger incision, usually under
474:. Complications may be detected using blood tests.
313:
303:
280:
269:
256:
227:
219:
199:
186:
170:
137:
81:
68:
42:
37:
3230:Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England
2295:
1126:. There is 4 mm gall bladder wall thickening.
3418:NHS Choices: Health A-Z—Conditions and treatments
2477:"Safety Information—Xenical (orlistat) capsules"
560:, 'process'). The presence of gallstones in the
273:Healthy weight, diet high in fiber, diet low in
1787:(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 944.
3518:
3516:
2607:, pp. 63–220 in Beers, Porter and Jones (2006)
1297:endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
3746:
2324:. The National Academies Press. p. 124.
2047:"Symptoms & Causes of Gallstones | NIDDK"
1066:Numerous small gallstones made up largely of
949:(calcium bilirubinate, calcium palmitate and
797:is known to increase the risk of gallstones.
601:
8:
3852:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
2272:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1784:Principles and practice of geriatric surgery
823:, and biliary tract infections. People with
27:Disease where stones form in the gallbladder
4872:
4523:
4039:
3891:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
3775:
3753:
3739:
3731:
3598:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2511:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
1609:
1607:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
51:
34:
3382:
3298:
3249:
2955:
2933:
2931:
2911:
2843:
2752:
2581:
2532:
2522:
2378:
2237:10.1182/blood.V94.7.2259.419k42_2259_2262
2087:
1757:
1709:
1636:
1634:
1587:
1577:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1399:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 281.
1388:
1386:
1384:
965:and bacteria) which hydrolyzes bilirubin
2944:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
1885:
1883:
1881:
1844:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
665:
3559:"Interview with Darren Wise. Transcrip"
3328:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1821:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1380:
1112:
979:
3404:
3402:
1201:may help prevent gallstone formation.
371:often occurs, resulting in an intense
4119:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
3077:. Omaha, Nebraska: Medscape (WebMD).
2727:
2725:
2562:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2142:
2140:
2012:
2010:
1937:Heuman DM, Mihas AA, Allen J (2010).
1810:
1808:
1221:Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
800:Cholecystokinin deficiency caused by
192:None, crampy pain in the right upper
7:
3593:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
2791:Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences
1083:. Other imaging techniques used are
1079:Diagnosis is typically confirmed by
426:Risk factors for gallstones include
3487:The New England Journal of Medicine
2121:Gut Feelings: Your Digestive System
2886:Fitzgerald EJ, Toi A (July 1987).
1566:World Journal of Emergency Surgery
317:10–15% of adults (developed world)
25:
5004:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
4851:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1484:from the original on 28 July 2016
1153:Gallstones as seen on plain X-ray
508:than others. For example, 48% of
483:surgery to remove the gallbladder
415:, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark
60:Gallstones typically form in the
4749:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
3052:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
3017:10.1097/00042737-200505000-00009
2416:10.1097/00042737-199606000-00017
2089:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2009.00378.x
1973:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1856:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07618.x
1801:from the original on 2016-08-15.
1170:
1158:
1146:
1131:
1115:
1059:
1047:
1024:
1009:
994:
982:
717:Other complications can include
497:can be used to break them down.
262:Based on symptoms, confirmed by
112:
77:
3990:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
3985:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
3862:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
3428:from the original on 2010-11-14
3081:from the original on 2010-12-23
2801:from the original on 2011-08-24
2487:from the original on 2016-06-11
2457:from the original on 2016-02-16
2175:Digestive Diseases and Sciences
2028:from the original on 2016-11-14
1953:from the original on 2010-11-20
1339:of some cultures, particularly
945:phosphate, bilirubin and other
688:upper-right side of the abdomen
487:through several small incisions
407:, and infection in bile ducts (
206:Inflammation of the gallbladder
4744:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
4594:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
4416:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
3075:"Postcholecystectomy syndrome"
2284:10.1080/07315724.1997.10718655
2147:Afdhal N, Zakko S (Sep 2022).
1829:10.1002/14651858.CD005440.pub3
1744:(9963): 117–71. January 2015.
678:A characteristic symptom of a
1:
4801:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
3464:10.1016/s0016-5107(02)70112-0
3164:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30941-9
2980:"Gallstone Disease Treatment"
2950:(7): 1090–1100.e2, quiz e61.
2076:Journal of Digestive Diseases
1906:National Institutes of Health
1750:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61682-2
1702:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60692-4
1165:Large gallstone as seen on CT
1110:during a gallbladder attack.
825:erythropoietic protoporphyria
729:may occur as a complication.
5056:Steatorrhea-related diseases
4710:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
4229:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
3837:Esophageal motility disorder
3537:10.1016/0002-9610(89)90252-3
3279:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2892:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2475:Office of the Commissioner.
1341:traditional Chinese medicine
1255:postcholecystectomy syndrome
1238:
614:
596:
590:
584:
210:inflammation of the pancreas
3525:American Journal of Surgery
3499:10.1056/NEJM197309272891303
3367:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046172
1327:Use in traditional medicine
5072:
4695:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
4219:Functional colonic disease
4015:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
3452:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
1667:"Treatment for Gallstones"
1231:
637:
626:
582:, 'bile-containing', from
578:
556:
544:
532:
3896:Acute esophageal necrosis
3336:10.1002/14651858.CD006231
2957:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.11.031
2845:10.3349/ymj.2003.44.4.561
2657:10.1007/s00464-005-0247-x
2187:10.1007/s10620-007-0195-5
2119:Roizen MF, Oz MC (2005).
1985:10.1007/s11845-009-0404-7
1579:10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5
1291:Risks of cholecystectomy.
59:
50:
3995:Gastric dumping syndrome
3870:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3857:Diffuse esophageal spasm
3414:"Gallstones — Treatment"
3191:World Journal of Surgery
955:radiographically visible
817:hereditary spherocytosis
4611:Alcoholic liver disease
4144:Bile acid malabsorption
4088:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
3422:National Health Service
3410:National Health Service
3291:10.1136/pmj.2003.006023
2904:10.1136/pgmj.63.741.525
2371:10.1136/gut.2003.031435
1106:is a common finding on
844:Bile acid malabsorption
395:), inflammation of the
4621:Hepatic encephalopathy
4005:Buried bumper syndrome
3936:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
3820:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
3763:human digestive system
2984:Johns Hopkins Medicine
2832:Yonsei Medical Journal
2754:10.1001/jama.2012.8439
2022:emedicine.medscape.com
1900:. Bethesda, Maryland:
1307:
1292:
1265:
1225:
1224:pulverizing) stones':
887:
872:hormonal contraception
829:proton pump inhibitors
671:
631:
619:
602:
571:
549:
537:
525:
5046:Gallbladder disorders
4846:Pancreatic pseudocyst
4715:Porcelain gallbladder
3827:Zenker's diverticulum
3203:10.1007/s002680010243
1370:Porcelain gallbladder
1321:chenodeoxycholic acid
1305:
1290:
1263:
885:
719:ascending cholangitis
669:
506:certain ethnic groups
342:components. The term
4650:Hepatorenal syndrome
4589:Budd–Chiari syndrome
4546:Autoimmune hepatitis
4371:Intestinal adhesions
4129:Short bowel syndrome
3958:Functional dyspepsia
3876:Esophageal stricture
3842:Nutcracker esophagus
3158:(10188): 2322–2330.
1337:traditional medicine
1335:and antidote in the
1317:ursodeoxycholic acid
1205:Ursodeoxycholic acid
1108:physical examination
1081:abdominal ultrasound
1042:images of gallstones
1002:X-ray microtomograph
921:(calcium phosphate)
846:may also be a risk.
405:obstructive jaundice
275:simple carbohydrates
4789:Choledocholithiasis
4660:Metabolic disorders
4626:Acute liver failure
4599:Portal hypertension
4551:Alcoholic hepatitis
4394:Radiation proctitis
4313:Mesenteric ischemia
4285:Gastroenterocolitis
4114:Blind loop syndrome
3924:Ménétrier's disease
3832:Barrett's esophagus
2688:Hepatology Research
1941:. Omaha, Nebraska:
813:sickle-cell disease
706:Other complications
682:is the presence of
567:choledocholithiasis
502:developed countries
428:birth control pills
348:choledocholithiasis
252:, rapid weight loss
234:Birth control pills
4964:Undefined location
4955:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
4856:Pancreatic fistula
4839:Pancreatic abscess
4794:Biliary dyskinesia
4765:Mirizzi's syndrome
4266:Large and/or small
3946:Dieulafoy's lesion
3815:Boerhaave syndrome
3694:External resources
3127:www.england.nhs.uk
2872:2011-02-07 at the
2700:10.1111/hepr.12433
2645:Surgical Endoscopy
2617:Thunell S (2008).
1365:Mirizzi's syndrome
1308:
1293:
1266:
898:Cholesterol stones
888:
727:gallbladder cancer
723:acute pancreatitis
672:
662:Signs and symptoms
654:and can result in
612:, from the Greek:
491:general anesthesia
464:cholesterol stones
331:formed within the
309:Good after surgery
240:, family history,
223:After 40 years old
214:liver inflammation
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
4864:
4863:
4466:
4465:
4323:Bowel obstruction
4025:
4024:
3728:
3727:
3197:(10): 1232–1235.
2574:10.1172/JCI109793
2524:10.1111/eci.12734
2339:978-0-309-09169-5
2130:978-0-06-198079-4
1794:978-1-4419-6999-6
1696:(9995): 743–800.
1524:(1783): 15–9, 2.
1480:. November 2013.
1406:978-0-7020-5483-9
1178:
1034:
939:calcium carbonate
862:, as a result of
809:hemolytic anemias
646:can obstruct the
570:, from the Greek
524:, from the Greek
321:
320:
258:Diagnostic method
110:, cholelithiasis
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5063:
5016:Pneumoperitoneum
4873:
4783:Common bile duct
4665:Wilson's disease
4655:Peliosis hepatis
4524:
4401:Proctalgia fugax
4308:Abdominal angina
4233:Ogilvie syndrome
4182:Pseudomembranous
4040:
4000:Gastric volvulus
3965:Pyloric stenosis
3776:
3761:Diseases of the
3755:
3748:
3741:
3732:
3599:
3594:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3253:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2959:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2883:
2877:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2526:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2294:. Archived from
2263:
2257:
2256:
2231:(7): 2259–2262.
2222:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2181:(10): 2592–603.
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2091:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1939:"Cholelithiasis"
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1912:. Archived from
1899:
1887:
1876:
1875:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1673:. November 2017.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1557:
1534:
1533:
1518:The Practitioner
1513:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1470:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1315:The medications
1241:
1235:
1197:that is high in
1180:
1179:
1162:
1150:
1135:
1119:
1063:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1013:
998:
986:
951:calcium stearate
745:Gilbert syndrome
680:gallstone attack
644:ampulla of Vater
641:
629:
628:
617:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
580:
562:common bile duct
559:
558:
547:
546:
535:
534:
510:Native Americans
381:right upper part
177:Gastroenterology
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
55:
35:
21:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5020:
4985:
4974:Internal hernia
4860:
4805:
4770:Biliary fistula
4728:
4719:
4705:Adenomyomatosis
4700:Cholesterolosis
4676:
4670:Hemochromatosis
4541:Viral hepatitis
4513:
4462:
4420:
4406:Rectal prolapse
4375:
4342:Fecal impaction
4332:Intussusception
4295:Crohn's disease
4261:
4244:Toxic megacolon
4156:
4154:Large intestine
4148:
4093:Curling's ulcer
4046:
4044:Small intestine
4033:
4021:
3929:Gastroenteritis
3900:
3765:
3759:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3689:
3688:
3610:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3084:
3082:
3073:Jensen (2010).
3072:
3071:
3067:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2988:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2898:(741): 525–32.
2885:
2884:
2880:
2874:Wayback Machine
2865:
2861:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2804:
2802:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2736:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2008:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1879:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1642:"Complications"
1640:
1639:
1632:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1559:
1558:
1537:
1515:
1514:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1414:
1407:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1361:
1329:
1313:
1306:Risks of ERCP.
1251:Cholecystectomy
1248:
1218:
1213:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1097:adenomyomatosis
1077:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1054:Large gallstone
1052:
1043:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
987:
959:β-glucuronidase
931:
912:
900:
880:
868:hormone therapy
852:
850:Pathophysiology
735:
712:gallstone ileus
708:
696:shoulder blades
664:
518:
438:of gallstones,
298:Cholecystectomy
288:
181:General surgery
179:
166:
115:
111:
80:
76:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:Biliary calculi
15:
12:
11:
5:
5069:
5067:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5041:Abdominal pain
5033:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5011:Hemoperitoneum
5008:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4952:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4735:
4733:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4532:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4480:Blood in stool
4476:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4453:Anal dysplasia
4450:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4320:
4318:Angiodysplasia
4315:
4310:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4253:Diverticulosis
4249:Diverticulitis
4246:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4226:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4139:Milroy disease
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Tropical sprue
4106:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4062:
4060:
4037:
4031:Lower GI tract
4027:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3910:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3771:Upper GI tract
3767:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3675:
3664:
3653:
3642:
3627:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:Classification
3596:
3595:
3581:
3580:External links
3578:
3576:
3575:
3550:
3531:(3): 198–204.
3512:
3477:
3458:(5): 652–656.
3438:
3398:
3361:(2): e046172.
3341:
3314:
3285:(940): 77–79.
3265:
3216:
3177:
3138:
3114:
3091:
3065:
3046:(5): 525–527.
3030:
3011:(5): 525–527.
2995:
2971:
2927:
2878:
2859:
2811:
2777:
2768:
2721:
2694:(9): 942–948.
2678:
2635:
2609:
2597:
2548:
2517:(4): 328–333.
2497:
2467:
2437:
2394:
2345:
2338:
2330:10.17226/10925
2310:
2258:
2208:
2164:
2136:
2129:
2111:
2062:
2038:
2006:
1979:(4): 397–400.
1963:
1929:
1877:
1850:(8): 1856–60.
1834:
1804:
1793:
1773:
1725:
1676:
1658:
1630:
1603:
1535:
1495:
1412:
1405:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1349:calculus bovis
1328:
1325:
1312:
1309:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1247:
1244:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:Biliary sludge
1137:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1008:
1006:
1004:of a gallstone
1000:
993:
991:
988:
981:
930:
927:
911:
910:Pigment stones
908:
899:
896:
879:
876:
851:
848:
811:(such as from
802:celiac disease
788:glycemic index
751:, gallbladder
734:
731:
707:
704:
663:
660:
650:system of the
630:, 'vessel') +
522:cholelithiasis
517:
514:
468:pigment stones
436:family history
344:cholelithiasis
319:
318:
315:
311:
310:
307:
301:
300:
282:
278:
277:
271:
267:
266:
260:
254:
253:
231:
225:
224:
221:
217:
216:
203:
197:
196:
190:
184:
183:
174:
168:
167:
165:
164:
72:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5068:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4885:Diaphragmatic
4883:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Cholecystitis
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4633:Liver abscess
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:Liver failure
4614:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:Enterocolitis
4271:
4270:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4100:Malabsorption
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3975:Gastroparesis
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Cushing ulcer
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Megaesophagus
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3565:on 2010-11-21
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:(13): 655–9.
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2838:(4): 561–70.
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2797:(4): 546–50.
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2747:(8): 804–11.
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:(9): 1364–7.
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2625:on 2020-03-12
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:(6): 1301–8.
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2498:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:NHS Choices.
2441:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:(6): 585–93.
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2300:on 2008-07-20
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2165:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2082:(2): 149–51.
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1919:on 2010-12-05
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1531:
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1018:bile pigments
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948:
947:bile pigments
944:
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936:
935:brown pigment
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692:referred pain
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448:liver disease
445:
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398:
394:
393:cholecystitis
390:
389:biliary colic
386:
382:
378:
377:visceral pain
374:
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367:
366:smooth muscle
364:
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250:liver disease
247:
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201:Complications
198:
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107:
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73:
71:
69:Pronunciation
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4963:
4942:
4819:Pancreatitis
4781:
4731:biliary tree
4694:
4604:Nutmeg liver
4581:
4507:Hematochezia
4458:Pruritus ani
4443:Anal abscess
4438:Anal fistula
4434:Anal fissure
4347:Constipation
4301:
4172:Appendicitis
3980:Gastroptosis
3970:Achlorhydria
3809:
3798:Eosinophilic
3712:
3701:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3644:
3629:
3614:
3587:"Gallstones"
3567:. Retrieved
3563:the original
3553:
3528:
3524:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3430:. Retrieved
3417:
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3317:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3236:(1): 25–32.
3233:
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3126:
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2998:
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2623:the original
2612:
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2500:
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2480:
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2403:
2397:
2365:(6): 823–8.
2362:
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2302:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2278:(1): 88–95.
2275:
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2224:
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2167:
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2050:
2041:
2030:. Retrieved
2021:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1895:"Gallstones"
1847:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1783:
1776:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1693:
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1670:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:
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1521:
1517:
1486:. Retrieved
1477:
1474:"Gallstones"
1395:
1352:
1330:
1314:
1294:
1280:Laparoscopic
1267:
1249:
1219:
1203:
1195:healthy diet
1192:
1101:
1093:
1078:
971:
967:glucuronides
961:(by injured
932:
929:Mixed stones
913:
901:
889:
853:
833:
806:
799:
792:
780:carbohydrate
760:constipation
757:
736:
733:Risk factors
716:
709:
701:
694:between the
686:pain in the
677:
673:
656:pancreatitis
607:
594:, 'duct') +
565:
536:, 'bile') +
521:
519:
499:
479:healthy diet
476:
467:
463:
425:
401:pancreatitis
356:
343:
337:precipitated
324:
322:
289:
285:Asymptomatic
284:
229:Risk factors
29:
4999:Peritonitis
4761:Cholestasis
4739:Cholangitis
4682:Gallbladder
4570:Fatty liver
4490:Hematemesis
4472:GI bleeding
4278:Necrotizing
4207:Lymphocytic
4202:Collagenous
4197:Microscopic
4134:Steatorrhea
4035:Enteropathy
3881:Inlet patch
3803:Herpetiform
3788:Esophagitis
3703:MedlinePlus
3591:MedlinePlus
2481:www.fda.gov
1333:antipyretic
1319:(UDCA) and
1216:Lithotripsy
1102:A positive
1068:cholesterol
963:hepatocytes
903:Cholesterol
878:Composition
786:, and high
749:body weight
609:cholangitis
573:choledocho-
495:lithotripsy
452:cholesterol
419:, and pale
409:cholangitis
387:known as a
359:cholestasis
333:gallbladder
220:Usual onset
62:gallbladder
43:Other names
5051:Hepatology
5035:Categories
4991:Peritoneal
4969:Incisional
4890:Congenital
4834:Hereditary
4811:Pancreatic
4775:Haemobilia
4448:Hemorrhoid
4426:Anal canal
4364:Infectious
4352:Functional
4187:Ulcerative
4071:Duodenitis
4010:Gastrinoma
3668:DiseasesDB
3569:2010-11-06
3432:2010-11-06
3420:. London:
3152:The Lancet
3132:2024-09-18
3101:StatPearls
3085:2011-01-20
2989:2021-09-25
2805:2010-11-06
2629:2010-11-07
2513:(Review).
2491:2016-06-18
2461:2016-02-16
2451:www.nhs.uk
2304:2010-11-06
2158:2023-05-26
2056:2022-06-28
2032:2016-11-14
1957:2010-11-06
1923:2010-11-06
1376:References
1345:dairy cows
1274:laparotomy
1189:Prevention
1124:ultrasound
975:secretions
856:bile salts
684:colic-like
564:is called
516:Definition
472:ultrasound
456:bile salts
352:bile ducts
292:: surgery
270:Prevention
264:ultrasound
75:Cholelith
4979:Richter's
4936:Spigelian
4931:Obturator
4921:Umbilical
4754:Ascending
4725:Bile duct
4558:Cirrhosis
4536:Hepatitis
4519:Accessory
4389:Proctitis
4240:Megacolon
4214:Dysentery
4124:Whipple's
4076:Jejunitis
4066:Enteritis
3953:Dyspepsia
3914:Gastritis
3847:Achalasia
3780:Esophagus
3714:eMedicine
3684:235919008
3679:SNOMED CT
3472:0016-5107
3375:2044-6055
3242:0035-8843
3211:0364-2313
3172:0140-6736
1353:niu-huang
1347:, termed
1211:Treatment
1075:Diagnosis
943:palmitate
915:Bilirubin
892:ethnicity
864:pregnancy
821:cirrhosis
782:, a high
776:vitamin C
768:magnesium
740:melatonin
579:χοληδόχος
460:bilirubin
432:pregnancy
363:reflexive
325:gallstone
314:Frequency
305:Prognosis
281:Treatment
238:pregnancy
172:Specialty
38:Gallstone
4909:Indirect
4904:Inguinal
4638:Pyogenic
4583:Vascular
4359:Diarrhea
4337:Volvulus
4303:Vascular
4242: /
4231: /
4192:Ischemic
4159:Appendix
4049:Duodenum
3919:Atrophic
3793:Candidal
3719:emerg/97
3426:Archived
3412:(2010).
3393:35177439
3355:BMJ Open
3309:14970293
3109:30969724
3079:Archived
3060:15827443
3025:15827443
2966:24321208
2870:Archived
2854:12950109
2799:Archived
2763:22910758
2716:25636425
2708:25297889
2673:20833380
2665:16858534
2543:28186337
2485:Archived
2455:Archived
2432:11355563
2389:15888792
2253:40558696
2245:10498597
2203:22785223
2195:18338264
2153:UpToDate
2106:43696188
2098:19426399
2026:Archived
2001:22457009
1993:19685000
1951:Archived
1943:Medscape
1893:(2007).
1872:26695806
1864:12907344
1799:Archived
1768:25530442
1720:26063472
1625:25473723
1598:27307785
1530:26455113
1482:Archived
1359:See also
1299:(ERCP).
1246:Surgical
860:estrogen
840:Fibrates
795:orlistat
753:motility
652:pancreas
648:exocrine
444:diabetes
397:pancreas
246:diabetes
188:Symptoms
4950:Petit's
4926:Femoral
4829:Chronic
4643:Amoebic
4411:Anismus
4177:Colitis
4104:Coeliac
4081:Ileitis
4053:Jejunum
3906:Stomach
3810:Rupture
3662:D042882
3545:2672842
3507:4580472
3384:8860059
3300:1742934
3260:9579123
3251:2502763
2922:3309915
2913:2428351
2592:7410545
2534:8135131
2424:8823575
2380:1774557
2292:9013440
1759:4340604
1711:4561509
1589:4908702
1488:27 July
1311:Medical
933:Mixed (
919:calcium
836:Statins
772:calcium
440:obesity
385:abdomen
383:of the
379:in the
242:obesity
194:abdomen
4944:Lumbar
4914:Direct
4897:Hiatus
4877:Hernia
4729:Other
4495:Melena
4381:Rectum
3864:(GERD)
3708:000273
3651:600803
3543:
3505:
3470:
3391:
3381:
3373:
3307:
3297:
3258:
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3209:
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2243:
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2193:
2127:
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2096:
1999:
1991:
1870:
1862:
1791:
1766:
1756:
1738:Lancet
1718:
1708:
1690:Lancet
1651:13 May
1646:nhs.uk
1623:
1596:
1586:
1572:: 25.
1528:
1403:
1239:tripso
1227:litho-
774:, and
764:folate
603:-iasis
591:docho-
551:-iasis
527:chole-
458:, and
421:stools
375:-like
163:
4869:Other
4824:Acute
4575:MASLD
4528:Liver
4502:Lower
4485:Upper
4327:Ileus
4163:Colon
4057:Ileum
3872:(LPR)
2737:(PDF)
2712:S2CID
2669:S2CID
2428:S2CID
2249:S2CID
2225:Blood
2221:(PDF)
2199:S2CID
2102:S2CID
1997:S2CID
1947:WebMD
1917:(PDF)
1898:(PDF)
1868:S2CID
1478:NIDDK
1233:τρίψω
1199:fiber
923:salts
639:-ῖτις
633:-itis
627:ἄγγος
615:chol-
597:lith-
585:chol-
557:ἴασις
545:λίθος
539:lith-
417:urine
413:fever
373:cramp
369:spasm
335:from
329:stone
327:is a
4257:SCAD
3673:2533
3657:MeSH
3646:OMIM
3635:9-CM
3541:PMID
3503:PMID
3468:ISSN
3389:PMID
3371:ISSN
3305:PMID
3256:PMID
3238:ISSN
3207:ISSN
3168:ISSN
3105:PMID
3056:PMID
3021:PMID
2962:PMID
2918:PMID
2850:PMID
2759:PMID
2741:JAMA
2704:PMID
2661:PMID
2588:PMID
2539:PMID
2420:PMID
2385:PMID
2334:ISBN
2288:PMID
2241:PMID
2191:PMID
2125:ISBN
2094:PMID
1989:PMID
1860:PMID
1789:ISBN
1764:PMID
1716:PMID
1653:2018
1621:PMID
1594:PMID
1526:PMID
1490:2016
1401:ISBN
1089:MRCP
1087:and
1085:ERCP
815:and
621:ang-
533:χολή
434:, a
361:, a
340:bile
294:ERCP
290:Pain
4563:PBC
4290:IBD
4224:IBS
3640:574
3631:ICD
3625:K80
3616:ICD
3533:doi
3529:158
3495:doi
3491:289
3460:doi
3379:PMC
3363:doi
3332:doi
3295:PMC
3287:doi
3246:PMC
3199:doi
3160:doi
3156:393
3048:doi
3013:doi
2952:doi
2908:PMC
2900:doi
2840:doi
2749:doi
2745:308
2696:doi
2653:doi
2578:PMC
2570:doi
2529:PMC
2519:doi
2412:doi
2375:PMC
2367:doi
2359:Gut
2326:doi
2280:doi
2233:doi
2183:doi
2084:doi
1981:doi
1977:178
1949:).
1852:doi
1825:doi
1754:PMC
1746:doi
1742:385
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153:ɪ
150:s
147:ə
141:θ
138:ˈ
135:ɪ
132:l
129:ə
126:l
120:k
117:ˌ
114:/
106:/
103:θ
100:ɪ
97:l
94:ə
91:l
85:k
82:ˈ
79:/
20:)
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