146:(ToM), which is essentially the ability to put oneself in someone else's shoes, showed no differences in performance in theory of mind tasks between deaf children of deaf parents and their hearing peers. This means that deaf children with deaf parents were advantaged in having acquired language from birth. Deaf children with hearing parents, whether they were educated using spoken English or ASL, showed delays in two ToM tasks, false beliefs and knowledge states. It is worth mentioning that not all deaf children born with hearing parents are linguistically disadvantaged because hearing parents can acquire sign language to communicate with their deaf children.
150:
lacking language. When deaf children are exposed to natural and accessible language from an early age, they do not have delays in theory of mind reasoning and demonstrate a high capacity in understanding and reasoning about others' minds. Evidence have suggested that there is a correlation between having a strong theory of mind and a strong language foundation. It can be argued that the Bi-Bi approach provides deaf children with optimal access to language to support typical socio-emotional development.
139:, another psychologist renowned for his child development study, and Vygotsky agreed that language plays a significant role in cognitive and social development, because language competence significantly shapes play behaviors. When deaf children are in a Bi-Bi setting where they have access to language and the full ability to communicate with their peers, they are developing and fine-tuning their cognitive and social skills.
48:(ASL) should be the natural first language for deaf children in the United States, although the majority of deaf and hard of hearing being born to hearing parents. In this same vein, the spoken or written language used by the majority of the population is viewed as a secondary language to be acquired either after or at the same time as the native language.
129:
academic experiences for students when cultural factors are recognized. The cultural aspect of the bicultural bilingual approach enhances deaf students' experiences success in school. The school climate in a bicultural-bilingual setting gives students the opportunity to foster their academic, cognitive and socio-cultural skills in two languages.
4591:
153:
Deaf children use sign to express themselves, discuss events, ask questions, and refer to things in their settings, just as hearing children use spoken language. The human brain is naturally wired to crave information and constant access to communication, and social settings with accessible language
128:
Research has shown links between sociocultural factors and students' educational success. Learning in their first language allows students to feel a sense of belonging, leading to their academic success, including development in their two languages. The bilingual teaching approach creates meaningful
84:
was a pioneer in the
Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) movement. In 1985, The Learning Center for Deaf Children in Framingham, Massachusetts, was able to convince Philip to begin a new career as Special Assistant to the Director for Implementation of Bilingual/Bicultural Policies. After two years, Philip
149:
The primary cause of delays in theory of mind is the lack of access to conversations in the environmental, opportunities for incidental learning, and the difficulty in communicating about daily routines. Those create challenges in discussing thoughts, beliefs and intentions among deaf children
58:
Various studies have found a correlation between ASL skill level and
English literacy or reading comprehension. The most plausible explanation for this is that ASL skill level predicts English literacy level. Having a basis of American Sign Language can benefit the acquisition of the English
65:
Sweden and
Denmark are two countries known for their bilingual–bicultural education of deaf children. Sweden passed a law in 1981 that mandated bilingualism as a goal of deaf education. Denmark recognized sign language as an equal language and espoused sign language as the primary method of
154:
provide that. The earlier that Deaf children have the chance to naturally acquire sign language with constant language input, the better their cognitive and social skills, because they are able to receive information about actions, objects, experiences, and events in time.
88:
The
Learning Center for the Deaf became the first Deaf school in the United States to officially adopt a Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophy. Schools in California, Indiana, and Maryland soon also officially adopted Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophies.
4944:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
722:
Smith, Karen E.; Landry, Susan H.; Swank, Paul R. (January 2000). "Does the
Content of Mothers' Verbal Stimulation Explain Differences in Children's Development of Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Skills?".
135:, a former Soviet psychologist renowned for his study on social cognitive development, argued that the quality and quantity of children's play is contingent upon the language shared among children.
120:(MCE) in an attempt to develop English in deaf students. After the perceived failure of Manually Coded English systems, some educators began using the bilingual–bicultural model.
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882:
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2145:
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agreed to take on the full-time position of
Bilingual Bicultural Coordinator, which she held from 1988. Philip led the school into the Bi-Bi education system.
4882:
4047:
1098:
1093:
2375:
373:
Sánchez, B.; Colón, Y.; Esparza, P.J. (2005). "The Role of Sense of School
Belonging and Gender in the Academic Adjustment of Latino Adolescents".
4759:
4656:
538:
Schick, Brenda; de
Villiers, Peter; de Villiers, Jill; Hoffmeister, Robert (March 2007). "Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children".
59:
language. In fact, bilingual children show more development in cognitive, linguistic, and meta-linguistic processes than their monolingual peers.
201:
Prinz, Philip M.; Strong, Michael (August 1998). "ASL Proficiency and
English Literacy within a Bilingual Deaf Education Model of Instruction".
875:
108:
predicted that proficiency in a first language would correlate to competence in a second language because a single cognitive process underlies
678:
Volterra, V.; Caselli, M.C.C. (1985). "From gestures and vocalizations to signs and words". In Stokoe, William C.; Volterra, Virginia (eds.).
1398:
687:
600:
510:
933:
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4308:
1512:
753:
269:
Baker, Sharon; Baker, Keith (August 1997). Educating Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Bilingual-Bicultural Education (Report).
230:"Survey of Residential and Day Schools for Deaf Students in the United States That Identify Themselves as Bilingual-Bicultural Programs"
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3932:
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4303:
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868:
4800:
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4379:
4298:
3947:
2750:
70:
51:
In Bi-Bi education, a signed language is the primary method of instruction. The bicultural aspect of Bi-Bi education emphasizes
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3150:
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854:
4820:
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1312:
348:
5009:
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4042:
3898:
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2001:
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of education, some advocates sought a new method for teaching deaf students. Many schools then began to use systems of
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3018:
2739:
2727:
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2191:
1973:
1900:
1669:
1427:
1289:
4856:
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4431:
3640:
3288:
1595:
1444:
4966:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
3885:
4539:
4509:
4499:
4484:
4374:
4364:
4073:
4005:
3942:
3799:
3386:
3351:
3328:
3296:
2882:
2865:
2680:
2558:
2493:
2448:
2163:
2084:
1936:
1279:
1112:
1072:
996:
4815:
4666:
4529:
4464:
4427:
4419:
4359:
4344:
4240:
4214:
4206:
4198:
4052:
3880:
3872:
3859:
3836:
3807:
3759:
3590:
3558:
3534:
3165:
3116:
3026:
2876:
2855:
2796:
2756:
2733:
2720:
2685:
2675:
2625:
2585:
2523:
2503:
2421:
2390:
2173:
1611:
1494:
1471:
1317:
1044:
979:
4169:
2575:
2540:
1686:
651:
Peterson, Candida C.; Siegal, Michael (March 2000). "Insights into Theory of Mind from Deafness and Autism".
171:
Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Mayberry, Rachel I. (November 2001). "How Do Profoundly Deaf Children Learn to Read?".
62:
36% to 40% of residential and day schools for deaf students in the US report using Bi-Bi education programs.
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4732:
4636:
4565:
4534:
4524:
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4474:
4384:
4266:
4232:
4185:
4159:
4143:
4015:
4010:
3694:
3666:
3624:
3574:
3494:
3486:
3333:
3241:
3215:
3085:
3069:
2947:
2870:
2809:
2645:
2458:
2453:
2442:
2431:
2153:
1918:
1913:
1767:
1747:
1571:
1481:
1466:
1357:
1031:
1025:
1019:
985:
105:
4953:
both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3428:
2358:
2350:
703:
Marschark, Marc (June 2001). Language Development in Children Who Are Deaf: A Research Synthesis (Report).
583:
Goldman, Alvin I. (2012). "Theory of Mind". In Margolis, Eric; Samuels, Richard; Stich, Stephen P. (eds.).
408:
Cummins, James (1979). "Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children".
5019:
4946:
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4651:
4519:
4514:
4494:
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4349:
4285:
4219:
4151:
4111:
4065:
4057:
4000:
3995:
3954:
3922:
3893:
3867:
3828:
3733:
3728:
3702:
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3518:
3452:
3436:
3415:
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3343:
3272:
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3207:
3183:
3173:
3155:
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2926:
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2715:
2700:
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2518:
2513:
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2320:
2181:
2158:
2055:
1944:
1908:
1869:
1848:
1802:
1788:
1752:
1582:
1526:
1502:
1449:
1439:
1408:
1307:
1274:
1124:
1049:
1002:
966:
956:
902:
547:
117:
45:
680:
SLR '83: Proceedings of the III International Symposium on Sign Language Research, Rome, June 22-26, 1983
5004:
4950:
4706:
4646:
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4369:
4339:
4177:
4020:
3985:
3927:
3851:
3841:
3820:
3748:
3658:
3632:
3619:
3614:
3598:
3542:
3526:
3510:
3444:
3407:
3394:
3320:
3312:
3254:
3160:
3142:
3129:
3098:
3077:
3061:
3042:
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2786:
2771:
2744:
2710:
2695:
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2630:
2612:
2565:
2483:
2463:
2336:
2017:
1991:
1885:
1864:
1843:
1827:
1772:
1762:
1716:
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1413:
1388:
1349:
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1327:
1322:
1259:
1211:
1129:
1077:
990:
972:
961:
836:
456:
305:
322:
Norton, Kenneth W. 2000. The Eagle Soars to Enlightenment. Fremont, CA: California School for the Deaf
4954:
4661:
4405:
4164:
4124:
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4030:
3773:
3768:
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2590:
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2426:
2406:
2065:
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2031:
1986:
1981:
1954:
1923:
1757:
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1649:
1590:
1488:
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1144:
1134:
1067:
1007:
109:
552:
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4025:
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3812:
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3478:
3462:
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3259:
3137:
3002:
2994:
2976:
2801:
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2655:
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2635:
2570:
2553:
2498:
2488:
2109:
1949:
1822:
1711:
1454:
1221:
1216:
1166:
950:
104:
Bilingual–bicultural education is based on Cummins' Model of Linguistic Interdependence. In 1976,
4877:
4775:
4256:
4081:
3338:
3108:
2989:
2889:
2814:
2508:
1959:
821:
813:
616:
Peterson, Candida C.; Siegal, Michael (March 1995). "Deafness, Conversation and Theory of Mind".
425:
390:
344:
776:. National government publication. Washington, D.C.: Pre-College Programs, Gallaudet University
4999:
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784:
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704:
683:
633:
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592:
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270:
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81:
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557:
483:
417:
382:
241:
210:
180:
774:
Educating Deaf Children Bilingually--With Insights and Applications from Sweden and Denmark
760:
Mason, David G. (March 1994). Bilingual/Bicultural Deaf Education Is Appropriate (Report).
4916:
4711:
4691:
4570:
474:
Vygotsky, L. S. (April 1967). "Play and Its Role in the Mental Development of the Child".
288:
55:
and strives to create confidence in deaf students by exposing them to the Deaf community.
4825:
4810:
4701:
4686:
4456:
629:
143:
33:
736:
4993:
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4681:
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561:
394:
331:
214:
37:
20:
92:
On September 24, 2018, Carey M. Ballard published a thirty-minute documentary film,
4671:
4616:
855:
Nothing More Nothing Less--A French-Canadian View of Bilingualism and Biculturalism
829:
132:
52:
533:
531:
840:
460:
289:
Bilingual/Bicultural Program Development at The Learning Center for Deaf Children
4805:
4575:
445:
A study of teacher efficacy in secondary American Sign Language-English teaching
136:
796:
Grosjean, Francois (2001). "The Right of the Deaf Child to Grow Up Bilingual".
4921:
4560:
3903:
3712:
3121:
2595:
1536:
487:
386:
353:
452:
4446:
4415:
4271:
3707:
773:
664:
246:
229:
184:
754:
Unlocking the Curriculum: Principles for Achieving Access in Deaf Education
569:
525:
Piaget, J.(1962). Play, dreams and imitation in childhood. New York Norton.
255:
809:
637:
69:
A notable example of schools utilizing the Bi-Bi method in the US include
4626:
4585:
4436:
4190:
44:
children. In the United States, for example, Bi-Bi proponents state that
817:
781:
Annual International Multilingual, Multicultural Conference: Proceedings
4261:
783:. Dissemination Center for Bilingual Bicultural Education. April 1973.
429:
358:
113:
4890:
3975:
1247:
1235:
833:
16:
Deaf education programs that use sign language as the native language
4590:
421:
293:
Deaf Studies: What's Up? Conference Proceedings, October 24–25, 1991
788:
765:
708:
354:"Bilingual-Bicultural Movement at The Learning Center for the Deaf"
274:
94:
Bilingual-Bicultural Movement at The Learning Center for the Deaf
4580:
860:
41:
2909:
925:
864:
503:
Mind in Society: Development of Higher Psychological Processes
756:
by Robert E. Johnson, Scott Liddell and Carol Erting, 1989.
19:"BiBi" redirects here. For the South Korean singer, see
334:, Indiana School for the Deaf, unpublished, circa 2000.
585:
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science
4847:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
332:
Bilingual-Bicultural program implementation timeline
4870:
4839:
4768:
4745:
4720:
4635:
4601:
4553:
4455:
4393:
4322:
4284:
4249:
4133:
3965:
3675:
3360:
3051:
2916:
2902:
2843:
2399:
2374:
2335:
2318:
2190:
2172:
2144:
2108:
2074:
2046:
2000:
1972:
1935:
1899:
1878:
1857:
1836:
1815:
1781:
1740:
1731:
1701:
1684:
1667:
1628:
1604:
1511:
1426:
1397:
1375:
1340:
1298:
1234:
1204:
1175:
1153:
1111:
1086:
1058:
932:
916:
196:
194:
4862:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
112:for both languages. After decades of using the
96:, which examines the history of the movement.
4852:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
876:
66:instruction in schools for the deaf in 1991.
8:
173:Learning Disabilities Research and Practice
4609:
2906:
2196:
1737:
1519:
1432:
1381:
1240:
1159:
1117:
1055:
922:
883:
869:
861:
618:Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
287:Philip, Marie Jean and Anita Small. 1992.
234:Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education
551:
245:
4657:Manually coded language in South Africa
593:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0017
501:Vygotsky, L. S.; Cole, Michael (1978).
306:"Petersen Collection - Banner Template"
163:
40:as the native, or first, language of
7:
1694:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
3007:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
2621:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
630:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x
14:
4589:
4380:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
562:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x
375:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
215:10.1097/00011363-199808000-00006
71:The Learning Center for the Deaf
4970:
4961:
4939:
4907:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
3991:Far North Queensland Indigenous
2613:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
682:. Linstok Press. pp. 1–9.
4728:Bilingual–bicultural education
4048:Western Torres Strait Islander
3122:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1099:Western Torres Strait Islander
410:Review of Educational Research
228:LaSasso, C. (1 January 2003).
1:
3800:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2948:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2810:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
2559:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2066:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
737:10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00035-7
142:A study on deaf children and
77:Bilingual-Bicultural Movement
2386:Providence Island (Provisle)
2036:North West Frontier Province
725:Journal of School Psychology
505:. Harvard University Press.
203:Topics in Language Disorders
3986:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
772:Mahshie, Shawn Neal. 1995.
443:Seremeth, Mary Ann (2016).
5036:
4857:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4066:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
3996:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
2782:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
2636:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2056:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1450:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
18:
4935:
4612:
4102:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
2541:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2351:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2199:
1758:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
1522:
1435:
1384:
1253:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1243:
1162:
1120:
908:List by number of signers
898:
488:10.2753/RPO1061-040505036
387:10.1007/s10964-005-8950-4
4667:Paget Gorman Sign System
4121:Samoa and American Samoa
2911:Sign languages by region
2696:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2422:Albarradas Sign Language
2412:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2245:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2097:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2061:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1313:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
927:Sign languages by family
4912:Monastic sign languages
4760:Television shows (list)
4733:Manually coded language
4566:Hamburg Notation System
2359:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
1605:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1328:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1265:Northern Ireland (NISL)
665:10.1111/1468-0017.00126
185:10.1111/0938-8982.00022
5015:Education for the deaf
4883:CHCI chimpanzee center
4652:Manually coded English
4350:Henniker Sign Language
4016:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4001:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
2995:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
903:List of sign languages
124:Socio-emotional impact
118:Manually Coded English
46:American Sign Language
4707:Signing Exact English
4647:Indian Signing System
4370:Plateau Sign Language
3744:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3321:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2851:Amami Shuwa languages
2524:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2464:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2443:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2391:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
1919:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
1891:French Belgian (LSFB)
1323:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
810:10.1353/sls.2001.0003
798:Sign Language Studies
247:10.1093/deafed/8.1.79
4955:French Sign Language
4662:Manually Coded Malay
4470:British (two-handed)
4406:Bimodal bilingualism
4036:Far North Queensland
3344:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2866:Sri Lankan languages
2797:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
2701:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2212:Chaticks si Chaticks
2192:Plains Sign Language
2110:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
1612:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1290:South African (SASL)
1013:Far North Queensland
110:language acquisition
27:Bilingual–Bicultural
5010:Bilingual education
2877:Tanzanian languages
2856:Ethiopian languages
2823:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
1914:Icelandic (Táknmál)
1629:Francophone African
1587:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1445:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1376:Chilean-Paraguayan-
4878:Baby sign language
4776:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4257:International Sign
4160:Brazilian (Libras)
4074:New Zealand (NZSL)
4021:Mudbura (Mudburra)
3949:Sandy River Valley
3928:Keresan (Keresign)
3519:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
2890:International Sign
2871:Sudanese languages
2494:Navajo/Diné Family
2308:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2146:Original Thai Sign
1924:Danish (Tegnsprog)
1467:Brazilian (Libras)
1280:New Zealand (NZSL)
73:in Massachusetts.
4987:
4986:
4980:extinct languages
4902:Legal recognition
4781:Jeanette Berglind
4741:
4740:
4442:Nonmanual feature
4355:Martha's Vineyard
4280:
4279:
3934:Martha's Vineyard
3429:Faroese (Teknmál)
3151:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
2961:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
2898:
2897:
2883:Zimsign languages
2861:Laotian languages
2745:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
2504:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2449:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2370:
2369:
1968:
1967:
1811:
1810:
1727:
1726:
1717:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1422:
1421:
1350:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1336:
1335:
1230:
1229:
1200:
1199:
1107:
1106:
962:Eltye eltyarrenke
942:
941:multiple families
830:Project MUSE
689:978-0-932130-08-2
653:Mind and Language
602:978-0-19-530979-9
540:Child Development
512:978-0-674-57629-2
476:Soviet Psychology
82:Marie Jean Philip
5027:
4974:
4965:
4943:
4831:Pierre Pélissier
4816:Thomas Gallaudet
4791:Thomas Braidwood
4622:Initialized sign
4610:
4593:
4078:Papua New Guinea
3981:Australian-Irish
3687:Plains Sign Talk
3567:Northern Ireland
3563:Northern Ireland
3086:Hong Kong (HKSL)
2907:
2686:Nicaraguan (ISN)
2601:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2417:Albanian (AlbSL)
2197:
2011:Bangalore-Madras
1992:Israeli (Shassi)
1960:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
1870:Honduran (LESHO)
1738:
1596:Singapore (SgSL)
1532:Black ASL (BASL)
1520:
1460:Australian-Irish
1433:
1382:
1358:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1318:Portuguese (LGP)
1308:Eritrean (EriSL)
1241:
1160:
1118:
1056:
940:
923:
885:
878:
871:
862:
844:
792:
769:
741:
740:
719:
713:
712:
700:
694:
693:
675:
669:
668:
648:
642:
641:
613:
607:
606:
580:
574:
573:
555:
535:
526:
523:
517:
516:
498:
492:
491:
471:
465:
464:
440:
434:
433:
405:
399:
398:
370:
364:
363:
341:
335:
329:
323:
320:
314:
313:
302:
296:
285:
279:
278:
266:
260:
259:
249:
225:
219:
218:
198:
189:
188:
168:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4968:
4959:
4937:
4931:
4917:Tactile signing
4866:
4835:
4764:
4737:
4716:
4692:Signed Japanese
4638:
4631:
4604:
4597:
4571:Stokoe notation
4549:
4451:
4411:Phonology (ASL)
4389:
4324:
4318:
4276:
4245:
4144:Argentine (LSA)
4129:
3961:
3784:New Costa Rican
3779:Old Costa Rican
3679:
3677:
3671:
3555:North Macedonia
3356:
3047:
2982:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2912:
2894:
2844:Other groupings
2839:
2691:Old Costa Rican
2666:Burkina (Mossi)
2646:Mauritian (MSL)
2519:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2432:Argentine (LSA)
2395:
2377:
2366:
2331:
2314:
2186:
2168:
2140:
2104:
2070:
2042:
2003:
1996:
1964:
1931:
1901:Danish (Tegnic)
1895:
1874:
1853:
1832:
1807:
1782:Yugoslavic Sign
1777:
1748:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
1733:
1723:
1712:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
1697:
1687:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
1680:
1663:
1650:Bamako (LaSiMa)
1631:(Françafrosign)
1630:
1624:
1600:
1572:Malaysian (BIM)
1514:
1507:
1482:Valencian (LSV)
1418:
1409:Paraguay (LSPY)
1400:
1393:
1377:
1371:
1332:
1294:
1226:
1196:
1171:
1155:
1149:
1113:Arab (Ishaaric)
1103:
1082:
1054:
967:Iltyeme iltyeme
938:
935:
928:
918:
912:
894:
889:
851:
795:
779:
759:
750:
748:Further reading
745:
744:
721:
720:
716:
702:
701:
697:
690:
677:
676:
672:
650:
649:
645:
615:
614:
610:
603:
582:
581:
577:
553:10.1.1.473.8685
537:
536:
529:
524:
520:
513:
500:
499:
495:
473:
472:
468:
442:
441:
437:
422:10.2307/1169960
407:
406:
402:
372:
371:
367:
352:
349:Wayback Machine
342:
338:
330:
326:
321:
317:
310:library.rit.edu
304:
303:
299:
286:
282:
268:
267:
263:
227:
226:
222:
200:
199:
192:
170:
169:
165:
160:
126:
102:
79:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5033:
5031:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4826:William Stokoe
4823:
4818:
4813:
4811:Valerie Sutton
4808:
4803:
4801:Abbé de l'Épée
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4712:Signed Swedish
4709:
4704:
4702:Signed Spanish
4699:
4694:
4689:
4687:Signed Italian
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Serbo-Croatian
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4457:Fingerspelling
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4204:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4180:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4043:Western Desert
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3894:American (ASL)
3891:
3888:
3886:Old Salvadoran
3883:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Maritime (MSL)
3731:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3703:American (ASL)
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3681:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3649:Central Taurus
3646:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3593:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3404:United Kingdom
3402:
3400:French Belgian
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3200:Kazakh-Russian
3197:
3194:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3106:
3104:Indo-Pakistani
3101:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2716:Peruvian (LSP)
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Miyakubo Shuwa
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Dogon/Douentza
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2321:American (ASL)
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2182:Namibian (NSL)
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2002:Indo-Pakistani
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1849:Tunisian (TSL)
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1803:Yugoslav (YSL)
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:Croatian (HZJ)
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:Sierra Leonean
1658:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1583:Filipino (FSL)
1580:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1527:American (ASL)
1523:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1503:Romanian (LSR)
1500:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Algerian (LSA)
1436:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1401:Uruguayan Sign
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1389:Chilean (LSCh)
1385:
1379:
1378:Uruguayan Sign
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1275:Maritime (MSL)
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:Qatari Unified
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1087:Zendath Kesign
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1060:Western Desert
1053:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:Worora Kinship
1034:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
983:
976:
969:
964:
959:
954:
946:
944:
930:
929:
926:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
899:
896:
895:
890:
888:
887:
880:
873:
865:
859:
858:
850:
847:
846:
845:
804:(2): 110–114.
793:
777:
770:
757:
749:
746:
743:
742:
714:
695:
688:
670:
659:(1): 123–145.
643:
624:(3): 459–474.
608:
601:
575:
546:(2): 376–396.
527:
518:
511:
493:
466:
435:
416:(2): 222–25l.
400:
381:(6): 619–628.
365:
336:
324:
315:
297:
280:
261:
220:
190:
179:(4): 222–229.
162:
161:
159:
156:
144:theory of mind
125:
122:
101:
98:
78:
75:
34:deaf education
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5032:
5021:
5020:Sign language
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4871:Miscellaneous
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4840:Organisations
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4796:Laurent Clerc
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4786:Pär Aron Borg
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:Signed Polish
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Signed German
4680:
4678:
4677:Signed French
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4401:Grammar (ASL)
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:International
4248:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:South America
4132:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4107:Rossel Island
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4097:Mount Avejaha
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3943:Navajo Family
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:United States
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:South African
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Yoruban (YSL)
2828:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:Bura (Burasl)
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2806:West African
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Ugandan (USL)
2790:
2788:
2787:Turkish (TİD)
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Spanish (LSE)
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2740:Rossel Island
2738:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2729:
2728:Qahveh Khaneh
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Mount Avejaha
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Maltese (LSM)
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Atgangmuurniq
2552:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:Guinea-Bissau
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2135:Cepeda Peraza
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:Highland Maya
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2048:Japanese Sign
2045:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Flemish (VGT)
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Mexican (LSM)
1863:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Italian (LIS)
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1773:Russian (РЖЯ)
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Latvian (LSL)
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:Catalan (LSC)
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1414:Uruguay (LSU)
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:British (BSL)
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1078:Ngaatjatjarra
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:
977:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:
948:
947:
945:
937:
931:
924:
921:
915:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
897:
893:
892:Sign language
886:
881:
879:
874:
872:
867:
866:
863:
856:
853:
852:
848:
842:
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
752:
751:
747:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
715:
710:
706:
699:
696:
691:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
647:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
609:
604:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
549:
545:
541:
534:
532:
528:
522:
519:
514:
508:
504:
497:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
439:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
404:
401:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
369:
366:
361:
360:
355:
350:
346:
340:
337:
333:
328:
325:
319:
316:
311:
307:
301:
298:
295:, pp. 51-107.
294:
290:
284:
281:
276:
272:
265:
262:
257:
253:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
224:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
195:
191:
186:
182:
178:
174:
167:
164:
157:
155:
151:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
123:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:James Cummins
99:
97:
95:
90:
86:
83:
76:
74:
72:
67:
63:
60:
56:
54:
49:
47:
43:
39:
38:sign language
36:programs use
35:
32:
28:
22:
21:Bibi (singer)
5005:Deaf culture
4975:
4969:
4960:
4958:
4938:
4755:Films (list)
4727:
4672:Signed Dutch
4617:Contact sign
4062:Hawaii (USA)
3955:
3948:
3933:
3758:
3749:
3641:Swiss-German
3277:Saudi Arabia
3015:South Africa
2749:
2732:
2606:Somali (SSL)
2533:
2441:
2376:Providencia–
2355:Nesilextcl'n
2328:Oneida (OSL)
2290:Tickanwa•tic
2278:Schitsu'umsh
2260:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2174:Paget Gorman
2095:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2039:Punjab-Sindh
1987:Polish (PJM)
1982:German (DGS)
1858:Mexican Sign
1837:Italian Sign
1741:Russian Sign
1704:French (LSF)
1677:Oneida (OSL)
1591:Quebec (LSQ)
1576:Oneida (OSL)
1493:
1489:French (LSF)
1342:Chinese Sign
1300:Swedish Sign
1024:
995:
978:
971:
949:
801:
797:
780:
731:(1): 27–49.
728:
724:
717:
698:
679:
673:
656:
652:
646:
621:
617:
611:
584:
578:
543:
539:
521:
502:
496:
479:
475:
469:
444:
438:
413:
409:
403:
378:
374:
368:
357:
345:Ghostarchive
343:Archived at
339:
327:
318:
309:
300:
292:
283:
264:
240:(1): 79–91.
237:
233:
223:
209:(4): 47–60.
206:
202:
176:
172:
166:
152:
148:
141:
133:Lev Vygotsky
131:
127:
103:
93:
91:
87:
80:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:Deaf culture
50:
30:
26:
25:
4897:Open Outcry
4821:Abbé Sicard
4806:Roger Fouts
4637:Signed Oral
4576:SignWriting
4424:Orientation
4394:Linguistics
4375:Pitha Pitha
4070:New Zealand
4006:Manjiljarra
3877:El Salvador
3637:Switzerland
3547:Netherlands
3387:Azerbaijani
3329:Old Bangkok
3269:Philippines
2957:Ivory Coast
2751:Sandy River
2489:Cuban (LSC)
2378:Cayman Sign
2227:Hinono'eino
2218:Coahuilteco
2203:Anishinaabe
2164:Old Bangkok
2085:Old Kentish
2014:Beluchistan
1974:German Sign
1955:Ho Chi Minh
1879:Old Belgian
1823:Dutch (NGT)
1562:Costa Rican
1455:Irish (ISL)
1399:Paraguayan-
1190:Palestinian
1073:Manjiljarra
1068:Kartutjarra
1003:Rdaka rdaka
997:Pitha Pitha
482:(3): 6–18.
114:oral method
4994:Categories
4922:Protactile
4561:ASL-phabet
4545:Portuguese
4447:Sign names
4432:Expression
4360:Old French
4345:Kalkutungu
4314:Name signs
4304:Literature
4241:Venezuelan
4215:Inmaculada
4207:Paraguayan
4199:Ecuadorian
4053:Yir Yoront
3904:Protactile
3881:Salvadoran
3873:Panamanian
3860:Nicaraguan
3837:Albarradas
3808:Guatemalan
3765:Costa Rica
3760:Old Cayman
3713:Protactile
3591:Portuguese
3559:Macedonian
3535:Lithuanian
3383:Azerbaijan
3352:Vietnamese
3309:Tajikistan
3297:Sri Lankan
3196:Kazakhstan
3166:Kafr Qasem
3117:Indonesian
2819:Mofu-Gudur
2757:Salvadoran
2734:Rennellese
2721:Inmaculada
2676:Mozambican
2626:Macedonian
2596:Kata Kolok
2586:Kafr Qasim
2545:Creole HSL
2296:Tsuu T'ina
2257:Niitsítapi
2251:Ni Mii Puu
2242:Maagiadawa
2206:Apsáalooke
2132:Trascorral
1816:Dutch Sign
1619:Yogyakarta
1579:Panamanian
1537:Protactile
1495:Old French
1472:Lithuanian
1428:Francosign
1045:Yir Yoront
1032:Warramunga
980:Kalkutungu
936:Aboriginal
934:Australian
841:1297899667
461:1870036812
447:(Thesis).
158:References
4978:indicate
4639:Languages
4540:Ukrainian
4500:Hungarian
4485:Esperanto
4416:Handshape
4385:Warluwara
4325:languages
4309:Profanity
4272:Signalong
4237:Venezuela
4233:Uruguayan
4186:Colombian
4140:Argentina
4011:Warlmanpa
3972:Australia
3910:Blackfeet
3899:Black ASL
3856:Nicaragua
3804:Guatemala
3796:Greenland
3719:Blackfoot
3708:Black ASL
3676:North and
3667:Ukrainian
3625:Valencian
3607:Slovenian
3575:Norwegian
3531:Lithuania
3495:Icelandic
3487:Hungarian
3334:Chiangmai
3305:Taiwanese
3293:Sri Lanka
3289:Singapore
3285:Singapore
3242:Mongolian
3216:Malaysian
3113:Indonesia
3082:Hong Kong
3070:Cambodian
3027:Tanzanian
2903:By region
2459:Bhutanese
2254:Niimíipuu
2236:Karankawa
2159:Hai Phong
2154:Chiangmai
1945:Hai Phong
1937:Viet-Thai
1799:Slovenian
1768:Mongolian
1734:Hungarian
1670:Hand Talk
1637:Ethiopian
1565:Dominican
1559:Cambodian
1354:Shanghai
1184:Jordanian
1177:Levantine
1156:Levantine
1041:Yan-nhaŋu
1026:Warluwara
1020:Warlmanpa
986:Miriwoong
826:144571937
548:CiteSeerX
453:978349766
395:143864108
5000:Deafness
4627:Mouthing
4603:Language
4586:ASLwrite
4510:Japanese
4465:American
4437:Mouthing
4428:Movement
4420:Location
4365:Old Kent
4331:Chilmark
4267:Monastic
4220:Peruvian
4203:Paraguay
4191:Provisle
4182:Colombia
4152:Bolivian
4112:Sinasina
3956:Henniker
3916:Cheyenne
3868:Chiriqui
3829:Honduran
3825:Honduras
3695:Belizean
3603:Slovenia
3587:Portugal
3453:Ghardaia
3437:Estonian
3416:Croatian
3379:Austrian
3371:Armenian
3325:Thailand
3273:Filipino
3265:Nepalese
3250:Ghandruk
3238:Mongolia
3234:Maldives
3230:Maldives
3226:Selangor
3212:Malaysia
3184:Miyakubo
3174:Japanese
3156:Ghardaia
3066:Cambodia
3023:Tanzania
2936:Cameroon
2932:Ghardaia
2927:Algerian
2762:Sinasina
2535:Henniker
2514:Ghandruk
2454:Belizean
2437:Armenian
2400:Isolates
2347:Kalispel
2344:A'aninin
2302:Wazhazhe
2299:Umatilla
2281:Shiwinna
2272:Piipaash
2221:Dane-zaa
2215:Cheyenne
2120:Yucatec
2091:Chilmark
2025:Calcutta
1909:Malagasy
1753:Georgian
1657:Nigerian
1654:Moroccan
1643:Ghanaian
1568:Jamaican
1554:Mandalay
1543:Bolivian
1513:American
1205:Possible
1187:Lebanese
1125:Egyptian
991:Mudburra
957:Djingili
919:families
917:Language
849:See also
837:ProQuest
818:26204832
789:ED086409
766:ED378720
709:ED455620
570:17381779
457:ProQuest
347:and the
275:ED414671
256:15448048
4976:Italics
4927:Tic-tac
4769:Persons
4605:contact
4554:Writing
4535:Spanish
4525:Russian
4480:Chilean
4475:Catalan
4340:Jaralde
4323:Extinct
4294:Grammar
4262:Makaton
4229:Uruguay
4195:Ecuador
4178:Chilean
4170:Ka'apor
4148:Bolivia
3966:Oceania
3852:Mexican
3842:Chatino
3821:Haitian
3750:Plateau
3680:America
3678:Central
3663:Ukraine
3659:Turkish
3633:Swedish
3620:Spanish
3615:Catalan
3599:Russian
3543:Russian
3539:Moldova
3527:Latvian
3511:Italian
3499:Ireland
3491:Iceland
3483:Hungary
3467:Germany
3445:Finnish
3441:Finland
3433:Estonia
3420:Denmark
3412:Croatia
3408:British
3395:Flemish
3391:Belgium
3375:Austria
3367:Armenia
3348:Vietnam
3313:Russian
3255:Jhankot
3208:Laotian
3161:Israeli
3143:Kurdish
3130:Persian
3099:Bengali
3078:Chinese
3062:Bengali
3043:Zambian
3035:Ugandan
2999:Senegal
2986:Nigeria
2953:Nanabin
2923:Algeria
2835:Zambian
2711:Persian
2617:Kisindo
2576:Ka'apor
2566:Jhankot
2484:Chatino
2337:Plateau
2319:Mixed,
2311:Wyandot
2305:Wichita
2293:Tháumgá
2275:Ppáⁿkka
2263:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2239:Liksiyu
2230:Hiraacá
2209:Arikara
2076:Kentish
2018:Bengali
1928:Teknmál
1828:Gambian
1796:Serbian
1793:Kosovar
1732:Austro-
1702:Mixed,
1685:Mixed,
1668:Mixed,
1646:Guinean
1640:Chadian
1616:Jakarta
1547:Burmese
1515:(ASLic)
1212:Emirati
1130:Kuwaiti
973:Jaralde
638:7782409
430:1169960
359:YouTube
100:History
4891:Loulis
4887:Washoe
4721:Others
4520:Polish
4515:Korean
4495:German
4490:French
4335:Diyari
4299:Idioms
4156:Brazil
4125:Samoan
4087:Kailge
4031:Umpila
3976:Auslan
3939:Navajo
3923:Oneida
3919:Ojibwa
3864:Panama
3833:Mexico
3774:Brunca
3769:Bribri
3755:Cayman
3739:Quebec
3729:Oneida
3725:Ojibwa
3699:Canada
3691:Belize
3654:Mardin
3645:Turkey
3629:Sweden
3595:Russia
3583:Polish
3579:Poland
3571:Norway
3523:Latvia
3515:Kosovo
3475:Greece
3471:German
3458:French
3449:France
3424:Danish
3361:Europe
3301:Taiwan
3221:Penang
3192:Korean
3179:Koniya
3147:Israel
3094:Alipur
3058:Bengal
3039:Zambia
3031:Uganda
3011:Somali
2969:Kenyan
2940:Maroua
2917:Africa
2873:(~150)
2706:Penang
2651:M'bour
2641:Mardin
2591:Kailge
2581:Kajana
2550:Inuit
2474:Brunca
2469:Bribri
2427:Alipur
2407:Afghan
2363:Sqeliz
2248:Nakota
2126:Nohkop
2123:Chicán
2032:Nepali
2022:Bombay
1551:Yangon
1285:Samoan
1271:Fijian
1248:Auslan
1236:BANZSL
1193:Syrian
1154:Iraqi–
1145:Yemeni
1135:Libyan
1094:Meriam
1008:Umpila
951:Diyari
857:(1967)
839:
832:
824:
816:
787:
764:
707:
686:
636:
599:
568:
550:
509:
459:
451:
428:
393:
291:. In:
273:
254:
137:Piaget
4747:Media
4505:Irish
4225:Sivia
4174:Chile
4117:Wanib
4092:Mehek
4058:Yolŋu
4026:Ngada
3847:Mayan
3817:Haiti
3813:Mayan
3792:Cuban
3611:Spain
3551:Dutch
3507:Italy
3503:Irish
3479:Greek
3463:Lyons
3317:Tibet
3281:Saudi
3260:Jumla
3246:Nepal
3188:Korea
3170:Japan
3138:Iraqi
3090:India
3074:China
3003:Mbour
2977:Tebul
2965:Kenya
2944:Ghana
2802:Wanib
2777:Tebul
2767:Sivia
2656:Mehek
2571:Jumla
2284:Sioux
2269:Palus
2266:Omaha
2129:Nohya
2028:Delhi
1950:Hanoi
1362:Macau
1222:Omani
1217:Saudi
1167:Iraqi
1050:Yolŋu
834:31761
822:S2CID
814:JSTOR
426:JSTOR
391:S2CID
31:Bi-Bi
4949:and
4581:si5s
4211:Peru
4165:Cena
4082:Enga
3913:Cree
3788:Cuba
3722:Cree
3339:Thai
3204:Laos
3134:Iraq
3126:Iran
3109:Naga
3052:Asia
2990:Bura
2973:Mali
2879:(7+)
2681:Naga
2509:Enga
2479:Cena
2287:Taos
2233:Icāk
2224:Diné
2004:Sign
785:ERIC
762:ERIC
705:ERIC
684:ISBN
634:PMID
597:ISBN
566:PMID
507:ISBN
449:OCLC
271:ERIC
252:PMID
42:Deaf
4951:BSL
4947:ASL
4286:ASL
806:doi
733:doi
661:doi
626:doi
589:doi
558:doi
484:doi
418:doi
383:doi
242:doi
211:doi
181:doi
29:or
4996::
4971:^c
4962:^b
4957:.
4940:^a
4889:,
4430:/
4426:/
4422:/
4418:/
828:.
820:.
812:.
800:.
729:38
727:.
657:15
655:.
632:.
622:36
620:.
595:.
587:.
564:.
556:.
544:78
542:.
530:^
478:.
455:.
424:.
414:49
412:.
389:.
379:34
377:.
356:.
351::
308:.
250:.
236:.
232:.
207:18
205:.
193:^
177:16
175:.
4982:.
4893:)
4885:(
4594:)
4588:(
943:)
939:(
884:e
877:t
870:v
843:.
808::
802:1
791:.
768:.
739:.
735::
711:.
692:.
667:.
663::
640:.
628::
605:.
591::
572:.
560::
515:.
490:.
486::
480:5
463:.
432:.
420::
397:.
385::
362:.
312:.
277:.
258:.
244::
238:8
217:.
213::
187:.
183::
23:.
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