157:(ToM), which is essentially the ability to put oneself in someone else's shoes, showed no differences in performance in theory of mind tasks between deaf children of deaf parents and their hearing peers. This means that deaf children with deaf parents were advantaged in having acquired language from birth. Deaf children with hearing parents, whether they were educated using spoken English or ASL, showed delays in two ToM tasks, false beliefs and knowledge states. It is worth mentioning that not all deaf children born with hearing parents are linguistically disadvantaged because hearing parents can acquire sign language to communicate with their deaf children.
161:
lacking language. When deaf children are exposed to natural and accessible language from an early age, they do not have delays in theory of mind reasoning and demonstrate a high capacity in understanding and reasoning about others' minds. Evidence have suggested that there is a correlation between having a strong theory of mind and a strong language foundation. It can be argued that the Bi-Bi approach provides deaf children with optimal access to language to support typical socio-emotional development.
150:, another psychologist renowned for his child development study, and Vygotsky agreed that language plays a significant role in cognitive and social development, because language competence significantly shapes play behaviors. When deaf children are in a Bi-Bi setting where they have access to language and the full ability to communicate with their peers, they are developing and fine-tuning their cognitive and social skills.
59:(ASL) should be the natural first language for deaf children in the United States, although the majority of deaf and hard of hearing being born to hearing parents. In this same vein, the spoken or written language used by the majority of the population is viewed as a secondary language to be acquired either after or at the same time as the native language.
140:
academic experiences for students when cultural factors are recognized. The cultural aspect of the bicultural bilingual approach enhances deaf students' experiences success in school. The school climate in a bicultural-bilingual setting gives students the opportunity to foster their academic, cognitive and socio-cultural skills in two languages.
4602:
164:
Deaf children use sign to express themselves, discuss events, ask questions, and refer to things in their settings, just as hearing children use spoken language. The human brain is naturally wired to crave information and constant access to communication, and social settings with accessible language
139:
Research has shown links between sociocultural factors and students' educational success. Learning in their first language allows students to feel a sense of belonging, leading to their academic success, including development in their two languages. The bilingual teaching approach creates meaningful
95:
was a pioneer in the
Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) movement. In 1985, The Learning Center for Deaf Children in Framingham, Massachusetts, was able to convince Philip to begin a new career as Special Assistant to the Director for Implementation of Bilingual/Bicultural Policies. After two years, Philip
160:
The primary cause of delays in theory of mind is the lack of access to conversations in the environmental, opportunities for incidental learning, and the difficulty in communicating about daily routines. Those create challenges in discussing thoughts, beliefs and intentions among deaf children
69:
Various studies have found a correlation between ASL skill level and
English literacy or reading comprehension. The most plausible explanation for this is that ASL skill level predicts English literacy level. Having a basis of American Sign Language can benefit the acquisition of the English
76:
Sweden and
Denmark are two countries known for their bilingual–bicultural education of deaf children. Sweden passed a law in 1981 that mandated bilingualism as a goal of deaf education. Denmark recognized sign language as an equal language and espoused sign language as the primary method of
165:
provide that. The earlier that Deaf children have the chance to naturally acquire sign language with constant language input, the better their cognitive and social skills, because they are able to receive information about actions, objects, experiences, and events in time.
99:
The
Learning Center for the Deaf became the first Deaf school in the United States to officially adopt a Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophy. Schools in California, Indiana, and Maryland soon also officially adopted Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophies.
4955:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
733:
Smith, Karen E.; Landry, Susan H.; Swank, Paul R. (January 2000). "Does the
Content of Mothers' Verbal Stimulation Explain Differences in Children's Development of Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Skills?".
146:, a former Soviet psychologist renowned for his study on social cognitive development, argued that the quality and quantity of children's play is contingent upon the language shared among children.
131:(MCE) in an attempt to develop English in deaf students. After the perceived failure of Manually Coded English systems, some educators began using the bilingual–bicultural model.
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918:
893:
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2156:
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4001:
1023:
96:
agreed to take on the full-time position of
Bilingual Bicultural Coordinator, which she held from 1988. Philip led the school into the Bi-Bi education system.
4893:
4058:
1109:
1104:
2386:
384:
Sánchez, B.; Colón, Y.; Esparza, P.J. (2005). "The Role of Sense of School
Belonging and Gender in the Academic Adjustment of Latino Adolescents".
4770:
4667:
549:
Schick, Brenda; de
Villiers, Peter; de Villiers, Jill; Hoffmeister, Robert (March 2007). "Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children".
70:
language. In fact, bilingual children show more development in cognitive, linguistic, and meta-linguistic processes than their monolingual peers.
212:
Prinz, Philip M.; Strong, Michael (August 1998). "ASL Proficiency and
English Literacy within a Bilingual Deaf Education Model of Instruction".
886:
119:
predicted that proficiency in a first language would correlate to competence in a second language because a single cognitive process underlies
689:
Volterra, V.; Caselli, M.C.C. (1985). "From gestures and vocalizations to signs and words". In Stokoe, William C.; Volterra, Virginia (eds.).
1409:
698:
611:
521:
944:
4912:
4319:
1523:
764:
280:
Baker, Sharon; Baker, Keith (August 1997). Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Bilingual-Bicultural Education (Report).
241:"Survey of Residential and Day Schools for Deaf Students in the United States That Identify Themselves as Bilingual-Bicultural Programs"
4365:
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2107:
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879:
4811:
4421:
4390:
4309:
3958:
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81:
62:
In Bi-Bi education, a signed language is the primary method of instruction. The bicultural aspect of Bi-Bi education emphasizes
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1263:
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2058:
1323:
359:
5020:
4907:
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3909:
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3410:
3114:
2012:
1901:
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1310:
1150:
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127:
of education, some advocates sought a new method for teaching deaf students. Many schools then began to use systems of
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1984:
1911:
1680:
1438:
1300:
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1606:
1455:
4977:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
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4550:
4520:
4510:
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4385:
4375:
4084:
4016:
3953:
3810:
3397:
3362:
3339:
3307:
2893:
2876:
2691:
2569:
2504:
2459:
2174:
2095:
1947:
1290:
1123:
1083:
1007:
4826:
4677:
4540:
4475:
4438:
4430:
4370:
4355:
4251:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4063:
3891:
3883:
3870:
3847:
3818:
3770:
3601:
3569:
3545:
3176:
3127:
3037:
2887:
2866:
2807:
2767:
2744:
2731:
2696:
2686:
2636:
2596:
2534:
2514:
2432:
2401:
2184:
1622:
1505:
1482:
1328:
1055:
990:
4180:
2586:
2551:
1697:
662:
Peterson, Candida C.; Siegal, Michael (March 2000). "Insights into Theory of Mind from Deafness and Autism".
182:
Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Mayberry, Rachel I. (November 2001). "How Do Profoundly Deaf Children Learn to Read?".
73:
36% to 40% of residential and day schools for deaf students in the US report using Bi-Bi education programs.
4922:
4743:
4647:
4576:
4545:
4535:
4490:
4485:
4395:
4277:
4243:
4196:
4170:
4154:
4026:
4021:
3705:
3677:
3635:
3585:
3505:
3497:
3344:
3252:
3226:
3096:
3080:
2958:
2881:
2820:
2656:
2469:
2464:
2453:
2442:
2164:
1929:
1924:
1778:
1758:
1582:
1492:
1477:
1368:
1042:
1036:
1030:
996:
116:
4964:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3439:
2369:
2361:
714:
Marschark, Marc (June 2001). Language Development in Children Who Are Deaf: A Research Synthesis (Report).
594:
Goldman, Alvin I. (2012). "Theory of Mind". In Margolis, Eric; Samuels, Richard; Stich, Stephen P. (eds.).
419:
Cummins, James (1979). "Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children".
5030:
4957:
4937:
4662:
4530:
4525:
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4500:
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4296:
4230:
4162:
4122:
4076:
4068:
4011:
4006:
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3933:
3904:
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3839:
3744:
3739:
3713:
3617:
3529:
3463:
3447:
3426:
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3275:
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3218:
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2942:
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2726:
2711:
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2545:
2529:
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2447:
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2331:
2192:
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2066:
1955:
1919:
1880:
1859:
1813:
1799:
1763:
1593:
1537:
1513:
1460:
1450:
1419:
1318:
1285:
1135:
1060:
1013:
977:
967:
913:
558:
128:
56:
691:
SLR '83: Proceedings of the III International Symposium on Sign Language Research, Rome, June 22-26, 1983
5015:
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4717:
4657:
4515:
4380:
4350:
4188:
4031:
3996:
3938:
3862:
3852:
3831:
3759:
3669:
3643:
3630:
3625:
3609:
3553:
3537:
3521:
3455:
3418:
3405:
3331:
3323:
3265:
3171:
3153:
3140:
3109:
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2002:
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1727:
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1424:
1399:
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1352:
1338:
1333:
1270:
1222:
1140:
1088:
1001:
983:
972:
847:
467:
316:
333:
Norton, Kenneth W. 2000. The Eagle Soars to Enlightenment. Fremont, CA: California School for the Deaf
4965:
4672:
4416:
4175:
4135:
4097:
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3784:
3779:
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3664:
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3189:
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2601:
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2484:
2479:
2437:
2417:
2076:
2071:
2042:
1997:
1992:
1965:
1934:
1768:
1714:
1660:
1601:
1499:
1295:
1155:
1145:
1078:
1018:
120:
563:
4897:
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4757:
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4235:
4127:
4102:
4036:
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3823:
3802:
3754:
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3513:
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3473:
3291:
3270:
3148:
3013:
3005:
2987:
2812:
2787:
2777:
2666:
2661:
2646:
2581:
2564:
2509:
2499:
2120:
1960:
1833:
1722:
1465:
1232:
1227:
1177:
961:
115:
Bilingual–bicultural education is based on Cummins' Model of Linguistic Interdependence. In 1976,
4888:
4786:
4267:
4092:
3349:
3119:
3000:
2900:
2825:
2519:
1970:
832:
824:
627:
Peterson, Candida C.; Siegal, Michael (March 1995). "Deafness, Conversation and Theory of Mind".
436:
401:
355:
787:. National government publication. Washington, D.C.: Pre-College Programs, Gallaudet University
5010:
4791:
4452:
795:
772:
715:
694:
644:
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603:
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517:
459:
281:
262:
92:
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816:
743:
671:
636:
599:
568:
494:
428:
393:
252:
221:
191:
785:
Educating Deaf Children Bilingually--With Insights and Applications from Sweden and Denmark
771:
Mason, David G. (March 1994). Bilingual/Bicultural Deaf Education Is Appropriate (Report).
4927:
4722:
4702:
4581:
485:
Vygotsky, L. S. (April 1967). "Play and Its Role in the Mental Development of the Child".
299:
66:
and strives to create confidence in deaf students by exposing them to the Deaf community.
4836:
4821:
4712:
4697:
4467:
640:
154:
44:
747:
5004:
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902:
836:
572:
405:
342:
225:
48:
31:
103:
On September 24, 2018, Carey M. Ballard published a thirty-minute documentary film,
17:
4682:
4627:
866:
Nothing More Nothing Less--A French-Canadian View of Bilingualism and Biculturalism
840:
143:
63:
544:
542:
851:
471:
300:
Bilingual/Bicultural Program Development at The Learning Center for Deaf Children
4816:
4586:
456:
A study of teacher efficacy in secondary American Sign Language-English teaching
147:
807:
Grosjean, Francois (2001). "The Right of the Deaf Child to Grow Up Bilingual".
4932:
4571:
3914:
3723:
3132:
2606:
1547:
498:
397:
364:
463:
4457:
4426:
4282:
3718:
784:
675:
257:
240:
195:
765:
Unlocking the Curriculum: Principles for Achieving Access in Deaf Education
580:
536:
Piaget, J.(1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York Norton.
266:
820:
648:
80:
A notable example of schools utilizing the Bi-Bi method in the US include
4637:
4596:
4447:
4201:
55:
children. In the United States, for example, Bi-Bi proponents state that
828:
792:
Annual International Multilingual, Multicultural Conference: Proceedings
4272:
794:. Dissemination Center for Bilingual Bicultural Education. April 1973.
440:
369:
124:
4901:
3986:
1258:
1246:
844:
27:
Deaf education programs that use sign language as the native language
4601:
432:
304:
Deaf Studies: What's Up? Conference Proceedings, October 24–25, 1991
799:
776:
719:
365:"Bilingual-Bicultural Movement at The Learning Center for the Deaf"
285:
105:
Bilingual-Bicultural Movement at The Learning Center for the Deaf
4591:
871:
52:
2920:
936:
875:
514:
Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes
767:
by Robert E. Johnson, Scott Liddell and Carol Erting, 1989.
30:"BiBi" redirects here. For the South Korean singer, see
345:, Indiana School for the Deaf, unpublished, circa 2000.
596:
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science
4858:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
343:
Bilingual-Bicultural program implementation timeline
4881:
4850:
4779:
4756:
4731:
4646:
4612:
4564:
4466:
4404:
4333:
4295:
4260:
4144:
3976:
3686:
3371:
3062:
2927:
2913:
2854:
2410:
2385:
2346:
2329:
2201:
2183:
2155:
2119:
2085:
2057:
2011:
1983:
1946:
1910:
1889:
1868:
1847:
1826:
1792:
1751:
1742:
1712:
1695:
1678:
1639:
1615:
1522:
1437:
1408:
1386:
1351:
1309:
1245:
1215:
1186:
1164:
1122:
1097:
1069:
943:
927:
207:
205:
4873:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
123:for both languages. After decades of using the
107:, which examines the history of the movement.
4863:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
887:
77:instruction in schools for the deaf in 1991.
8:
184:Learning Disabilities Research and Practice
4620:
2917:
2207:
1748:
1530:
1443:
1392:
1251:
1170:
1128:
1066:
933:
894:
880:
872:
629:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
298:Philip, Marie Jean and Anita Small. 1992.
245:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
562:
256:
4668:Manually coded language in South Africa
604:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0017
512:Vygotsky, L. S.; Cole, Michael (1978).
317:"Petersen Collection - Banner Template"
174:
51:as the native, or first, language of
7:
1705:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
3018:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2632:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
641:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x
25:
4600:
4391:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
573:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x
386:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
226:10.1097/00011363-199808000-00006
82:The Learning Center for the Deaf
4981:
4972:
4950:
4918:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4002:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2624:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
693:. Linstok Press. pp. 1–9.
4739:Bilingual–bicultural education
4059:Western Torres Strait Islander
3133:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1110:Western Torres Strait Islander
421:Review of Educational Research
239:LaSasso, C. (1 January 2003).
1:
3811:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2959:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2821:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2570:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2077:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
748:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00035-7
153:A study on deaf children and
88:Bilingual-Bicultural Movement
2397:Providence Island (Provisle)
2047:North West Frontier Province
736:Journal of School Psychology
516:. Harvard University Press.
214:Topics in Language Disorders
3997:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
783:Mahshie, Shawn Neal. 1995.
454:Seremeth, Mary Ann (2016).
5047:
4868:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4077:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4007:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2793:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2647:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2067:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1461:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
29:
4946:
4623:
4113:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2552:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2362:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2210:
1769:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1533:
1446:
1395:
1264:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1254:
1173:
1131:
919:List by number of signers
909:
499:10.2753/RPO1061-040505036
398:10.1007/s10964-005-8950-4
4678:Paget Gorman Sign System
4132:Samoa and American Samoa
2922:Sign languages by region
2707:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2433:Albarradas Sign Language
2423:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2256:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2108:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2072:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1324:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
938:Sign languages by family
4923:Monastic sign languages
4771:Television shows (list)
4744:Manually coded language
4577:Hamburg Notation System
2370:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1616:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1339:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1276:Northern Ireland (NISL)
676:10.1111/1468-0017.00126
196:10.1111/0938-8982.00022
5026:Education for the deaf
4894:CHCI chimpanzee center
4663:Manually coded English
4361:Henniker Sign Language
4027:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4012:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3006:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
914:List of sign languages
135:Socio-emotional impact
129:Manually Coded English
57:American Sign Language
4718:Signing Exact English
4658:Indian Signing System
4381:Plateau Sign Language
3755:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3332:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2862:Amami Shuwa languages
2535:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2475:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2454:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2402:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
1930:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
1902:French Belgian (LSFB)
1334:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
821:10.1353/sls.2001.0003
809:Sign Language Studies
258:10.1093/deafed/8.1.79
4966:French Sign Language
4673:Manually Coded Malay
4481:British (two-handed)
4417:Bimodal bilingualism
4047:Far North Queensland
3355:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2877:Sri Lankan languages
2808:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2712:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2223:Chaticks si Chaticks
2203:Plains Sign Language
2121:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1623:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1301:South African (SASL)
1024:Far North Queensland
121:language acquisition
38:Bilingual–Bicultural
18:Bilingual/bicultural
5021:Bilingual education
2888:Tanzanian languages
2867:Ethiopian languages
2834:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
1925:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1640:Francophone African
1598:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1456:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1387:Chilean-Paraguayan-
4889:Baby sign language
4787:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4268:International Sign
4171:Brazilian (Libras)
4085:New Zealand (NZSL)
4032:Mudbura (Mudburra)
3960:Sandy River Valley
3939:Keresan (Keresign)
3530:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2901:International Sign
2882:Sudanese languages
2505:Navajo/Diné Family
2319:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2157:Original Thai Sign
1935:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1478:Brazilian (Libras)
1291:New Zealand (NZSL)
84:in Massachusetts.
4998:
4997:
4991:extinct languages
4913:Legal recognition
4792:Jeanette Berglind
4752:
4751:
4453:Nonmanual feature
4366:Martha's Vineyard
4291:
4290:
3945:Martha's Vineyard
3440:Faroese (Teknmál)
3162:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
2972:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
2909:
2908:
2894:Zimsign languages
2872:Laotian languages
2756:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2515:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2460:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2381:
2380:
1979:
1978:
1822:
1821:
1738:
1737:
1728:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1433:
1432:
1361:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1347:
1346:
1241:
1240:
1211:
1210:
1118:
1117:
973:Eltye eltyarrenke
953:
952:multiple families
841:Project MUSE
700:978-0-932130-08-2
664:Mind and Language
613:978-0-19-530979-9
551:Child Development
523:978-0-674-57629-2
487:Soviet Psychology
93:Marie Jean Philip
16:(Redirected from
5038:
4985:
4976:
4954:
4842:Pierre Pélissier
4827:Thomas Gallaudet
4802:Thomas Braidwood
4633:Initialized sign
4621:
4604:
4089:Papua New Guinea
3992:Australian-Irish
3698:Plains Sign Talk
3578:Northern Ireland
3574:Northern Ireland
3097:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2918:
2697:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2612:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2428:Albanian (AlbSL)
2208:
2022:Bangalore-Madras
2003:Israeli (Shassi)
1971:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1881:Honduran (LESHO)
1749:
1607:Singapore (SgSL)
1543:Black ASL (BASL)
1531:
1471:Australian-Irish
1444:
1393:
1369:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1329:Portuguese (LGP)
1319:Eritrean (EriSL)
1252:
1171:
1129:
1067:
951:
934:
896:
889:
882:
873:
855:
803:
780:
752:
751:
730:
724:
723:
711:
705:
704:
686:
680:
679:
659:
653:
652:
624:
618:
617:
591:
585:
584:
566:
546:
537:
534:
528:
527:
509:
503:
502:
482:
476:
475:
451:
445:
444:
416:
410:
409:
381:
375:
374:
352:
346:
340:
334:
331:
325:
324:
313:
307:
296:
290:
289:
277:
271:
270:
260:
236:
230:
229:
209:
200:
199:
179:
21:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4979:
4970:
4948:
4942:
4928:Tactile signing
4877:
4846:
4775:
4748:
4727:
4703:Signed Japanese
4649:
4642:
4615:
4608:
4582:Stokoe notation
4560:
4462:
4422:Phonology (ASL)
4400:
4335:
4329:
4287:
4256:
4155:Argentine (LSA)
4140:
3972:
3795:New Costa Rican
3790:Old Costa Rican
3690:
3688:
3682:
3566:North Macedonia
3367:
3058:
2993:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2923:
2905:
2855:Other groupings
2850:
2702:Old Costa Rican
2677:Burkina (Mossi)
2657:Mauritian (MSL)
2530:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2443:Argentine (LSA)
2406:
2388:
2377:
2342:
2325:
2197:
2179:
2151:
2115:
2081:
2053:
2014:
2007:
1975:
1942:
1912:Danish (Tegnic)
1906:
1885:
1864:
1843:
1818:
1793:Yugoslavic Sign
1788:
1759:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1744:
1734:
1723:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1708:
1698:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1691:
1674:
1661:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1642:(Françafrosign)
1641:
1635:
1611:
1583:Malaysian (BIM)
1525:
1518:
1493:Valencian (LSV)
1429:
1420:Paraguay (LSPY)
1411:
1404:
1388:
1382:
1343:
1305:
1237:
1207:
1182:
1166:
1160:
1124:Arab (Ishaaric)
1114:
1093:
1065:
978:Iltyeme iltyeme
949:
946:
939:
929:
923:
905:
900:
862:
806:
790:
770:
761:
759:Further reading
756:
755:
732:
731:
727:
713:
712:
708:
701:
688:
687:
683:
661:
660:
656:
626:
625:
621:
614:
593:
592:
588:
564:10.1.1.473.8685
548:
547:
540:
535:
531:
524:
511:
510:
506:
484:
483:
479:
453:
452:
448:
433:10.2307/1169960
418:
417:
413:
383:
382:
378:
363:
360:Wayback Machine
353:
349:
341:
337:
332:
328:
321:library.rit.edu
315:
314:
310:
297:
293:
279:
278:
274:
238:
237:
233:
211:
210:
203:
181:
180:
176:
171:
137:
113:
90:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5044:
5042:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4837:William Stokoe
4834:
4829:
4824:
4822:Valerie Sutton
4819:
4814:
4812:Abbé de l'Épée
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4723:Signed Swedish
4720:
4715:
4713:Signed Spanish
4710:
4705:
4700:
4698:Signed Italian
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4541:Serbo-Croatian
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4470:
4468:Fingerspelling
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4054:Western Desert
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3905:American (ASL)
3902:
3899:
3897:Old Salvadoran
3894:
3889:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3745:Maritime (MSL)
3742:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3714:American (ASL)
3711:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:Central Taurus
3657:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3612:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3415:United Kingdom
3413:
3411:French Belgian
3408:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3211:Kazakh-Russian
3208:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3115:Indo-Pakistani
3112:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2727:Peruvian (LSP)
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Miyakubo Shuwa
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Dogon/Douentza
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2332:American (ASL)
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2193:Namibian (NSL)
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:Indo-Pakistani
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1860:Tunisian (TSL)
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1814:Yugoslav (YSL)
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1800:Croatian (HZJ)
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1671:Sierra Leonean
1669:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1594:Filipino (FSL)
1591:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1538:American (ASL)
1534:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1514:Romanian (LSR)
1511:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1451:Algerian (LSA)
1447:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:Uruguayan Sign
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1400:Chilean (LSCh)
1396:
1390:
1389:Uruguayan Sign
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:Maritime (MSL)
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1151:Qatari Unified
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1098:Zendath Kesign
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1071:Western Desert
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:Worora Kinship
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1004:
999:
994:
987:
980:
975:
970:
965:
957:
955:
941:
940:
937:
931:
925:
924:
922:
921:
916:
910:
907:
906:
901:
899:
898:
891:
884:
876:
870:
869:
861:
858:
857:
856:
815:(2): 110–114.
804:
788:
781:
768:
760:
757:
754:
753:
725:
706:
699:
681:
670:(1): 123–145.
654:
635:(3): 459–474.
619:
612:
586:
557:(2): 376–396.
538:
529:
522:
504:
477:
446:
427:(2): 222–25l.
411:
392:(6): 619–628.
376:
347:
335:
326:
308:
291:
272:
231:
201:
190:(4): 222–229.
173:
172:
170:
167:
155:theory of mind
136:
133:
112:
109:
89:
86:
45:deaf education
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5043:
5032:
5031:Sign language
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:Miscellaneous
4880:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4851:Organisations
4849:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Laurent Clerc
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Pär Aron Borg
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Signed Polish
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Signed German
4691:
4689:
4688:Signed French
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Grammar (ASL)
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:International
4259:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:South America
4143:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4118:Rossel Island
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Mount Avejaha
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:Navajo Family
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:United States
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:South African
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Yoruban (YSL)
2839:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Bura (Burasl)
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:West African
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:Ugandan (USL)
2801:
2799:
2798:Turkish (TİD)
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:Spanish (LSE)
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Rossel Island
2749:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2740:
2739:Qahveh Khaneh
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2682:Mount Avejaha
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Maltese (LSM)
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Atgangmuurniq
2563:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2540:Guinea-Bissau
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2146:Cepeda Peraza
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:Highland Maya
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2059:Japanese Sign
2056:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Flemish (VGT)
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1876:Mexican (LSM)
1874:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Italian (LIS)
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1784:Russian (РЖЯ)
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Latvian (LSL)
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1741:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:Catalan (LSC)
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1425:Uruguay (LSU)
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:British (BSL)
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1089:Ngaatjatjarra
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
963:
959:
958:
956:
948:
942:
935:
932:
926:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
904:
903:Sign language
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
874:
867:
864:
863:
859:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
766:
763:
762:
758:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
726:
721:
717:
710:
707:
702:
696:
692:
685:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
615:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
565:
560:
556:
552:
545:
543:
539:
533:
530:
525:
519:
515:
508:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
412:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
377:
372:
371:
366:
361:
357:
351:
348:
344:
339:
336:
330:
327:
322:
318:
312:
309:
306:, pp. 51-107.
305:
301:
295:
292:
287:
283:
276:
273:
268:
264:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
206:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
178:
175:
168:
166:
162:
158:
156:
151:
149:
145:
141:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:James Cummins
110:
108:
106:
101:
97:
94:
87:
85:
83:
78:
74:
71:
67:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
49:sign language
47:programs use
46:
43:
39:
33:
32:Bibi (singer)
19:
5016:Deaf culture
4986:
4980:
4971:
4969:
4949:
4766:Films (list)
4738:
4683:Signed Dutch
4628:Contact sign
4073:Hawaii (USA)
3966:
3959:
3944:
3769:
3760:
3652:Swiss-German
3288:Saudi Arabia
3026:South Africa
2760:
2743:
2617:Somali (SSL)
2544:
2452:
2387:Providencia–
2366:Nesilextcl'n
2339:Oneida (OSL)
2301:Tickanwa•tic
2289:Schitsu'umsh
2271:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2185:Paget Gorman
2106:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2050:Punjab-Sindh
1998:Polish (PJM)
1993:German (DGS)
1869:Mexican Sign
1848:Italian Sign
1752:Russian Sign
1715:French (LSF)
1688:Oneida (OSL)
1602:Quebec (LSQ)
1587:Oneida (OSL)
1504:
1500:French (LSF)
1353:Chinese Sign
1311:Swedish Sign
1035:
1006:
989:
982:
960:
812:
808:
791:
742:(1): 27–49.
739:
735:
728:
709:
690:
684:
667:
663:
657:
632:
628:
622:
595:
589:
554:
550:
532:
513:
507:
490:
486:
480:
455:
449:
424:
420:
414:
389:
385:
379:
368:
356:Ghostarchive
354:Archived at
350:
338:
329:
320:
311:
303:
294:
275:
251:(1): 79–91.
248:
244:
234:
220:(4): 47–60.
217:
213:
187:
183:
177:
163:
159:
152:
144:Lev Vygotsky
142:
138:
114:
104:
102:
98:
91:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:Deaf culture
61:
41:
37:
36:
4908:Open Outcry
4832:Abbé Sicard
4817:Roger Fouts
4648:Signed Oral
4587:SignWriting
4435:Orientation
4405:Linguistics
4386:Pitha Pitha
4081:New Zealand
4017:Manjiljarra
3888:El Salvador
3648:Switzerland
3558:Netherlands
3398:Azerbaijani
3340:Old Bangkok
3280:Philippines
2968:Ivory Coast
2762:Sandy River
2500:Cuban (LSC)
2389:Cayman Sign
2238:Hinono'eino
2229:Coahuilteco
2214:Anishinaabe
2175:Old Bangkok
2096:Old Kentish
2025:Beluchistan
1985:German Sign
1966:Ho Chi Minh
1890:Old Belgian
1834:Dutch (NGT)
1573:Costa Rican
1466:Irish (ISL)
1410:Paraguayan-
1201:Palestinian
1084:Manjiljarra
1079:Kartutjarra
1014:Rdaka rdaka
1008:Pitha Pitha
493:(3): 6–18.
125:oral method
5005:Categories
4933:Protactile
4572:ASL-phabet
4556:Portuguese
4458:Sign names
4443:Expression
4371:Old French
4356:Kalkutungu
4325:Name signs
4315:Literature
4252:Venezuelan
4226:Inmaculada
4218:Paraguayan
4210:Ecuadorian
4064:Yir Yoront
3915:Protactile
3892:Salvadoran
3884:Panamanian
3871:Nicaraguan
3848:Albarradas
3819:Guatemalan
3776:Costa Rica
3771:Old Cayman
3724:Protactile
3602:Portuguese
3570:Macedonian
3546:Lithuanian
3394:Azerbaijan
3363:Vietnamese
3320:Tajikistan
3308:Sri Lankan
3207:Kazakhstan
3177:Kafr Qasem
3128:Indonesian
2830:Mofu-Gudur
2768:Salvadoran
2745:Rennellese
2732:Inmaculada
2687:Mozambican
2637:Macedonian
2607:Kata Kolok
2597:Kafr Qasim
2556:Creole HSL
2307:Tsuu T'ina
2268:Niitsítapi
2262:Ni Mii Puu
2253:Maagiadawa
2217:Apsáalooke
2143:Trascorral
1827:Dutch Sign
1630:Yogyakarta
1590:Panamanian
1548:Protactile
1506:Old French
1483:Lithuanian
1439:Francosign
1056:Yir Yoront
1043:Warramunga
991:Kalkutungu
947:Aboriginal
945:Australian
852:1297899667
472:1870036812
458:(Thesis).
169:References
4989:indicate
4650:Languages
4551:Ukrainian
4511:Hungarian
4496:Esperanto
4427:Handshape
4396:Warluwara
4336:languages
4320:Profanity
4283:Signalong
4248:Venezuela
4244:Uruguayan
4197:Colombian
4151:Argentina
4022:Warlmanpa
3983:Australia
3921:Blackfeet
3910:Black ASL
3867:Nicaragua
3815:Guatemala
3807:Greenland
3730:Blackfoot
3719:Black ASL
3687:North and
3678:Ukrainian
3636:Valencian
3618:Slovenian
3586:Norwegian
3542:Lithuania
3506:Icelandic
3498:Hungarian
3345:Chiangmai
3316:Taiwanese
3304:Sri Lanka
3300:Singapore
3296:Singapore
3253:Mongolian
3227:Malaysian
3124:Indonesia
3093:Hong Kong
3081:Cambodian
3038:Tanzanian
2914:By region
2470:Bhutanese
2265:Niimíipuu
2247:Karankawa
2170:Hai Phong
2165:Chiangmai
1956:Hai Phong
1948:Viet-Thai
1810:Slovenian
1779:Mongolian
1745:Hungarian
1681:Hand Talk
1648:Ethiopian
1576:Dominican
1570:Cambodian
1365:Shanghai
1195:Jordanian
1188:Levantine
1167:Levantine
1052:Yan-nhaŋu
1037:Warluwara
1031:Warlmanpa
997:Miriwoong
837:144571937
559:CiteSeerX
464:978349766
406:143864108
5011:Deafness
4638:Mouthing
4614:Language
4597:ASLwrite
4521:Japanese
4476:American
4448:Mouthing
4439:Movement
4431:Location
4376:Old Kent
4342:Chilmark
4278:Monastic
4231:Peruvian
4214:Paraguay
4202:Provisle
4193:Colombia
4163:Bolivian
4123:Sinasina
3967:Henniker
3927:Cheyenne
3879:Chiriqui
3840:Honduran
3836:Honduras
3706:Belizean
3614:Slovenia
3598:Portugal
3464:Ghardaia
3448:Estonian
3427:Croatian
3390:Austrian
3382:Armenian
3336:Thailand
3284:Filipino
3276:Nepalese
3261:Ghandruk
3249:Mongolia
3245:Maldives
3241:Maldives
3237:Selangor
3223:Malaysia
3195:Miyakubo
3185:Japanese
3167:Ghardaia
3077:Cambodia
3034:Tanzania
2947:Cameroon
2943:Ghardaia
2938:Algerian
2773:Sinasina
2546:Henniker
2525:Ghandruk
2465:Belizean
2448:Armenian
2411:Isolates
2358:Kalispel
2355:A'aninin
2313:Wazhazhe
2310:Umatilla
2292:Shiwinna
2283:Piipaash
2232:Dane-zaa
2226:Cheyenne
2131:Yucatec
2102:Chilmark
2036:Calcutta
1920:Malagasy
1764:Georgian
1668:Nigerian
1665:Moroccan
1654:Ghanaian
1579:Jamaican
1565:Mandalay
1554:Bolivian
1524:American
1216:Possible
1198:Lebanese
1136:Egyptian
1002:Mudburra
968:Djingili
930:families
928:Language
860:See also
848:ProQuest
829:26204832
800:ED086409
777:ED378720
720:ED455620
581:17381779
468:ProQuest
358:and the
286:ED414671
267:15448048
4987:Italics
4938:Tic-tac
4780:Persons
4616:contact
4565:Writing
4546:Spanish
4536:Russian
4491:Chilean
4486:Catalan
4351:Jaralde
4334:Extinct
4305:Grammar
4273:Makaton
4240:Uruguay
4206:Ecuador
4189:Chilean
4181:Ka'apor
4159:Bolivia
3977:Oceania
3863:Mexican
3853:Chatino
3832:Haitian
3761:Plateau
3691:America
3689:Central
3674:Ukraine
3670:Turkish
3644:Swedish
3631:Spanish
3626:Catalan
3610:Russian
3554:Russian
3550:Moldova
3538:Latvian
3522:Italian
3510:Ireland
3502:Iceland
3494:Hungary
3478:Germany
3456:Finnish
3452:Finland
3444:Estonia
3431:Denmark
3423:Croatia
3419:British
3406:Flemish
3402:Belgium
3386:Austria
3378:Armenia
3359:Vietnam
3324:Russian
3266:Jhankot
3219:Laotian
3172:Israeli
3154:Kurdish
3141:Persian
3110:Bengali
3089:Chinese
3073:Bengali
3054:Zambian
3046:Ugandan
3010:Senegal
2997:Nigeria
2964:Nanabin
2934:Algeria
2846:Zambian
2722:Persian
2628:Kisindo
2587:Ka'apor
2577:Jhankot
2495:Chatino
2348:Plateau
2330:Mixed,
2322:Wyandot
2316:Wichita
2304:Tháumgá
2286:Ppáⁿkka
2274:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2250:Liksiyu
2241:Hiraacá
2220:Arikara
2087:Kentish
2029:Bengali
1939:Teknmál
1839:Gambian
1807:Serbian
1804:Kosovar
1743:Austro-
1713:Mixed,
1696:Mixed,
1679:Mixed,
1657:Guinean
1651:Chadian
1627:Jakarta
1558:Burmese
1526:(ASLic)
1223:Emirati
1141:Kuwaiti
984:Jaralde
649:7782409
441:1169960
370:YouTube
111:History
4902:Loulis
4898:Washoe
4732:Others
4531:Polish
4526:Korean
4506:German
4501:French
4346:Diyari
4310:Idioms
4167:Brazil
4136:Samoan
4098:Kailge
4042:Umpila
3987:Auslan
3950:Navajo
3934:Oneida
3930:Ojibwa
3875:Panama
3844:Mexico
3785:Brunca
3780:Bribri
3766:Cayman
3750:Quebec
3740:Oneida
3736:Ojibwa
3710:Canada
3702:Belize
3665:Mardin
3656:Turkey
3640:Sweden
3606:Russia
3594:Polish
3590:Poland
3582:Norway
3534:Latvia
3526:Kosovo
3486:Greece
3482:German
3469:French
3460:France
3435:Danish
3372:Europe
3312:Taiwan
3232:Penang
3203:Korean
3190:Koniya
3158:Israel
3105:Alipur
3069:Bengal
3050:Zambia
3042:Uganda
3022:Somali
2980:Kenyan
2951:Maroua
2928:Africa
2884:(~150)
2717:Penang
2662:M'bour
2652:Mardin
2602:Kailge
2592:Kajana
2561:Inuit
2485:Brunca
2480:Bribri
2438:Alipur
2418:Afghan
2374:Sqeliz
2259:Nakota
2137:Nohkop
2134:Chicán
2043:Nepali
2033:Bombay
1562:Yangon
1296:Samoan
1282:Fijian
1259:Auslan
1247:BANZSL
1204:Syrian
1165:Iraqi–
1156:Yemeni
1146:Libyan
1105:Meriam
1019:Umpila
962:Diyari
868:(1967)
850:
843:
835:
827:
798:
775:
718:
697:
647:
610:
579:
561:
520:
470:
462:
439:
404:
302:. In:
284:
265:
148:Piaget
4758:Media
4516:Irish
4236:Sivia
4185:Chile
4128:Wanib
4103:Mehek
4069:Yolŋu
4037:Ngada
3858:Mayan
3828:Haiti
3824:Mayan
3803:Cuban
3622:Spain
3562:Dutch
3518:Italy
3514:Irish
3490:Greek
3474:Lyons
3328:Tibet
3292:Saudi
3271:Jumla
3257:Nepal
3199:Korea
3181:Japan
3149:Iraqi
3101:India
3085:China
3014:Mbour
2988:Tebul
2976:Kenya
2955:Ghana
2813:Wanib
2788:Tebul
2778:Sivia
2667:Mehek
2582:Jumla
2295:Sioux
2280:Palus
2277:Omaha
2140:Nohya
2039:Delhi
1961:Hanoi
1373:Macau
1233:Omani
1228:Saudi
1178:Iraqi
1061:Yolŋu
845:31761
833:S2CID
825:JSTOR
437:JSTOR
402:S2CID
42:Bi-Bi
4960:and
4592:si5s
4222:Peru
4176:Cena
4093:Enga
3924:Cree
3799:Cuba
3733:Cree
3350:Thai
3215:Laos
3145:Iraq
3137:Iran
3120:Naga
3063:Asia
3001:Bura
2984:Mali
2890:(7+)
2692:Naga
2520:Enga
2490:Cena
2298:Taos
2244:Icāk
2235:Diné
2015:Sign
796:ERIC
773:ERIC
716:ERIC
695:ISBN
645:PMID
608:ISBN
577:PMID
518:ISBN
460:OCLC
282:ERIC
263:PMID
53:Deaf
4962:BSL
4958:ASL
4297:ASL
817:doi
744:doi
672:doi
637:doi
600:doi
569:doi
495:doi
429:doi
394:doi
253:doi
222:doi
192:doi
40:or
5007::
4982:^c
4973:^b
4968:.
4951:^a
4900:,
4441:/
4437:/
4433:/
4429:/
839:.
831:.
823:.
811:.
740:38
738:.
668:15
666:.
643:.
633:36
631:.
606:.
598:.
575:.
567:.
555:78
553:.
541:^
489:.
466:.
435:.
425:49
423:.
400:.
390:34
388:.
367:.
362::
319:.
261:.
247:.
243:.
218:18
216:.
204:^
188:16
186:.
4993:.
4904:)
4896:(
4605:)
4599:(
954:)
950:(
895:e
888:t
881:v
854:.
819::
813:1
802:.
779:.
750:.
746::
722:.
703:.
678:.
674::
651:.
639::
616:.
602::
583:.
571::
526:.
501:.
497::
491:5
474:.
443:.
431::
408:.
396::
373:.
323:.
288:.
269:.
255::
249:8
228:.
224::
198:.
194::
34:.
20:)
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